Kwiintsuku nje ezimalunga ne-150 yezigidi zeerandi kwisigwebo esichasene nowayesakuba nguSodolophu waseNew York uRudy Giuliani ngokunyelisa uRuby Freeman kunye noShaye Moss, abasebenzi bonyulo uGiuliani ngobuxoki babanga unyulo luka-2020 eGeorgia kuMongameli uJoe Biden, eGiuliani. ifayiliselwe ukubhengezwa njengongenamali.
Ngaloo ndlela wazikhusela ekubeni anikezele ngempahla yakhe ukuze azalisekise umgwebo, ubuncinane kwixesha elingekude.
Ixesha elide linokuba lide kakhulu. UFreeman kunye noMoss banokungaboni nepeni yesigwebo iminyaka emininzi, kwaye xa besenza njalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba bangaphantsi kwe-150 yezigidi zeedola.
Enye yezona zinto zisisiseko kuyo yonke imibuzo kuqoqosho lwemarike yinto omawuyenze xa umntu engakwazi ukuhlawula oko akutyalayo. UMgaqo-siseko waseU.S. (iSiqendu I, iCandelo 8, iGatya lesi-4) ligunyazisa iNkongolo ukuba yenze “iMithetho efanayo ngomba wokuThwatyhwa kulo lonke elaseUnited States.”
ICongress yenze njalo ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, utshintsho lweCongress luye lwabonisa iimfuno zezityebi, iinkampani ezinkulu, kunye neebhanki zaseWall Street, ezenza kube nzima kubantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba babhengeze ukungabikho kwemali kodwa kube lula kubo ukwenza oko.
Abantu abaninzi baqhawuke kakhulu ukuba bangabinamali. Ukufakela i-bankruptcy kubiza imali, njengoko kwenza ukuqasha igqwetha (yeyona ndlela ingcono yokuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana isiqabu kwityala). Ngenxa yokuba iimali zegqwetha, njengamanye amatyala, zicinywa kwi-bankruptcy, amaninzi amagqwetha angenamali afuna ukuba abathengi bahlawule ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi kokufaka.
Kuqoqosho apho phantse isiqingatha sabantu abadala bathi ukuba babethwe ngeendleko ezingxamisekileyo zeedola ezingama-400, bebengayi kuba nayo imali yokuyigubungela, inani elikhulu labantu ngokulula andinakho ukuwufikelela ezo ndleko zangaphambili.
I-2005 ye-bankruptcy bill etyhalwa yiWall Street yenza ingxaki ibe mandundu. Ukuthintela abantu ekuqhatheni ababolekisi babo, lo mthetho uyilwayo ubeka imithwalo emitsha kubatyalwayo namagqwetha abo. Umkhamo wokuphathwa gadalala okunjalo wawuthandabuzeka, kodwa iimfuno ezintsha ziye zanyusa umrhumo wamagqwetha kwilizwe liphela malunga nama-50%. Isiphumo? Iifayile ezimbalwa.
I-bankruptcy yenzelwe ukuba abantu baqale phantsi. Kodwa kwezi ntsuku, ekuphela kwento eqalayo ngabo banempembelelo eyaneleyo yezopolitiko ukubumba imithetho yokutshona kwemali ngendlela abayithandayo, kunye nemali eyaneleyo yokuqesha amagqwetha atshonayo ukuba asebenzise loo mithetho ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngomhla wokuvulwa kweTrump Plaza kwisiXeko saseAtlantic ngo-1984, uDonald Trump wema kwidyasi emnyama kumgangatho wekhasino ebhiyozela utyalo-mali lwakhe olutsha njenge “esona sakhiwo sibalaseleyo esixekweni mhlawumbi nasesizweni."
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu kamva, emva kokuba i-Trump Plaza isongiwe, uTrump wayeku-Twitter ezincoma "ngexesha lakhe elihle" lokuphuma kutyalo-mali. Wafumana ukucinywa kwerhafu enkulu, naye.
Kodwa abamalunga ne-1,000 13 labasebenzi bakhe bangaphambili basala bephethe ibhegi—bengenamisebenzi, namakhaya axabisa intwana yemali ababeyihlawulele. Abakwazanga ukubhengeza ukubhanga. Isahluko se-XNUMX sekhowudi ye-bankruptcy-okuyilwayo yayiyimisebenzi yoshishino lwezemali-inqanda abanini bezindlu ukuba bavakalise ukuchithwa kwemali mboleko yemali mboleko yendawo yokuhlala yabo ephambili.
I-Granddaddy yazo zonke iintsilelo zokubuyisela kwenzeka ngoSeptemba 2008 xa u-Lehman Brothers wangena kwi-bankruptcy enkulu kwimbali, ngaphezu kwe-$ 691 yebhiliyoni ye-asethi kunye namatyala amaninzi.
Abanye abahlalutyi (kubandakanya neyakho ngokwenyani) babongoze ukuba yonke iWall Street kufuneka inyanzeliswe ukuba ijongane neengxaki zabo ngokutshona.
