Uqhanqalazo lweenyanga ezimbini zasesitalatweni eBangkok ngamawakawaka 'ihempe ebomvu' abachasi bakarhulumente ka-Abhisit Vejajiva befuna unyulo olutsha kwaye ubundlobongela obulandelayo buchazwe njengolona ngquzulwano lubi kakhulu olwakha lwajongana nalo iThailand kwimbali yayo yanamhlanje. Kutshatyalaliswe umhlaba omalunga nama-88 eebhiliyoni zeedola, inani labarhanelwayo libi kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkalo kunogonyamelo lwangaphambili lwezobupolitika luka-Oktobha 2 noMeyi 1976.
Uninzi lwelahleko yobomi kunye nomonakalo weza phakathi kuMeyi xa umkhosi wagqogqa ngokukhohlakeleyo kubaqhankqalazi besebenzisa abaqhankqalazi abaqeqeshiweyo kunye nezixhobo zemfazwe ukuthatha abaqhankqalazi esitratweni abaxhobe kakhulu ngezilingi, amavili avuthayo kunye neecocktails zaseMolotov. Ngomsindo, abaqhankqalazi babuyela emva batshisa izakhiwo ezingaphezu kweshumi elinesibini eBangkok kubandakanya neHlabathi elikumbindi, indawo yesibini enkulu yeevenkile kuMzantsi Mpuma Asia.
Yenzeka njani yonke le nto, kwindawo ebonakala ngathi lelinye lawona mazwe azinzile eAsia, libali elide nelintsokothileyo. Sele kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi, nganye kuzo ixutyushwa ngumkhethe wabo bayithethayo.
Njengomntu wangaphandle, ochithe ngaphezulu kweshumi leminyaka exela eThailand, inguqulelo yam ithe ngqo- uKumkani omiliselwe kakuhle kodwa owalupheleyo ulwela amandla ngongxowankulu onamabhongo kunye nonomdla kwaye isiphumo esixakayo kukuzalwa ngokutsha kwentshukumo yasekhohlo yelizwe ende. Owona mbuzo ekufuneka uzibuze wona ngowokuba ingaba usana olutsha luya kuba sempilweni okanye luzalwe lungasekho?
Iinkampu ezintathu
Ibali laseThai libandakanya iinkampu ezintathu zezopolitiko nezentlalo- abantu abaphezulu bemveli, abasakhulayo abatsha abaphezulu kunye namahlwempu asemaphandleni/ asezidolophini.
Inkampu yokuqala imelwe nguKumkani uBhumibol Adulyadej olawulayo ixesha elide kwaye sele ekhulile kwaye iquka umkhosi, i-bureaucracy, i-oligarchs yebhanki kunye ne-Bangkok-centric amaqela ezopolitiko afana neDemocratic Party ye-Prime Minister u-Abhisit Vejajiva. Vala amahlakani e-United States ngexesha leMfazwe yoMlomo, bebelawula ixesha elininzi kule nkulungwane idlulileyo kwaye abafuni nabani na ukuba acele umngeni kumalungiselelo apholileyo ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nezenkcubeko abawasebenzileyo kule minyaka idlulileyo.
Ukujongana nabo, kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo okanye kunjalo, yimbumba yamashishini, imimandla kunye namaqela anomdla asemaphandleni akhokelwa ngabantu abarhwaphilizayo kodwa abakrelekrele kunye ne-charismatic telecom tycoon uThaksin Shinawatra. Ungene kulawulo kunyulo lukawonke-wonke luka-2001 iphupha lakhe – phambi kokuba agxothwe ngoSeptemba ka-2006 ngobhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi-yayikukwakha i-Thailand yongxowankulu yanamhlanje enelizwe lentlalontle elomeleleyo njengeSingapore okanye iMalaysia. Yena, ewe, wayeza kudlala indima kaLee Kuan Yew okanye uMahatir Mohammad.
Ngokubhekiselele ekubeni nokholo kumaziko okanye iinkqubo zedemokhrasi, bobabini abaphezulu nabatsha bangakhetha ukulawula ngaphandle kokuphendula okanye umngeni kubakhuphisana nabo. Akukho namnye kubo - omnye omele i-feudal kunye nomnye umdla wenkampani- ngokwenene onothando lwedemokhrasi okanye into ebandakanya yona.
Abasebukhosini, abaphethe iThailand amashumi eminyaka ngoku, bebesoloko bexhasa okanye besebenzisa ubhukuqo-mbuso ukuze bafumane indlela yabo- akukho nto ingaphantsi kwama-20 obhukuqo-mbuso kule minyaka ingama-77 idlulileyo. Ngelixa ngamanye amaxesha bekukho iyantlukwano phakathi kobukhosi kunye nomkhosi ubukhulu becala aba babini baye badibana kunye, begcina bonke abakhuphisanayo ngaphandle komgangatho wokudanisa ngomxube wobuqhetseba bomthonyama kunye namandla eze.
Nakwingxaki eqhubekayo umzekelo i-Thai elite yemveli ibonise ukudelela kwabo izithethe zedemokhrasi. Ngo-2005 xa uThaksin waphinda wonyulwa kwimpumelelo enkulu baqala ukufumana abalandeli babo 'behempe etyheli' ukuba baququzelele uqhanqalazo lwasesitratweni ngokuchasene norhulumente wakhe kwaye baxhasa ngokuphandle ubhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi ngokuchasene naye kunyaka olandelayo. Abaxhasi basebukhosini kumajelo eendaba aseThai kunye noluntu bade baluthethelela ngokugqwethekileyo ubhukuqo-mbuso ngokuchasene neNkulumbuso edumileyo njengeye 'demokhrasi', beyifihla into yokuba umkhosi waseThailand ngokuqinisekileyo wawungeyonto yolawulo olucocekileyo okanye ixabiso ledemokhrasi.
Akwanelanga kuko konke oku, xa amaqela kaThaksin ephumelele ukhetho jikelele lwe-2007 kwakhona amadoda kaKumkani acinezela inkundla kunye namanye amaziko ukuba agcine abatyunjwa bakhe bangabikho kumandla, phantsi kwesizathu esinye okanye esinye. 'Ihempe etyheli' amahlokondiba axhasa ubukhosi awonakalise amaziko aphambili eBangkok kwaye ngasekupheleni kuka-2008 ade avala isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseBangkok akazange atshutshiswe.
Kwi-Thaksin-phobia yabo, iimonarchists zaphela zichitha idemokhrasi yaseThailand esakhulayo, njengomntu otshisa indlu yakhe ukukhupha isela elingena. Nasemva kwalo lonke ugonyamelo lwakutsha nje e-Bangkok i-elite yemveli ibonakala ngathi ayifundanga kwaye iyaqhubeka nokwaphulwa kwayo yonke imigaqo yedemokhrasi- indlela echaza intlekele eThailand.
UThaksin, kwicala lakhe, nangona wanyulwa 'ngedemokhrasi' ngobuninzi obuninzi kwiivoti ezintathu ezilandelelanayo zelizwe ukususela ngo-2001, wasebenzisa amandla ngendlela ephazamisayo yolawulo ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe. Wazama ukuvala umlomo kumajelo eendaba amgxekayo, wenza "umlo weziyobisi" wobuxoki owathatha ubomi babantu abangaphezu kwama-2500 ekubulaweni kwabantu ngaphandle kwenkundla kunye nemithetho egobileyo ukuze ilungele ishishini lakhe kunye nomdla wosapho. Ngamanye amazwi, nangona ngokuqinisekileyo woniwe ngabachasi bakhe abasekwe ngakumbi uThaksin akakho nedemokhrasi yokwenyani.
Olunye uphawu lwemveli kunye nentsha yaseThai elite esabelana ngayo yinto yokuba, ngaphandle kwako konke ukuqhankqalaza kwabo 'ngokuxhalabela amahlwempu', bobabini banobutyebi obuninzi obungafanelanga ukukhusela. Umzekelo iKumkani yaseThailand yabekwa kwimagazini yeForbes ngo-2008 njengeyona nkosi isisityebi emhlabeni kwaye ixabisa ngaphezulu kwe-US$37 yeebhiliyoni. UThaksin Shinawatra, kwelinye icala, waba ngoyena somashishini osisityebi eThailand kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweshumi leminyaka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yamashumi asibhozo ngokuvala umabonakude, usasazo lwemobile kunye nosasazo lwesathelayithi kwaye ukubuyela kwakhe kulawulo sisitshixo sokugcina obu butyebi bufunyenwe ngendlela engalunganga.
Inkampu yesithathu ebandakanyeka kutshintsho lwezopolitiko lwaseThai- amahlwempu asezilalini nasezidolophini- ikakhulu isichotho esivela kuMntla kunye noMntla-mpuma weThailand ongahoywanga kwaye ngabo kuphela abanenxaxheba ekusekeni amaziko kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Imfuno engaguqukiyo phakathi kweehempe ezibomvu ebeziqhanqalaza eBangkok kutsha nje umzekelo ibikukuba kubanjwe unyulo olutsha, kuhlonitshwe izithethe zedemokhrasi kunye nokubuyiselwa koMgaqo-siseko welizwe wowe-1997, owanika amagunya ahlukeneyo kubemi ukuba babeke abalawuli babo uxanduva.
Iinkqubo ezintathu
Iinkampu ezintathu ezichazwe ngasentla ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezintathu ezifanayo, ezisebenza kuluntu lwaseThai, nganye yongeza ukuxhatshazwa ngendlela yayo.
Inkqubo yokuqala ibandakanya usukuzwano olumandla phakathi kweendawo ezifuna amashishini ahlukeneyo, uninzi lwamaqela ezopolitiko aseThai abe ngamaqela kwindawo enye okanye enye. Kangangeminyaka elishumi ukusukela phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980, iThailand yayiyenye yezona zoqoqosho zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi kwaye ngelo xesha ukhuphiswano lwalulolo lwemvumelwano karhulumente enengeniso kunye nekhontrakthi-ezifana nemonopolies uThaksin wakwazi ukubamba ukusebenzisa unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko.
Noko ke, ngowe-1997, xa imeko yezoqoqosho yaseAsia yabangela ukuba ubutyebi babaninzi butshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo, ugqatso lwalukukuququzelela ukukhutshwa kwebheyile exhaswa ngurhulumente kumashishini angaphumeleliyo. Nakwingxaki yangoku yaseThai, ngasemva, kukho amashishini anamandla emsebenzini, esongeza kwizikrokro malunga neentshukumisa zokwenyani zezopolitiko ezixhasa 'idemokhrasi' okanye 'ukhuseleko lwesizwe'.
Inkqubo yesibini emsebenzini eThailand- ulangazelelo olukhulayo njengolwazi lweklasi yeThais eqhelekileyo - lukwangenxa yokukhula koqoqosho kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo. Ukusukela phakathi kwiminyaka yamashumi asibhozo ilizwe libone ukuphinda-phinda kathathu kwengeniso eyi-avareji yokwenyani ngomntu ngamnye. Ngeli xesha kuye kwakho utshintsho olukhulu kuhlobo lomsebenzi owenziwa ngabantu abaninzi baseThailand. Xa kuthelekiswa nesizukulwana esadlulayo apho ulimo ibingumsebenzi wokuphila kwisibini esithathwini samakhaya ngoku angaphantsi kwesibini kwisihlanu awenza lo msebenzi. Intsalela yabasebenzi kule minyaka idlulileyo iye yafakwa kwinkonzo ekhulayo kunye namacandelo emizi-mveliso akhokelela kwingeniso eyimali engcono kodwa nolindelo oluphezulu phakathi kwamaThai aqhelekileyo esabelo esingcono sobutyebi besizwe.
Abona bantu baphulukene kakhulu nentlekele yezoqoqosho yaseAsia ngo-1997 yayingabantu abasuka kumntla-mpuma weThailand, indawo ehlwempuzekileyo kwezolimo enezalathisi ezisezantsi zentlalo kwaye ngokwesiko ingumthombo womsebenzi ophantsi waseThailand kukhenketho kunye necandelo lemizi-mveliso. Inani elikhulu kakhulu labasebenzi abafudukela emaphandleni abasebenza eBangkok - abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezi-3 kubo- balahlekelwe yimpilo, ulondolozo kunye nemivuzo yokwenyani.
Ngapha koko, yayikwangabantu abafanayo abaxhamle kakhulu kumanyathelo entlalontle kaThaksin abantu abaninzi njengeskimu sokhathalelo lwempilo jikelele, intengo yetyala eliphantsi kumafama kunye notyalo-mali kumashishini asemaphandleni, konke awakusungulayo ngexesha lakhe lokuqala kulawulo. Uphononongo olwenziwe liZiko loPhando loPhuhliso lwaseThailand lunika i-inshurensi ye-inshurensi yezempilo ye-Thaksin's '30 baht' ngokuphakamisa ubuncinane abantu abasisigidi ngaphezu komgca wentlupheko. Kwaye ngokutsho kweNgxelo yoPhuhliso loLuntu ye-UNDP eThailand ngo-2009, intlupheko yelizwe yawa ukusuka kwi-21 ukuya kwi-8.5 ekhulwini phakathi kwe-2000 kunye ne-2007-ixesha elifanayo xa uThaksin wayenguNdunankulu.
Nangona kunjalo kwisiphithiphithi sangoku saseThai, umsindo wezi hempe ezibomvu ezinxibe abantu basemaphandleni awukho nje ngokuba banexhala lokuyeka ukuzuza kwezoqoqosho uThaksin awathululela kubo. Kuyafana nangakumbi kuba baziva ukuba i-Thai elite iphathe ukhetho lwabo lwezopolitiko ngokudelela kwaye bona ngokwabo bafana nezidenge.
Bekusoloko kukho inzondo eyimbali phakathi kwabantu baseThailand basemntla-mpuma ngaphezulu kwe-Thai elite e-Bangkok bebajongela phantsi ngokwenkcubeko kwaye ngoku bathathe ukugxothwa kukaThaksin kulawulo ngo-2006 ngobhukuqo lomkhosi njengohlaselo oluthe ngqo kubo.
Yintoni elandelayo eThailand?
Ngelixa izinto zithe cwaka eBangkok nakwezinye iindawo zaseThailand kwaye ubunkokeli beehempe ezibomvu banikezela kwabasemagunyeni, loo ngxabano ayizange iphele ngokwenene. Kukho uluvo olunamandla kuyo yonke indawo ukuba kwiintsuku kunye neenyanga ezizayo imfazwe ebomvu ngokuchasene netyheli iya kuqhubeka kwaye inokukhokelela kwimfazwe yamakhaya egcweleyo.
Mininzi kakhulu imiba engekasonjululwa elizweni ukuba uxolo kunye nesiqhelo zibuye ngokulula. Okokuqala ngumba wokubamba unyulo olutsha kwaye phantsi kwaziphi iimeko.
Iqela leDemocratic Party likaNdunankulu u-Abhisit Vejajiva alikwazi ukuphumelela ukhetho lukazwelonke ngokwalo kwaye ngoko liya kuzama ukubambelela kumandla ixesha elide. Ngenxa yokuqhubeka nokuthandwa kukaThaksin kunye nokuphakama kwamanani abalandeli bakhe iPuea Thai Party exhasayo ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuphumelela nangona iinkokeli zabo ezininzi zivaliwe kwezopolitiko okanye zibanjwe.
Okwesibini kukho umba ophikisanayo wokuba ubuyiselwe okanye ungawubuyi uMgaqo-siseko wowe-1997, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ungowona wedemokhrasi kwindawo enkulu yase-Asiya kwaye lowo wenziwa ngothethwano noluntu ngokubanzi elizweni. Iqela leDemokhrasi kunye nabaxhasi balo phakathi kwe-Thai elite bafuna uMgaqo-siseko omtsha obekwe luqhushumbo lomkhosi ka-2006 ukuba uqhubeke njengoko bevakalelwa kukuba oku kunenzuzo kubo.
Emva koko kukho umbuzo wobukhosi kunye nendima yabo eThailand. UKumkani wangoku uBhumibol Adulyadej sele ekhona iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathandathu kodwa ngoku ugula kakhulu. Ukubhubha kwakhe kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqalise imfazwe ekrakra yokulandelelana kwaye nookumkani banoloyiko ngoku emva kokumkani okhoyo kungabikho mntu unokuthatha indawo yakhe ngendlela esebenzayo. Okwangoku kukho i-undercurrent engacacanga kangako ye-republicanism evelayo ngaphakathi kwentshukumo yehempe ebomvu. Nangona bengakhange bathethe nto ngokuchasene nenkosi ngokuthe ngqo, iihempe ezibomvu ziye zahlasela ngokuphandle abanye babancedisi bakaKumkani abasondeleyo njengoCeba jikelele we-Privy u-Prem Tinsulananda wokuba ngasemva kovukelo luka-2006 ngokuchasene noThaksin.
Ukunqongophala kokumelwa kwezopolitiko kumacandelo angathathi ntweni kuluntu lwaseThai njengamafama, abasebenzi, abahluphekayo basezidolophini nako kusaqhubeka kuyingxaki enkulu. Nabani na ophonononga uluhlu lwamaqela ezopolitiko eThailand ngoku unokubona ngokulula ukuba ngalinye liphambi kweshishini elinye okanye elinye kwaye lilungelo ngokubanzi kwiziko.
U-Thaksin Shinawatra uye- ngenxa yelizwi lakhe elizinikeleyo ekuxhaseni iimfuno zabantu abahlwempuzekileyo baseThailand basemaphandleni kunye nabasezidolophini kwaye uye wakhulisa ukuqonda kodidi oluthe lwabathatha ngaphezu kweshishini lakhe kunye namabhongo ezopolitiko.
Kusekho umsebenzi omninzi ekufuneka wenziwe kwaye ukuba ukunyakaza kwehempe ebomvu akubonakali phantsi kwebhanari enye kungekudala, kunye neseti ecacileyo yeemfuno zezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho zexesha elide iziphumo ziya kuba yintlekele. Abalandeli behempe ebomvu abangonelisekanga banokuchitha amandla abo kwizenzo ezahlukeneyo zokonakalisa kunye nobunqolobi, ngaloo ndlela behlisa iThailand kunye nethemba labo kwisiphithiphithi esinegazi nesiphithiphithi.
Kwelinye icala ukuba lo mkhwa ‘obomvu’ uyadibanisa unokuba lula ukuba sisiseko sentshukumo yasekhohlo ezimeleyo echasene nomonarchist kunye ne-anti-capitalist ngaxeshanye. Kwilizwe elinembali ende yokucinezelwa kwayo nayiphi na iphiko lasekhohlo - kubandakanywa igadi ezahlukeneyo zedemokhrasi zentlalo kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi eziqhelekileyo- iqela elitsha lasekhohlo okanye umfelandawonye phantsi kobunkokeli obunobuchule bunokuguqula uluntu lwaseThai ngonaphakade.
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