Kutshanje ndibhale eli xesha lembali yabasebenzi base-US kwi-Hull House eChicago. (Jonga iwebhusayithi yam www.wrightswriting.com.) Zive ukhululekile ukuyisebenzisa okanye uyijikelezise nokuba ufuna kangakanani. Ayinayo imeko yezentlalo nezopolitiko, kodwa ngethemba iyanika ingqiqo yento efunekayo ukwenza utshintsho oluqhubekayo kuluntu.
1866: Ukusekwa koMbutho weSizwe waBasebenzi
I-NLU yi-federation yokuqala yelizwe labasebenzi e-United States, ezinikele inxalenye enkulu ekulweleni usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo. Le njongo ayifezekiswanga kuzwelonke, nangona kwi-Congress ye-1868 iseka usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo kubasebenzi bakarhulumente (umthetho onganyanzeliswanga ngokuqhubekayo). Umbutho uyawa ngexesha lokudakumba kwee-1870s.
Ngowe-1869: Ukusekwa kweeKnights of Labor
Lo mbutho welizwe lonke ukhula kwi-1870 njengoko i-NLU iyancipha; ngo-1886, emva koloyiso olukhulu kuqhankqalazo oluchasene neenkampani zikaloliwe, inamalungu angama-800,000. Injongo yayo yexesha elide kukuzisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwemibutho yabasebenzi eUnited States, apho inkqubo yemivuzo iya kupheliswa baze abasebenzi balawule umsebenzi wabo. Ngokukhawuleza, ilwela usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo, imivuzo ephezulu, amalungelo amabhinqa kwezoqoqosho, ukulingana ngokobuhlanga, imithetho enxamnye nokuqeshwa kwabantwana, nomanyano lwemizi-mveliso (ekutshoyo ukuba bonke abasebenzi kwishishini elinye balungelelaniswe ukuze babe ngumbutho omnye kunokohlulwa bubuchule. -inqanaba kunye nemisebenzi, njengakwimanyano yobugcisa). Ikwaququzelela ukusekwa kwamakhulu oomasibambisane babasebenzi kwilizwe jikelele.
Ehlotyeni, ngo-1877: Uqhankqalazo lomzila kaloliwe omkhulu, aka the Great Upheaval
Ukusabela ekuthotyweni kwemivuzo, ukudandatheka, ukungaqeshwa, kunye nokuphathwa kakubi ngoongxowankulu, ugwayimbo oluzenzekelayo lwasasazeka koololiwe ukusuka eWest Virginia ukuya kwizixeko zaseMaryland, ePennsylvania, e-Illinois, eMissouri, nakwamanye amazwe. Ngexesha uqhankqalazo olukhulu luphenjelelwa ngamajoni karhulumente, imikhosi yamapolisa nemikhosi yamazwe ngamazweโemva kweentsuku ezingama-45 zokuchasa ngokukrakra ngabasebenziโkuye kwabulawa abantu abalikhulu yaye abasebenzi abali-100,000 1877 baye bagwayimba. Phezu kwako nje ukoyiswa kwayo ngowe-1880 yimikhosi edityanisiweyo yamandla abucala kunye norhulumente, intshukumo yabasebenzi isaqhubeka ikhula ngokukhawuleza ngeminyaka yee-XNUMX.
NgoMeyi 4, 1886: Ibhombu yeHaymarket eChicago
Kwindibano yokuxhasa intlangano yesizwe yosuku oluziiyure ezisibhozoโumbutho oye waphembelela abasebenzi abasisiqingatha sesigidi ukuba bagwayimbe ngoMeyi 1, 1886โumntu ongaziwayo uphosa ibhombu kwisihlwele esabulala amapolisa asixhenxe namaqela amaninzi. abemi. Kwityala elalandelayo elagxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokungabi nanjongo, abavukeli abasibhozo bagwetyelwa iyelenqe (nangona ingelokujula ibhombu), abasixhenxe kubo bagwetyelwa ukufa. Ukuqhushumba kwebhombu kubangela ukuqhekeka kwilizwe lonke kwintshukumo yabasebenzi bomkhosi, ijongana nesibetho esikhulu kwi-Knights of Labor kunye nethemba loguquko olufuzisiweyo.
NgoDisemba, ngo-1886: Ukusekwa kwe-American Federation of Labor
I-AFL isekwe njengenye indlela esekwe kwiyuniyoni yeKnights of Labor, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo ithatha indlela engqongqo kwitshantliziyo yabasebenzi. Iyayiphepha โimanyano yemibutho yasekuhlaleniโ kunye nokuchasa ubungxowankulu ngolo hlobo, endaweni yoko igxile kwimiba yesonka nebhotolo efana nemivuzo kunye nezinye iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo ezinokuzuzwa ngokuthethathethana ngokuhlangeneyo. Njengoko i-Knights of Labor iwa, i-AFL ikhula ngokucothayo ukubandakanya izigidi zabasebenzi (uninzi lwabo banezakhono).
