[Isicatshulwa esivela kwiqhekeza elide lika-1960 nguHoward Zinn kunye noPaula Giddings oposwe ku TomDispatch.com zivela Wesizwe Iimagazini Umba oKhethekileyo weMinyaka eli-150 kwiindawo zokuthengisa iindaba ngo-Epreli. Avela apha ngemvume yobubele yabahleli belo phephancwadi.]
Ukugqiba Isikolo samaPikethi
By U-Howard Zinn (Agasti 6, 1960)
Ngenye imvakwemini kwiiveki ezithile ezidlulileyo, kunye ne-dogwood kwikhampasi yeKholeji yaseSpelman esandula ukudumba kunye nengca esondeleleneyo kunye nevumba elimnandi, intombazana enomtsalane, nelusu olubhityileyo yawela ingca ukuya kwindawo yakhe yokulala ukuze ibeke isaziso kwibhodi yezaziso. Yayifundeka ngolu hlobo: Amanenekazi aselula anokuKhetha Nceda Sayina Ngezantsi.
Isaziso sidize, ngolwimi lwaso, ukuba ngaphakathi kwemvukelo engummangaliso yabafundi beekholeji zaseNigro eMzantsi namhlanje kukho enye into eqhubekayo. Oku kukunyuka komfazi omncinci, ofundileyo waseNegro ngokuchasene nengcebiso yezizukulwana zabadala bakhe: yiba mnandi, uziphathe kakuhle kwaye ube ngumfazi, ungathethi ngokuvakalayo, kwaye ungangeni engxakini. Kwikhampasi yekholeji yesizwe ekhokelayo kubafazi abancinci baseNigro - abazinikeleyo, abathobekileyo, abafakwe izithethe ze-gentility kunye nokumodareyitha - ezi zibongozo, okokuqala, zikhatywa ngokuqinileyo.
Amantombazana eKholeji yaseSpelman โalungile,โ kodwa akwanelanga ukubagcina benyuka benyuka, bephethe imiqondiso yepikethi, phambi kweevenkile ezinkulu ezisembindini weAtlanta. Baziphethe kakuhle, kodwa oku kucatshukiswa ngandlelโ ithile sisibhengezo sakutshanje sokuba baya kusebenzisa zonke iindlela ezimfutshane kugonyamelo ukuze baphelise ucalucalulo. Ngokuphathelele ukuhlala ngaphandle engxakini, baqhuba kakuhle de kube kule ntwasahlobo, xa abalishumi elinesine kubo babanjwa kwaye bavalelwa ngamapolisa aseAtlanta. Abavangeli basemazweni base-New England abaye bancedisa ekufumaneni iKholeji yaseSpelman emva phaya ngeminyaka yoo-1880s mhlawumbi banokuba nexhala kolu tshintsho lweziganeko, kwaye abo baphila namhlanje kulawulo nakwifakhalthi bayacaphuka. Kodwa ukuhlonipha akusahlonelwa phakathi kwabasetyhini abancinci be-Negro abaya ekholejini namhlanje.
โUngasoloko uxelela intombazana yakwaSpelman,โ alumni kunye nabahlobo bekholeji baye baqhayisa iminyaka. โIntombazana yakwaSpelmanโ yayihamba kakuhle, ithetha kakuhle, isiya ecaweni rhoqo ngeeCawa, izigalela iti ngobuchule, yaye yayinazo zonke iimpawu zemveliso yokugqiba isikolo. Ukuba ubukrelekrele kunye netalente kunye nokuqonda kwentlalo kwenzeka ukuba kuphuhliswe nazo, zaziyimveliso eyothusayo.
Oku kuyatshintsha. Ibiya kuba sisibaxo ukuthi: โUngasoloko uxelela intombazana yakwaSpelman โ ibanjiwe.โ Kodwa loo mazwi anomlinganiselo othile wenyaniso.
UHoward Zinn (1922โ2010) ubhalele Wesizwe ukusuka ku-1960 ukuya ku-2008. Loo manqaku aqokelelwa kwi Ezinye iiNyaniso azibonakali ngokwazo: Iincoko kwiSizwe ngamaLungelo oLuntu, iVietnam kunye "neMfazwe yobugrogrisi." (eBookNation, 2014).
Ukufunda Ukungathobeki
By UPaula J. Giddings (Matshi 2015)
Kweli xesha langoku le-โlean-inโ feminism kwelinye icala le-spectrum kunye nentetho โenxamnye nembekoโ kwelinye, isincoko sika-Howard Zinn ongasekhoyo sisikhumbuza ngentsingiselo yangaphambili yenkululeko yabasetyhini.
UZinn wayengowelifa lemveli laseRussia-lamaYuda, umbhali-mbali onempembelelo kwaye, ngo-1960, unjingalwazi othandekayo kwiKholeji yaseSpelman, iziko labasetyhini abamnyama ngokwembali kwisixeko esahlulwe ngoko sase-Atlanta. Inkcazo "yokugqiba isikolo" kwisihloko yazuzwa kakuhle: Amantombazana akwaSpelman, aneeleta zokwamkelwa ezibandakanya izicelo zokuzisa iiglavu ezimhlophe kunye nemibhinqo ekhampasini, zabunjwa ukuze zihloniphe iimpawu "zobufazi bokwenyani": ukuhlonela uThixo, ubunyulu. , ubukhaya, nokuzithoba.
Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1960, abafundi bakaZinn babesele betshintshile besuka kwiiparagons โezintle, eziziphethe kakuhle nezifana nenenekaziโ ukuya kubaqhankqalazi abazimiseleyo, abaququzelela ukuhlala, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha babanjwa kwaye bavalelwe ngenxa yemizamo yabo. "Ukuhlonipha akusahlonelwa phakathi kwabasetyhini abancinci be-Negro abafunda ekholejini namhlanje," uZinn waphetha.
La mantombazana aselula azalwa ngeminyaka yoo-1940, kwaye nokuba ithini na imvelaphi yabazali babo (abanokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba, ootitshala, okanye oogqirha), isizukulwana sabo sasimiselwe ukuba sibe yinxalenye yeqela elitsha labantu baseMelika: โiBlack Bourgeoisie,โ njengesazi sentlalontle. E. Franklin Frazier wayibizayo. Udidi lwezoqoqosho olwaludityaniswe ngokoqobo "phakathi" phakathi kwabantu abancinci abamnyama kunye nenkitha emnyama, eli qela lavela ngeyona ndlela incinci ngenxa yenani elingazange libonwe ngaphambili labafazi abafundileyo, ababekhutshelwe ngaphandle kwizikhundla ezipinki, ngoku babenokufikelela. hayi kubasebenzi abakumgangatho ophezulu kuphela, kodwa ukwenza imisebenzi yolawulo, yobufundisi kunye neyenkonzo yoluntu ngokubanzi.
Kubafazi abantsundu, bethwele i-stereotypes ye-hypersexuality, olu phuhliso lwaluthetha ngaphezu koloyiso lokuhamba okulula kwentlalo. Ngenxa yemfundo, amantombazana amaninzi ngoku ayenokuwubaleka umsebenzi wasekhaya nowobuqu owawubangela ukuba axhatshazwe ngokwesini ngabaqeshi nabanye. Ukukwazi ukunqanda ikamva elibulala umphefumlo elinjalo yayiliphupha lezizukulwana zoomama ngeentombi zabo - endandihlala ndisiva kumakhulu wam, owayefudukele emantla ukuze umama abe ngowokuqala entsatsheni ukufumana usapho. imfundo yasekholejini. Inxaxheba ekuthabatheni eli thuba la mathuba matsha yayiphezulu ngokwenene kwaye izele yintsingiselo neemvakalelo ezinzulu.
Ngo-1960, uSpelman, njengezinye izikolo zabantsunduโkuquka nezo zafundisa zaza zasebenzisa amagqwetha alwela amalungelo oluntu kunye neenkcuba-buchopho zelo xeshaโwayengenako ukunyamezela imisebenzi yabafundi eyayikhuthazwa nguZinn yaye ngamanye amaxesha wayeyikhokela. Yayiyenye into ukuxhasa ukudityaniswa kunye nokulingana, kwaye enye into ukugunyazisa ukuhlala kwithala leencwadi elahlukileyo okanye ukucaphukisa abezopolitiko abanamandla ngokuhlala kwicandelo labandwendwela abamhlophe kuphela kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseGeorgia. Nangona ezi zenzo zazingezizo ezona ziganeko zobundlobongela esiziqhelileyo, la mabhinqa aselula nawo ayebeka ubomi bawo esichengeni. Ukugxothwa, ukulahlekelwa yi-scholarship okanye ithuba lokufunda umsebenzi, kunokuthetha ukuphela kwamathemba okukhuselekileyo - kwaye akhuselwe - ikamva.
Nangona kunjalo, esi yayisisizukulwana sikaSpelman esibandakanya abafundi abafana noRuby Doris Smith Robinson, owayesakuba yi-debutante owayeqonda ukuba ikamva lexesha elide labanye lalibaluleke ngakumbi kunentlalontle yakhe yangoku. Wayeka ekholejini ukuze azibandakanye neFreedom Rides; waba yinkokeli yombutho we โJail, No Bailโ; kwaye wayengowasetyhini wokuqala ukuba abe yintloko yeKomiti yoLungelelaniso yoMfundi (SNCC), umbutho oyintloko wolutsha.
Iifeministi namhlanje zisenokuthathela ingqalelo ingqiqo kaZinn yokuba abafundi bakhe โabalungileyo, abaziphethe kakuhle, nabanjengamanenekaziโ abazange bayilahle kangako imbeko njengoko bekuchaza ngokutsha. Baye baqaphela ixesha apho isidima sifuna ukwenza okuthile, singathembeli, kwaye xa ulungiso lokucinezela ngaphezulu yayingeyiyo imiboniso yendlela yokuziphatha engathintelwanga yomntu eyomeleza iinkolelo eziyingozi.
Owayesakuba ngabafundi beSpelman u-Alice Walker, umbhali wenoveli ophumelele iBhaso lePulitzer, kunye noMarian Wright Edelman, umseki weNgxowa-mali yoKhuselo lwaBantwana, unika uZinn imbeko njengobalulekileyo kwiinguqu zabo zamatshantliziyo. Uhlobo lwembali awayibhalayo waza wafundisa izithethe zobukrelekrele zokuchasa abantu abamnyama kwaye, njengoko uEdelman ekhumbulayo, wabakhuthaza ukuba "bacinge ngaphandle kwebhokisi kwaye babuze kunokuba bamkele ubulumko obuqhelekileyo." Ku-Walker, nangona uloyiko lwakhe olungapheliyo lokuphulukana ne-scholarship efunekayo, inyaniso yokuba uZinn akazange axhase kuphela kodwa uthathe inxaxheba kwimiboniso yabafundi yamkhuthaza ukuba "aqhubeke" nangona umngcipheko.
Unjingalwazi naye wayezibeka esichengeni, yaye ngowe-1963 wagxothwa eSpelman ngenxa yokungathobeli. โNdiyalivuma ityala,โ waphendula ngokuzingca, yaye ekugqibeleni bobabini abafundi nomfundisi-ntsapho babengcono kula mava. Kudliwano-ndlebe, uZinn wakha wathi iminyaka yakhe eSpelman โmhlawumbi yayiyeyona minyaka inika umdla, inika imincili, eyona minyaka yokufundisa kum. Ndifunde lukhulu kubafundi bam kunokuba abafundi bam bafunde kum.โ
UPaula J. Giddings, unjingalwazi we-Afro-American Studies kwiKholeji yaseSmith, ungumhleli we-anthology. Burning All Illusions: Imibhalo evela kwiSizwe kwiRace (2002). Uye wabhala UIda: Ikrele phakathi kweengonyama, phakathi kwezinye iincwadi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela