Eli linqaku elipapashwe kunye ne-Interhemispheric Resource Centre. Ndinebhongo kakhulu ngeli nqaku kuba libonisa iminyaka yam yophando kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kunye namaShishini aPhindisiweyo apha eArgentina. Ndiyazamkela izimvo kunye nezigxeko. Un saludo Solidario, uMarie Trigona
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/3158
Amashishini ahlaziyiweyo eArgentina: Ukubuyisela umva iNgcaciso yobungxowankulu
NguMarie Trigona | NgoMatshi 17, 2006
Iifektri zaseArgentina ezilawulwa ngabasebenzi zenza umzekelo kubasebenzi kwihlabathi liphela wokuba abasebenzi banokuqhuba ishishini nangcono ngaphandle komphathi okanye umnini. Malunga ne-180 yamashishini ahlaziyiweyo aqhubayo, ebonelela ngemisebenzi kubasebenzi baseArgentina abangaphezu kwe-10,000. Imeko entsha yokuthatha abasebenzi bathathe indawo yabo yempangelo yaqala ngo-2000 kwaye yanda njengoko iArgentina yayijamelene neyona ngxaki imbi yezoqoqosho eyakha yakho ngo-2001. Kwilizwe lonke, amawaka emizi-mveliso avaliwe kwaye izigidi zemisebenzi ziye zalahleka kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngaphandle kwemiceli mngeni, intshukumo yefektri ehlaziyiweyo yaseArgentina idale amathuba emisebenzi, yenze uthungelwano olubanzi lwenkxaso phakathi kweendawo zokusebenza eziqhutywa ngabasebenzi kwaye yavelisa iiprojekthi zoluntu.
Amashishini aqhutywa ngabasebenzi baseArgentina ahluke kakhulu, ngalinye linokuma okusemthethweni okuthe ngqo kunye neendlela zokulungelelanisa imveliso. Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko abasebenzi bathabatha amashishini awayelahliwe okanye avaliweyo ngabanini bawo ebudeni bokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho eArgentina ngowama-2001. Abanini badla ngokuyeka ukuvelisa, bayeka ukuhlawula imivuzo, baza batshona. Isigqibo sabasebenzi sokuthatha umzi-mveliso wabo yayisisigqibo esenziwe ngokuyimfunekoโkungekhona oko ngenxa yeengcamango. Ukuxhalaba okucacileyo kwendlela yokukhusela imisebenzi yabasebenzi kwakhuthaza isenzo sokuthabatha umzi-mveliso wenziwe uvelise ngaphandle komphathi okanye umnini.
Ukukhula kwentswela-ngqesho, ukuhamba kwemali eyinkunzi, kunye nokuqhekeka kwemizi-mveliso kuye kwasebenza njengesiseko sokuthathwa kwemizi-mveliso. Abantu base-Argentina baphila kweyona meko imbi yezoqoqosho yakha yafika ngoDisemba ka-2001. Intswela-ngqesho ifike kumazinga arekhodiweyo-ngaphezu kwama-20% abantu abangaphangeliyo kunye nama-40% abantu abangakwaziyo ukufumana imisebenzi eyaneleyo. I-Argentina, enye yeengxilimbela zemizi-mveliso yaseLatin America, yasokola ukondla abemi bayo phakathi kuka-2001 no-2002, kunye ne-53% yabemi abahlala ngaphantsi komgca wentlupheko. Ngo-2006 intswela-ngqesho isemi kwi-12.5%, nabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5.2 abakwazanga ukufumana umsebenzi ohlawulelwayo owaneleyo wokuhlangabezana neemfuno zenyanga.
Iifektri ezininzi ezilawulwa ngabasebenzi namhlanje zijongene nentiyo kwaye zihlala zinogonyamelo oluvela kurhulumente. Abasebenzi kuye kwafuneka bazilungiselele ngokuchasene neenzame zokugxothwa ngobundlobongela kunye nezinye izenzo zobundlobongela baseburhulumenteni. Oku kuchaphazela abasebenzi kunye namashishini njengoko abasebenzi kufuneka bemke emsebenzini, batyale amandla kwidabi elisemthethweni kwaye balwele imithetho exhasa amashishini ahlaziyiweyo.
Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko umlo osemthethweni wokwenza intsebenziswano nokuzuza ukuqondwa kobunini beshishini kudala ukungazinzi. Abasebenzi akufuneki bacinge ngendlela yokuqhuba ishishini labo ngempumelelo kodwa baxhalatyiswa nokuba abasemagunyeni baza kuwisa umthetho wokugxotha ishishini. Kulo nyaka uphelileyo inani lamashishini ase-Argentina achachayo, aquka ihotele ye-BAUEN eqhutywa ngabasebenzi, umzi-mveliso weZanon ceramics, umzi-mveliso weLa Foresta wokupakisha inyama, kunye nevenkile yoshicilelo yaseChilavert, baye bajongana namadabi asemthethweni okugcina iindawo zabo zokusebenza. Abasebenzi bafumanise ukuba ukubonisa ukuba abasebenzi banako ukulawula imveliso bekunganelanga, kwafuneka ukuba balwele ukuba semthethweni. Njengoko uninzi lwamashishini afumana inzuzo kwakhona emva kokuthotywa kwexabiso, uninzi lwabaphathi bakudala bafuna iinkampani zabo zibuye.
Thatha umzekelo we-BAUEN Hotel, umsebenzi ozilawulayo ukusukela ngo-2003. Abasebenzi baye bahlanganisana ngoDisemba kulo nyaka uphelileyo becinezela urhulumente wesixeko sase-Buenos Aires ukuba aphikise umthetho oxhasa ukubuyisela ihotele ezandleni zomnini wangaphambili. Urhulumente weBA wala ukuvala umthetho. Ukuba ubambiswano lwe-BAUEN aluphumeleli ukutyhalela phambili kumthetho omtsha, ovumayo basengozini yokuphulukana nehotele yabo.
Ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu, abasebenzi bebesebenzisa ihotele yentsebenziswano ye-BAUEN ngaphandle kokuma okusemthethweni okanye inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Ukusukela oko bathatha ihotele ngoMatshi 21, 2003, abasebenzi baye baqalisa ngokuthe chu ukucoca ihotele ephangiweyo nokuqesha iinkonzo zehotele. Ihotele iphinde yavulwa inabasebenzi abangama-40 kwaye ngoku iqeshe abasebenzi abamalunga ne-150.
Kunokuba zibonelele ngomthetho wesizwe wokuhluthwa komhlaba, iinkundla ziqwalasela ukuba semthethweni kwamashishini abuyiselweyo kwimeko nganye. Oku kubangele uqhekeko phakathi kwamashishini ase-Argentina ali-180 ahlaziyekileyo, alungelelaniswe ngokwamacandelo ahlukeneyo. Elona likhulu yi-MNER (uMbutho weSizwe wamaShishini aPhindile). Ngaphezulu kwamashishini angama-40 aqhutywa ngabasebenziโphakathi kwawo kukho iHotele iBAUEN, umzi-mveliso wokushicilela waseChilavert, iPismanta Hotel kunye neSpa, iplanti yokupakisha inyama yaseLa Foresta, iMaderera Cordoba woodshop, kunye nomenzi wetrektara yakwaZanello-zeze-MNER. I-Peronist MNER, ekhokelwa ngu-Eduardo Marua, isebenze kakhulu ekudaleni amaqhinga asemthethweni kwiifektri ezisetyenziswayo.
Icandelo elincinci lele-MNFR (i-National Movement of Recuperated Factories), ekhokelwa nguLuis Caro. UCaro, igqwetha le-procapitalist, ubaleke njengomgqatswa weqela lesizwe lamaChristian Democratic. I-MNFR isebenza ngokubamba kunye nokunyula intsebenziswano yabasebenzi xa inkampani ijongene nengxaki yomthetho okanye yemarike. Elona tyala lidume kakubi ibe ngumzi-mveliso wesuti waseBrukman. Uninzi lwabasebenzi baseBrukman bathi uLuis Caro uye waba ngumphathi wabo omtsha. Oomasibambisane abaphantsi kwe-MNFR abakhange bangene kwezopolitiko, bavale iingcango zefektri yabo kubantu bangaphandle kwaye balandela umkhwa wokubuyela kwindlela izinto ezaziyiyo ngaphambili kumphathi. I-CTAโnjengoko ibizwa ngokuba yi-ambrella union yabasebenzi base-Argentinaโimele icandelo elincinane nelingabalulekanga kangako. Umzimveliso weZanon ceramics umele elinye icandelo. Intsebenziswano yeZanon, ebizwa ngokusesikweni ngokuthi yiFaSinPat, isebenza njengequmrhu elizimeleyo kodwa ikwayinxalenye yeManyano yeCeramists eNeuquรฉn. I-FaSinPat kuphela kwefektri ehlaziyiweyo efuna ukuhluthwa kuzwelonke kweplanti yeekeramikhi phantsi kolawulo lwabasebenzi.
Elona xhala likhulu abanalo abasebenzi bamashishini ase-Argentina abachachileyo yindlela yokulawula ishishini labo. Njengowona mzi-mveliso uhlaziyiweyo omkhulu eArgentina, iZanon ngoku iqeshe abasebenzi abangama-470. Phantsi kolawulo lwabasebenzi, akukho ngcali yolawulo yahlala kumzi-mveliso. Kwasala abasebenzi kuphela. Abasebenzi kwafuneka bafunde yonkโ into ephathelele ukuthengisa, ukuthengisa, ukucwangciswa kwemveliso, nezinye iinkalo zobugcisa. Abasebenzi baseZanon basebenza rhoqo namagqwetha, oonomali, kunye nezinye iingcali abazithembileyo, kodwa iingcali azizenzi zigqibo. Indibano yabasebenzi ivota kwizigqibo zobugcisa. Iingcali zinike uqeqesho lwezakhono ezithile kubasebenzi baseZanon. Nangona kunjalo, kumashishini amaninzi ahlaziyiweyo kukho intsilelo yabasebenzi abathembekileyo.
Ukucwangcisa uqeqesho lwezakhono kube ngomnye umngeni. Ngelixa uninzi lwamashishini ahlaziyiweyo enze uthungelwano lokwabelana ngolwazi olungekho sikweni, kukho imfuneko yoqeqesho lwezakhono ezithile. Phakathi kokuqhuba ishishini kunye nokulwa amadabi asemthethweni, ukucwangciswa kwemveliso yexesha elide kunye noqeqesho amaxesha amaninzi iba yinto ephambili yokugqibela.
Amashishini ahlaziyiweyo kuye kwafuneka aqale ngokutsha imveliso ngaphandle kwenkunzi yotyalo-mali, imali-mboleko enenzala ephantsi, okanye inkxaso. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abasebenzi bathathela amashishini amancinci ukuya kwaphakathi ngobuchwepheshe obuphelelwe lixesha. Amaqumrhu karhulumente kunye namaziko angekho phantsi kukarhulumente asebenza nePymes (iinkampani ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi) ziyala ukubonelela ngenkunzi kumashishini ahlaziyiweyo. Ngenxa yokungaqinisekanga ngokwasemthethweni, uninzi lweefektri ezilawulwa ngabasebenzi kunye namashishini asilela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokufaka izicelo zamatyala karhulumente kunye/okanye iimali-mboleko zebhanki.
Imingeni engundoqo:
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Ngelixa amanye amashishini ahlaziyiweyo ephuhlise amacebo aphambili okudala ubudlelwane obutsha bentlalontle emsebenzini, uninzi lubambelele kulwakhiwo oludala olushiywe ngabaphathi. Kunokuba baququzelele ukuze bonke abasebenzi bathathe inxaxheba kucwangciso nasekuthathweni kwezigqibo, abanye abasebenzi baqhuba ookopolotyeni baye bakhetha ukwenza ulungiselelo olusuka phezulu kwaye bamkele isikali somvuzo esingalinganiyo. Abanye baye baququzelela ngokwemodeli yentsebenziswano yabasebenzi bemveli, ulawulo lomyalelo olulawula imiba yolawulo ngenxaxheba encinane kakhulu yabasebenzi bezandla. Olu tyekelo olugcinayo lokuvala indawo yokusebenza kubantu bangaphandle kwaye luququzelele umbutho wangaphakathi ogunyazisiweyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba luphenjelelwe luloyiko lokuphulukana nedabi elisemthethweni enkundleni okanye ukusilela ukuqhuba ngempumelelo ishishini.
Ngaphandle kohlaselo olusemthethweni, amashishini ase-Argentina abuyiselweyo kuye kwafuneka acwangcise ukujongana nemiceli mngeni yentengiso, ngaphandle kwenkxaso yenkunzi evela kurhulumente. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kweziseko zophuhliso kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphelelwe lixesha, uninzi lookopolotyeni abalawulwa ngabasebenzi banamathuba amancinane okusinda kukhuphiswano lwemalike yongxowankulu. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuba amashishini aphinde aphile kukudala enye imarike yeemveliso eziveliswe ngaphakathi kumashishini ahlaziyiweyo. Ukutshintshiselana ngeemveliso eziveliswa ngamashishini aqhutywa ngabasebenzi phakathi kothungelwano lweendawo zokusebenza ezihlaziyiweyo kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ipesenti yemveliso iba nengeniso. Ukwakha uthungelwano lwenkxaso phakathi kwamashishini ahlaziyiweyo, ukuzimela kurhulumente kunye nemarike, ngowona mngeni mkhulu ojongene namashishini aqhutywa ngabasebenzi.
Ngaphandle kwemiceli mngeni yezopolitiko neyorhwebo, amashishini e-Argentina ahlaziyiweyo amele uphuhliso lweyona ndlela iphambili ekukhuseleni abasebenzi kunye nokuchasa ubungxowankulu kunye ne-neoliberalism. Amashishini aqhutywa ngabasebenzi alwela imithetho yokukhusela imisebenzi yabasebenzi kwaye avule iingcango ezisemthethweni kwamanye amashishini ahlaziyiweyo. Uninzi lweefektri ezihlaziyiweyo zakha uthungelwano olubanzi lomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kwamashishini aseLatin America amalunga nama-300 e-Argentina, eVenezuela, eBrazil naseUruguay. Ukongeza, amashishini amaninzi anje ngeZanon, Chilavert, kunye ne-BAUEN axhase iiprojekthi zoluntu kunye namanye amanyathelo otshintsho lwentlalo.
Enye iAjenda
Amashishini ahlaziyiweyo adala intshukumo yedemokhrasi eyenye kunye nokuzimisela kwabasebenzi. Ukuzilawula kwabasebenzi eArgentina kunceda ukutyala imbewu ukuze izizukulwana ezizayo zikwazi ukubuyisela umva ingqiqo yongxowankulu ngokuvelisela uluntu, hayi ingeniso kunye nokuxhobisa abasebenzi, hayi ukubaxhaphaza.
Ukuzilawula komSebenzi
Ibinzana elithi "ulawulo lobuqu," lisuka kwingcamango yeSpanish ye "auto-gestiรณn," ithetha ukuba uluntu okanye iqela lizenzela izigqibo zalo, ngakumbi ezo ntlobo zezigqibo ezifanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zokucwangcisa nokulawula. Amashishini ahlaziyiweyo aseArgentina afaka iinkqubo zombutho kwishishini apho abasebenzi bathatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke izigqibo.
NgokukaJames Petras noHenry Veltmeyer, kwisincoko sabo esinesihloko esithi Worker Self-Management in Historical Perspective, ukuzilawula komsebenzi kunika abasebenzi amandla okwenza izigqibo ukuba 1) benze isigqibo ngento emayiveliswe kwaye isenzelwa bani; 2) ukukhusela ingqesho kunye/okanye ukwandisa ingqesho; 3) beka izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka koko kuveliswayo; 4) chaza ubume bokuba ngubani ofumana ntoni, phi kwaye njani; 5) idibanisa imveliso yentlalo kunye nolwabiwo lwentlalo lwenzuzo; 6) kudala umanyano lodidi kumzi-mveliso, kwicandelo okanye kwinqanaba lesizwe/lamazwe ngamazwe; kunye ne-7) idemokhrasi ubudlelwane bentlalo yemveliso.
Amashishini ahlaziyiweyo aphuhlise iimfuno zexesha elide zokuzilawula kwabasebenzi.
MNERโZithathele, Chasa, kwaye Uvelise. Umfuziselo we-MNER ibikunyanzela ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, yephondo, neyesixeko ibandakanywe imithetho, imimiselo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo exhasa amashishini abuyiselweyo. Uninzi lweefektri ezenza inxenye ye-MNER ziphumelele ukuthathwa komhlaba okwexeshana ubuncinci beminyaka emibini. Nangona kunjalo, umlo wamatyala kunye nenkxaso-mali yokutyala imali koomatshini, iteknoloji, kunye neeprojekthi zenkcubeko ziye zatyeshelwa kakhulu ngabasemagunyeni bakarhulumente.
Ukwenziwa kwelizwe phantsi kolawulo lwabasebenzi: Ityala leZanon. Imfuno yexesha elide eZanon yeyokuhluthwa kwelizwe phantsi kolawulo lwabasebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, abasebenzi baseZanon baye balwa idabi elifanayo kwinkundla yomanyano ukuze baqaphele ngokusemthethweni intsebenziswano yeFaSinPat. NgoDisemba 2005, i-cooperative ye-FaSinPat iphumelele ingxabano yomthetho, icinezela inkundla yenkundla ukuba ivume ngokusemthethweni i-FaSinPat njengequmrhu elisemthethweni elinelungelo lokuqhuba intsebenziswano unyaka omnye.
I-BAUEN Hotel, iChilavert, neZanon zisebenze kunye kumanyano lomthetho wokuhluthwa komhlaba. Urhulumente unike izisombululo zexesha elifutshane, enika ubunini obusemthethweni bexeshana kubasebenzi abaye bahlaziya indawo yabo yokusebenza. Le mvume isemthethweni idla ngokunikezelwa phakathi kweminyaka emibini ukuya kwemihlanu. Umthetho oqinisekileyo wokuhluthwa komhlaba kwiifektri ezivelisa phantsi kolawulo lwabasebenzi unokubonelela ngokhuseleko olusemthethweni lwemisebenzi.
NgoSeptemba ka-2004 igqiza labasebenzi abavela kwezinye iifektri zaseArgentina ezimalunga nama-200 eziphinde zahlala badibana eBuenos Aires befuna ukuba urhulumente akugunyazise ngokusisigxina ukuthinjwa kwemizi-mveliso kunye namanye amashishini atshonkileyo aqhutywa phantsi kolawulo oluthe ngqo lwabasebenzi. Abasebenzi abavela kumzi-mveliso woshicilelo waseChilavert, iHotele iBAUEN, umzi-mveliso wesuti waseBrukman, umzi woshicilelo weConforti, iRenacer electronics evela eUshuaia, ikliniki yezempilo yaseJunin, ikliniki yezempilo iAdos, inkampani yezihlangu zeGatic, inkampani yepasta yakwaSasetru, kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo yabasebenzi abangaphangeliyo bathathe inxaxheba kulo mngcelele.
IChilavert, umzi-mveliso wokushicilela eBuenos Aires, lelinye lamashishini axhaphakileyo asebenza ngephepha-mvume lethutyana ukusuka ngowama-2002 ukuya kutsho ngo-2004. Esi sivumelwano samiselwa ukuba siphelelwe ngo-Oktobha 17, 2004. IChilavert iphumelele ukuhluthwa okuqinisekileyo komzi-mveliso wabo wokushicilela ophakathi kwindawo yaseBuenos Aires ePompeya.
Amaqhinga asemthethweni: Ukusebenzisa iMithetho yeNtsebenziswano yaBasebenzi kunye neBhanki
Amashishini aseArgentina achache aphuhlise amaqhinga asemthethweni, esebenzisa imithetho eyamiselwayo exhasa oosomashishini ukuze bakhusele abasebenzi. Eminye yemithetho eyawiswayo ixhasa amashishini ahlaziyiweyo yayisekelwe kwimigaqo nemithetho emiselwe ookopolotyeni babasebenzi. Ngokwembali eArgentina, ookopolotyeni babasebenzi banegama elibi. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yee-90s ookopolotyeni basetyenziswa njengendlela yokuvala ukubonelelwa kwabasebenzi ngaphandle kunye nokunciphisa imigangatho yabasebenzi. Amashishini ahlaziyiweyo abuyisa isiko elihlaziyiweyo lookopolotyeni babasebenzi.
Abasebenzi basebenzise ngokukuko iNqaku le-187-umthetho wokungabikho kwemali owaphuhliswa ukuze amashishini afake iifayile ngokulula ngakumbi. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990 i-social democratic party yePeronist yavotela inkxaso yalo mthetho uyilwayo, yawuhlaziya umthetho wokungabinamali kulandela ingcebiso evela kwi-International Monetary Fund. Inqaku le-187 lisebenze njengesixhobo sokukhawulezisa ugxininiso loshishino lwamashishini abucala. Noko ke, lo mthetho wawisa inqaku elikhethekileyo elichaza ukuba ijaji echophele ukutshona kwemali inokucinga ngokulinika abasebenzi elo shishini ukuba benza ikopolotyeni. Ukusetyenziswa kwenqaku ngokokuzikhethela kwaye kuqwalaselwa kwimeko nganye.
Isenzo esithe Ngqo kwezoPolitiko
Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko zokuthinjwa kwemizi-mveliso abasebenzi basebenzisa iqhinga lezenzo zezopolitiko ezithe ngqo. Inyathelo lokuqala yayikukuthatha indawo yokusebenza ngokwasemzimbeni ngemisebenzi. Abasebenzi base-BAUEN baqhawula iqhaga kwindawo yokungena esecaleni ukuze bangene kwihotele yabo. Ngokucacileyo, ezi zenzo zathandabuza ngokuthe ngqo ingcamango yepropathi yabucala. Abasebenzi ke kuye kwafuneka bahlangane phakathi koluntu lwabo ukukhusela iindawo zabo zokusebenza ekugxothweni ngobundlobongela. Emva kwe-19 kaDisemba 20 kunye ne-2001, abahlali be-8 kunye nabaphembeleli abavela kumaqela e-piquetero, iindibano zengingqi ezidumileyo kunye nemibutho yamalungelo oluntu yaxhasa amashishini ahlaziyiweyo ngamanyathelo ahlukeneyo. Amashishini ahlaziyiweyo afana neChilavert, BAUEN, kunye neZanon aqhube izenzo zezopolitiko ezingenakubalwa ukunyanzela iinkundla ukuba zivume ngokusemthethweni amafelandawonye abasebenzi. Impendulo karhulumente kwiZanon ibenobundlobongela, esebenzisa amaqhinga ohlukeneyo ukugxotha abasebenzi basefektri. Urhulumente uzame ukugxotha izihlandlo ezihlanu esebenzisa amapolisa. Ngomhla wesi-2003 ku-Epreli, ka-5,000 ngaphezulu kwe-XNUMX yamalungu oluntu avela e-Neuquรฉn aphuma ukuze akhusele umzi-mveliso ngexesha lokuzama ukukhutshwa kokugqibela.
Ukuba semthethweni vs. Ukuba semthethweni
Uninzi lwamashishini ahlaziyiweyo kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba aqalise imveliso ngaphandle kwenkxaso esemthethweni. Injalo ke imeko ye-BAUEN Hotel, imbali yayo enesiphithiphithi idibanisa ukusungulwa kwe-starlit, ukuvalwa, kunye nokuzimisela kwabasebenzi. NgoDisemba 28, 2001, emva kokuba abaphathi beqalise ukudubula ngokucokisekileyo baza bayikhupha yonke ihotele, abasebenzi abali-150 basala esitratweni. Ihotele yakhiwa ngo-1978, ngexesha lobungangamsha bobuzwilakhe bokugqibela base-Argentina, ngeemali-mboleko kunye nenkxaso karhulumente. Phantse kumashumi amathathu eminyaka, ihotele ibingumfuziselo wodidi lwamanxila eArgentina.
Noko ke, yonke loo nto yatshintsha ngoMatshi 21, 2003 xa abasebenzi bagqiba kwelokuba bahlale ehotele. Amalungu angama-40 oomasibambisane bangoku ahlanganisana ngokufihlakeleyo kwakusasa kwikona yenye yezona ndlela zixakekileyo zaseBuenos Aires. Kunye nabasebenzi abavela kwezinye iifektri ezichachisiweyo kunye nenkxaso ye-MNER, eli qela lasithatha isakhiwo, lisika izitshixo kwicala lokungena elisecaleni kwaye lingena kwigumbi lokwamkela iindwendwe. Abasebenzi bafumanisa ukuba ihotele igugile, ingenambane, yaye igqogqwa. Kangangeenyanga la malungu asebenza ngokubambisana ayemi egadile ngaphakathi ehotele, ngoxa ayesilwa ngokusemthethweni ukuze enze umasibambisane. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva intsebenziswano yabasebenzi be-BAUEN isasebenza ngaphandle kokuma okusemthethweni.
NgoDisemba 2004 bavula indawo yokutyela ephambi kwesitrato, indawo enomtsalane kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga yaseBuenos Aires. Umgangatho ugqunywe ngethayile entle, ekumgangatho ophezulu weporcelain, urhwebo phakathi komzi mveliso weZanon ceramics olawulwa ngumsebenzi kunye neBAUEN. Ngabo nabuphi na ubusuku obunikiweyo ihotele iphithizela yinkcubeko: ithiyetha, amatheko e-cocktail, imidlalo ye-tango, kunye neenkqubo zikanomathotholo ukukhankanya ezimbalwa. Uninzi lwabasebenzi luthi intsebenziswano yabo yenza into ephetshwa ngabaqeshi bongxowankulu: ukufumana imisebenzi kunye nokuhlawula imivuzo yokuphila. Ukusukela oko iBAUEN ithe yathatha lo manyano uqeshe abasebenzi abatsha abangaphezu kwama-80. Umfelandawonye uhlawula umvuzo wenyanga we-800 pesos yase-Argentina (US$260) ngomsebenzi ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umsebenzi wabo wobugcisa. Ukongeza, ihotele ineenkonzo ezandisiweyo kwaye ihlala ihlala ngokupheleleyo.
Ubudlelwane beDemokhrasi ngaphakathi kwiNdawo yoMsebenzi
Phantse kuwo onke amashishini ahlaziyiweyo, indibano kawonke-wonke kunye nabaququzeleli bathathe indawo yenkqubo yolawulo lwabasebenzi nabaphathi. Ukusukela oko abasebenzi bathatha iHotele ye-BAUEN, lo manyano uqeshe abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-85, phantse bonke ababefudula bengabasebenzi be-BAUEN kunye namalungu osapho. Bonke abasebenzi bafumana umvuzo ofanayo. I-BAUEN isebenzisana nebhodi yabalathisi esesikweni ebunjwa ngumongameli, usekela-mongameli, unobhala, nonondyebo, kodwa izigqibo zobupolitika zenziwa kwindibano kawonke-wonke.
Kwimeko yeZanon, ukuqeshwa kwabasebenzi kunye nentlangano yemveliso isekelwe kwiinjongo zobudlelwane obuthe tye, idemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo, kunye nokuzimela. Yonke into igqitywe kwindibano, akukho luhlu lwabasebenzi okanye ulawulo. Indawo nganye, kubandakanywa imigca yokuvelisa, ukuthengisa, ukucwangciswa kwemveliso, i-press, njl, yenza ikhomishini. Ikhomishini nganye ivota kumququzeleli. Umququzeleli wecandelo wazisa ngemiba, iindaba, kunye neengxabano phakathi kwecandelo lakhe kwindibano jikelele yabaququzeleli. Umququzeleli emva koko anike ingxelo ngeendaba zakhe zekomishini evela kwamanye amacandelo. Abasebenzi babamba iindibano zeveki ngeveki nganye. Lo mzi-mveliso ukwaba nendibano kawonke-wonke yenyanga, ekuye kuthotywe ngayo imveliso.
Uninzi lwabasebenzi kumashishini aphucukileyo bathi isingqi sabo somsebenzi sitshintshile. Ngokuka-Isabel Sequeira, isicakakazi esisebenze kwihotele ye-BAUEN iminyaka engaphezu kwe-11, xa abasebenzi baphinda bavula ihotele yaba lithemba lakhe lekamva elitshintshileyo. โSisebenza ngezazela zethu, akukho mntu ujonge emagxeni ethu okanye osixelela into emasiyenze. Sisebenza ukuze ihotele icoceke kwaye ibe ntle,โ utshilo.
Ngaphambi kokusebenza kwabasebenzi, imveliso ngaphakathi kweZanon yayimiselwe ukwandisa inzuzo yenkampani, ukunciphisa imivuzo ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci elinokwenzeka, ukunciphisa imilinganiselo yokhuseleko lwabasebenzi, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi ukuba bavelise kumanqanaba aphezulu kunye nenani elincinci labasebenzi elifunekayo. Ezi meko zikhokelele kumndilili weengozi ezingama-25-30 ngenyanga kunye nokufa komntu omnye ngonyaka. Bebonke abasebenzi abali-14 babhubhela ngaphakathi kumzi-mveliso. Ukusukela oko yahlala iZanon ngabasebenzi bayo akukho nanye ingozi eyenzekileyo ngaphakathi kumzi-mveliso.
Iziphakamiso kunye neemfuno zabemi
Amaqhinga asebenzayo kunye namaqhinga
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E-BAUEN lonke uhlaziyo lwaluzixhasa ngokwasezimalini ngabasebenzi. Kunyaka wokuqala wokusebenza, abasebenzi bakhethe ukubuyisela ingeniso kwikopolotyeni yabo kunokuba bagoduke nokunyuselwa umvuzo. Abasebenzi bachithe iidola ezingama-30,000 zeedola kuphela kwivenkile entsha ephambi kwesitrato. Ngo-2006, umasibambisane ucwangciselwe ukusungula indawo yedama ehlaziyiweyo. Baphinde baphucula imimiselo yokhuseleko ngaphakathi kwehotele kunye namagumbi angatshiyo.
Esinye sezitshixo kwimpumelelo yamashishini ibe kukufakwa komzabalazo wabasebenzi eluntwini. Kunye nokukhusela imisebenzi, amashishini ahlaziyiweyo nawo adala inkcubeko entsha. Zombini iZanon kunye ne-BAUEN zibambe iikonsathi zerock kunye nemidlalo yethiyetha evuleleke kuluntu. Iikonsathi ezinkulu zibe nempumelelo kakhulu ekuveliseni inkxaso kumashishini ahlaziyiweyo. Iikonsathi zifumene ingqwalasela enkulu yeendaba kumajelo eendaba athandabuza ukupapasha iindaba malunga namashishini ahlaziyiweyo.
KuDisemba ophelileyo, bangaphezulu kwe-11,000 abalandeli kunye nabaxhasi abazimase ikonsathi enamagqala e-rock uLa Renga kwindawo yesitokhwe sikaZanon. Abasebenzi abangama-460 abasuka kumzi-mveliso olawulwa ngabasebenzi baququzelele umsitho wonke-ukwakha iqonga elikhulu, bexhoma iipowusta, kwaye bethengisa amatikiti amaxabiso aphantsi.
Abasebenzi baseZanon banikela rhoqo ngeethayile zeceramic kumaziko enkcubeko nakweminye imibutho esekwe kuluntu. Kwi-2004, abasebenzi bakha iklinikhi yokhathalelo lwezempilo olungxamisekileyo kwi-barrio yaseNueva Espaรฑa engummelwane.
Unxibelelwano lweNgingqi-Lwelizwe
โNgokuzilawula kwabasebenzi sikwinkqubo yokudala abasebenzi kumanyano, abantu abangakhathaliyo kuphela ngomvuzo,โ utshilo uMarcelo Ruarte, umongameli ovotelweyo we-BAUEN. Uyongezelela, "Endaweni yoko bazama ukuphucula iimeko zentlalo, inkcubeko kunye nezopolitiko."
Kwinqanaba lendawo, i-BAUEN Hotel ibe ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokwakha imbumba kunye nophuhliso lothungelwano olubanzi lwenkxaso. Phakathi kwemizabalazo yezomthetho kunye nokuqhuba ngempumelelo ihotele edumileyo, amalungu alo manyano akazilibalanga iingcambu zawo. IBAUEN iye yaba liziko lezobupolitika lemibutho yabasebenzi. Abasebenzi bakaloliwe kunye nabasebenzi bezempilo bakarhulumente, abafundisi-ntsapho bezikolo zikarhulumente, abasebenzi bonxibelelwano ngemfonomfono, abasebenzi bakaloliwe, nemibutho yabasebenzi abangaqeshwanga baye baseka imibutho yabasebenzi abakumgangatho ophantsi koko kwaziwa ngokuba yi-Inter-Sindical Clasista (uManyano lwaManyano lwaBantu). I-Classist Union Coalition idibana rhoqo kwiHotele ye-BAUEN kwaye icebe ukwenza isikolo somanyano ngaphakathi ehotele. Ezi ntlobo zezenzo ziye zanceda ukwenza uthungelwano olubanzi lwenkxaso kumashishini ahlaziyiweyo.
Le nto intsha ibambeke kulo lonke elaseArgentina, eBrazil, eUruguay naseVenezuela iyaqhubeka nokukhula nangona imingeni yentengiso. Bangaphezu kwama-30,000 abasebenzi baseLatin America abaqeshwe kumashishini aqhutywa yintsebenziswano aye avalwa ngabaphathi aze aphinda avulwa ngabasebenzi.
Abameli abavela kwiifektri ezilawulwa ngabasebenzi kunye namashishini avela eArgentina, e-Uruguay, eVenezuela naseBrazil baququzelele i-First Latin American Congress kwi-Recuperated Enterprises ngo-Oktobha 28 no-29, 2005 eCaracas ukwakha izicwangciso ezilungelelanisiweyo ezichasene nokuhlaselwa kukarhulumente kunye neemarike zenja-zinja. Umongameli waseVenezuela uHugo Chรกvez usungule umsitho nabasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-1,000 abazilawulayo abakhoyo nabasebenzisa isilogeni esithi: Hlala, Chasa, kwaye Uvelise. INkongolo isebenze njengenyathelo lokwakha uthungelwano lwezoqoqosho kunye nenkxaso efanayo phakathi kwamashishini angama-300 kunye neefektri ngoku eziqhutywa ngumsebenzi ozilawulayo eLatin America.
Ngasekupheleni kwalo nyaka, urhulumente waseVenezuela wapasisa inani lemithetho esemthethweni yokuhlutha iifektri ezishiyiweyo ukuze abasebenzi baqalise imveliso. Ngexesha leNkongolo, uChรกvez watyikitya ummiselo wokuhluthwa kweefektri ezimbini. Amashishini abuyiselweyo kwamanye amazwe ajonge eVenezuela njengomzekelo wemithetho exhaswa ngurhulumente exhasa ukuhluthwa kwabasebenzi.
Uninzi lweenkampani eziqhutywa ngabasebenzi bezilindele ukutyikitya izivumelwano zorhwebo kunye nezivumelwano zokutshintshiselana ngetekhnoloji ngexesha lenkongolo. UMongameli uChรกvez uthembise ukubonelela ngenkxaso kumashishini ahlaziyiweyo ngendlela yemali mboleko enenzala ephantsi kunye nezivumelwano zentsebenziswano yamazwe amabini. Nangona kunjalo, kwiinyanga emva kweNkongolo uninzi lwamanyathelo axhaswa ngurhulumente alibazisekile okanye alityalwa.
Izivumelwano phakathi kwamashishini ahlaziyiweyo zibe neyona mpembelelo ibambekayo. Nakwimeko yaseVenezuela, iifektri ezihlaziyiweyo zaseLatin America kuye kwafuneka zifunde ukuba abasebenzi abanakuthembela kurhulumente ukuqhubela phambili ishishini. Iifektri ezithathwayo kunye namashishini abonisa ukuba aququzelela ukuphuhlisa amaqhinga okukhusela abasebenzi baseLatin America abasesichengeni sokuvalwa kwefektri kunye neemeko ezimbi zokusebenza. Ngelixa la mava enyanzeliswa ukuba aphile kunye kwimalike yongxowankulu benza imibono emitsha yenkcubeko entsha yokusebenza. Amava okuzilawula kwabasebenzi kunye nombutho acele umngeni ngokuthe ngqo kwiziseko zongxowankulu ngokubuza ipropati yabucala, ukubuyisela ulwazi lwabasebenzi, nokuququzelela imveliso ngeenjongo ezingezizo iingeniso.
UMarie Trigona wenza inxalenye yeGrupo Alavรญo kwaye ubhalela rhoqo iNkqubo ye-IRC Americas (kwi-intanethi americas.irc-online.org). Unokufikelelwa [imeyile ikhuselwe].
Ngolwazi olungakumbi
Imprenta Chilavert
Chilavert 1136, Buenos Aires
4924-7676
[imeyile ikhuselwe]
BAUEN Ihotele
Callao 360, Buenos Aires
4373-9009
Trabajadores del Hotel Bauen Coop[imeyile ikhuselwe]>
FaSinPat-Zanon
ENeuquรฉn
www.obrerosdezanon.org
[imeyile ikhuselwe]
MNER-Movimiento Nacional de Empresas Recuperadas
Qhagamshelana no-Eduardo Murua
[imeyile ikhuselwe]
Grupo Alavรญo
UGrupo Alavรญo uvelise iifilimu ezingaphezulu kwe-30 malunga namashishini ahlaziyiweyo aseLatin America aquka: iZanon: ukumelana nokwakhiwa, BAUEN: Umsebenzi kunye nomzabalazo, Obreras en Lucha: umzabalazo waseBrukman, iLa Foresta yeyabasebenzi, Chilavert Recupera, Ukubuyisela umsebenzi wethu: Del Valle Ceramics
www.alavio.org
[imeyile ikhuselwe]
Amanqaku malunga namashishini ahlaziyiweyo abhalwe ngumbhali anokufumaneka apha:
http://www.zmag.org/bios/homepage.cfm?authorID=189
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela