Kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu ukufuna igunya lobukoloniyali ngamaqela ahlukeneyo entlalo, ubuzwe okanye ezizwe bekusoloko kuhlangatyezwana nenkcaso eqatha kwabo bebefuna ukuboyisa nokubathobela. Ngoxa ingcamango โyesizweโ kunye nokumila โkwelizweโ elimele ukusilawula iye yahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha nakwiindawo ngeendawo, iphupha lelizwe elizimeleyo liye laxhokonxa imizabalazo engenakubalwa, yobugorha neyentlekele, ehlabathini lonke.
Kule mihla, ukuchithwa kobukoloniyali baseYurophu eAsia, eAfrika nakuMbindi Merika kwakhokelela ekusekweni kwezizwe ngezizwe zamazwe amatsha yaye amalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo aye anda ukusuka kumazwe angama-51 ngowe-1945 ukuya kutsho kwali-193 ngoku. Namhlanje, iLungelo lokuZimisela ngumgaqo osekwe kakuhle kumthetho wale mihla wamazwe ngamazwe, ugxininisa ukuba amazwe asekelwe kwintlonipho yomgaqo wamalungelo alinganayo nokulingana kwamathuba anelungelo lokukhetha ngokukhululekileyo ulongamo lwawo kunye newonga lezopolitiko lamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle ukunyanzeliswa kwangaphandle okanye ukuphazamiseka.
Ngaphandle kwako konke oku, asiyomeko yokuba zonke iintshukumo zokuzimela okanye zokwahlulwa kwizizwe-zizwe esele zimiselwe zifumane ukwamkelwa okanye inkxaso kumazwe ngamazwe. Kukho iinkcazo eziphikisanayo kunye neendlela zomthetho zokumisela ukuba ngawaphi amaqela anokuthi afune ngokusemthethweni ilungelo lokuzikhethela kwaye ngelixa kwakulula ukuxhasa ukuzimela kwabantu abamnyama, abantsundu okanye abatyheli kwiinkosi zabo ezimhlophe akufani xa kuziwa ekukhululeni. ukusuka kumakholoniyali anombala ofanayo nowobukoloniyali.
Ngaphaya koko, inkqubo yokwamkelwa kwezizwe ezitsha kumaxesha amva nje ibingenamkhethe kwaye ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kulungelelwaniso lwemikhosi yelizwe okanye yommandla welizwe ngokuthanda okanye ngokuchasene nomzabalazo wenkululeko. Umzekelo, kutheni iKosovo kufuneka ibe nelungelo ngaphezulu kweKashmir okanye iSudan yaseMzantsi ngaphezulu kweTamil Eelam xa kufikwa kwiLungelo lokuZimisela?
Ngelixa imibutho eyahlukeneyo yenkululeko yesizwe izamazamana nale miba kwaye ityhutyha indlela yayo kulwandle olurhabaxa lwerealpolitik yehlabathi namhlanje omnye umngeni onzima abajongene nawo kukubeka umzabalazo wabo wezopolitiko kwimeko yokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwemeko yoqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kangangokuba, yinkolelo yam, ukuba zonke ezo ntshukumo, ukuze zihlale zifanelekile okanye zisebenza, namhlanje kufuneka zibonakalise nzulu ngakumbi kule mibuzo ilandelayo:
a. Kwihlabathi esiphila kulo namhlanje ngaba kukho nasiphi na isizwe โesizimeleโ ngokwenene okanye elongamileyo? Okanye ngaba wonke umntu 'uxhomekeke phakathi' kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, kunye nombono 'wolongamo' nje itshiphu yokubonisana ngemigaqo kunye neemeko ezingcono kwimarike yehlabathi?
b. Xa sisasebenzisa amagama athi โilizwe lekhayaโ, โilizwe likamamaโ okanye โilizwe loobawoโ โ ngaba sisakholelwa ukuba โumhlabaโ ngowona mhlaba usisiseko sesizwe noqoqosho lwaso? Xa iinkampani ziye zaba nkulu kakhulu kunamazwe onke kunye nokuhamba kwemali eyinkunzi yehlabathi kumisela ikamva lezizwe ezinamandla kutheni umhlaba kunye nommandla wodwa kufuneka ungqamane nombono wesizwe?
c. Kuthetha ukuthini ngokwenene ukufana kwesizwe kwihlabathi lanamhlanje? Ngaba asingabo bonke abemi behlabathi liphela, sibambe izazisi ezininzi kunye nenani elandayo lamatyala nokuba ngabemi abaninzi?
Ngaphambi kokuba ndingene kwimixholo echazwe ngasentla ndingathanda ukujonga ngokukhawuleza kwimbali yokuvela kwelizwe lanamhlanje, okokuqala eYurophu kwaye emva koko eMzantsi Asia. Urhulumente wesizwe wanamhlanje uchazwa njengemveliso yokudityaniswa kweengqikelelo ezimbini, ezizezi, 'isizwe', eliziko lenkcubeko kunye/okanye lobuhlanga kunye 'norhulumente', eliqumrhu lezopolitiko nelezopolitiko elinolawulo okanye 'ubungangamela' phezu kwayo. ummandla omda.
Ngelixa imbono yelizwe ikho kwakudala, indlela yayo yangoku liziko elitsha noko elivela ngeenguqu zedemokhrasi ezabhukuqa iimonarchies eNgilani naseFransi. Zininzi izizathu zokunyuka kombuso wesizwe wanamhlanje, oye waba lolona hlobo lubalaseleyo lokusekwa kombuso kwihlabathi liphela namhlanje.
Esona sizathu sibaluleke kakhulu esithi qatha engqondweni kukuvela kwembono yomhlaba njengepropati yabucala enezitayitile zobunini ezicacileyo ngokuchasene nembono yomhlaba njengowenkosi apho abantu abohlukeneyo babenokufikelela kuphela ukulima, ukutyisa izilwanyana okanye ezinye izinto. . Ngaloo ndlela ingcamango yanamhlanje yesizwe yanxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nengcamango yobunini bomhlaba yaye ngeendlela ezininzi enoba eYurophu okanye eUnited States okanye eLatin America amazwe amatsha awayilwayo ngokusisiseko ayeyimbumba yamanyama abanini-mhlaba abaninzi abavuma ngokuzithandela ukuba nelizwe elinye. izixhobo zokujonga intlalo-ntle yabo, ukhuseleko kunye nolawulo.
Into yesibini ebaluleke kakhulu eya ekudalweni kwesizwe sanamhlanje yayikukufumaneka kobuchule obutsha kunye neendlela zokumakisha ummandla onemida ecacileyo, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo elifa kunye nokukhusela ubunini kulo mhlaba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ubuchule be-geodesy okanye umlinganiselo womhlaba kusetyenziswa imigaqo yetrigonometry eyavela ngenkulungwane ye-15 neye-16 kunye nokufikelela lula kwimipu apho inani elincinane labantu elinokukhusela ngokukuko ummandla kwakhawulezisa ukusekwa kwesizwe sanamhlanje.
Okwesithathu, nomba obalulekileyo ngokulinganayo odlale indima kuphuhliso lwesizwe sanamhlanje kukusasazwa kolwazi lokufunda nokubhala ngobuninzi kunye nonxibelelwano oluninzi oluye lwanceda ekuhlanganiseni ubuko obudala benkcubeko, ulwimi okanye ubuhlanga okanye ukwenza ezintsha. Iingcingo zentsimbi eziphawulwe kumhlaba wabucala zazisetyenziswa kudidi, ulwimi, inkcubeko, ubuhlanga kunye nobuntu obunolwelo obujikelwe kubuntu obuqinileyo, obungaguquguqukiyo. Isazisi sesizwe, nangona sigqithise zonke ezinye iimpawu kwaye sanceda ukudibanisa abantu abohlukeneyo ekugqibeleni yaba lucingo olungabonakaliyo lwentsimbi.
Ukunika umzekelo wendlela ezi nkqubo zadlala ngayo kwi-Indian sub-continent makhe sibone ukuba zenziwa njani izizwe zala maxesha zoMzantsi Asia. Ngelixa uMzantsi Asia ngokungathandabuzekiyo ulikhaya kubukhosi obuninzi kunye nezikumkani zamandulo, inyaniso ihleli kukuba izizwe zamaxesha anamhlanje kulo mmandla ziyimveliso yequmrhu lokuqala lehlabathi- i-East India Company kunye nelandela layo- i-Bhritane Raj. Ukusuka kuphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo zoqoqosho ukuya kwinkqubo yemfundo, nanamhlanje, isitampu seNkampani nobukoloniyali sikuyo yonke indawo.
Umsebenzi wokudala urhulumente wanamhlanje osebenzayo kumaziko ombane ahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezazikho kwi-subcontinent kangangeenkulungwane yayiyinkqubo ende nekhohlakeleyo, eqhutywa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuquka inguqu emandla yeendlela zokubamba umhlaba ngokwazisa ingqikelelo yokuhlaliswa ngokusisigxina kubunini bepropathi, ukwazisa ulawulo lwerhafu olungaguquguqukiyo, ukudala imarike yokuthengisa umhlaba, ukwazisa ingqikelelo yamapolisa arhoqo nomkhosi kunye nokusekwa kolawulo lwale mihla kunye inkqubo yanamhlanje yokugweba eyabhukuqayo imithetho yemveli.
Embindini wengcinga yelizwe langoku yayikukutshintshwa kothungelwano olude lwangoku oluntsonkothileyo, oluguquguqukayo, oluphilayo nolungalindelekanga lonxulumano lweentsapho, iziduko, uluntu kunye namaqela anomdla aneenkqubo ezizigcinayo eziqhutywa ngokweseti yeekhowudi nemithetho emiselweyo. Ukuhlaliswa kwemihlaba esisigxina, ipropati esisigxina, umkhosi osisigxina, amapolisa kunye nolawulo lwe-ofisi ngokuthe ngcembe lwazala ingcamango yesizwe esisisigxina kunye nommandla osisigxina.
Esinye sezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo zogxininiso olunjalo kwisigxina yaba kukuguqulwa kwayo yonke imida yemimandla evuthulukayo negqitheke ngokulula ibe yimida engqongqo ebizimeleyo kubantu abaphilayo kwaye ixhomekeke kuphela kwizivumelwano ezisayiniweyo ezifileyo kunye nomthetho odibeneyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi imida emitsha yaziswa kwaye le mida ihlaziyiweyo yayigadwe ngokuqatha kwaye inokuwelwa kuphela emngciphekweni wesohlwayo esiqatha esivela koomatshini baseburhulumenteni abasanda kusekwa. Ucingo lwentsimbi, inkanunu kunye nompu, osetyenziswa ekunyanzeliseni ihlabathi elitsha lemida engqongqo kunye nemida nazo zaba luphawu olunamandla.
Ukukhuselwa kwepropathi yabucala kunye nokuqaliswa kwemithetho nemigaqo engaguqukiyo nayo yakhawulezisa ukukhula kweemarike zengingqi kwaye ekugqibeleni zelizwe lonke, eziye zanceda, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukudala ukuqonda 'kwesizwe'. Umbono weNkampani yase-East India, nangona ibunjwe zizinto zalapha ekhaya, ubukhulu becala ubuseYurophu ngokwendalo kwaye akumangalisi ukuba yonke imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenzo zayo zikhokelele ekuveleni kombuso wesizwe ngendlela efana ncam naleyo yaseYurophu. Kakade ke, kwimeko yoMzantsi Asia le nkqubo ayizange ivelise isizwe esinye esimanyeneyo kodwa intaphane yezizwe ezikuzo zonke iimo, ubukhulu nezigaba zokubunjwa. Ngokomzekelo, i-Indiya yintlanganisela yamazwe angaphezu kwama-30 kwisakhiwo somdibaniso kodwa ilawulwa sisixhobo sombuso esinye.
Ingcinga yelizwekazi elimanyeneyo laseIndiya, phantsi kobhontsi bamakoloniyali, yaphinda yakhuthazwa yinkqubo yokwenza imephu yommandla. Ngelixa uphononongo lomhlaba ngeenjongo zovavanyo lwerhafu lwalusele luyinxalenye yezithethe zangaphambi kukaMughal kunye noMughal yayiyiNkampani yase-East India eyathi yaqalisa ukuphawula ngokucwangcisekileyo ijografi kunye nokuma komhlaba welizwekazi.
Omnye woovulindlela bokwenza imaphu kwilizwekazi laseIndiya nguLieutenant-Colonel William Lambton, umhloli welizwe, kunye nejografi owayeyiNtsumpa yeTrigonometric Survey yaseIndiya, awayiqala ngo-1802. ULambton wathabatha inxaxheba kwiFourth Anglo-Mysore War kwaye emva kokuthinjwa kweMysore ngo-1799 iLambton yenza isindululo sokuba lo mmandla uvavanywe. Umzobo kunye nokuzoba ngokutsha kwemida ngeendlela ezintsha yayiyinxalenye ephambili yeqhinga lomkhosi ngelo xesha kwaye isiphakamiso sakhe samkelwa ngokukhawuleza ngabalawuli beNkampani. Eli phulo laziwa ngokuba yiGreat Trigonometric Survey yaseIndiya.