Kodwa ukungabikho kwemali kukaLehman kwasishukumisa isitrato kangangokuba uHenry Paulson Jr., unobhala ophumayo kaGeorge W. Bush wesebe lemali (kwaye, ngaphambi koko, intloko yesebe. Goldman Sachs), bacenga iCongress ukuba igunyazise amakhulu eebhiliyoni zeerandi zenkxaso-mali ukukhusela ezinye iibhanki ezinkulu ukuba zingatshoni.
UPaulson akazange achaze ngokucacileyo ukuba iibhanki ezinkulu zazinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli. Baye, kunoko, bakhulu kakhulu ukuba baphinde balungelelaniswe phantsi kwe-bankruptcy-nto leyo, ngokombono kaPaulson, yayisongela yonke inkqubo yezemali.
Umthwalo wangempela we-Wall Street's kufuphi ne-meltdown yawela kubanikazi bezindlu. Njengoko amaxabiso amakhaya aye ehla, abaninzi bazifumana benetyala elingaphezulu kwimali yokubambisa kunokuba amakhaya abo axabisa kwaye engakwazi ukuhlawulela.
Amanye amalungu eCongress azamile ukulungisa umthetho wokungabikho kwemali ukuze abanini bezindlu abanxungupheleyo basebenzise i-bankruptcy, ebiya kunceda ukuthintela iibhanki ukuba zingavali amakhaya abo. Kodwa ishishini lezemali (phakathi kwabaxhasi abakhulu kumaqela omabini) babanga ukuba oku kuya kwandisa kakhulu ixabiso lemali mboleko yezindlu (akukho bungqina bubambekayo obubonisa oku kunjalo), kwaye i-bill yafa.
Emva koko, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 baphulukana namakhaya abo.
Elinye iqela labantu abanamatyala abangakwaziyo ukusebenzisa imali yokubhanga ukuze baphinde baxoxisane ngabafundi ababekade beboleka imali. ityala lomfundi.
Imali-mboleko yabafundi ngoku imalunga ne-10% yawo onke amatyala e-United States, okwesibini kuphela kwi-mortgages kwaye ingaphezulu kunemali-mboleko yemoto kunye netyala lekhadi letyala. Kodwa ikhowudi yokubhanga ayivumeli ukuba amatyala omfundi asebenze phantsi kokhuseleko lwayo.
Ukuba abafundi abaphumeleleyo abazifikeleli iintlawulo zabo, umthetho uvumela ababolekisi ukuba bahombise iintlawulo zabo. Ukuba basesemva kwintlawulo yemali-mboleko yabafundi ngexesha lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ababolekisi banokude bahombise iitshekhi zabo zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo.
Ekuphela kwendlela abafundi abaphumeleleyo abanokunciphisa ngayo umthwalo wamatyala abo—ngokwelungiselelo eliwiswe ngokomyalelo weshishini lemali-mboleko yabafundi—kukubonisa ukuba ukuhlawula kuya kubangela “ubunzima obungafanelekanga” kubo nakubaxhamli babo.
Lo ngumgangatho ongqongqo kuneenkundla zokungcakaza ezisebenza kubangcakazi abazama ukunciphisa amatyala abo okungcakaza.
Kangangeminyaka, iPurdue Pharma, umenzi weyeza lokuthomalalisa iintlungu ezichazwe ngugqirha i-OxyContin, wayebambeke kumatyala oluntu efuna ukuyiphendula ngendima yayo kwingxaki ye-opioid.
Ukuzinziswa okukhulu okufikelelwe kulo nyaka uphelileyo kubonakala ngathi kuyawaphelisa amawaka aloo matyala. Yakhulula amalungu osapho lwebhiliyoni yakwaSackler, eyayikhe yalawula inkampani, kuwo onke amatyala oluntu ngokutshintshiselana ngeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuya ekulweni lo bhubhani (nangona bewazi umngcipheko ka-OxyContin wokuxhatshazwa, amalungu osapho aqhubekile nokuwuthengisa ngogonyamelo).
Ngaphantsi kwesivumelwano, abakwaSacklers akufuneki babhengeze ukuba abanatyala kwaye bakhutshiwe kuxanduva ngaphandle kwemvume yabo bonke abo banokubamangalela. (INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalichophela ityala.)
Intsomi egqubayo yokuba iMelika inendawo “yentengiso yasimahla” ekhoyo ngaphandle nangaphandle korhulumente iyasithintela ekuqondeni ukuba eyona mithetho isetyenziswayo yimarike—kuquka nowona usisiseko malunga nokuba makwenziwe ntoni xa umntu engakwazi okanye engayi kuhlawula ntoni. abanetyala-zenziwe ngabaqulunqi bomthetho.
Owona mbuzo ngowokuba ngaba baqulunqi bomthetho balandela umdla kabani. Ngaba basebenzela uninzi lwabantu baseMelika, okanye ngaba babonwa kwabo baphezulu? Imbali yamva nje yokubhanga-ukuya kuthi ga ekusetyenzisweni kukaRudy Giuliani kwiveki ephelileyo-inika impendulo ecacileyo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela