umthombo: Uluhlu lwezahlulo
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NgokukaMark Twain (kucingelwa ukuba), imbali ayiphindi, kodwa ihlala inemvano-siphelo. Wayenyanisile. UDonald Trump, umzekelo, izicengcelezo kunye noMusolini. Ukwehla kwabasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuhambelana nokwehla kwawo ngeminyaka yee-1920. Kwaye ukudakumba okuzayo iya kwenza imvano-zandi, ngeendlela ezininzi, ngoKuDodobala Okukhulu.
Kangangamashumi eminyaka, eneneni, kuye kwacaca ukuba uqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwe-neoliberalism "luhambelana" noqoqosho lwezopolitiko olubangele ukuDakumba. Ukongeza (kwaye ngokuyinxenye ngenxa) yokuwa okufaniswayo kwabasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuye kwanda kakhulu kuzo zombini ezi zihlandlo: ngo-1929 ezona ntsapho zizizityebi ziyi-0.1% e-US ziphethe i-25% yazo zonke ubutyebi, nto leyo phantse ncam isixa esifana nesanamhlanje. Umvuzo wokwenene kwiminyaka engamashumi amane edlulileyo zimile okanye ade ala, njengakwiminyaka yee-1920. Into eboniswa yile mikhwa, ehambelana nokuqhambuka kwetyala, bubuthathaka obunobungozi kwimfuno edibeneyo, ethe yabhengeza ukuwa kweemarike.
Ngoku iimakethi ziyangena (nangona zivela kwisiqalo esingalindelekanga, ubhubhani we-coronavirus), sinokujonga imbali enemvano-siphelo kwakhona: iimpendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo wemali namhlanje, ngakumbi ngamaphondo, zilinganisa ezo zoxinzelelo olukhulu.
Kungumdla ukuthathela ingqalelo imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ngelo xesha langaphambili, kuba kunokubakho izifundo ekufuneka zithotyelwe njengoko amazwe kwaye urhulumente wobumbano ejongana nesizukulwana sethu esichaza intlekele yoqoqosho. Ngelixa amagosa ezopolitiko engasoloko efunda kwizinto zangaphambili, ubuncinci amatsha ntliziyo kunye noluntu banako.
Eyona nyaniso imangalisayo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wezimali wamazwe ngeminyaka yoo-1930 kukuba ayesoloko efumana inkxaso-mali yoncedo lwentswela-ngqesho, kwanakwiminyaka apho uninzi lwawo, lukude nokuba lubotshelelwe imali, lunentsalela yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Le yinyani edidayo nesoloko ilityalwa: Amazwe ase-US aluphelisa uxinezeleko kwimeko yezemali eyomeleleyo kunakuqala.
Isizathu silula: kwakukule minyaka apho ithi yafumanisa irhafu yokuthengisa, kwaye yaza yathembela kuyo (kunye nerhafu yotywala, icuba, i-petroli, kunye neziselo ezithambileyo) kuninzi lwengeniso yabo. Ngowe-1940, babeyiphinde kabini imali baqokelela ngo-1930. Ukanti nawona mazwe atyebileyo, njenge-Illinois, iqhubekile nokucenga intlupheko njengesizathu sokungaxhasi imali ngokwaneleyo kwabo bangasebenziyo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba amazwe adla ngokukhetha ukumisela iindlela zokurhafiswa ezibuyela umva njengerhafu yokuthengisa endaweni yokunyusa irhafu kwipropathi, ingeniso yomntu ngamnye kunye neyenkampani, imihlaba, nokunye okunjalo.
Eyona ajenda yokungcungcuthekiswa, eyayilunqulo olusondeleyo kwizizwe noomasipala ngeminyaka yoo-1930s (ngaphandle kokuba iNew Deal kaFranklin Roosevelt yachasana nayo), yayingeyiyo “imfuneko yezoqoqosho” abasemagunyeni abathi yayinjalo. Kwakungenakuphepheka ukuba oorhulumente—njengoko benzayo—bayicuthe kanobom inkcitho kwiinkonzo ezifana nempilo yoluntu, ugutyulo, imfundo, amathala eencwadi nezothutho. Kunoko, ngebabeqokelele iirhafu ezingakumbi kwimibutho nakwizityebi, njengoko kwakhuthazwa abakhululekileyo, imibutho yabasebenzi, amaKomanisi, nemibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo edumileyo.
Xa sijonga umva, imigaqo-nkqubo enjalo ibonakala ilungile kwaye inobulumko ngokwezoqoqosho, kuba beziya kuwanyusa amandla okuthenga phakathi kwamaqela anengeniso ephantsi kwaye ngaloo ndlela zandise iimarike, zikhuthaza amashishini ukuba atyale imali. Kodwa amandla ezopolitiko amaqela oshishino afana neChambers of Commerce, iiBhodi zeReal Estate, kunye neNational Association of Manufacturers yaqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yemali ehlehliswayo yenziwa kwaye uninzi lwabangasebenziyo lushiywe ukuba luzilungiselele.
Ngokufutshane, oorhulumente benza ukhetho; abazange banyanzelwe ukuba benze njengoko benzayo. Bakhetha ukuthembela kwiirhafu zentengiso endaweni yento eqhubekayo; bakhethe ukungachithi imali eyintsalela yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwiinkqubo zokunceda abantu abangaphangeliyo; bakhetha ukunciphisa inkcitho kumaziko axhamle ngokungafanelekanga abantu abasebenzayo nabaphakathi.
Ukuba nayiphi na kwezi ivakala iqhelekile, kungenxa yokuba oorhulumente benza ukhetho olufanayo namhlanje (njengoko benzayo emva kokudodobala okukhulu koqoqosho).
New York, umzekelo, kunjalo ukusika iibhiliyoni zeerandi ekuncedeni ezikolweni nakwi-Medicaid, kwaye uqinisekile ukuba uza kwenza ezinye iindlela kwiinyanga ezizayo. Kanye njengokuba yena ubuhlwempu, iRhuluneli u-Andrew Cuomo unayo yaliwe ngaphandle kwesandla ingcamango yokunyusa irhafu kwi-ultra-rich, enokuvelisa amashumi eebhiliyoni zeerandi kwingeniso karhulumente.
Amanye amazwe balandela incwadi yokudlala efanayo, benza amanxeba abalulekileyo ngaphandle kokuzibophelela ekunyuseni irhafu kwizityebi.
Ekugqibeleni, oko kwaboniswa luxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nesisombululo sayo kwinkcitho enkulu yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini kukuba uxanduva lokugqibela luxhomekeke kurhulumente wobumbano. Ukuhlanganiswa kobutyebi boluntu kwinqanaba lee-1940-phantsi kwenkxaso, masithi, Uhlobo olutsha olutsha—ayiyi kucombulula kuphela ingxaki yezoqoqosho ezayo kodwa ibeke isiseko sempumelelo eqhubekayo.
Nangona kunjalo, amazwe angaphandle kwemithombo yawo, anoxanduva lokuyicofa ukuze athobe umthwalo kwabona basengozini.
Masiphephe ukwenza “isicengcelezo” sangoku kunye nexesha elidlulileyo kwaye endaweni yoko sibeke unyawo kwindlela ekhanyiselwe ngakumbi.
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