Ukusukela kwi-Independence iirhulumente zelizwe eMzantsi Asia ziye zasebenzisa inkqubo efanayo yobukoloniyali kwilizwe ngalinye ngezinto ezintsha ezingephi okanye izandiso apha naphaya. Njengamagunya obukholoniyali imbono yelizwe okanye isizwe kubalawuli base-Asia yaseMzantsi nayo imalunga nommandla kungekhona abantu abahlala emhlabeni. Umzekelo, urhulumente waseIndiya uthi iKashmir yeyaseIndiya kodwa ithumela umkhosi wayo ukubulala amaKashmiri kwaye xa ilizwe laseSri Lanka lithetha ngamaTamil lithetha ngomhlaba wabo hayi abantu ngokwabo. Kwaye ekufuneni kwabo 'ubumbano lwesizwe okanye ukudibanisa', nto leyo ikhusela ingqibelelo yomhlaba phantsi komyalelo wabo, aba rhulumente bazimisele ukuya kuyo nayiphi na into ebandakanya ukubulawa kwabantu njengoko urhulumente waseSri Lankan wenze kwimeko ye-Eelam. AmaTamil.
Ngaba kukho isizwe esingenamhlaba okanye ummandla? Andicingi njalo, kuba ekugqibeleni abantu kufuneka bahlale kumhlaba oqinileyo kwindawo ethile kwaye ubunini bepropathi ekwimo yomhlaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yento esiyiyo isizwe. Nangona kunjalo, imbambano yam kukuba kwixesha lethu umhlaba kunye nommandla awuseyoyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuba sisizwe. Isikhundla esisembindini somhlaba kuqoqosho lwesizwe sithathiwe ixesha elide zezinye izibonelelo ezininzi, ezizezi inkunzi ngohlobo lwezemali nobuchwepheshe.
Ngaba kukho isizwe esingenarhulumente? Kwakhona, impendulo nguhayi, kuba inkqubo karhulumente ibalulekile ukunika indlela yokuvumelana kwezentlalo nezopolitiko nokulawula nasiphi na isizwe. Nangona kunjalo, apha kwakhona umbutho karhulumente uye wathatyathelwa indawo ixesha elide ngoku zezinye iindlela ezisebenza ngempumelelo.
Mandicacise ngakumbi kule nto ndiyithethayo ngokunika imizekelo ethile. Uphando olwenziwe liphephancwadi iBusiness Insider ngo-2011 lufumene iziphumo ezinomdla kakhulu ngokuthelekisa ingeniso yonyaka yama-25 aphezulu e-US corporations kwi-GDP yamazwe onke emhlabeni jikelele. Nazi ezinye iziphumo:
1. Ukuba i-Wal-Mart yayililizwe, iingeniso zayo ziya kuyenza ihambelane ne-GDP yaseNorway i-25th enkulu yezoqoqosho kwihlabathi, idlula amazwe amancinci angama-157. Ngo-2010 ngelixa i-GDP yaseNorway yayizizigidigidi ezingama-414.46 zeedola zengeniso ye-Walmart yema kwi-421.89 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
2. I-Exxon Mobil, enengeniso ye-354.67 yezigidigidi inkulu kuneThailand kunye ne-GDP ye-318.85 yezigidigidi.
3. Iikhompyuter ze-Apple, ezinengeniso ye-65.23 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, inkulu kune-Ecuador ene-GDP ye-58.91 yezigidigidi.
Into endiyikhombayo yilena ilula esijongileyo apha ebusweni kangangexesha elide ngoku yokuba amaqumrhu amakhulu ehlabathi alingana okanye anamandla kunamazwe amaninzi ehlabathi ngokwefuthe lezoqoqosho, nkqu nezopolitiko. kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Iinkqubo zolawulo eziziqhubayo zihlala zininzi okanye zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunaso nasiphi na isixhobo sikarhulumente. Into abasweleyo ukuze bazazise bengamazwe baze bathelele iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngokusisiseko yindwe yesizwe okanye umhobe wesizwe, abanokuthi nasiphi na isigqeba sezibhengezo sinokubenzela yona ngeentsuku nje ezimbalwa.
Ngokuphathelele ukufunwa komkhosi-mandithi ukuba iMicrosoft iseka iofisi eNew Delhi ukugaya amajoni ahlawulwa kakuhle azimisele ukufa ekhusela Windows 8.0 isiqingatha somkhosi waseIndiya siya kutshintsha ukuthembeka. Masingalibali ukuba uninzi lwamajoni i-East India Company kunye neBritish Raj yayisetyenziselwa ukulawula i-Indian sub-continent yayivela ngaphakathi kweIndiya ngokwayo. Ke ayingomnqa ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wequmrhu elikhulu lisenza owalo umkhosi kwixesha elizayo kuba kwakunjalo kwixesha elingekude kakhulu. (I-United States sele ithumele amawaka 'amajoni', e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, abangabasebenzi abaqeshwe ziinkampani zokhuseleko)
Ndinika yonke le mizekelo kuphela ukubonisa ukuba namhlanje umhlaba awuyonto ibalulekileyo yesizwe kwaye zikho ezinye iindlela esinokuthi sizingwe ngazo isizwe. Mandicacise apha kwaye nditsho ukuba andikucebisi ukuba ungakha okanye ungakha ilizwe-lizwe ngaphandle kommandla kwaphela kwaye usebenze ngokupheleleyo njengenkampani okanye iqumrhu. Ekuphela kwento endifuna ukuyenza kukukhomba ukuba amandla kwihlabathi namhlanje angaphezulu malunga nenkunzi yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo- ukusuka kwezezimali ukuya kwitekhnoloji ukuya kwimithombo yoluntu- kwaye hayi ubunini okanye ulawulo lomhlaba.
Ukuqonda utshintsho lwetectonic oluqhubekayo kunye nendlela ummandla ongeyosiseko soqoqosho kwakhona umntu kufuneka ajonge inkqubo yezemali yehlabathi, ethe kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo iye yafikelela kubungakanani obukhulu kunelizwe lokwenyani lempahla kunye neenkonzo ezibambekayo. . Ngokwengxelo yeMcKinsey Global Institute ngo-2010, ixabiso lilonke lesitokhwe sezemali sehlabathi, esiquka urhwebo lwemalike eyinkunzi kunye neebhondi eziseleyo kunye nemali-mboleko, lichukumise i-US$212 yetriliyoni kwaye lalingaphezulu ngokuphindwe kathathu ubukhulu bemveliso neenkonzo eziveliswayo. kuwo wonke umhlaba ngaloo nyaka. Kwangaloo nyaka mnye ukuhamba kwemali eyinkunzi enqumla imida ikhule yaya kutsho kwi-US$4.4 yetriliyoni. Amashumi alithoba eepesenti oqukuqelo lwenkunzi yehlabathi lubaleka phakathi kwemimandla emithathu: iU.S., iUnited Kingdom kunye namazwe aseYurophu asebenzisa iyuro. Kucacile ukuba ngokuphathelele kwihlabathi lezemali zehlabathi, ngaphandle kwale mimandla, yonke enye iplanethi ayikho kwaphela!
Nangona kunjalo oku kuqukuqela kwenkunzi yehlabathi kuneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kuwo onke amazwe njengoko ngalinye likhuphisana kwaye lileqa iphupha lokutsalela imali elunxwemeni lwawo namhlanje. Emazantsi e-Asiya ukhukuliseko lolongamo lwamazwe esizwe salo mmandla lwenzekile ngokuthe ngcembe kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengoko ilizwe ngelizwe lihlisa iindonga ezikhuselayo zezopolitiko nezoqoqosho kwilinge labo lokurhwebesha imali yehlabathi.
Ukunika umzekelo wendlela ubuzwe benkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba okanye embindini wenkulungwane yamashumi amabini buphelelwe lixesha nakwilizwe elikhulu elifana neIndiya jonga imbono yeMimandla yezoQoqosho eKhethekileyo- eyaqalwa yiMexico kwiminyaka yamashumi asixhenxe kunye neTshayina ngeminyaka yama-80s kwaye zeziphi. indawo eqhelekileyo kwihlabathi liphela namhlanje. Ngelixa imikhosi exhobileyo yaseIndiya kufanele ukuba igada ngomona yonke intshi yommandla wesizwe ecaleni kwemida, ii-SEZ, ezenziwe ngoMthetho wePalamente yaseIndiya, zithathwa njengommandla1 ngaphakathi kwemida yesizwe', nangona kunjalo engaphandle kolawulo lwezithethe zaseIndiya. . Urhulumente wase-Indiya utyumba 'uMkomishinala woPhuhliso' kwii-SEZ, ezithathwa 'njengommandla wangaphandle' ngeenjongo zokusebenza zorhwebo kunye nemisebenzi kunye neerhafu. Ngokucacileyo, ilizwe laseIndiya likulungele ukuncama โulongamoโ lwalo kule mimandla ukuze lifumane imali.
Ke xa oku kunjalo nakwilizwe elifana neIndiya, elinembali ende yomzabalazo we-Independence kunye nokuchasana nolawulo lobukoloniyali bazo zonke iintlobo athini amathemba alo naluphi na uhlanga olutsha oluzimeleyo olulindele ukuzalwa? Makhe sithathe umzekelo okhethekileyo we-East Timor okanye iTimor Leste, elinye lawona malungu matsha oluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe azalwe kutshanje ngo-2002. I-East Timorese yalwa idabi lobugorha bexhobile nezopolitiko ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu ngokuchasene norhulumente wase-Indonesia. kaNjengele iSuharto, eyayibambe i-East Timor emva kokuba ilizwe elalisakuba lithanga lamaPhuthukezi lilahlile ilizwe ngowe-1975.
Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuba abantu base-Indonesia babhukuqa i-Suharto yobuzwilakhe bamazwe ngamazwe bavuma ukubuyisela ibango le-East Timor ye-Independence kwaye baququzelela i-referendum kwi-1999 apho uninzi lwabotela ukukhululeka e-Indonesia. Oku kuye kwabangela ubundlobongela obenziwa ngamajoni ase-Indonesia ngokuchasene ne-East Timorese okubangele enye yezona ndyikityha zokubulawa kwabantu kumaxesha anamhlanje ngaphambi kokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga okwenzeka eMullaivaikal ngo-2009.
Emva kwazo zonke ezi zilingo kunye neembandezelo ekugqibeleni xa i-East Timor ekugqibeleni yafumana inkululeko yenze njalo ngesiseko sothotho lwembali yokulalanisa:
a. Imbuyekezo ye-Indonesia ivume ukuyiyeka i-East Timor ivume ngokungacwangciswanga ukuba ingacinezeli naziphi na izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kumkhosi wase-Indonesia.
b. IsiPhuthukezi samkelwa njengolwimi lwesizwe nangona uninzi lwabemi luthetha isiBahasa Malay okanye isiTetum.
c. Idola yaseMelika yamkelwa njengemali yelizwe
d. Imimandla yeoli kunye negesi yendalo engaselunxwemeni eyafunyanwa njengelifa lase-East Timor yanikezelwa e-Australia ukuze isetyenziswe ngendlela engathandekiyo kwi-East Timorese ngokwabo.
e. Ukhuseleko lwelizwe lwaluza kulawulwa ngumkhosi wokhuseleko weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo
f. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho uchazwe kwi-East Timor ngamaziko afana neBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-IMF
g. Umgaqo-nkqubo we-East Timor wangaphandle wawukhokelwa kakhulu yi-United States.
Ewe, i-East Timor lilizwe elizimeleyo namhlanje- kodwa yintoni ekufuneka sibuze ukuba yintoni umgangatho okanye iindleko zokwenyani zolu hlobo โlokuzimelaโ? Ingongoma ukuqonda apha ngokwenene, lo gama uninzi lwesizwe-amazwe ukuba ngeenxa namhlanje kwavela emva kokuqhekeka-up Empire ezinkulu zamandulo ezifana Austro-Hungarian, British, Ottoman okanye Russian Empires- namhlanje isizwe efanayo. -amazwe aphantsi koBukhosi obutsha beGlobal Capital kunye nezizwe ezimbalwa ezinamandla ezisebenza njengee-arhente zabo zokuthengisa. Amaqumrhu ngabalawuli abatsha behlabathi kwaye ngelixa amazwe-amazwe engekazukunyamalala nanini na kungekudala ayinto ebuthathaka kakhulu ehluthwe ulongamo lokwenyani okanye ukuzimela geqe ekwenzeni izigqibo.
Ngoko ke, ngelixa igama elithi 'ukuzimela' lisabalulekile ukudibanisa inkxaso yoluntu kunye novakalelo ngaphandle kokucaca kumalungiselelo athile ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nolawulo olubandakanyekayo alunantsingiselo yokwenene. Xa umntu โesahlulaโ kwisakhelo sesizwe esikhoyo umntu akafanelanga alibale ukuba ngokuzenzekelayo uba yinxalenye yesinye isakhelo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngelixa imibutho emininzi elwela inkululeko icace gca malunga nento eqhawukayo kuyo kufuneka icingisise nzulu malunga nokuba ihlangana ngantoni emva koqhekeko. Ukucwangcisa malunga nale nto kwinqanaba lokuqala kuya kunceda ukuphepha intlungu yokufumanisa ukuba ngaphandle kokucwangciswa ngokufanelekileyo enye indlela kwi-pan yokuthosa ihlala ivutha umlilo. Kumxholo othile waseMzantsi Asia umzekelo, ukuba ufuna iTamil Eelam ezimeleyo, kuya kufuneka ubhengeze ngokungafihlisiyo okanye ngokucacileyo ukuba sesiphi isakhelo esitsha oya kuso. Ukuyibeka ngokuthe kratya ngoobani abahlobo abatsha ofuna ukuhlala nabo kwaye luhlobo luni lwamalungiselelo owenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba aba bahlobo abayi kukuphoxa nangayiphi na indlela? Kwaye khumbula apha asithethi nje ngamazwe apho ungakhetha kuwo kodwa iinkampani zehlabathi nazo!
Kwakhona, kunikwe indima ebalulekileyo yenkunzi, imali, iteknoloji kunye nezibonelelo zoluntu ekufezekiseni amandla okwenene kwihlabathi namhlanje kubalulekile ukwakha ingcamango yezizwe ezitsha ngokusekelwe kumandla abantu bayo - naphi na apho - kwaye bangagxininisi nje. ekufumaneni umhlaba kunye nommandla wodwa. Hayi, andithethi nto konke konke njengokuncama amabango kumhlaba nakwindawo- ke nceda ungaphazamisi eli nqaku ngayo nantoni na elolo hlobo. Ekuphela kwento endiyithethayo kukuba nokuba uwufumene umhlaba kunye nommandla owufunayo kwinqanaba elithile kuya kufuneka ukuba wakhe amandla akho ezezimali, ezobuchwepheshe kunye nawoluntu ukuze uzigcine okanye ubambelele kulo mmandla. Inkqubo yokwakha elo gunya mayiqale kwangoku, naphi na apho ukhoyo kwaye ingahlehliswa kwixesha elizayo kuba kukwiphulo lokwakha eli gunya apho isizwe ngokwaso siya kuzalwa ngokwenene.
Okokugqibela, ndifuna ukuthabatha umbuzo ebendiwuphakamise ngaphambili- buthetha ukuthini ubuzwe kwihlabathi lanamhlanje? Nokuba kungenxa yongquzulwano kunye nokufuduka okanye ukufuduka ngenxa yemfuno yezoqoqosho abantu bawo onke amazwe namhlanje basasazeke kuzo zonke iikona zehlabathi besenza umba wesazisi sesizwe ube nzima kakhulu. Xa siqwalasela uhlobo lwengqesho noshishino namhlanje abantu abaninzi baphela behlawula irhafu ngokufuthi kumazwe angaphezu kwelinye.
Eyona nto ifunwa koku kukufuna ukuguquguquka ekuchazeni ubumi kwaye udlulele ngaphaya kwemilinganiselo yemveli efana nobuhlanga, ulwimi, inkolo okanye inkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo. Kuyo yonke iYurophu namhlanje abantu banezazisi ezininzi ngaphandle kokunikezela ngezazisi zabo eziphambili njengabantu baseFrentshi, amaJamani, amaTaliyane okanye amaDatshi. Amazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi jikelele avumela ukuba kubemi abaninzi. Nasiphi na isizwe esitsha, esifuna ukuzalwa, kufuneka siqulunqe umgaqo-nkqubo wobumi ohambelana neyona ngqiqo iphezulu kunye neyona nto iphambili ethe yavela kwihlabathi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
USatya Sagar yintatheli kunye nomlweli wempilo yoluntu ozinze eNew Delhi kwaye unokufikelelwa kuyo [imeyile ikhuselwe]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela