U-Howard Zinn
I
Ndimangalisiwe kukuba umhlobo wam uHans Koning, umqhankqalazi oqinileyo ngokuchasene nemfazwe
IVietnam, kubonakala ngathi ithathwe yingxoxo kaRichard Frank, kweyakhe
uphononongo lokuhla kukaFrank. Ewe, sonke kufuneka sizimisele ukuphinda sicingisise ngezona zinto zethu
lukhuni izigwebo ngenxa yobungqina obutsha. Kodwa akukho nto ngaphakathi
Ingxoxo kaFrank-nangona iluqilima uphando lwakhe-ukwenza thina aba
jonga ukudubula kweathom yaseHiroshima naseNagasaki njengenkohlakalo engathethekiyo
sitshintshe iingqondo zethu.
Frank
balatha kwisibakala sokuba iingxoxo zothethathethwano loxolo namaJapan
IKhabhinethi "nangona kunjalo ikhokelele ekukhatyweni ngamxhelo mnye, kunye 'nangokudelela'
i-Allied ultimatum ekhutshwe ePotsdam." Ewe, ukwala ngamxhelo mnye,
kuba iAllied ultimatum yayiyeyokunikezela ngokungenamiqathango, kunye namaJapan
babekulungele ukunikezela, ukuba imeko enye inokufezekiswa - ukugcinwa kwe
Umlawuli. NgoJulayi 13, 1945, uMphathiswa Wezangaphandle eTogo wathumela umnxeba kuNozakuzaku uSato, owathunyelwa kuye
I-Moscow ngokuchanekileyo ukufumana indlela yothethathethwano yokuphuma emfazweni: "Ngokungenamiqathango
ukunikezela kuphela komqobo kuxoloโฆ.Ngumnqweno wentliziyo yeNgangamsha yakhe ukuba
ubone ukupheliswa kwakamsinya kwemfazwe.
The
Ingxabano iye yenziwa ngaphambili, ukuba umkhosi waseJapan wawunenzondelelo yempambano
akanakuze anikezele, kwaye uFrank uyenza ibe yinto emangalisayo ngokuchaza
Isicwangciso somkhosi waseJapan, "Ketsu-Go", ukuqalisa ukusebenza kwi-Allied
Ukuhlasela, njengoko "kulungiselelwe ukuncama ubomi bezigidi ezingamashumi amabini
Japanese." Kwaye kuphela emva kombingelelo omkhulu kangaka, babenokuthi, ngembeko,
Thetha ngoxolo.
It
yingxoxo engenamsebenzi. Ukuba babengabantu abanenzondelelo yempambano, befuna izigidi ezingamashumi amabini
Ukufa kwamaJapan ngaphambi kokuba banikezele, kwakutheni ukuze, enyanisweni, banikezele
emva kokufa kwamakhulu amawaka eHiroshima naseNagasaki? Ngokucacileyo, njengoko kwakunjalo
uqukunjelwe luHlolo lweSitrato lokuqhushumba kweebhombu lwaseUnited States, olwaludlanโ indlebe namaJapan
abenzi bezigqibo kanye emva kwemfazwe, iJapan yayisemngciphekweni wokunikezela, kwaye
ngendenze njalo ngaphandle kokuqhushumba kweHiroshima naseNagasaki. Ewe,
ezo ziqhushumbisi zikhawulezise izinto, kodwa kuya kuba njalo nokwamkelwa kwe-US enye
imeko yaseJapan yabuza, ubungcwele boMlawuli - kwaye ngaphandle koko
ilahleko eyoyikekayo yobomi kunye nokubandezeleka ixesha elide.
If
ukuba imeko yamkelwa, akukho nanye yeemeko ezoyikisayo eziye zafunyanwa nguFrank
kuya kufuneka kwenzeke.
ngaphandle
iibhombu zeathom, uFrank uthi, "intshukumo elandelayo engeyoyathom" (uKoning's
amagama) yayiza kuba luthotho lohlaselo lwebhombu lokutshabalalisa inkqubo kaloliwe yaseJapan
kwabakho indlala ezixekweni. "Ngaba kunjalo," uKoning uyabuza,
"Babenobuntu ngakumbi kwibhanki yendlala njengoko bekhokelela kwiJapan
unikezela?"
We
banikwa uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lokhetho oluninzi, apho umvavanyi acingela thina
zizidenge kakhulu ukuba zicinge ngaphandle kolunye olunikiweyo. Kule meko, sinjalo
ujongene neendlela ezintathu: a) ukuwisa iibhombu; b) ahlasele iJapan; c) yindlala
Abemi baseJapan. Kwaye ke sixinzelelwe kwisigqibo (kuba sifuna
isisombululo sobuntu) ukuba ukuwisa iibhombu "kubuntu ngakumbi".
Kodwa kukho kwakhona, enye indlela ecetyiswe ngunozakuzaku uJoseph Grew,
ngubani owayeyazi kakuhle iJapan, ukuba asinyanzelisi ukuzinikela "okungenamiqathango",
nje "ngokunikezela", kwaye uvume ukugcina umlawuli.
Ngoba
Ngaba oku akuzange kwenziwe, ukuba kwakuyeyona nto isindisa ubomi kwezinye iindlela?
Ngenxa yokuba, ngokulula, iinkokeli zethu zazingenazo iinkxalabo zobuntu endiye ndazenza
cinga ukukhuthaza uFrank, kwaye into endiyaziyo iyamkhuthaza uHans Koning. Babengekho
ukukhangela enye indlela eya kuba neendleko ezincinci kubomi bomntu. Yabo
Iinjongo zezopolitiko kunye neqhinga. Ewe, njengoGar Alperovitz kunye neqela lakhe
abaphandi babhalwe ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu ISIGQIBO SOKULAHLA IBOMB YEATOMIC,
kukho ubungqina obunamandla bokuba uTruman wayemamele oyena mcebisi wakhe usondeleyo, uJames
Byrnes, owabona ibhombu njengebonisa amandla aseMelika kumaRashiya. Byrnes
yathi ibhombu "inokusivumela ukuba simisele imiqathango yokuphelisa imfazwe."
Pha
yenye intshukumisa yezobupolitika, ngoku eyayisekhaya. Kwincwadi yakhe yakutshanje ethi, FREEDOM
UKUSUKA KULOYIKO, uDavfid Kennedy ucaphula uNobhala weStae Cordell Hull advfising
Byrnes, phambi kweNkomfa yasePotsdam eyathatha isigqibo malunga nokuzinikela okungenamiqathango,
ukuba "iziphumo ezimbi zezopolitiko ziya kulandela e-US" ukuba
inqobo yokunikezela ngaphandle kwemiqathango iya kulahlwa. Umongameli uya kuba
"wabethelelwa" ukuba uyenzile loo nto, utshilo uByrnes. Kennedy ubhala athi: โByrnes
ngoko ke uzikhabile iingcebiso zikaLeahy, uMcCloy, uGrew noStimson".
(Bonke bebekulungele ukuyekelela imfuno "yokuzinikela ngaphandle kwemiqathango".
ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela amaJapani imfuneko yawo yokugcina ubuso yokuphelisa
imfazwe - ukugcinwa komlawuli.)
Ngaba
sikholelwa ukuba iinkokeli zethu zezopolitiko ziya kukhupha amakhulu amawaka
abantu ukuba bafe okanye babandezeleke ubomi babo bonke ngenxa โyezopolitiko
"imiphumo" ekhaya? Le ngcamango iyoyikisa, kodwa sinokuyibona mvanje
imbali ipateni yamabhongo kamongameli ithathwa njengebaluleke ngaphezu komntu
ubomi. Iikhasethi zikaJohn F. Kennedy zityhila ubunzima bakhe bokurhoxa eVietnam
ngokuchasene nonyulo oluzayo. Imibhalo kaLyndon Johnson'sWhite House
iincoko zibonisa kuye isigqibo gainst ukurhoxa Vietnam, ngokuba
"Baza kugxeka umongameli ... akunjalo?"
kanye
Ngaphambi kweMfazwe yeGulf, umncedisi kaMongameli Bush u-Sununu "waxela
abantu ukuba imfazwe emfutshane ephumelelayo iya kuba yigolide ecocekileyo yezopolitiko kuMongameli
kwaye uya kuqinisekisa unyulo lwakhe." Kwaye ayisiyiyo inkxaso kaClinton-Gore
Inkqubo yokulwa nemijukujelwa ye "Star Wars" (nxamnye nabo bonke ubungqina besayensi
okanye ingqiqo) beqhutywa ngumnqweno wabo wokubonwa ngabavoti njengabanzima
guys, nokuba kukhokelela kugqatso iingalo eziyingozi?
Frank
iqala ngengcamango yokuba uhlaselo okanye indlala iya kuba yimfuneko
ukuzisa ukuzinikela kwaseJapan, kwaye yongeza kuloo manani makhulu abantu abenzakeleyo
uqikelelo lokuba mangaphi amaTshayina angafa kwiinkampu zomsebenzi zamaJapan ukuba a
ukunikezela kwalibaziseka. Ukudibanisa ingcamango yobuxoki kunye noqikelelo, uqukumbela
ukuba ukuqhushumba kwebhombu eHiroshima naseNagasaki kwakunenceba ngakumbi. Naye, ngokutsho
ukuya kuKoning (kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba uHans akayi kuhamba kunye nale ngcamango, nangona enika ingxelo
ngaphandle kokuphawula) iyazibuza ukuba kutheni singathanda ukubulala iJapan eHiroshima
kunamaTshayina kwiinkampu zokusebenza. Intsingiselo engathandekiyo kukuba amaJapan
Abemi baseHiroshima naseNagasaki "baxabiseke kakhulu" kunoko
Amabanjwa aseTshayina, kuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, athwele inqanaba elithile letyala ngenxa yabo
inkohlakalo karhulumente.
I
uya kuqukumbela ngombuzo omnye oya kuRichard Frank, kuHans Koning, nakuwuphi na
omnye waseMelika oqinisekileyo ukuba uwisa iibhombu zeathom
UHiroshima noNagasaki "basindise ubomi". Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wemeko esikuyo
babekwimfazwe ekhohlakeleyo, eyayiza kuphela kungekudala kodwa sasingazi ukuba nini, yaye sasinjalo
uxelele ukuba ngokubulala i-100,000 yabantwana baseMelika "mhlawumbi" okanye
"mhlawumbi" (akukho bungqina obuveliswe nguFrank obunokukhokelela ekubeni sisebenzise
igama elithi "ngokuqinisekileyo") lizisa imfazwe esiphelweni ngokukhawuleza kwaye lisindise abaninzi
ubomi obungaphezulu kobo l00,000. Ngaba siyavumelana nayo?
kwaye
(kulungile, imibuzo engaphezulu) ukuba singasabela kwingcebiso ngokoyikeka, njengoko ndinjalo
ukucinga, akuthethi ukuba ubomi babantwana baseJapan buncinci
zixabiseke kuthi kunobomi babantwana baseMelika? Kwaye akukho bhombu,
hayi eHiroshima naseNagasaki kuphela, kodwa nakweyiphi na abemi, naphi na,
kuxhomekeke kwisigwebo esifanayo sokuziphatha esingamkelekanga?