[Esi sincoko siyinxalenye ZNet Classics series. Amaxesha amathathu evekini siya kuphinda sithumele inqaku esicinga ukuba libaluleke kakhulu. Le yapapashwa okokuqala ngoAprili 14, 2007.]
Kwiminyaka engama-XNUMX emva kokubulawa kwabaphambukeli baseItali, iSacco noVanzetti, iRhuluneli uDukakis waseMassachusetts waseka igqiza ukuze ligwebe ukulunga kwetyala, yaye isiphelo saba kukuba la madoda mabini akazange avavanywe ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kwavusa isaqhwithi esincinane eBoston.
Ileta enye, esayiniweyo uJohn M. Cabot, unozakuzaku wase-US uMhlala-phantsi, wachaza โumsindo wakhe omkhuluโ kwaye wabonisa ukuba ukuqinisekiswa kweRhuluneli uFuller ngesigwebo sentambo kwenziwa emva kophononongo olukhethekileyo โngabemi abathathu ababalaseleyo nabahlonitshwayo baseMassachusetts-uMongameli uLowell. waseHarvard, uMongameli uStratton weMIT kunye neJaji esidla umhlala-phantsi uGrant.
Abo bathathu โbemi babekekileyo nabahlonitshwayoโ babejongwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo nguHeywood Broun, owabhala kwikholamu yakhe Ihlabathi leNew York ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba igqiza leRhuluneli lenze ingxelo yalo. Wabhala wathi:
Ayingawo onke amabanjwa anoMongameli weYunivesithi yaseHarvard amphose kwiswitshiโฆ.Ukuba oku kukuxhwarha, ubuncinci umthengisi weentlanzi kunye nomhlobo wakhe isandla somzi-mveliso sinokuthatha imiphefumlo yabo bafele ezandleni. yamadoda anxibe iibhatyi zesidlo sangokuhlwa okanye iigawuni zokufunda.
UHeywood Broun, omnye wezona ntatheli zibalaseleyo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, akazange ahlale ixesha elide njengombhali wephephandaba. Inew york Hlabathi.
Ngaloo nyaka wama-50 emva kokubulawa ENew York Times ingxelo yokuba: โIzicwangciso zikaSodolophu uBeame zokubhengeza ngoLwesibini ozayo โuSuku lweSacco neVanzettiโ zirhoxisiwe kumzamo wokuphepha impikiswano, utshilo izolo isithethi seHolo yeSixeko.โ
Kufuneka kubekho isizathu esibambekayo sokuba umntu oneminyaka engama-50 ubudala, ngoku ungaphezu kweminyaka engama-75 ubudala, evusa iimvakalelo ezinjalo. Ndicebisa ukuba kungenxa yokuba ukuthetha ngeSacco noVanzetti ngokungaphephekiyo kuzisa imiba ekhathazayo namhlanje: inkqubo yethu yobulungisa, ubudlelwane phakathi kwemfazwe nenkululeko yoluntu, kunye neyona nto ikhathaza zonke, iingcamango ze-anarchism: ukutshatyalaliswa kwesizwe. imida kwaye ngoko ke imfazwe, ukupheliswa kobuhlwempu, kunye nokudalwa kwedemokhrasi epheleleyo.
Ityala likaSacco noVanzetti latyhila, ngeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo, ukuba amazwi abekekileyo abhalwe apha ngentla kweenkundla zethu, โUbulungisa obulinganayo phambi koMthetho,โ ebesoloko ebubuxoki. Loo madoda mabini, umthengisi weentlanzi kunye nomthungi wezihlangu, abakwazanga ukufumana ubulungisa kwinkqubo yaseMelika, kuba ubulungisa abuphunyezwa ngokulinganayo kumahlwempu kunye nezityebi, umthonyama ozelwe kunye nowasemzini ozelwe, iorthodox kunye neradical, abamhlophe. kunye nomntu webala. Kwaye nangona ukungabikho kokusesikweni kunokudlala namhlanje ngokuchuliweyo nangeendlela ezintsonkothileyo kunokuba kwakunjalo kwiimeko ezikrwada zetyala leSacco kunye neVanzetti, undoqo wako uhleli.
Kwimeko yabo, okungekho sikweni kwakuphandle. Balingwa ngokuphanga nokubulala, kodwa ezingqondweni, nakwindlela yokuziphatha komtshutshisi, ijaji, kunye nejaji, into ebalulekileyo ngabo yayikukuba babenjalo, njengoko u-Upton Sinclair eyibeka kwincwadi yakhe emangalisayo. Boston, โwops,โ abasemzini, abasebenzi abangamahlwempu, abaneembono ezibaxiweyo.
Nantsi isampula yokuncinwa kwamapolisa:
Polisa:Ungummi?
Sacco: Hayi.
Polisa: UliKomanisi?
Sacco: Hayi.
Polisa: Ngumrhanelwa?
Sacco: Hayi.
Polisa: Uyakholelwa kulo rhulumente wethu?
Sacco: Ewe; ezinye izinto endizithandayo ezahlukeneyo.
Le mibuzo yayinento yokwenza ntoni nokuphangwa komzi-mveliso wezihlangu eMzantsi Braintree, eMassachusetts, kunye nokudutyulwa konogada kunye nonogada?
I-Sacco yayixoka, kunjalo. Hayi, andingomKomanisi. Hayi, andiyiyo i-anarchist. Kutheni ezoxoka emapoliseni? Kwakutheni ukuze umYuda axokise amaGestapo? Kwakutheni ukuze umntu ontsundu eMzantsi Afrika axoke kwabo babemncina? Kwakutheni ukuze umntu ophikisayo eSoviet Russia axokise abecuphi? Kuba bonke bayazi ukuba akukho bulungisa kubo.
Ngaba kwakha kwakho ubulungisa kwinkqubo yaseMerika ukulungiselela amahlwempu, umntu webala, ongqongqo? Xa abasibhozo be-anarchists baseChicago bagwetyelwa ukufa emva kodushe lwaseHaymarket (isiphithiphithi samapolisa, oko kukuthi) se-1886, kwakungekho ngenxa yokuba kwakukho ubungqina bonxibelelwano phakathi kwabo kunye nebhomu ephoswe phakathi kwamapolisa; kwakungekho nesuntswana lobungqina. Kwakungenxa yokuba babeziinkokeli zombutho we-anarchist eChicago.
Xa uEugene Debs nabanye abaliwaka bavalelwa entolongweni ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I, phantsi koMthetho woBuntlola, ngaba kwakungenxa yokuba babenetyala lobuntlola? Kunzima. YayingamaSoshiyali awayethetha ngokuphandle ngokuchasene nemfazwe. Xa eqinisekisa isigwebo seminyaka elishumi sikaDebs, iJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo u-Oliver Wendell Holmes yasicacisa isizathu sokuba uDebs kufuneka aye entolongweni. Wacaphula oku kwintetho kaDebs: โUdidi lweenkosi lusoloko luvakalisa iimfazwe, udidi lwabafundisi lusoloko lusilwa amadabi.โ
UHolmes, othandwa kakhulu njengomnye wamagosa ethu omthetho athanda inkululeko, wayicacisa imida yenkululeko, imida yayo emiselwe buzwe obunempindezelo. Emva kokuba zonke izibheno zeSacco neVanzetti ziphelile, ityala lafakwa phambi kukaHolmes, ehleli kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Wala ukuphinda alihlolisise eli tyala, ngaloo ndlela evumela isigwebo sime.
Ngexesha lethu, u-Ethel noJulius Rosenberg bathunyelwa kwisitulo sombane. Ngaba kwakungenxa yokuba babenetyala ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo afanelekileyo okudlulisela iimfihlelo zeathom kwiSoviet Union? Okanye ngaba kwakungenxa yokuba babengamakomanisi, njengoko umtshutshisi wakwenza kwacaca oko, ngemvume yejaji? Ngaba kwakungenxa yokuba ilizwe laliphakathi kweengxwabangxwaba ezichasene nobukomanisi, amakomanisi ayesandula ukuthatha amandla eTshayina, kwakukho imfazwe eKorea, kunye nobunzima bayo yonke into eyayinokuthwalwa ngamakomanisi amabini aseMelika?
Kwakutheni ukuze uGeorge Jackson, waseKhalifoniya, agwetywe iminyaka elishumi entolongweni ngenxa yokuphanga ii-$70, aze adutyulwe wafa ngoonogada? Ngaba kwakungenxa yokuba wayehlwempuzekile, emnyama, kwaye engqongqo?
Ngaba umSilamsi namhlanje, kwimeko โyemfazwe yoloyikoโ anganikwa ubulungisa obulinganayo phambi komthetho? Kutheni ummelwane wam ophezulu, umBrazil onombala omnyama onokubonakala ngathi ungumSilamsi waseMbindi Mpuma, wakhupha imoto yakhe ngamapolisa, nangona engazange aphule umgaqo, kwaye wabuza kwaye wahlaziswa?
Kutheni le nto abantu abazizigidi ezibini kwiintolongo neentolongo zaseMelika, kwaye abantu abazizigidi ezithandathu baphantsi kwengqawule, ukulingwa, okanye ukubekwโ esweni, ngokungafaniyo abantu bemibala, bengamahlwempu ngokungafaniyo? Uphononongo lubonise ukuba i-70% yabantu kwiintolongo zaseNew York bavela kwiindawo ezisixhenxe zeSixeko saseNew York-abamelwane bentlupheko kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba.
Ukungabikho kokusesikweni kodidi kunqumla kwishumi leminyaka ngalinye, kwinkulungwane nganye yembali yethu. Esazulwini setyala laseSacco Vanzetti, indoda esisityebi kwidolophu yaseMilton, emazantsi eBoston, yadubula yaza yabulala indoda eyayitheza iinkuni kwindawo yayo. Wachitha iintsuku ezisibhozo entolongweni, emva koko wakhululwa ngebheyile, yaye akazange atshutshiswe. Igqwetha lesithili likubize ngokuba โkukubulala okuthethelelekayo.โ Mnye umthetho kwizityebi, mnye umthetho wamahlwempu-uphawu oluzingileyo lwenkqubo yethu yobulungisa.
Kodwa ukuba lihlwempu yayingelotyala eliphambili leSacco kunye neVanzetti. BabengamaTaliyane, abafuduki, abakwa-anarchists. Kwakungaphantsi kweminyaka emibini ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Babeqhankqalazele imfazwe. Babengavumi ukubizelwa emkhosini. Babona i-hysteria inyuka ngokuchasene nama-radicals kunye nabangaphandle, baqaphela ukuhlaselwa okwenziwa yi-Agent General Palmer kwiSebe lezoBulungisa, abaqhekeza amakhaya ezinzulwini zobusuku ngaphandle kweziqinisekiso, babamba abantu incommunicado, kwaye bababetha ngeeklabhu kunye neeblackjacks.
EBoston, abangama-500 babanjwa, babotshwa ngamatyathanga baza bamatsha ezitratweni. ULuigi Galleani, umhleli wephepha le-anarchist ICronaca Sovversiva, apho iSacco kunye noVanzetti babhalisela khona, bathatyathwa eBoston kwaye baxoshwa ngokukhawuleza.
Kwenzeke enye into eyoyikeka ngakumbi. UAndrea Salsedo, owayesebenza kwi-anarchist yaseSacco noVanzetti, umatshini wokuchwetheza ogama linguAndrea Salsedo, owayehlala eNew York, waqweqwediswa ngamalungu eFederal Bureau of Investigation (ndisebenzisa igama elithi โukuqweqwediswaโ ukuchaza ukuthinjwa komntu ngokungekho mthethweni), waza wabanjwa. kwiiofisi ze-FBI kumgangatho we-14 weSakhiwo sePark Row. Wayengavumelekanga ukuba atsalele umnxeba usapho lwakhe, abahlobo, okanye igqwetha, yaye wayencinwa aze abethwe, ngokutsho kwelinye ibanjwa. Ebudeni beveki yesibhozo evalelwe, ngoMeyi 3, 1920, umzimba kaSalsedo, watyunyuzwa kwintlama, wafunyanwa kwipavumente kufuphi nePark Row Building, kwaye iFBI yabhengeza ukuba uzibulele ngokutsiba ukusuka kumgangatho we-14. ifestile yegumbi ababemgcine kulo. Oku kwakuyientsuku ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba iSacco kunye noVanzetti babanjwe.
Siyazi namhlanje, ngenxa yeengxelo ze-Congressional ngo-1975, yenkqubo ye-FBI ye-COINTELPRO apho ii-arhente ze-FBI zaqhekeza amakhaya abantu kunye neeofisi, zaqhuba ii-wiretaps ezingekho mthethweni, zabandakanyeka kwizenzo zobundlobongela ukuya kwinqanaba lokubulala, kwaye basebenzisane Amapolisa aseChicago ekubulaweni kweenkokheli ezimbini ze-Black Panther ngo-1969. I-FBI kunye ne-CIA baye baphula umthetho ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Akukho sohlwayo kubo.
Bekukho isizathu esincinci sokuba nokholo lokuba inkululeko yabantu beli lizwe iya kukhuselwa kwi-atmosfera ye-hysteria eyalandela i-9/11 kwaye isaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Ekhaya kuye kwakho imijikelezo yabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, ukuvalelwa okungapheliyo, ukugxothwa, kunye nokuhlola ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume. Kwamanye amazwe kukho ukubulalana ngaphandle kwenkundla, ukuthuthunjiswa, ukuqhushumbiswa kweebhombu, iimfazwe, nemisebenzi yasemkhosini.
Ngokufanayo, ukuvavanywa kweSacco kunye neVanzetti kwaqala ngokukhawuleza emva koSuku lweSikhumbuzo, unyaka kunye nesiqingatha emva kwe-orgy yokufa kunye nokuthanda izwe okwakuyiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, xa amaphephandaba asangcangcazela kunye nomqulu weegubhu kunye ne-jingoist rhetoric.
Kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesibini kuthethwa ityala, iphephandaba lanikela ingxelo yokuba imizimba yamajoni amathathu isusiwe kumabala edabi eFransi yasiwa kwisixeko saseBrockton, nokuba idolophu yonke yaphumela kumsitho wokuthandโ izwe. Konke oku kwakukumaphephandaba awayenokufundwa ngamalungu enkundla.
ISacco yaphekwa ngemibuzo ngumtshutshisi uKatzmann:
Umbuzo: Ngaba wawulithanda eli lizwe kwiveki yokugqibela kaMeyi, 1917?
Sacco: Kunzima kakhulu kum ukuthetha ngegama elinye, Mnu. Katzmann.
Umbuzo: Kukho amagama amabini onokuwasebenzisa, Mnu. Sacco, ewe or hayi. Yiyiphi enye?
Sacco: Ewe
Umbuzo: Kwaye ukuze ubonise uthando lwakho kule United States of America xa yayiza kukubiza ukuba ube lijoni wabalekela eMexico?
Ekuqaleni kwetyala, uJaji uThayer (owathi, ethetha nomntu awayeqhelene negalufa, waye wabhekisa kubamangalelwa ngexesha letyala ngokuthi โabo bangamaqiliโ) wathi kwijaji: โMadoda, ndiyanicela ukuba ninikele le nkonzo apha. ukuba ubizelwe ukwenza loo moya wokuthandโ izwe, inkalipho nokuzinikela emsebenzini njengoko wawuboniswa ngamajoni ethu aphesheya kweelwandle.โ
Iimvakalelo ezikhutshwe yibhombu eyaqhuma kwikhaya likaGqwetha Jikelele uPalmer ngexesha lemfazwe-ezifana neemvakalelo eziye zakhululwa ngobundlobongela be-9 / 11-zadala umoya oxhalabileyo apho inkululeko yoluntu yayithotyelwe.
USacco noVanzetti baqonda ukuba naziphi na iingxoxo ezisemthethweni ezinokuza nazo amagqwetha abo azinakuphumelela ngokuchasene nenyaniso yokungabikho kokusesikweni kodidi. USacco uxelele inkundla, xa ewisa isigwebo: โNdiyazi ukuba isigwebo siya kuba phakathi kwamaqela amabini, abantu abacinezelweyo kunye nodidi lwezityebiโฆYiyo loo nto ndilapha namhlanje kwesi situlo, ngokuba ndandingowodidi olucinezelweyo.โ
Loo mbono ibonakala ingqongqo, ilula. Ayizizo zonke izigqibo zenkundla ezichazwe kuyo. Kodwa, iswele ithiyori ehambelana nazo zonke iimeko, imbono yeSacco elula, eyomeleleyo ngokuqinisekileyo isisikhokelo esingcono sokuqonda inkqubo yezomthetho kuneso esithatha ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabalinganayo ngokusekwe kukhangelo olunenjongo lwenyaniso.
UVanzetti wayesazi ukuba iingxoxo ezisemthethweni aziyi kubasindisa. Ngaphandle kokuba izigidi zaseMelika zilungelelanisiwe, yena nomhlobo wakhe uSacco babeza kufa. Hayi amazwi, kodwa ubunzima. Hayi izibheno, kodwa iimfuno. Ayizizo izicelo eziya kwirhuluneli, kodwa zithathelwe iifektri. Ukungathanjiswa koomatshini benkqubo ekucingelwa ukuba ilungile ukuyenza isebenze ngcono, kodwa luqhankqalazo jikelele lokumisa oomatshini.
Ayizange yenzeke loo nto. Amawaka enza umboniso, aqhankqalaza, aqhankqalaza, kungekuphela nje kwisiXeko saseNew York, eBoston, eChicago, eSan Francisco, kodwa eLondon, eParis, eBuenos Aires, eMzantsi Afrika. Bekungonelanga. Ngobusuku bokubulawa kwawo, amawaka aqhankqalaza eCharlestown, kodwa agcinwa kude nentolongo yindibano enkulu yamapolisa. Abaqhankqalazi babanjwa. Imipu yomatshini yayiphezu kwendlu kwaye izibane ezinkulu zokukhangela zazitshayela yonke indawo.
Isihlwele esikhulu sahlanganisana eUnion Square ngoAgasti 23,1927, XNUMX. Kwimizuzu embalwa emva kwasezinzulwini zobusuku, izibane zasentolongweni zathi chatha njengoko la madoda mabini ayebanjwe ngumbane. I Ihlabathi leNew York wachaza oko kwenzekayo: โIsihlwele sasabela ngesingqala. Abafazi baquleka kwiindawo ezilishumi elinesihlanu okanye ezingamashumi amabini. Abanye, nabo boyisiwe, bawa phantsi elunxwemeni baza bangcwaba iintloko zabo ezandleni zabo. Bayamana emagxeni amadoda, balila.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabo lokugqibela yayikukongamelana kwabo, ingcinga esasothusa nanamhlanje njengombane ngenxa yenyaniso yayo ebalulekileyo: sonke sibanye, imida yezizwe nentiyo yesizwe kufuneka iphele, imfazwe ayinyamezeleki, iziqhamo zomhlaba kufuneka zabiwe. , yaye kuphela kungomzabalazo olungelelanisiweyo nxamnye negunya elinokuthi ihlabathi elinjalo libekho.
Yintoni eza kuthi namhlanje kwimeko yeSacco kunye neVanzetti ayikho nje intlekele, kodwa iphefumlelwe. IsiNgesi sabo sasingagqibelelanga, kodwa xa besithetha yayiba luhlobo lwesihobe. UVanzetti wathi ngomhlobo wakhe uSacco:
ISacco yintliziyo, ukholo, isimilo, indoda; indoda ethanda indalo kunye noluntu. Indoda enikele ngako konke, encama konke ngenxa yenkululeko nothando lwayo ngoluntu: imali, ukuphumla, amabhongo emihla ngemihla, umfazi wayo, abantwana bakhe, yena nobomi bakheโฆ. Owu ewe, ndisenokuba nokuqonda ngakumbi, njengoko abanye besitsho, ndingumbhexeshi ongcono kunaye, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi, ngokuva ilizwi lakhe elisuka entliziyweni likhala ukholo oluphakamileyo, ekuqwalaseleni idini lakhe eliphakamileyo, ekhumbula ubugorha bakhe. ndaziva ndimncinci, ndimncinci ngenxa yobukho bobukhulu bakhe, kwaye ndazifumana ndinyanzelekile ukuba ndilwe emehlweni am iinyembezi, ndicime intliziyo yam ibetha emqaleni ukuba ndingalili phambi kwakhe - le ndoda ibizwa ngokuba yinkosi kunye nombulali kwaye igwetyiwe.
Okona kubi kakhulu, babengama-anarchists, nto leyo ethetha ukuba babenengcamango ephambeneyo yedemokhrasi epheleleyo apho kungayi kubakho busemzini okanye buhlwempu, yaye becinga ukuba ngaphandle kwezi zixhokonxa, imfazwe phakathi kwezizwe iya kuphela ngonaphakade. Kodwa ukuze kwenzeke oku kwakuza kufuneka kuliwe izityebi kuze kuhluthwe ubutyebi bazo. Loo mbono we-anarchist ulwaphulo-mthetho olubi kakhulu kunokuphanga umvuzo, kwaye kuze kube namhlanje ibali leSacco kunye neVanzetti alinakukhunjulwa ngaphandle kokukhathazeka okukhulu.
USacco wabhalela unyana wakhe uDante wathi: โNgoko ke, nyana, endaweni yokulila, yomelela, ukuze ukwazi ukuthuthuzela umama wakho . . . yemithiโฆKodwa khumbula ngalo lonke ixesha, Dante, kolu mdlalo wolonwabo, ungazisebenzisi zonke izinto zakho kuphelaโฆnceda abatshutshiswayo kunye nexhoba kuba ngabahlobo bakho abangconoโฆ. Kulo mzabalazo wobomi uya kufumana uthando oluninzi kwaye uya kuthandwa. "
Ewe, yayikukungalawuleki kwabo, ukuthanda kwabo uluntu, okwabatshabalalisayo. Xa uVanzetti ebanjwa, wayenephetshana epokothweni yakhe ebhengeza intlanganiso eyayiza kuqhutywa ngeentsuku ezintlanu. Liphecana elinokusasazwa namhlanje, kwihlabathi liphela, ngokufanelekileyo ngoku njengoko yayilusuku lokubanjwa kwabo. Ifundeka ngolu hlobo:
Ulwe zonke iimfazwe. Usebenze kubo bonke ongxowankulu. Wabhadulela emazweni onke. Ngaba uvune iziqhamo zokubulaleka kwakho, ixabiso loloyiso lwakho? Ngaba izinto ezidlulileyo ziyakuthuthuzela? Ngaba le yangoku iyancuma kuwe? Ngaba ikamva likuthembisa nantoni na? Ngaba ufumene umhlaba apho unokuthi uhlale njengomntu, ufe njengomntu? Kule mibuzo, kule ngxabano, kwaye kulo mxholo, umzabalazo wokuphila, uBartolomeo Vanzetti uya kuthetha.
Loo ntlanganiso ayizange ibekho. Kodwa umoya wabo usekhona nanamhla kunye nabantu abakholwayo nabathanda nabasokolayo kwihlabathi liphela.
Oku kucatshulwe kwincwadi kaHoward Zinn, Igunya Oorhulumente abanako Ukulicinezela, epapashwe ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka ngu Izibane zeSixeko. Ngeshedyuli ezayo kaHoward yokuthetha, bona iWeb site yezibane zeSixeko: http://www.citylights.com.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela