Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo, uNoam Chomsky wapapasha incwadi ethengiswa kakhulu ebizwa Hegemony okanye Ukusinda. Ukusukela ngoko, ukhetho olungqongqo alumiseleyo luye lwangxamiseka ngakumbi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela uluntu oluphendula ngayo kwimingeni yokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo kunye nemfazwe yama impiriyali, kule minyaka ilishumi izayo loo mbuzo woyikekayo othi "Hegemony okanye ukusinda?" inokuphendulwa kakuhle.
Imbali yanamhlanje ibonisa ukuba awona maxesha ayingozi kuxa amagunya amakhulu amabini nangaphezulu esilwela ukulawula. Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo eYurophu yayilixesha โlokungavisisani,โ njengoko iBritani, iFransi, iPrussia, iOstriya neRashiya zaziphantse ziqhubele phambili emfazweni, zikhuphisana ngeenjongo zelizwekazi nokwahlula ilizwekazi phakathi kwazo. Ungquzulwano lwanda ngexesha leNguquko yaseFransi kunye neeMfazwe zeNapoleon, njengeFransi enamandla, egcwele amandla enguquko, yazabalazela ukongamela ngokupheleleyo, ekugqibeleni, iBritane neRussia.
INkongolo yaseVienna yowe-1815 yakhokelela kulungelelwano olwathabatha inkulungwane elide lokulawula yiBritani enemizi-mveliso, eyathi kungekudala yaba lelona gunya liphakamileyo lehlabathi. Noko ke, emva kokuba ushishino lwemizi-mveliso lwayitshayela yonke iYurophu, ngokukodwa iJamani, amandla eBritani aqalisa ukucelwโ umngeni, kungekuphela nje kwiScramble for Africa kodwa kwanaseYurophu ngokwayo. Iingcungela zaseJamani zazifuna ilizwe labo libe yiBritani elandelayo, yaye ubukhulu becala yayingumnqweno wabo wolawulo-mthetho owabangela iMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Kakade ke, kwaneMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Ukususela ngo-1945, iUnited States iye yaba yi-hegemon yehlabathi, okanye into esondeleyo kwi-hegemon. Njengoko uJohn Ross ephawula kwincwadana esanda kupapashwa Imfazwe eNtsha yaseWashington, kwanakwincopho yayo yezoqoqosho phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1970, iGDP yeSoviet Union yayingama-44 ekhulwini kuphela eUnited States. I-Soviets yayinamandla amakhulu kummandla wabo olinganiselweyo oquka iMpuma Yurophu kunye ne-Asia Ephakathi, kodwa yayingengongxowankulu, amandla obukhosi akhulayo ngendlela yase-United States-okanye, kutshanje, ye-China evuselelayo. I-GDP yaseTshayina yi-74 yepesenti ye-US, kwaye izinga lokukhula kwayo liphezulu (likhule ngokuphindwe kasixhenxe kunoqoqosho lwaseMelika ukususela ngo-2007). Ilinganiswe ngokuthenga iipariji zamandla, i-US ithatha i-16 ekhulwini kuphela loqoqosho lwehlabathi, kwaye uqoqosho lwaseTshayina lukhudlwana nge-18 ekhulwini. Ngamafutshane, okokuqala ngqa ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, singena kwixesha lokhuphiswano lokwenene phakathi kwezoqoqosho ezimbini ezinkulu, i-hegemon ehlayo kunye ne-hegemon enomdla.
Xa abantu bethetha โngesoyikiso saseTshayina,โ yiyo yonke le nto bayithethayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, i-China ibeka isoyikiso esikhulu kumandla ase-US kunokuba iSoviet Union yenza. Abagqabaza abaphambili kunye nabezopolitiko baya kuthi Ixabiso malunga nesongelo saseTshayina kwimilinganiselo yedemokhrasi kunye namalungelo oluntu-kukho kusoloko kufuneka kubekho ingqiqo yengcamango yesicwangciso se-geopolitical-kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US wangaphandle kunye nowasekhaya ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini isixelela ukuba i-elites yayo ikhathalele kangakanani idemokhrasi kunye namalungelo oluntu. Ukususela kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam ukuya ekuhlaselweni kwentlekele yase-Iraq, kunye ne-US inkxaso ye-thugs efana ne-Batista, i-Diem, i-Iran's Shah, i-Suharto, i-Duvalier, i-Trujillo, i-Somoza, i-Pinochet, i-Marcos, i-Rios Montt, i-Mobutu, i-Saddam Hussein, i-Mubarak, i-Sisi, i-Modi. , uMohammed bin Salman, kunye noNetanyahu kubhukuqo-mbuso lweCIA kunye nokuzama ubhukuqo-mbuso ngokuchasene noorhulumente abaninzi, kuyabonakala ukuba abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo abanakukhathalela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha abazenza ngathi bayayixhasa.
Abantu baseMelika kufuneka bazibuze: Ngaba kufanelekile ukubeka emngciphekweni imfazwe yenyukliya-kunye ne-apocalyptic ubusika benyukliyaโngenjongo engaphaya kokugcina ilizwe labo linyanzelwa ngogonyamelo ukuba linegunya eliwongameleyo lehlabathi?
Izoyikiso kuMandla ase-US
I-flashpoint yangoku, ngokuqinisekileyo, yimfazwe yase-Ukraine, enceda umbelekisi "intsebenziswano" phakathi kweTshayina neRashiya, zombini ezo ziqinisa ubudlelwane babo ne-Iran.
Kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, uZbigniew Brzezinski wabhala ukuba โumdibaniso omanyanisa iRashiya neTshayina kunye neIran unokuphuhla kuphela ukuba iUnited States ayinambono ophangaleleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingachasa iTshayina neIran ngaxeshanye.โ Ngokuqinisekileyo akasayi kuvuya kakhulu ngemigaqo-nkqubo yase-US ezisa kanye olu manyano. Ngaxeshanye, Amanyathelo e-US kuMbindi Mpuma kunye nokungazibandakanyi kulo mmandla ukusukela oko umongameli ka-Obama evumela iChina ukuba iphucule indawo yayo apho, njengoko kubonisiwe sisivumelwano esandula ukurhweba phakathi kwe-Iran kunye ne-Saudi Arabia ukulungisa ubudlelwane. Imidla yezoqoqosho yaseTshayina ekhulayo hayi kuphela kuMbindi Mpuma kodwa kwihlabathi liphela, umsebenzi wayo omkhulukazi, wokunwenwa kwehlabathi. I-Belt kunye neNkqubo yeNdlela, kunyanzeleke ukuba ilizwe lidlale indima enkulu ngakumbi kwezozakuzo kwimimandla exineneyo. ISaudi Arabia, kwelakhe icala, ibonise ukuba iyakuvuyela ukuchasa iWashington, ide ijoyine uninzi lwehlabathi ekutyesheleni izohlwayo zaseNtshona eRussia.
Ngoxa iWashington ukuhluleka ukukholisa amazwe amaninzi ukuba abeke iRussia yedwa ngokwezoqoqosho nangokwezozakuzo kuqaqambisa ukwehla kwe-US "i-hegemony," ezoyikiso zokwenyani kumandla aseMelika zingena nzulu kuneentloni zozakuzo. Kule minyaka izayo, kwa kanye imeko yedola njengeyona mali igqwesileyo ehlabathini inokusongelwa. Uhlobo lwe "de-dollarization" luye lwenzeka ixesha elithile ngoku, njengokuba, umzekelo, isabelo se-dollar reserves egcinwe ziibhanki eziphambili. liweyo ukusuka kuma-71 ekhulwini ngowe-1999 ukuya kutsho kuma-59 ekhulwini ngowama-2021. Kodwa kule minyaka imbalwa idluleyo, yaye ingakumbi ukususela oko iRashiya yahlasela iUkraine, iinzame eziqhubekayo zamazwe amaninzi zokujongela phantsi ukongamela kwedola kwinkqubo yezemali yehlabathi iye yaqina ngakumbi.
Ngokuyinxenye, oku kungenxa โyokusebenzisa izixhoboโ kwedola yase-US: kutsha nje, iCuba, iVenezuela, iIran, iAfghanistan, kunye neRussia zonke ziye zathwaxwa zizohlwayo zemali kunye nezorhwebo ezibandakanya ukukhenkceza kwee-asethi zaphesheya kunye nokususwa kwelizwe. Inkqubo yemiyalezo ye-SWIFT exhasa iziseko zoncedo zemali zehlabathi. Amanye amazwe, eqondakalayo exhalabile malunga nokubandezeleka okufanayo, abelana ngomdla waseRashiya ekuphuhliseni amaziko amatsha emali kunye nothungelwano ngaphandle kwenkqubo ekhokelwa yi-US. Ngaphandle kolu khuthazo, bafuna nje ukunciphisa ukuchanabeka kwabo kwiziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho kunye nowemali wase-US, onokutshabalalisa uqoqosho. Kwaye njengoko i-China iphakama, kunengqiqo ukuba ikhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kwe-renminbi, okanye ubuncinane imali engeyiyo yeedola.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amazwe e-BRICS, umzekelo, aseka amaziko amatsha kunye neendlela zokuthengisa ukuze kudlule idola, kwaye kuhlola ithuba lokudala imali entsha yogcino esekwe kwibhaskithi yeemali zeBRICS. Amaziko njengeBhanki yoPhuhliso eNtsha, i Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, izibonelelo zentlawulo ezitsha ezizezinye ze-SWIFT, iimali zedijithali zebhanki ephakathi, urhwebo lwamazwe amabini olwenziwa ngemali ngaphandle kwedola, kunye ne-renminbi imarike oyile elizayo ukususa idola ngokuyinxenye kurhwebo lwe-oyile lwehlabathi konke kubhekiselele kulawulo lwemali lwexesha elizayo ubuncinane olunamacala amaninzi, ukuba alumacala amabini. Ingcali yezoqoqosho edumileyo uNouriel Roubini echaza ukuba, โkwihlabathi eliya kwahlulwa ngokwandayo libe ngamacandelo amabini eempembelelo ze-geopolitical,โ i-bilateral currency regime kusenokwenzeka ukuba ivele, mhlawumbi kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.
Ngenxa yokuba โindawo ephambili yedola kwinkqubo yezemali yehlabathi [isesona siseko] sobunkokeli behlabathi [se-US],โ njengeengcaphephe ezimbini. Phawula, iWashington ayinakukwazi ukujonga zonke ezi phuhliso ngokulinganayo. Ukulahleka kwemeko yedola njengemali egcinwe kwihlabathi kuya kuba neziphumo ezibi kuqoqosho lwaseMelika. Kodwa esi siphumo yinjongo yokuphela kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-Washington ye-bellicose ebhekiselele kwiimbaleki zayo! Ngokusebenzisa izohlwayo zezoqoqosho kunye nezenzo zomkhosi ezinobundlobongela-ukwandisa i-NATO kwimida yaseRashiya kunye ejikeleza iTshayina kunye neziseko zase-US, imikhosi yasemkhosini, kunye namazwe asebenzisana nawo emkhosini afana neJapan, iSouth Korea, iAustralia, iiPhilippines, kunye neTaiwan-iUnited States iqhubela ekubeni kubekho ibhlog enobutshaba yamagunya amakhulu kunye namagunya aphakathi azinikele ngokuyimfuneko kuyo. ukoyiswa. Imigaqo-nkqubo yabo, ke ngoko, iya kuba nomsindo ngakumbi, oya kusebenza ukuthethelela nangakumbi imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US, kwisangqa esikhohlakeleyo esilingana "nemfazwe edibeneyo" kunye nogqatso lweengalo oluyingozi kakhulu.
Imbali ibonisa ukuba i-imperial hubris ihamba ngaphambi kokuwa. Kule meko, nangona kunjalo, akuyi kuba bubukhosi kuphela obawayo; iya kuthi, ngandlela zonke, ibe yimpucuko ngokwayo.
Umlwelwe kwiMfazwe
I-Pentagon yenze isicelo sebhajethi yerekhodi kulo nyaka ye-842 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, apho uthi Kuyimfuneko ukulwa neTshayina. Eli bango kufuneka likhuthaze ukuthandabuza, kuba i-US ineendawo ezijikeleze i-750 zaphesheya zomkhosi kwaye I-China imalunga nesibhozoโomnye useDjibouti kunye nembinana kwiziqithi ezenziwe ngabantu kuLwandle lwaseTshayina. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwasemkhosini lwaseTshayina, oluye lwanda ukusukela kwi โPacific Pivotโ yaseMelika, yi-225 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, hayi isixa esincinci kodwa siseyinxalenye yePentagon.
Luvavanyo lokucinga olunomdla, ngengozi, ukucinga ukuba iWashington ingasabela njani ukuba iTshayina inamanani amaninzi eziseko zomkhosi kude nonxweme lwase-US kwaye ithumele amazwe aseMelika ukuba asebenze njengamagosa ayo axhobileyo. Mhlawumbi, besingayi kuba kufutshane ukuze sithethe ngayo, kuba imfazwe yehlabathi ibiya kuba sele isicimile.
Ngapha koko, i-China yangoku inokuba lelona gunya linamandla kwimbali yehlabathi, njengoCraig Murray. uyabona. Njengoko i-US ihlasele kuMbindi Mpuma kwaye yandisa ubukho bayo bomkhosi obuthe ngqo okanye obungathanga ngqo kuwo wonke ummandla wehlabathi, zeziphi iimfazwe eziqalwe yiTshayina?
Yiyiphi imimandla eyongezelelweyo? Ngawaphi amazwe esele iwahlasele? Impendulo yesiqhelo yeyokuba ngaxa lithile kwixesha elizayo inokuhlasela iTaiwan-kodwa ngenxa yomonakalo olo hlaselo lunokuthi lwenze kuqoqosho lwaseTshayina (ngenxa yoshishino lwaseTaiwan olugawulayo lwesemiconductor, olunokonakala okanye lutshatyalaliswe kuhlaselo. ), nathi kufuneka silithandabuze eli bango. Nditsho neenjengele ze-hawkish zaseTshayina kubonakala ukucinga Imfazwe neTaiwan iya kuba "yindleko kakhulu." Nokuba kwenzeka ntoni na, ngaba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwasemkhosini lonyaka luphantse lube yitriliyoni yeedola ukukhusela iTaiwan?
Isigqibo asinakuphepheka ukuba i-US izama nje ukoyikisa imbangi yezoqoqosho, ilizwe elithi, njengeRashiya kaPutin (kuphela ngaphezulu), umngeni wokulawula uqoqosho lwehlabathi lonke. Ingxelo yomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle waseWashington ukususela ngo-1945 kukufuna kunye nokunyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa kwayo nayiphi na indlela enokuyenza ngayo, nokuba kungeminqathe okanye iintonga-i-blandishments kunye noncedo lwezoqoqosho okanye lwezomkhosi kwezinye iimeko, ukuvukela, ukuhlasela, ukugweba, ukusebenza kwe-paramilitary, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamanye amazwe. . Ulawulo oludelelayo alunakunyanyezelwa. Ngako oko, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bafuna iRashiya ethobelayo (okanye ebuthathaka) kunye neTshayina ethobelayo okanye ebuthathaka. Icalculus kuyabonakala ukuba ukwakhiwa komkhosi, nokuba yeyiphi na ingxaki ekhokelela kuyo kwaye nokuba ingalindelekanga iziphumo zayo zexesha elide, yeyona ndlela iqinisekileyo yokuphumeza ezi ziphelo. Ikwanalo nesidima sokubonisa amandla awongamileyo, nto leyo inamandla amazwe anexabiso ngenxa yawo.
Nokuba i-United States ayiphumelelanga ukuxhokonxa ungquzulwano lomkhosi neTshayina (njenge iyenzile kunye neRussia), iMfazwe ebandayo entsha apho iWashington ingumphembeleli ophambili iyonakalisa kakhulu imidla yoluntu. Njenge Washington Post Iingxelo, le Mfazwe Yomlomo intsha โisenokubona ihlabathi lahlulelene kangangamashumi eminyaka, lithintela intsebenziswano kumbandela wokutshintsha kwemozulu, licinezela imigudu yehlabathi lonke yokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu, kuphazamisana nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe nokruthakruthwano okwandayo kwimimandla ekhuphisanayo.โ Ukuba kuphela ngenxa yokubambisana ukulwa nokufudumala kwehlabathi, akukho nto ibaluleke ngaphezu kwamandla amakhulu, okokuqala phakathi kwawo i-US, ukwamkela imigaqo-nkqubo yoxolelwaniso.
Kodwa oko kuthetha ukuba abantu baseMelika kufuneka bacinezele urhulumente wabo kule njongo. Kwaye oko, kuthetha ukwakha umchasi wama impiriyali ekhohlo. Ukusuka UBernie Sanders ukuba IAlexandria Ocasio-Cortez (singasathethi ke ngabameli bephiko lasekunene), akukho namnye umgaqo ochasene nama impiriyali kwiNkongolo. Kweli xesha leengozi ezimangalisayo zemfazwe nokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo, oku kuyinyaniso eyothusayo nelihlazo.
Okwangoku, kubonakala ngathi uluntu lukhetha indlela yokulwela i-hegemony kunokuba luphile.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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