Ngomhla wesi-2 kuJulayi, ngo-1890: Ukudlula koMthetho weSherman Anti-Trust
Lo mthetho ujonge ukuthintela imisebenzi yoshishino ephazamisana nokhuphiswano lwasimahla. Noko ke, kwezinye zezinto ezixakayo embalini, lidla ngokusetyenziswa ukuthethelela imithetho echasene nemibutho yabasebenzi, enjengogwayimbo, ekuthiwa luphazamisana nokhuphiswano.
Ehlotyeni, ngo-1892: Ugwayimbo lwasekhaya
Kwiinzame zokutshabalalisa i-Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA), imanyano enamandla yabasebenzi abanezakhono kwiplanti yentsimbi yaseCarnegie eHomestead, ePennsylvania, uHenry Clay Frick ubatshixela ngaphandle komzimveliso. Abanye abasebenzi kwiplanti kunye nedolophu baye bagwayimbe ngokumanyeneyo noogxa babo. Ungquzulwano luya lukhula njengoko uFrick ezama ukwaphula uqhankqalazo ngoncedo lwe-300 Pinkerton "abacuphi" - ngokufanelekileyo umkhosi wabucala - kodwa idabi elinegazi liqhubeka phakathi kwabo kunye nabemi baseHomestead. Olu qhankqalazo luye loyiswa ekugqibeleni emva kokuba irhuluneli ithumele umkhosi ngokuchasene nabasebenzi, nto leyo ephumela ekubeni amandla e-AA kushishino aphulwe. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane anesihlanu ezayo, ishishini lentsimbi liya kuhlala lingeyomanyano.
Ehlotyeni, ngo-1894: Ugwayimbo lukaPullman
Abasebenzi basefektri yeNkampani yasePullman eChicago baya kugwayimbo bekhalazela imivuzo yabo ephantsi kunye nokuphathwa kakubi kukaGeorge Pullman. Ngomanyano, u-Eugene Debs kunye ne-American Railway Union yakhe babhengeza ukukwaywa kwabo bonke oololiwe abathwele iimoto zikaPullman; kwincopho yayo, ugwayimbo lubandakanya abasebenzi abangama-250,000. Umongameli uGrover Cleveland uthumela imikhosi eChicago ukuba ihambe kwakhona oololiwe, nto leyo ecaphukisa abahlaseli, abasabela ngobundlobongela. Ekugqibeleni umkhosi uyakwazi ukuthobisa abasebenzi (ngeendleko zobomi obuninzi) kwaye uphelise uqhankqalazo, olukhokelela ekuchithweni kwe-American Railway Union kunye nokubanjwa kweenkokheli zayo ngokuphula umthetho we-federal injunction ngokuchasene nogwayimbo.
Ngowe-1905: Abasebenzi bezoShishino behlabathi basekwa
Ngaphandle kokoyiswa kwayo okuninzi, iphiko labalwi lombutho wabasebenzi alikathobeki. Yenza i-IWW njengeyona ndlela i-radical, i-anarcho-syndicalist eyenye kwi-AFL egcinayo, kwaye iququzelela abasebenzi ngokwemigca yeklasi kunemigca yomsebenzi. Lumanyano lodwa ngelo xesha olwamkelekileyo zonke abantu kwiinqanaba zayo, kubandakanywa abafuduki, abafazi, kunye nama-Afrika-aseMelika. Ngaphambi kokuba iphelelwe yimpembelelo ngexesha lengcinezelo karhulumente eyalandela iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, idlala indima enkulu kumaphulo enkululeko yokuthetha nakwezinye zezona ngxwabangxwaba zibalulekileyo zezoshishino kwelo xesha.
Ngowe-1909: Uqhankqalazo lweShirtwaist eNew York
Abasebenzi kushishino lweempahla, oluqesha ikakhulu amabhinqa aselula, bavotela uqhankqalazo oluchasene nemivuzo ephantsi, iiyure ezinde, iimeko ezimanyumnyezi zokusebenza, kunye nocalucalulo lwemisebenzi yabasebenzi. Ikhokelwe ikakhulu ngabafazi abakumgangatho kunye nefayile, ugwayimbo oluphantse lube ngamawaka angamashumi amathathu luthatha iiveki ezilishumi elinanye. Okokugqibela abaqeshi banikezela kuninzi lweemfuno zabasebenzi, ezibandakanya iveki emfutshane, kungabikho kucalulwa kwabantu abanyanisekileyo kwimibutho, kunye nothethathethwano ngemivuzo nabasebenzi. Isiseko somanyano lwemizi-mveliso sibekwe kwishishini lempahla njengoko i-International Ladies Garment Workers Union izuza amawaka amalungu, ingqina kwiinkokeli ze-AFL ezilondolozayo ukuba abasebenzi beentlanga ezininzi, abasuka kwamanye amazwe, ababhinqileyo bafanele ukulungelelaniswa.
NgoMatshi 25, 1911: Umlilo we-Triangle Shirtwaist umzi-mveliso kwisiXeko saseNew York
Betshixelwe ngaphakathi kumzi-mveliso ngabanini bawo, abasebenzi bempahla yempahla abali-146 (inkoliso yabo ingamabhinqa aselula) bayafa ebudeni bomlilo, abaninzi ngokutsiba bafe besuka kumgangatho wesithoba noweshumi. Ngoxa abanini balo mzi-mveliso bengagwetywanga naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho, esi siganeko sikhokelela kwimithetho emitsha yokhuseleko nasekuphuculweni kwemithetho yezabasebenzi yaseNew York.
NgoJanuwariโMatshi, ngo-1912: Ugwayimbo lweempahla eLawrence, eMassachusetts
Abasebenzi abangaphezu kwamawaka angamashumi amabini, kwakhona ngokuyinhloko abafazi kunye namantombazana, baphuma kwii-mills besabela ekunciphiseni umvuzo. I-IWW ithatha ubunkokeli bogwayimbo kwaye iseke iindlela ezininzi zokuyila, ezinjengokuthumela abantwana babaqhankqalazi kubantu abanovelwano kwamanye amazwe abaya kubakhathalela okwethutyana. Amapolisa abetha oomama, abantwana, kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo, nto leyo evuselela iimvakalelo zesizwe kangangokuba iCongress ibambe iindibano zophando ezityhila iimeko ezimanyumnyezi kwimizila yaseLawrence. Ekugqibeleni inkampani ivuma phantse zonke iimfuno zabasebenzi, ngaloo ndlela iqhubela phambili umanyano lweshishini lempahla.
NgoAprili 20, 1914: Indyikitya yokufa yaseLudlow
Esi siganeko sivuthondaba solona qhankqalazo lwabulala abantu abaninzi kwimbali yase-US, olubizwe ngabaSebenzi baseMigodini abaManyeneyo ngo-1913 beqhankqalaza iimeko ezimanyumnyezi kwimigodi kaJohn D. Rockefeller eColorado. Kangangeenyanga, ugonyamelo oluphenjelelwa yinkampani lungakwazi ukwaphula intando yabaqhankqalazi neentsapho zabo. Ngomhla wama-20 kuAprili, uMkhosi weSizwe kunye namajoni asekuhlaleni ahlasela ikoloni yeentente zabahlaseli ngemipu (ebulala abantu abaliqela), emva koko bazitshisa iintente njengoko abasebenzi neentsapho zabo besaba. Abantwana abalishumi elinanye nabafazi ababini bafuthaniseleka baze batshise de bafe phantsi kwenye yeentente. Ekugqibeleni uqhankqalazo lulahlekile, kodwa ikomishoni karhulumente ephanda ngesi sibhicongo inika inkxaso kumabango amaninzi emibutho, afana nosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo nokupheliswa kokuqeshwa kwabantwana.
Ngowe-1916: ICongress idlulisa uMthetho we-Adamson
Lo mthetho umisela usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo kubasebenzi bakaloliwe, kunye nentlawulo eyongezelelweyo yomsebenzi wexesha elongezelelekileyo. Ngumthetho wokuqala we-federal ukulawula iiyure zokusebenza kwiinkampani zabucala.
Ngowe-1919: Uqhankqalazo lwasemva kwemfazwe
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, abasebenzi abazizigidi ezine baye bagwayimba ukuze bafumane imivuzo ephakamileyo neemeko ezibhetele zokusebenza. Impendulo yamashishini kunye norhulumente yi-โRed Scare,โ okanye ukudutyulwa kwabagwayimbi njengamaKomanisi. Unyanzelo olunobundlobongela kolu qhankqalazo lubonisa ishumi leminyaka yezithintelo ezoyikekayo zabasebenzi, eziphela kuphela ngokunyuka koqhanqalazo oludumileyo kuDado oluKhulu.
1932: Umthetho weNorris-La Guardia upasisiwe
Lo mthetho uvala โizivumelwano zezinja ezityheli,โ ezichaza ukuba umqeshwa akanakujoyina imanyano ngexesha lokuqeshwa kwakhe, kwaye uyakwalela iinkundla zomdibaniso ekukhupheni izigwebo ezichasene neengxabano zabasebenzi ezingenabundlobongela ezifana nogwayimbo. Luloyiso olukhulu lwabasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo, ngokulindeleka koMthetho kaWagner obanzi ka-1935.
NgoApriliโJuni, 1934: Ugwayimbo lwaseToledo Auto-Lite
Bekhokelwa liQela elincinane laBasebenzi baseMelika, nangoncedo oluqinisekileyo lwabasebenzi abangaphangeliyo abaluphaphele udidi, abasebenzi bomzi-mveliso wamalungu eemoto eToledo, eOhio bayawushiya umsebenzi ukuze bazuze ukuqondwa kombutho, ukuphuculwa kweemeko zokusebenza, nokunyuswa kwemivuzo. Olu qhankqalazo luthatha phantse iinyanga ezimbini kwaye lusinde kwidabi leentsuku ezintlanu eliphakathi kwabasebenzi kunye namawakawaka amapolisa kunye nemikhosi yoMkhosi weSizwe (idabi apho konzakala amakhulu kwaye abaninzi babulawa). Phantsi kwesoyikiso sogwayimbo jikelele, i-Auto-Lite ekugqibeleni ivuma phantse zonke iimfuno zombutho. Olu loyiso lukhokelela kumanyano olukhawulezileyo lwezinye iindawo zokusebenza eToledo.
NgoMeyi-Agasti, ngo-1934: Uqhankqalazo lweMinneapolis Teamsters
I-574 yendawo ye-International Brotherhood ye-Teamsters ibetha ukuqatshelwa komanyano kunye nelungelo layo lokuthetha onke amalungu ayo. Urhwebo lwesi sixeko luphantse luvaleke njengoko uthutho lweelori luye lunqumama. Esebenza, njengesiqhelo, njengabanyanzelisi boluntu lwezoshishino, amapolisa ngobundlobongela kodwa ngokungenasiqhamo azama ukuqhekeza uqhankqalazo. Emva kweeveki zemfazwe yamakhaya, ekugqibeleni abaqeshi banikezela kwiimfuno zomanyano-uloyiso olumisela i-Teamsters ukuba ekugqibeleni ibe ngumbutho omkhulu welizwe.
NgoMeyiโJulayi, 1934: Ugwayimbo lwaseWest Coast
Kuqala oomatiloshe bexesha elide, emva koko oomatiloshe nabanye abasebenzi baselwandle, kwizibuko ngalinye elikuNxweme oluseNtshona baye bagwayimba ukuze baqatshelwe umanyano, isivumelwano sonxweme ngokubanzi, kunye neholo yokuqesha elawulwa yimanyano. Emva kwesenzo samapolisa esikhohlakeleyo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kuqhankqalazo, imibutho emininzi yaseSan Francisco ivotele ugwayimbo, oluthatha iintsuku ezine. Ingxabano ekugqibeleni iya kulamlo, olunika abasebenzi baselwandle uloyiso oluninzi: umzekelo, i-International Longshoremen's Association ifumana ulawulo olumandla ekuqeshweni kweedokhi, ukonyuka kwemivuzo yabasebenzi, kunye neeyure zeshifu ziyancitshiswa.
NgoSeptemba, 1934: Ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi beempahla
Phantsi kobunkokeli be-United Textile Workers, abasebenzi abangama-400,000 abasuka eNew England ukuya eMazantsi baye bagwayimba isithuba seeyure ezingamashumi amathathu evekini, umvuzo omncinane womvuzo, ukuqondwa kweemanyano, kunye neemeko ezingcono zokusebenza. โAmaqela eenqwelo-moyaโ ahamba ukusuka kwisityalo ukuya kwesinye, ebiza abasebenzi. Ekuphenduleni, abaqeshi babiza abasemagunyeni basekhaya kunye norhulumente, abathumela amapolisa kunye ne-National Guard ukuba balwe kufuphi nemfazwe kubahlaseli (ingakumbi eMzantsi). Ekugqibeleni i-UTW ivala ugwayimbo, oluphela ngokungaphumeleli ngokupheleleyo. Ukutyhubela inkulungwane uMzantsi uhlala ungamanyaneyo, nangona iinzame zeCIO zokuwuququzelela.
NgoJulayi, 1935: UFranklin Roosevelt watyikitya uMthetho weSizwe woBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi ukuba ube ngumthetho
Olona loyiso lukhulu lombutho wabasebenzi wase-US, i-NLRA (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Wagner Act) iqinisekisa ilungelo labasebenzi becandelo labucala lokuhlanganisana babe yimibutho yabasebenzi kwaye bathengiselane ngokudibeneyo, kunye nokugwayimba. Uyaluthintela ucalucalulo olujoliswe kubasebenzi ngokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yemibutho yabasebenzi okanye ukumangalela umqeshi wabo. Ngenjongo yonyanzeliso, iseka iBhodi yeSizwe yoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi, eyongamela unyulo lokumelwa kweemanyano kwaye iphande ngezityholo zezenzo ezigwenxa zomsebenzi.
Ngo-Agasti, ngo-1935: uRoosevelt usayina uMthetho woKhuseleko lweNtlalo
Lo mthetho udala isiseko selizwe lentlalontle yase-US yangoku, ngokubonelela ngoncedo lomanyano lwabantu abadala, i-inshurensi yokungaphangeli, kunye noncedo kubantwana abaneentsapho ezinomvuzo ophantsi. Kwiminyaka yamva, ngakumbi ngeminyaka yee-1960s, amalungiselelo omthetho enziwa abe nesisa ngakumbi, nangona angekathelekiselwani nesisa seenkqubo ezininzi zezentlalontle zaseYurophu.
NgoNovemba, 1935: kwasekwa iKomiti Yolungelelwaniso Lwezoshishino
Kamva yabizwa ngokuba yiCongress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), injongo yayo kukwenza oko i-AFL iye yasilela ukukwenza: ukulungelelanisa abasebenzi kumashishini okuvelisa ngobuninzi, afana nokuveliswa kweemoto kunye nentsimbi, kwimanyano enkulu enye. Kule minyaka ilandelayo, imibutho yabasebenzi abaninzi njenge-United Autoworkers, i-United Electrical Workers, i-United Steelworkers, kunye ne-United Packinghouse Workers bafumana impumelelo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kumashishini abo, kwaye i-CIO, ishiye i-AFL, ikhula ukuze ihlanganise izigidi ze abasebenzi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1940. Ekugqibeleni, iphupha elithi "imanyano yamashishini" ye-Knights of Labor kunye ne-IWW iye yafezekiswa kwinqanaba elithile.
Ebusika, ngo-1936-37: Ugwayimbo lokuhlala phantsi ngokuchasene noGeneral Motors eFlint, eMichigan
Esinye seziganeko ezibhiyozelwa kakhulu kwimbali yezabasebenzi e-US, olu qhankqalazo lukhokelela kumanyano lweshishini leemoto kwaye ngaloo ndlela luloyiso lokuqala olukhulu lweCIO esandula ukusekwa. Iqhinga elitsha lokuhlala kumzi-mvelisoโkunokuba kwenziwe umgca wokupiketha ngaphandleโlisetyenziselwa ukuthintela inkampani ekusebenziseni abaqhankqalazi nokwenza kube nzima ngamapolisa ukuluqhawula uqhankqalazo. Kwiiveki ezintandathu uGM uyaqonda ukuba akukho nto anokuyenza ngaphandle kokuthethathethana ne-UAW; isiphumo sekhontrakthi inika umanyano iwonga kangangokuba ngonyaka omnye uzuze amalungu angama-500,000.
NgoMatshi 2, 1937: I-US Steel ivuma umanyano lwabasebenzi bayo
Ukususela ehlotyeni le-1936, iKomiti yoLungiselelo lwabasebenzi beNsimbi (i-SWOC) (ye-CIO) isayine amawaka abasebenzi bensimbi njengamalungu, kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuqhuba ukulungelelanisa ishishini lensimbi. Ekuqaleni kuka-1937 intloko ye-US Steel, uMyron Taylor, udibana ngokufihlakeleyo noJohn L. Lewis, intloko yeCIO, kwaye uyavuma kungekuphela nje ukuqaphela i-SWOC njenge-arhente ye-bargaining kodwa nosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo kubasebenzi, ukunyuka kwemivuzo. , ukukhuselwa kwabantu abadala, kunye nenkqubo yokukhalaza. Ezi mvumelwano ezimangalisayo zibangelwa umnqweno kaTaylor wokuphepha isiteleka ngexesha apho iYurophu ilungiselela imfazwe kwaye idinga ukungenisa insimbi.
NgoMeyi 30, 1937: Ukubulawa kwabantu ngoSuku lweSikhumbuzo eChicago
Amapolisa aseChicago adubula aze abulala abaqhankqalazi abalishumi abangaxhobanga (bengxwelerha abanye abaninzi) kwisihlwele samakhulu ebesihlanganisene ukuqhankqalazela ukwala kwabenzi bentsimbi abancinci ukuba bathethathethane ne-SWOC. Akukho polisa litshutshiswayo.
Ngowe-1938: Kuwiswe uMthetho weMigangatho yoMsebenzi oMhle
Ngandlelโ ithile kwincopho yamashumi eminyaka yobutshantliziyo, lo mthetho ugunyazisa usuku oluziiyure ezisibhozo neeyure ezingamashumi amane eveki (kunye โnexesha elinesiqingathaโ lexesha elongezelelekileyo), ukupheliswa kokuqeshwa kwabantwana, kunye nowona mvuzo uphantsi wesizwe. Isebenza kubasebenzi abamsebenzi wabo unxulumene norhwebo phakathi kwamazwe. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo umthetho uye wandiswa kwaye uphuculwe amaxesha amaninzi, umzekelo ngokunyusa owona mvuzo uphantsi womanyano kunye nokwandisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi basefama (ngo-1966).
Ngowe-1945-46: Uqhankqalazo lwasemva kwemfazwe
Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, abasebenzi abazizigidi ezithandathu abasebenza koololiwe, amalahle, iimoto, ioli, intsimbi, umbane, iilwandle neemfonomfono bagwayimbaโolona gwayimbo lukhulu kwimbali yaseUnited States. Unxunguphalo oluqhubekayo lweminyaka yemfazwe, eyona nto iphambili phakathi kwazo izikhalazo zemivuzo, yaqhambuka kolu luhlu lokunyuka kwenqanaba kunye nefayile kwahlangatyezwana nengcinezelo engaphantse ibe nzulu njengango-1919. iindawo zokuhlala ekuxoxwa ngazo yimibutho yabasebenzi, iinkampani, kunye norhulumente womanyano wabeka iqonga le โmvumelwano yenkululekoโ yeminyaka yee-1950.
NgoJuni 23, 1947: ICongress idlulisa uMthetho weTaft-Hartley
Mhlawumbi esona siganeko sibalulekileyo ekulweni kwangethuba ngokuchasene neSivumelwano eSitsha kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwaso kweemanyano, ukuwiswa koMthetho we-Taft-Hartley ubuyisela umva uninzi lwenkqubela phambili yabasebenzi ezuzwe nguMthetho weWagner. Iyakwalela ugwayimbo lwesibini kunye nokwayikwa, ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi, kunye "nevenkile evaliweyo," kwaye ivumela amazwe ukuba aphumeze imithetho "ekunene ukuya emsebenzini" evala "ivenkile yomanyano" (apho abasebenzi abasanda kuqeshwa kufuneka amalungu ombutho ngexesha elibekiweyo). Ikwafuna iinkokeli zemanyano zabasebenzi ukuba zisayine ii-afidavithi ezithi ayingomalungu eQela lamaKomanisi, imfuno esusa ngokufanelekileyo uninzi lwabona balweli bemfazwe kwimibutho yabasebenzi kwaye ifake isandla kwi-anti-Communist hysteria yeminyaka yasemva kwemfazwe.
Ngo-1955: Ukudityaniswa kwe-AFL kunye neCIO
Kwimeko yeMfazwe ebandayo, i-AFL-CIO yintlangano egcinayo, i-bureaucratic ebonisa ukuba akukho nanye yengqondo yentshukumo yentlalo ye-CIO kwi-1930s. Ngaphantsi kukaGeorge Meany, ixhasa impiriyali yase-US eVietnam naseLatin America, kwaye ithatha isimo esiqhelekileyo kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu kunye nobufazi. Kamva, phantsi kweLane Kirkland ngeminyaka yoo-1980, ayisebenzi kakhulu ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi kuhlaselo olungqongqo.
NgoJanuwari 17, 1962: Abasebenzi be-Federal baphumelele ilungelo lokuthengisana ngokudibeneyo
Lo myalelo wesigqeba obalulekileyo osayinwe nguJohn F. Kennedy ngumba wokukhula komanyano lwecandelo likarhulumente kwiminyaka yee-1960 neyee-1970, njengoko uninzi lwamazwe lulandela umzekelo kaKennedy kwaye luvumela abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni ukuba badibanise. Inani loqhankqalazo lwecandelo likarhulumente nalo lonyuka ngokumangalisayo, naxa lungekho semthethweni.
NgoJuni 10, 1963: uKennedy usayina uMthetho wokuHlawula ngokulinganayo
Isihlomelo kuMthetho weMigangatho yoMsebenzi oLungileyo, lo mthetho ujonge ukuphelisa iyantlukwano yemivuzo phakathi kwesini. Iyaluthintela ucalucalulo ngokwesini ekuhlawulweni kwemivuzo, ngaloo ndlela ivumela intlawulo yabasetyhini ukuba inyuke ngokumangalisayo kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ezayo (nangona umndilili uhlala ungaphantsi kowamadoda).
NgoJulayi 2, 1964: ULyndon Johnson utyikitya uMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu
Isihloko VII salo Mthetho silugatya ucalucalulo lwasemsebenzini ngenxa yobuhlanga, isini, inkolo, okanye imvelaphi yobuzwe (ubudala nokukhubazeka kongezwa kamva).
Ngasekupheleni koo-1960-1970s: Abasebenzi baseFama abaManyeneyo baququzelela abasebenzi eCalifornia
Phantsi kobunkokeli bukaCรฉsar Chรกvez, i-UFW yenza oko uSawule Alinsky wayecinga ukuba akunakwenzeka: iququzelela amashumi amawaka abasebenzi basefama kwaye inyanzela abalimi ukuba basayine izivumelwano zemanyano. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga angaqhelekanga njengokwayikwa kwabantu abaninzi (ngo-1975, izigidi ezili-17 zaseMelika zikwala iidiliya), uqhankqalazo lwendlala, uqhanqalazo, kunye nolungiselelo loluntu. Ngo-1975 uMthetho woBudlelwane bezoLimo wezoLimo wapasiswa eCalifornia, uqinisekisa abasebenzi basezifama ilungelo lokuququzela, ukuxoxisana nabaqeshi, kunye nokuvota kunyulo lombutho ophantsi kweliso likarhulumente.
NgoDisemba 29, 1970: UMthetho woKhuseleko neMpilo eMsebenzini uba ngumthetho
Phambi kwalo mthetho, ingqwalasela karhulumente kwimiba yokhuseleko emsebenzini ibithe saa kwaye incinci. Amawaka abasebenzi ayebulawa emsebenzini nyaka ngamnye, yaye izigidi ziye zonzakala okanye zaba neziphene. UMthetho we-OSH useka iziseko zophuhliso (uLawulo lwe-OSH, okanye i-OSHA) ukunyanzelisa imithetho yezempilo nokhuseleko.
Ngo-Agasti, 1981: Ugwayimbo lwaBaLawuli beZithuthi zoMoya
Umbutho woBuchule abaLawula iZithuthi zoMoya (i-PATCO) ugwayimba ukuze ufumane iimeko ezingcono zokusebenza kunye nemivuzo ephezulu. Umongameli uReagan ugxotha abasebenzi abayi-11,000 abangawuhoyanga umyalelo wakhe wokuba babuyele emsebenzini, nto leyo etshabalalisa iPATCO kwaye ebonisa abaqeshi ukuba lixesha elivulekileyo kwimibutho yabasebenzi. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980, urhulumente wobumbano uyeka ukunyanzelisa uninzi lwezibonelelo zeWagner Act zokukhusela abasebenzi kunye neemanyano.
Ngowe-1985: Ugwayimbo lokuTya kweHormel
Kolunye lolona qhankqalazo lude lweminyaka yee-1980s (iinyanga ezilishumi), abasebenzi baseHormel e-Austin, eMinnesota bamelana nobhubhani wokuthotywa kwemivuzo okwenzeka kwimizi-mveliso yase-US kunye nokutya. Uqhankqalazo luba ngundaba-mlonyeni kumajelo eendaba kwaye lukhokelele ekukwayweni kwemveliso yeHormel kuzwelonke, kodwa ekugqibeleni abasebenzi abanako ukumelana nenkcaso yemanyano yabazali babo (i-United Food and Commercial Workers) kunye nokuzimisela kukaHormel ukuboyisa.
Ngasekupheleni koo-1980: Iphulo le-SEIU le-Justice for Janitors liyaqala
Elinye lamaphulo aququzelelayo aphumeleleyo kwimbali yamva nje, linoloyiso lwayo lokuqala eLos Angeles kwaye lisasazeke kwilizwe liphela kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo. Isebenzisa uninzi lwamaqhinga abaSebenzi baseziFama abaManyeneyo, atsala umdla weendaba. Eli phulo liyaphumelela ekunyuseni imivuzo yamawaka amaninzi abagcini bezindlu kunye nokuphucula iimeko zabo zokusebenza.
NgoDisemba 8, 1993: UBill Clinton usayina i-NAFTA ibe ngumthetho
ISivumelwano soRhwebo ngokuKhululwa kuMntla Merika phakathi kwe-US, iCanada, kunye neMexico siqhubela phambili nohlaselo lweneoliberal kubasebenzi kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi (phantsi kwengubo yokukhuthaza "iimarike zasimahla"). Ngokucutha imimiselo emininzi kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo, kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini ilandelayo inegalelo ekurekhodeni ukungalingani kwengeniso kuMntla Melika, ukucuthwa kwemivuzo, ilahleko yemisebenzi esisigidi sase-US, ukuphelelwa ngamandla kwamandla emanyano, ukuwohloka kwabalimi baseMexico kunye nokuthontelana okubangelwa yiloo nto. yabaphambukeli e-US, kunye nokukhukuliseka kokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. (Jonga ingxelo yoRhwebo lweHlabathi yoRhwebo lwabemi beHlabathi โiLifa le-NAFTA leminyaka engama-20,โ ku www.citizen.org.)
NgoNovemba 30-Disemba 1, 1999: Uqhanqalazo lwaseSeattle lwenzeka ngokuchasene neWorld Trade Organisation
Amashumi amawaka abaqhankqalazi, kuquka iimanyano zabasebenzi, abagcini bendalo, abafundi, kunye nabameli bamaqela amaninzi asekhohlo, babonisa kwaye bamatsha kwizitrato zase Seattle njengoko iWTO idibana edolophini. Uqhanqalazo lokuqala olukhulu lwase-US oluchasene nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, luvuselela impendulo ekhohlakeleyo ngamapolisa aseSeattle kunye nokuphathwa kakubi ngamajelo eendaba. Nangona kunjalo, iphazamisa ngempumelelo uthethathethwano lwe-WTO kwaye inyanzela amajelo eendaba aphambili ukuba avume intshukumo ye-alter-globalization.
NgoFebruwariโJuni, 2011: Uqhanqalazo eMadison, Wisconsin
Bangaphezu kwekhulu lamawaka abantu abaqhankqalaza ngaphakathi nakufutshane nesakhiwo saseCapitol bekhalazela umthetho oyilwayo weRhuluneli uScott Walker wokuhlutha abasebenzi bakarhulumente (ngaphandle kwamapolisa nabacimi mlilo) ilungelo lokuthethana ngenkam-nkam, ukhathalelo lwempilo, iiyure, ukhuseleko, ikhefu lokugula kunye neeholide. , kunye nokunqanda ukunyuswa kwemivuzo yabo, ukongeza ekupheliseni ukuqokelelwa kwemirhumo yomanyano oluzenzekelayo ngurhulumente. Umthetho oyilwayo uyaphumelela kwaye emva koko uyasinda kwimingeni yomthetho. Kwiminyaka elandelayo amanyathelo achasene nomanyano ayaqhubeka edlula kwamanye amazwe, njengaxa iMichigan kunye neIndiana ziba "ilungelo lokusebenza" ithi ngo-2012.
Ikwindla, ngo-2011: I-Occupy Wall Street
Ngelixa ingelonyathelo ngokungqongqo labasebenzi, olu ngcelele loqhanqalazo oluqala kwisiXeko saseNew York kunye nokusasazeka kwihlabathi liphela luyaqhubeka nesithethe se-post-NAFTA sokuzimanya kwabasebenzi kunye nezinye izinto eziqhubela phambili ukuphumeza iinjongo ezifanayo. Ujoliso olukhawulezileyo lwe-OWS kukukhula kokungalingani kwemivuzo e-US, kodwa ngokusisiseko kujoliswe kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko lweniyoliberalism. Ngomhla we-15 kaNovemba abaqhankqalazi baseNew York bakhutshwa ngenkani eZuccotti Park, kwaye ukuxhatshazwa okufanayo kulungelelaniswa kwilizwe lonke. Nangona kunjalo, i-OWS iyaphumelela ukubeka umba wokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kwi-ajenda yoluntu.
NgoSeptemba, 2012: Ugwayimbo loMbutho wooTitshala baseChicago
Ikhaba uluvo olumxinwa โlomanyano lwamashishiniโ kunye nothethathethwano olunemvumelwano oluthe lwalandelwa luninzi lweeyuniyoni kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iCTU yamkela isicwangciso somkhosi, sentlalo-ntle sokulwa uhlaselo lwesizwe lwezikolo zikarhulumente nemibutho yootitshala. Yakhe ngononophelo inkxaso yoluntu kubafundisi-ntsapho nabafundi, iCTU iyakwazi ukuhlanganisa amawaka-waka abantu kwimigca yokuqhankqalaza kunye noqhanqalazo kwizitrato zaseChicago ukulwela ukuphuculwa kwemfundo yoluntu. Ukutsala umdla wamazwe ngamazwe, ugwayimbo lwenza ukuba kwenzeke oko kuthathwa njengeloyiso ngokubanzi kumanyano lwabasebenzi kuthethathethwano lwekhontrakthi kunye nenkqubo yeZikolo zikaRhulumente zaseChicago.
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Ewe ungaze uzilibale iimfazwe zasemgodini phaya eWVa. Umama uJones wavalelwa ngo-1912 ePratt ngenxa yokuboleka inkxaso kuqhankqalazo luka-1912 lwePaint Creek. Kamva kule minyaka ilishumi, abasebenzi basezimayini baqhankqalaza besuka kwiintente zabo besiya e-Lens Creek bawelela eBlair Mountain apho baya kulwa nomkhosi kaSheriff Don Chaffin ochasene nomanyano lwamasekela. Kwakhona bona uJohn Sayles classic MAtewan malunga neemfazwe zemigodi kwiBloody Mingo.