Ngomkhosi ohleliyo osilwa imfazwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, eneziseko zomkhosi kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamashishini kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi, akusekho mbuzo ngobukho boBukhosi baseMelika. Eneneni, ukukhanyela oko kwakukhe kwajika kwaba kukuqhayisa, ukwamkela ingcamango ngokungenazintloni.
Nangona kunjalo ingcamango yokuba iUnited States yayibubukhosi ayizange ithi qatha kum de kwaba semva kokuba ndiwugqibile umsebenzi wam njengebhombu yomkhosi womoya weSibhozo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, ndaza ndabuyela ekhaya. Kwanaxa ndiqala ukuba neengcinga zesibini malunga nokucoceka "kweMfazwe eLungileyo," nasemva kokuba ndothuswe nguHiroshima kunye neNagasaki, nasemva kokuphinda ndicinge ngokuqhushumba kwam kwiidolophu zaseYurophu, andizange ndidibanise yonke loo nto kumxholo. "Ubukhosi" baseMelika.
Ndandisazi, njengawo wonke umntu, ngoBukhosi baseBritani namanye amagunya aseYurophu, kodwa iUnited States yayingabonwa ngendlela efanayo. Xa, emva kwemfazwe, ndaya kwikholeji phantsi kwe-GI Bill of Rights kwaye ndathatha izifundo kwimbali yase-US, ndandidla ngokufumana isahluko kwiimibhalo zembali ezibizwa ngokuba yi "Age of Imperialism." Ihlala ibhekisa kwiMfazwe yaseSpain-yaseMelika ye-1898 kunye noloyiso lweePhilippines olwalandelayo. Kwakubonakala ngathi i-impiriyali yaseMerika yahlala iminyaka embalwa kuphela. Kwakungekho mbono ogqithiseleyo wokwandiswa kwe-US onokukhokelela kwingcamango yobukhosi obude kakhulu - okanye ixesha - "lolawulo lwama-imperialism."
Ndikhumbula imephu yegumbi lokufundela (ebhalwe "Western Expansion") ebonisa umatshi kwilizwekazi lonke njengento yendalo, phantse yebhayoloji. Oko kuthatyathwa komhlaba kukhulu okubizwa ngokuba "yi-Louisiana Purchase" akubonisi nto ngaphandle komhlaba ongenanto ofunyenweyo. Kwakungekho ngqiqo yokuba lo mmandla wawumiwe ngamakhulu ezizwe zamaNdiya ezaziza kubhangiswa okanye zinyanzeliswe ukuba zishiye amakhaya azo - into esiyibiza ngoku "intlambululo yobuhlanga" - ukuze abamhlophe bakwazi ukuhlala kulo mhlaba, kwaye kamva oololiwe babenokuwunqumla. , ichaza โimpucukoโ nokunganeliseki kwayo okukhohlakeleyo.
Ayizizo iingxoxo ze "Jacksonian democracy" kwizifundo zembali, okanye incwadi edumileyo ka-Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Ixesha likaJackson, yandixelela "ngoMzila weenyembezi," umngcelele wokunyanzelwa obulalayo "wezizwe ezihlanu eziphucukileyo" ukuya ngasentshona ukusuka eGeorgia naseAlabama ngaphesheya kweMississippi, ushiya abantu abangama-4,000 befile. Akukho lunyango lweMfazwe yamakhaya olukhankanyiweyo ngendyikityha yendyikityha ye-Sand Creek yamakhulu-khulu abemi baseIndiya eColorado kanye njengokuba "inkululeko" yabhengezwa kubantu abantsundu lulawulo lukaLincoln.
Loo maphu yeklasi yayinecandelo emazantsi nasentshona elibhalwe "Mexican Cession." Le yayiyintetho eluncedo yemfazwe eyayisilwa neMexico ngo-1846 apho iUnited States yahlutha isiqingatha somhlaba welo lizwe, isinika iKhalifoniya kunye noMzantsi-ntshona omkhulu. Igama elithi "Manifest Destiny," elalisetyenziswa ngelo xesha, kungekudala laye laziwa ngokubanzi. Ngobusuku bangaphambi kweMfazwe yaseSpain-Amerika ngo-1898 Washington Post yabona ngaphaya kweCuba: "Sijongene nekamva elingaqhelekanga. Incasa yoBukhosi isemilonyeni yabantu njengokuba incasa yegazi ehlathini."
Uqhankqalazo olunobundlobongela kwilizwekazi lonke, kunye nohlaselo lwaseCuba, lwabonakala lungaphakathi kwinqanaba lendalo lomdla wase-US. Ngapha koko, ngaba iMfundiso kaMonroe ka-1823 ayizange ibhengeze ukuba iNtshona yeHemisphere iphantsi kokhuseleko lwethu? Kodwa kungekudala emva kokuba iCuba yahlasela iiPhilippines, isiqingatha sehlabathi. Igama elithi "impiriyalizim" ngoku lalibonakala lifanelekile kwizenzo zase-US. Enyanisweni, loo mfazwe ende, ekhohlakeleyo - ephathwa ngokukhawuleza nangaphezulu kwiincwadi zembali - yavelisa i-Anti-Imperialist League, apho uWilliam James noMark Twain babekhokela amanani. Kodwa le yayingeyonto endayifunda eyunivesithi.
I "Sole Superpower" iza kumbono
Noko ke, ngokufunda ngaphandle kweklasi, ndaqalisa ukuhlanganisa iimbali zembali kumfanekiso omkhulu. Into ekuqaleni yayibonakala ngathi ngumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle welizwe elingenasiphelo kule minyaka ilishumi ikhokelela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuQala ngoku yabonakala njengolandelelwano lokungenelela ngogonyamelo: ukuthinjwa kwendawo yePanama Canal esuka eColombia, uqhushumbo lwasemanzini kunxweme lwaseMexico, ukuthunyelwa. Amajoni Aselwandle phantse kuwo onke amazwe akuMbindi Merika, athimba imikhosi ethunyelwa eHaiti naseDominican Republic. Njengoko uGeneral Smedley Butler ohlotshiswe kakhulu, owathatha inxaxheba kuninzi lwezo ngenelelo, wabhala kamva: "Ndandiyinkwenkwe ye-Wall Street."
Kanye ngelo xesha ndandifunda le mbaliโiminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi IIโiUnited States yayingabi lelinye nje igunya lobukhosi, kodwa lelona gunya libalaseleyo ehlabathini. Izimisele ukugcina kunye nokwandisa amandla ayo okulawula izixhobo zenyukliya, yayithatha iziqithi ezikude kwiPasifiki, inyanzela abemi ukuba bahambe, kwaye iguqule iziqithi zibe yindawo yokudlala ebulalayo yovavanyo olungakumbi lweathom.
Kwinkumbulo yakhe, Akukho Ndawo yokuZifihla, UGqr. David Bradley, owabeka iliso kwi-radiation kwezo mvavanyo, wachaza oko kwakushiywe njengoko amaqela ovavanyo ayegoduka: "[R] i-adioactivity, ungcoliseko, isiqithi esiqhekezayo saseBikini kunye nokuthunjwa kwayo kwezigulane ezibuhlungu." Iimvavanyo kwiPasifiki zalandelwa, ekuhambeni kweminyaka, ngovavanyo oluninzi kwiintlango zase-Utah naseNevada, ngaphezu kwewaka leemvavanyo kuzo zonke.
Xa kwaqalisa imfazwe yaseKorea ngowe-1950, ndandisafundela ezembali njengomfundi ophumelele isidanga kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia. Akukho nto kwiiklasi zam eyandilungiselela ukuba ndiqonde umgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika eAsia. Koda mna bekunjalo U kufunda UKUBA Stone's Weekly. UStone wayephakathi kweentatheli ezimbalwa kakhulu ezazibuza isizathu esisemthethweni sokuthumela umkhosi eKorea. Kwabonakala kucacile kum ngoko ukuba yayingelohlaselo loMzantsi Korea nguMantla olwabangela ukuba i-US ingenelele, kodwa ngumnqweno we-United States wokuba ibambelele ngokuqinileyo kwilizwekazi lase-Asiya, ngakumbi ngoku ekubeni amaKomanisi ayelawula e-Asiya. eTshayina.
Kwiminyaka kamva, njengoko inkqubo efihlakeleyo yaseVietnam yayisiya isiba ngumkhosi omkhulu nokhohlakeleyo, indlela eyakhiwe ngayo iUnited States yaya icaca ngakumbi kum. Ngo-1967, ndabhala incwadi encinane ethi IVietnam: Ingqiqo yokurhoxa. Ngelo xesha ndandibandakanyeke kakhulu kwiphulo lokulwa imfazwe.
Xa ndandifunda amakhulukhulu amaphepha ePentagon Papers endandiphathiswe uDaniel Ellsberg, eyona nto yandichukumisayo yayiziincwadi ezifihlakeleyo zeBhunga leSizwe loKhuseleko. Ukuchaza umdla wase-US kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, bathetha ngokucacileyo ngeenjongo zelizwe njengokufuna "i-tin, i-rubber, ioli."
Hayi ukulahlwa kwamajoni kwiMfazwe yaseMexico, okanye isiphithiphithi seMfazwe yombango, hayi amaqela achasene nama-impiriyali ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, okanye inkcaso eyomeleleyo yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I - eneneni akukho ntshukumo yokulwa nemfazwe kwimbali yelizwe. isizwe safikelela kwinqanaba lokuchaswa kwemfazwe yaseVietnam. Ubuncinci inxalenye yale nkcaso yayixhomekeke ekuqondeni ukuba ngaphezu kweVietnam yayisemngciphekweni, ukuba imfazwe ekhohlakeleyo kwelo lizwe lincinci yayiyinxalenye yoyilo olukhulu lobukhosi.
Ungenelelo olwahlukeneyo olulandela ukoyiswa kwe-US eVietnam kwabonakala kubonakalisa imfuno engxamisekileyo yamandla amakhulu asalawulayo - nasemva kokuwa kwembangi yakhe enamandla, iSoviet Union - ukuseka ukongamela kwayo yonke indawo. Ngenxa yoko ukuhlaselwa kweGrenada kwi-1982, ukuhlaselwa kwebhombu ePanama ngo-1989, imfazwe yokuqala ye-Gulf ka-1991. Ngaba uGeorge Bush Sr. wayebuhlungu ngenxa yokuhlutha kukaSaddam Hussein eKuwait, okanye wayesebenzisa eso siganeko njengethuba lokuhambisa amandla ase-US ngokuqinileyo. kwindawo yeoli ebawayo kuMbindi Mpuma? Ngenxa yembali yase-United States, ngenxa yokuthanda kwayo i-oyile yaseMbindi-Mpuma evela kwisivumelwano sikaFranklin Roosevelt ngo-1945 kunye noKumkani Abdul Aziz waseSaudi Arabia, kunye nokubhukuqwa kwe-CIA kurhulumente wedemokhrasi waseMossadeq e-Iran ngo-1953, akukho nzima ukwenza isigqibo sokuba. umbuzo.
UBukhosi obuthethelelayo
Ukuhlaselwa okukhohlakeleyo kwe-11 kaSeptemba (njengoko iKhomishoni esemthethweni ye-9 / 11 yavuma) evela kwintiyo ekrakra yokwandiswa kwe-US kuMbindi Mpuma nakwezinye iindawo. Kwanangaphambi kweso siganeko, iSebe lezoKhuselo lavuma, ngokwencwadi kaChalmers Johnson Iintlungu zoBukhosi, ubukho beziseko zomkhosi waseMelika ezingaphezu kwama-700 ngaphandle kweUnited States.
Ukusukela ngaloo mhla, ngokuqalwa "kwemfazwe yobunqolobi," iziseko ezininzi ziye zasekwa okanye zandiswa: eKyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, intlango yeQatar, iGulf of Oman, uphondo lwaseAfrika, naphi na apho isizwe esithobelayo. unokunyotywa okanye ukunyanzelwa.
Xa ndandiqhushumbisa izixeko zaseJamani, eHungary, eCzechoslovakia naseFransi kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini, ukuthetheleleka kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwakulula yaye kwacaca kangangokuba kwakungenakuxoxwa ngayo: Sasilihlangula ihlabathi kubungendawo bobuFasi. Ndothuswa ke ukuva kumdubuli welinye iqela - into esasifana ngayo kukuba sobabini safunda iincwadi - ukuba wayeyithatha le "mfazwe yama impiriyali." Omabini la macala, uthe, aphenjelelwa ngamabhongo okulawula nokoyisa. Saye saxoxa ngaphandle kokuwusombulula umcimbi. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kungekudala emva kwengxubusho yethu, lo mfo wadutyulwa waza wabulawa kuthumo.
Kwiimfazwe, kusoloko kukho umahluko phakathi kweentshukumisa zamajoni kunye neenjongo zeenkokeli zobupolitika eziwathumela edabini. Injongo yam, njengaleyo yabaninzi, yayimsulwa kumabhongo obukumkani. Yayikunceda ukoyisa i-fascism kunye nokudala ihlabathi eliphucuke ngakumbi, elingenabundlongondlongo, imfazwe, kunye nobuhlanga.
Injongo yokusekwa kwe-US, eqondwa ngumdubuli wasemoyeni endimaziyo, yayiyeyohlobo olwahlukileyo. Yachazwa ekuqaleni kwe1941 nguHenry Luce, umnini wezigidi ezininzi ixesha, ubomi, yaye Fortune , njengokuza kwe "The American Century." Lalifikile ixesha, watsho, lokuba iUnited States "isebenzise ihlabathi impembelelo epheleleyo yempembelelo yethu, ngeenjongo ezinjalo njengoko sibona kufanelekile, nangeendlela esibona kufanelekile."
Asinakukwazi ukucela ukubhengezwa ngakumbi, ukubhengezwa okucacileyo koyilo lobukhosi. Kuye kwagxininiswa kwiminyaka yamuva nje ngamakhoboka ahlakaniphileyo olawulo lukaBush, kodwa ngesiqinisekiso sokuba injongo yale "mpembelelo" ilungile, ukuba "iinjongo" - nokuba kuqulunqo lukaLuce okanye kutshanje - zihloniphekile, ukuba oku yi "impiriyali lite." Njengoko uGeorge Bush wathi kwintetho yakhe yesibini yokusungula: "Ukusasaza inkululeko kwihlabathi jikelele ... kukubizwa kwexesha lethu." I ENew York Times yabiza loo ntetho "ibetha imbono yayo."
Ubukhosi baseMelika buhlala buyiprojekthi ye-bipartisan - iiDemokhrasi kunye namaRiphabhlikhi baye batshintshana ukuyandisa, ukuyidumisa, ukuyithethelela. UMongameli uWoodrow Wilson uxelele abafundi abaphumelele kwi-Naval Academy ngo-1914 (unyaka awahlasela ngawo iMexico) ukuba i-US yasebenzisa "umkhosi wayo waselwandle kunye nomkhosi wayo ... njengezixhobo zempucuko, kungekhona njengezixhobo zobundlobongela." Kwaye uBill Clinton, ngowe-1992, waxelela abaphumeleleyo baseWest Point: "Iinqobo zokuziphatha enizifunde apha ... ziya kukwazi ukusasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe nakwihlabathi liphela."
Kubantu base-United States, kwaye ngokwenene kubantu behlabathi lonke, loo mabango ngokukhawuleza okanye kamva atyhilwa ukuba abubuxoki. I-rhetoric, ehlala ikholisa ekuveni okokuqala, ngokukhawuleza iyonganyelwa zizinto ezoyikisayo ezingasakwaziyo ukufihlwa: izidumbu ezinegazi lase-Iraq, amalungu akrazukileyo e-American GIs, izigidi zeentsapho ezigxothiweyo kumakhaya azo - kuMbindi Mpuma nakuMbindi Mpuma nakuMbindi Mpuma. Mississippi Delta.
Ngaba azikho izizathu zobukumkani, ezifakwe kwinkcubeko yethu, zihlasela ingqondo yethu - ukuba imfazwe iyimfuneko kukhuseleko, ukuba ukwanda kubalulekile kwimpucuko-yaqala ukuphulukana nokubamba iingqondo zethu? Ngaba sifikelele kwinqanaba kwimbali apho silungele ukwamkela indlela entsha yokuphila kwihlabathi, ukwandisa kungekhona amandla ethu omkhosi, kodwa ubuntu bethu?
Howard Zinn umbhali we Imbali yaBantu yaseMelika kwaye Amazwi eMbali yabantu baseUnited States, ngoku yenzelwa inkqubo enkulu kamabonwakude. Incwadi yakhe entsha ithi Imbali yaBantu yoBukhosi baseMelika, ibali leMelika ehlabathini, libaliswe ngendlela yamahlaya, kunye noMike Konopacki kunye noPaul Buhle kuthotho lweencwadi zeProjekthi ye-American Empire. Ividiyo enopopayi eguqulelwe kwesi sincoko kunye nemiboniso evela kwincwadi ehlekisayo kunye nevoiceover kaViggo Mortensen, kunye necandelo lencwadi ngobomi bukaZinn bokuqala, inokubonwa ngu. ngokunqakraza apha. Iwebhusayithi yeZinn i HowardZinn.org.
[Eli nqaku lavela kuqala I-Tomdispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki we iProjekthi yobuKumkani baseMelika kunye nomlobi Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba (University of Massachusetts Press), esandul' uhlaziywa ngokucokisekileyo kuhlelo olutsha olujongene nenkcubeko yoloyiso yokuwa nokutshisa okulandelelanayo e-Iraq.]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela