USenator uJoe Manchin ube ngoyena mntu wafumana imali kwiCongress kwiinkampani zegesi yendalo. Uphinde wabuyela ngokufumana inkxaso yeSenethi kumbhobho weMountain Valley eWest Virginia kwaye wakhawulezisa ukuvunywa kwemibhobho kwilizwe lonke. USenator Krysten Sinema uphakathi kwabafumana imali kwiCongress kwishishini labucala. Uphinde waphendula ngokugcina umsantsa werhafu kwizabelo zamashishini abucala kuMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Siphantse sithathe kancinci imali enkulu yeshishini kwezopolitiko zaseMelika. Kodwa yaqala ngememo kaPowell.
Ngo-1971, i-US Chamber of Commerce yacela u-Lewis Powell, owayeligqwetha ngoko e-Richmond, eVirginia (kunye nobulungisa beNkundla ePhakamileyo kwixesha elizayo) ukuba anike ingxelo ngemisebenzi yezopolitiko yaseKhohlo.
URichard Nixon wayesengumongameli, kodwa iChamber (kunye nabanye abantu baseRiphabhlikhi abadumileyo njengoPowell) babenexhala malunga neziphumo zeKhohlo โkwishishini lasimahla.โ Imemo kaPowell - isasazwe ngokubanzi kumalungu eChamber - yaxoxa ukuba inkqubo yezoqoqosho yaseMelika "yayiphantsi kohlaselo olubanzi" lwabathengi, abasebenzi kunye namaqela okusingqongileyo. Enyanisweni, la maqela ayengenzi nto ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa ikhontrakthi yentlalontle eyathi yavela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II-ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkampani ziyaphendula. zonke abachaphazelekayo babo, kungekuphela nje abanini-zabelo kodwa nabasebenzi babo, abathengi babo, kunye nokusingqongileyo apho wonke umntu axhomekeke kuyo.
Kodwa uPowell kunye neChamber bayibona ngokwahlukileyo. UPowell ubongoze amashishini ukuba ahlangane ukuze alwe nezopolitiko.
Ishishini kufuneka lifunde isifundo. . . ukuba amandla ezopolitiko ayimfuneko; ukuba loo mandla kufuneka ahlakulelwe ngenkuthalo; kwaye ukuba xa kuyimfuneko, kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokukrakra kunye nokuzimisela-ngaphandle kokuhlazeka kwaye ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuye kwaba yimpawu yeshishini laseMelika.
Ugxininise ukuba izinto ezibalulekileyo kwimpumelelo lulungiselelo kunye nenkxaso-mali.
Amandla alele โฆ kubungakanani benkxaso-mali efumaneka kuphela ngeenzame ezidibeneyo, nakumandla ezopolitiko afumaneka kuphela ngentshukumo emanyeneyo nemibutho yesizwe.
Ngo-Agasti 23, 1971, iChamber yasasaza imemo kaPowell kwii-CEO eziphambili, amashishini amakhulu, kunye nemibutho yorhwebo. Yayinempembelelo kanye eyayifunwa liGunya- ukwenza ukuba inkampani yaseMelika isebenze kwaye ikhulule imali eninzi yeshishini kwezopolitiko zaseMelika. Ishishini lezopolitiko elipheleleyo lazalwa-kuquka amashumi amawaka abaphembeleli bemibutho, amagqwetha, abezopolitiko, kunye nobudlelwane boluntu. Kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka, iinkampani ezinkulu ziya kuba ngowona mkhosi mkhulu wezopolitiko eWashington kunye noninzi lwamakomkhulu.
IWashington iye yasuka ekubeni yidolophu eyozelayo ukuba ayiyondawo enembewu yaya kwiziko elimenyezelayo leshishini laseMelika-elizele zizakhiwo zeofisi ezintle, iindawo zokutyela ezintle, iibhistro zamaxabiso, iihotele ezineenkwenkwezi ezintlanu, amaziko enkomfa, iidolophu ezintle, kunye nentengiso yezindlu nezindlu eziphuphumayo. IWashington ihlwempuzekile ukuya kwimida yesithili kwaye yenza imimandla emibini ejikelezileyo yaseWashington phakathi kwabona batyebileyo esizweni.
Ndayibona ndaphila ngayo. Ngowe-1976, ndaqalisa ukusebenza kwiFederal Trade Commission. UJimmy Carter wayenyule abaxhasi abathengi kwizikhundla ezithile zolawulo (iqela labo liphenjelelwa nguRalph Nader). Umphathi wam kwi-FTC yayinguMichael Pertschuk, usihlalo odlamkileyo nonobubele. UJoan Claybrook uchophele iKhomishoni yoKhuseleko lweNdlela yeSizwe. Amanye amaNaderi asasazwa kulo lonke ulawulo lukaCarter. Bonke babekulungele ukulwa neenkampani ezinkulu ebezikhohlisa okanye zonzakalisa abathengi kangangeminyaka.
Nangona kunjalo phantse yonke into esiyiqalile kwi-FTC, kwaye malunga nayo yonke into eyenziwa ngaba baphembeleli kwenye indawo kulawulo, yahlangatyezwa yinkcaso yezopolitiko engalindelekanga evela kwiCongress. Ngesinye isikhathi, xa i-FTC yaqala ukuhlola intengiso ejoliswe kubantwana, iCongress yayeka ukuxhasa ngemali i-FTC ngokupheleleyo, yavala iiveki. Ndaxakwa. Kwakwenzeke ntoni?
Ngamagama amabini, i Imemo kaPowell.
Inani lamaqumrhu aneeofisi zemicimbi kawonke-wonke eWashington liye lenza ibhaluni lisuka kwikhulu ngowe-1968 laya kutsho ngaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu ngethuba ndandingena kwiFTC ngowe-1976. Ngowe-1971, baphantse babe ngama-175 1982 ababenazo. Inani leeKomiti zokuSebenza kwezoPolitiko ezimanyanisiweyo lenyuka ukusuka ngaphantsi kwamakhulu amathathu ngo-2,500 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-1976 ngo-1,200. (Kwaye khumbula, oku kwakusele kuyiminyaka engamashumi amathathu phambi kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo idume kakubi Umanyano lwabemi isigqibo.)
Ayinamsebenzi nokuba idemokhrasi okanye iRiphabhlikhi ihleli kwi-White House. Nasemva kokuba uGeorge HW Bush engumongameli, ishishini lezopolitiko liqhubekile nokubhaloni.
Ngeminyaka yee-1990, xa ndandingunobhala wezabasebenzi, imibutho yaqeshe abantu abamalunga nama-61,000 100 ukuba ibaphembelele, kuquka abo bavumayo nabasemthethweni. Oko kwafika ngaphezu kwe-XNUMX lobbyists kwilungu ngalinye leCongress. Imali yenkampani ikwaxhasa amaqela amagqwetha amele iinkampani kunye nezityebi kakhulu enkundleni, ehlala edlula kwiSebe lezoBulungisa kunye namagqwetha karhulumente jikelele.
Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, iinkampani zaqala ukuntywila abezopolitiko ngemali yamaphulo abo. Phakathi kweminyaka yoo-1970 ukuya ekupheleni koo-1980, iiKomiti zePolitiko eziManyeneyo zonyusa inkcitho yazo kugqatso lweenkongolo phantse. ngokuphindwe kahlanu.
Inkcitho yemibutho yabasebenzi yePAC inyuke malunga nesiqingatha ngokukhawuleza. Ngomjikelo wephulo ka-2106, iinkampani kunye neWall Street zenze igalelo le-$34 nge-$1 nganye enikelwe yimibutho yabasebenzi kunye nayo yonke imibutho yomdla woluntu idityanisiwe.
Abantu abazizityebi nabo babenesabelo esikhulayo. Ngowe-1980, abona bazizityebi ikhulu le-1 ekhulwini labantu baseMerika ibonelele ngepesenti ezili-10 zeminikelo kunyulo lomanyano. Ngo-2012, baye banikezela 40 ekhulwini.
Nangona amaRiphabhlikhi aye axhamla kubaxhasi abakhulu abambalwa kunye neeDemokhrasi ukusuka kwinani elikhulu kakhulu labaxhasi abancinci (ngaphezulu koku kuza), omabini amaqela ezopolitiko aziguqula ukusuka kwimibutho yaseburhulumenteni kunye neyengingqi ehambisa iimbono zamalungu ukuya phezulu koomatshini abakhulu bokunyusa imali abafunxayo. ngemali ukusuka phezulu.
Ayikaze kwimbali yezopolitiko zaseMelika ibe noxwebhu olunye - imemo kaPowell - ibe neziphumo ezibi ngolo hlobo.
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Kwabo kuni bangathanda ukuyifunda-kwaye ndincoma ukwenza njalo, ukufumana ingqiqo epheleleyo yobubanzi bayo-ndiyifakile apha iyonke:
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IMEMORANDAM EYIMFIHLO
Uhlaselo kwiNkqubo yoShishino lwaMahla yaseMelika
UMHLA: Agasti 23, 1971
UKUYA: UMnu Eugene B. Sydnor, Omnci., uSihlalo, iKomiti yezeMfundo, iChamber of Commerce yase-US
ISUKA: Lewis F. Powell, Omnci.
Le memorandam ingeniswe ngesicelo sakho njengesiseko sengxoxo ngo-Agasti 24 kunye noMnu Booth (usekela-mongameli ophetheyo) kunye nabanye kwi-US Chamber of Commerce. Injongo kukuchonga ingxaki, kunye nokucebisa iindlela ezinokuthi zenziwe ukuba ziqwalaselwe ngakumbi.
Imilinganiselo yoHlaselo
Akukho mntu unengqiqo unokubuza ukuba inkqubo yezoqoqosho yaseMelika iphantsi kohlaselo olubanzi. Oku kuyahluka kububanzi, ubunzulu, kubuchule obusetyenziswayo, nakwinqanaba lokubonakala.
Bekusoloko kukho abathile abachasa inkqubo yaseMelika, kwaye bakhetha usoshiyali okanye uhlobo oluthile lwestatism (ubukhomanisi okanye ubufasi). Kwakhona, bekusoloko kukho abagxeki bale nkqubo, abagxekwa ngokufanelekileyo yaye besakha logama nje injongo ikukuphucula kunokubhukuqa okanye ukutshabalalisa.
Kodwa into esikhathazayo ngoku yinto entsha kwimbali yaseMelika. Asijongani nohlaselo olubakho manqaphanqapha okanye lodwa oluvela kubantu abambalwa ngokwentelekiso abaneembono ezibaxiweyo okanye nakwiqela elincinane lobusoshiyali. Endaweni yoko, uhlaselo lwenkqubo yeshishini lusekwe ngokubanzi kwaye lusoloko lusenziwa. Iya isanda kwaye iyaguquka.
Imithombo yoHlaselo
Imithombo iyahluka kwaye isasaziwe. Baquka, kungekhona ngokungalindelekanga, amaKomanisi, amaNxele amatsha kunye nabanye abavukeli ababeza kutshabalalisa yonke le nkqubo, kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Aba banxaxhi basekhohlo baninzi kakhulu, abanemali engcono, kwaye baya besanda ukwamkelwa nokukhuthazwa zezinye iindawo zoluntu, kunanini na ngaphambili kwimbali yethu. Kodwa bahlala bembalwa abambalwa, kwaye abakabi ngunobangela ophambili wenkxalabo.
Awona mazwi aphazamisayo ajoyina ikhorasi yokugxekwa avela kwizinto ezihlonipheke ngokugqibeleleyo kuluntu: kwikhampasi yekholeji, ipulpiti, imithombo yeendaba, iijenali zengqondo kunye nezoncwadi, ubugcisa kunye nesayensi, kunye nezopolitiko. Kuninzi lwala maqela intshukumo echasene nenkqubo ithatha inxaxheba kuphela ngabambalwa. Ukanti, ezi zidla ngokuba ngawona athetha ngokuvakalayo, awona athetha kakhulu, awona achubekileyo ekubhaleni nasekuthetheni kwawo.
Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwemithombo yeendaba - ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo - nokuba ngokuzithandela anikezela upapasho olulodwa kwaba "bahlaseli," okanye ubuncinci ubavumela ukuba basebenzise imithombo yeendaba ngeenjongo zabo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi kumabonakude, ngoku odlala indima ebalaseleyo ekubumbeni indlela yokucinga, izimo zengqondo kunye neemvakalelo zabantu bethu.
Enye yezinto ezididayo ezididayo kwixesha lethu ngumkhamo inkqubo yamashishini ekunyamezela ngayo, ukuba ayinanxaxheba, ekutshatyalalisweni kwayo.
Iikhampasi apho uninzi lwezigxeko luvela khona zixhaswa (i) yimali yerhafu eveliswa kakhulu kwishishini laseMelika, kunye (ii) neminikelo evela kwimali eyinkunzi elawulwa okanye eveliswa lishishini laseMelika. Iibhodi zabaphathiswa kwiidyunivesithi zethu kakhulu zenziwe ngamadoda nabasetyhini abaziinkokeli kwinkqubo.
Uninzi lwamajelo eendaba, kuqukwa neenkqubo zikamabonakude wesizwe, aphethwe kwaye alawulwa ngokwethiyori ngamaqumrhu axhomekeke kwingeniso, kunye nenkqubo yoshishino ukuze iphile.
Ithoni yohlaselo
Le memorandam asiyondawo yokubhala ngokweenkcukacha ithoni, uphawu, okanye ubunzulu bohlaselo. Ezi zicatshulwa zilandelayo ziyakwanela ukunika umntu ingcamango jikelele:
UWilliam Kunstler, wamkelwe ngezandla ezishushu kwiikhampasi kwaye udweliswe kuvoto lwamva nje lwabafundi โnjengegqwetha laseMelika elithandwa kakhulu,โ uvuselela abaphulaphuli ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
โKufuneka ufunde ukulwa ezitratweni, ukuvukela, ukudubula imipu. Siza kufunda ukwenza zonke izinto ezoyikwa ngabanini-mhlaba.โ AbaNxele baMatsha abathobela ingcebiso kaKunstler baqala ukwenza - hayi ngokuchasene neeofisi zokuqesha emkhosini kunye nabavelisi bezixhobo, kodwa ngokuchasene namashishini ahlukeneyo: "Ukusukela ngoFebruwari, 1970, amasebe (eBhanki yaseMelika) ahlaselwe amaxesha angama-39, izihlandlo ezingama-22 ngeziqhushumbisi nezihlandlo ezili-17 ngeebhombu zomlilo okanye ngabatshisi.โ Nangona izithethi zeNew Leftist ziphumelela ekuguquleni amawakawaka abantu abaselula, owona nobangela mkhulu wokuxhalaba bubutshaba bamankululeko ahlonelwayo nabahlaziyi bezentlalo. Sisimbuku seembono zabo kunye nempembelelo enokuthi eneneni ibe buthathaka okanye itshabalalise inkqubo.
Inkcazo eyothusayo yoko kufundiswayo kwiikhampasi zethu ezininzi yabhalwa nguStewart Alsop:
โIYale, njengazo zonke ezinye iikholeji ezinkulu, ithweswe izidanga zabafana abakrelekrele abasebenzisa 'ipolitiki yokuphelelwa lithemba.' Aba bafana bayayicekisa inkqubo yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho yaseMerika . . . (zabo) iingqondo zibonakala zivaliwe ngokupheleleyo. Baphila, kungekhona ngengxubusho esengqiqweni, kodwa ngamazwi angenangqondo.โ Uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lwabafundi kwiikhampasi ezili-12 ezimele abameli banike ingxelo yokuba: โPhantse isiqingatha sabafundi bakhetha ukunxulumana nemizi-mveliso esisiseko yaseUnited States.โ
Unjingalwazi otyeleleyo ovela eNgilani kwiKholeji yaseRockford wanikela ungcelele lweentetho ezinomxholo othi โThe Ideological War Against Western Society,โ apho abhala khona umkhamo amalungu ombutho weenkcuba-buchopho alwa imfazwe yokulwa nenkqubo yoshishino nemilinganiselo yoluntu lwaseNtshona. . Kwintshayelelo yezi ntetho, uGqr. Milton Friedman waseChicago walumkisa ngelithi: โIcace gca into yokuba iziseko zebutho lethu elikhululekileyo ziphantsi kohlaselo olubanzi nolunamandlaโkungekhona ngamaKomanisi okanye naliphi na iyelenqe kodwa ngabantu abalahlekisayo. ukuthelekisana nokwenza izinto ngempazamo bebengenakuze bazikhuthaze ngabom.โ
Mhlawumbi oyena mchasi usebenzayo kwishishini laseMelika nguRalph Nader, othi-enkosi kakhulu kumajelo eendaba - uye waba yintsomi ngexesha lakhe kunye nesithixo sezigidi zabantu baseMelika. Inqaku lamva nje kwi-Fortune lithetha ngoNader ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
"Umnqweno olawulayo kuye - kwaye uyindoda enomdla - ijolise ekutshitshiseni ngokupheleleyo ekujoliswe kuyo inzondo yakhe, amandla equmrhu. Ucinga, kwaye utsho ngokungafihlisiyo, ukuba uninzi lwabaphathi beenkampani basentolongweni - ngenxa yokuqhatha umthengi ngempahla emdaka, ukutyhefa ukutya kunye nezongezo zekhemikhali, kunye nokwenza ngabom iimveliso ezingakhuselekanga eziya kwenzakalise okanye zibulale umthengi. Ugxininisa ukuba akathethi nje โngeentaka ezibhabhayo ngobusukuโ kodwa ngolawulo oluphezulu lweshishini leetshiphu eziluhlaza.โ
Uhlaselo oluthe ngqo lwenziwa kurhulumente wethu, inkqubo yethu yobulungisa, kunye nenkqubo yamashishini asimahla nguYale uNjingalwazi uCharles Reich kwincwadi yakhe epapashwe ngokubanzi: โThe Greening of America,โ epapashwe kubusika obudlulileyo.
Ezi mbekiselo zingasentla zibonisa uhlaselo olubanzi, lompu kwinkqubo ngokwayo. Kukho imizekelo emininzi yokudutyulwa koombayimbayi ethoba ukuzithemba kwaye ibhide uluntu. Eyona nto ekujoliswe kuyo ngoku zizindululo zenkuthazo yerhafu ngotshintsho kumazinga okuhla kwexabiso kunye neekhredithi zotyalo-mali. Ezi zidla ngokuchazwa kumajelo osasazo โnjengekhefu lerhafu,โ โimingxuma ye-loopโ okanye โiinzuzo zerhafuโ ukuze kuxhamle ishishini. * Njengoko ebonwa ngumbhali wemihlathi kwiPosi, loo manyathelo erhafu aya kuba yingenelo โkuphela kwizityebi, abanini beenkampani ezinkulu.โ
Kuyadanisa ukwazi ukuba abezobupolitika abaninzi baqiqa ngendlela efanayo yokuba umlinganiselo werhafu ololu hlobo unceda kuphela โushishino,โ ngaphandle kokungenelwa โkumahlwempu.โ Inyaniso yokuba oku mhlawumbi kukunganyaniseki kwezopolitiko okanye ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kwezoqoqosho kuthuthuzela kancinane. Le ndlela yokumisela โabazizityebiโ ngokuchasene โnamahlwempu,โ amashishini ngokuchasene nabantu, lolona hlobo lwezopolitiko lungabizi kakhulu noluyingozi.
Ukungakhathali kunye nokuSilela kweShishini
Ibe yintoni impendulo yeshishini kolu hlaselo lukhulu kuqoqosho lwalo olusisiseko, kwintanda-bulumko yalo, kwilungelo lalo lokuqhubeka nokulawula imicimbi yalo, kwaye ngenene naphezu kwemfezeko yalo?
Inyaniso ebuhlungu ebuhlungu kukuba ishishini, kubandakanywa iibhodi zabalawuli kunye nabaphathi abaphezulu beenkampani ezinkulu kunye ezincinci kunye nemibutho yamashishini kuwo onke amanqanaba, badla ngokuphendula - ukuba kunjalo - ngokuxolisa, ukungabi nangqondo kunye nokungahoyi ingxaki. Kukho, ngokuqinisekileyo, ezininzi ngaphandle kolu lungelelaniso lubanzi. Kodwa isiphumo esishiyekileyo sempendulo enjalo njengoko yenziwe sibonakala sinqabile.
Kuko konke ubulungisa, kufanele kuqondwe ukuba oosomashishini abaqeqeshwanga okanye abaxhotyiswanga ukulwa imfazwe yabanqolobi kunye nabo basasaza iindaba ezichasene nenkqubo, befuna ukuyonakalisa ngobuqhophololo. Indima eqhelekileyo yabaphathi bezoshishino ibe kukulawula, ukuvelisa, ukuthengisa, ukudala amathuba emisebenzi, ukwenza ingeniso, ukuphucula umgangatho wokuphila, ukuba ziinkokeli zasekuhlaleni, ukukhonza kwiibhodi zesisa nezemfundo, yaye ngokuqhelekileyo ukulunga. abemi. Bayenze kakuhle kakhulu le misebenzi.
Kodwa babonise isisu esincinci kukhuphiswano lwempumlo elukhuni kunye nabagxeki babo, kunye nobuchule obuncinci kwingxoxo esebenzayo yengqondo kunye nefilosofi.
Ikholamu esandulโ ukupapashwa yiWall Street Journal ibinomxholo othi: โMemo to GM: Why Not Fight Back?โ Nangona ibhekiswe kuGM ngegama, eli nqaku layisisilumkiso kuwo wonke amashishini aseMelika. Umbhali wemihla ngemihla uSt. John wathi:
"I-General Motors, njengeshishini laseMelika ngokubanzi, 'isengxakini ngokucacileyo' kuba ii-bromides zobukrelekrele ziye zathatyathelwa indawo yenkcazo yengqondo evakalayo yembono yayo." UMnu. John emva koko wagqabaza ngomkhwa weenkokeli zoshishino wokulalanisa kunye nokuthomalalisa abagxeki. Ubalule iimvumelwano eziphumeleleyo uNader kubaphathi, kwaye wathetha โngembono ephosakeleyo oosomashishini abaninzi abayijongayo kubagxeki babo.โ Wathelekisa amaqhinga aphosakeleyo abalawuli abaninzi bekholeji: โAbaphathi beekholeji bafumanisa sele kusemva kwexesha ukuba ukuxolisa okunjalo kutshabalalisa inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yemfundo nokufundiswa kokwenene. Enye imfuno emandla yekhampasi yavunywa ziintloko zeyunivesiti kuphela eza kulandelwa sisityalo esitsha esathi ngokukhawuleza sakhula saya kutsho kwimfuneko yokuzinikela ngokupheleleyo.โ
Omnye akufuneki avumelane ngokupheleleyo nohlalutyo lukaMnu. St. Kodwa uninzi lwabakhi-mkhanya bemeko yaseMelika baya kuvuma ukuba umongo womyalezo wakhe uvakala. Ishishini laseMelika "ngokucacileyo lisengxakini"; impendulo kuluhlu olubanzi lwabagxeki aluzange lusebenze, kwaye lubandakanya ukuxolisa; ixesha lifikile - eneneni, lide ligqithile - ukuba ubulumko, ubuchule kunye nemithombo yeshishini laseMelika lihlanjululwe ngokuchasene nabo baya kulitshabalalisa.
Uxanduva lwaBaphathi boShishino
Yintoni efanele yenziwe? Eyokuqala eyimfuneko-imfuno ephambili kulo naliphi na inyathelo elisebenzayo-kukuba oosomashishini bajongane nale ngxaki njengoxanduva oluphambili lolawulo lweshishini.
Eyona mfuno iphambili yeyokuba oosomashishini baqonde ukuba owona mcimbi unokuba kukusindaโukusinda koko sikubiza ngokuba yinkqubo yamashishini asimahla, kwaye konke oku kuthetha oko kumandla nempumelelo yeMelika kunye nenkululeko yabantu bethu.
Imini idlule xa igosa elilawulayo lequmrhu elikhulu liphumeza uxanduva lwalo ngokugcina ukukhula okwanelisayo kwengeniso, kuthathelwa ingqalelo uxanduva lwequmrhu loluntu nezentlalo. Ukuba inkqubo yethu iza kuphila, abaphathi abaphezulu kufuneka baxhalabele ngokulinganayo ukukhusela nokugcina inkqubo ngokwayo. Oku kubandakanya okungaphezulu kunogxininiso olwandisiweyo "kubudlelwane boluntu" okanye "imicimbi karhulumente" - iindawo ezimbini apho iinkampani kudala zityale imali eninzi.
Inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo asenokuba kukuchongwa kosekela mongameli (okwisikhundla kunye nezinye iiVP zesigqeba) onoxanduva lokuchasana neyona ndawo ibanzi-uhlaselo lwenkqubo yeshishini. Isebe lobudlelwane boluntu linokuba sesinye seziseko ezinikezelwe kwesi sigqeba, kodwa uxanduva lwakhe kufuneka lubandakanye ezinye zeentlobo zemisebenzi ekubhekiswa kuyo emva koko kule memorandam. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakhe kunye nabasebenzi kufuneka bawanele umsebenzi.
Indima enokwenzeka yeQumrhu lezoRhwebo
Kodwa umsebenzi ozimeleyo kunye nongalungelelanisiweyo ngamaqumrhu ngamanye, njengoko kubaluleke kakhulu oku, awuyi kwanela. Amandla alele ekulungiseleleni, ekucwangciseni nasekuphunyezweni okucokisekileyo kuluhlu olude, ukuhambelana kwezenzo kwixesha elingenammiselo leminyaka, kwisikali senkxaso-mali efumaneka kuphela ngeenzame ezidibeneyo, nakumandla ezopolitiko afumaneka kuphela ngezenzo ezimanyeneyo kunye nemibutho yesizwe.
Ngaphezu koko, kukho ukungafuni okuqondakalayo kulo naliphi na iqumrhu elinye ukuba libe kude kakhulu ngaphambili kwaye lizenze libonakale kakhulu ekujoliswe kulo.
Indima yeQumrhu leSizwe lezoRhwebo ibalulekile ke ngoko. Eminye imibutho yesizwe (ingakumbi leyo yamaqela ahlukeneyo emizi-mveliso kunye nezorhwebo) kufuneka ingenelele kumzamo, kodwa akukho mibutho ibonakala imi ngendlela efanayo neChamber. Iyonwabela indawo ecwangcisiweyo, enegama elihle kunye nesiseko esibanzi senkxaso. Kwakhona-kwaye oku kungenakulinganiswa-kukho amakhulu eeChambers zasekuhlaleni zoRhwebo ezinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo yokuxhasa.
Akukho mfuneko yokuba kuthiwe phambi kokuba iqalise nayiphi na inkqubo, iCandelo kufuneka lifunde kwaye lihlalutye iikhosi ezinokuthi zenzeke kunye nemisebenzi, ilinganisela imingcipheko ngokuchasene nokusebenza okunokwenzeka kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kwento nganye. Ukuqwalaselwa kweendleko, isiqinisekiso semali kunye nenye inkxaso evela kumalungu, ukwanela kwabasebenzi kunye neengxaki ezifanayo zonke ziya kufuna ukuqwalaselwa okucingisisiweyo.
Ikhampasi
Uhlaselo kwinkqubo yeshishini aluzange lwenziwe kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Ithe yavela kancinci kancinci kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, ingabonakali kakuhle kwimvelaphi yayo kwaye ixhamle (sic) ukusuka kumanqanaba asezantsi exhokonxa ulwazi oluncinci ngakumbi kuncinci ukusabela kokwenyani.
Nangona imvelaphi, imithombo kunye nezizathu zintsonkothile kwaye zinxibelelene, kwaye ngokucacileyo kunzima ukuchonga ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esinenkathalo, kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ikhampasi ngowona mthombo unamandla. Amandla enzululwazi yezentlalo adla ngokubandakanya amalungu angenaluvelwano kwinkqubo yoshishino. Basenokususela kuHerbert Marcuse, ilungu leFakhalthi kaMarxist kwiDyunivesithi yaseCalifornia eSan Diego, kunye neesocialists eziqinisekileyo, ukuya kumgxeki wenkululeko ongathandabuzekiyo ofumana ngaphezulu kokugxeka kunokuncoma. Amalungu anjalo akufuneki abe sisininzi. Bahlala benomtsalane kunye nemagnethi; bangabafundisi-ntsapho abakhuthazayo, yaye impikiswano yabo itsala abalandeli babafundi; bangababhali nabahlohli abachubekileyo; babhala uninzi lweencwadi zezifundo, kwaye banempembelelo enkulu kakhulu - kude kakhulu kumlinganiselo wamanani abo - koogxa babo nakwilizwe lezemfundo.
Amacandelo enzululwazi yezentlalo (inzululwazi yezopolitiko, ingcali yezoqoqosho, isazi ngentlalo yoluntu kunye nababhali-mbali abaninzi) bakholisa ukuthambekela ngokukhululekileyo, naxa abasekhohlo bengekho. Oku asikokugxeka umntu ngamnye, njengoko imfuneko yokucinga ngokukhululekileyo ibalulekile kwimbono elungeleleneyo. Ubunzima bobokuba โibhalansiโ ibonakala ngokungabikho kwayo kwiikhampasi ezininzi, amalungu ambalwa ngokwentelekiso angabo bagcina imiqathango okanye abaphembeleli abaphakathi kwaye nabambalwa ngokwentelekiso abasoloko bethetha kakhulu kwaye bendlongondlongo kunabalingane babo abakwiphulo lomnqamlezo.
Le meko ibuyela emva kwiminyaka emininzi kunye nokungalingani ngokuthe ngcembe, ibe nempembelelo enkulu kwizigidi zabafundi abancinci baseMelika. Kwinqaku elikwi<em>Barronโs Weekly, elalifuna impendulo ngesizathu sokuba abantu abaselula abaninzi benganelisekanga ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba babe ngabavukeli, kwathiwa: โKungenxa yokuba bafundiswa ngolo hlobo. Okanye, njengoko kuphawulwe ngumbhali wemihlathi uStewart Alsop, ebhala malunga ne-alma mater yakhe: โUYale, njengazo zonke ezinye iikholeji ezinkulu, uthweswa izidanga โabafana abaqaqambileyoโฆ abadelela inkqubo yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho yaseMelika.โ
Njengoko aba "bafana baqaqambileyo," bevela kwiikhampasi kulo lonke ilizwe, befuna amathuba okutshintsha inkqubo abayifundiswe ukuba bangayithembi - ukuba akunjalo, ngokwenene "bayayidelela" - bafuna umsebenzi kumaziko anamandla okwenene kunye nefuthe lethu. ilizwe, elizezi: (i) namajelo eendaba, ngakumbi umabonakude; (ii) kurhulumente, โnjengabasebenziโ nabacebisi kumanqanaba ngamanqanaba; (iii) kwipolitiki yonyulo; (iv) njengabahlohli nababhali, kunye (v) nakumacandelo ngamanqanaba emfundo.
Abaninzi bangena kwinkqubo yeshishini-kushishino kunye nobugcisa-kwaye ubukhulu becala bafumanisa ngokukhawuleza ubuxoki bento abayifundisiweyo. Kodwa abo baphepha ubuninzi benkqubo bahlala bekwizikhundla eziphambili zempembelelo apho babumba uluvo loluntu kwaye bahlala bebumba isenzo sikarhulumente. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi โngqondiโ ziphelela kwii-arhente zolawulo okanye kumasebe karhulumente anegunya elikhulu phezu kwenkqubo yoshishino abangakholelwa kuyo.
Ukuba uhlalutyo olungaphambili lumalunga nesandi, umsebenzi ophambili weshishini - kunye nemibutho efana neChamber - kukujongana nemvelaphi yekhampasi yale ntiyo. Zimbalwa izinto ezingcwaliswe ngakumbi kubomi baseMelika kunenkululeko yokufunda. Kuya kuba yingozi ukuhlasela oku njengomgaqo. Kodwa ukuba inkululeko yemfundo kukugcina iimpawu "zokungafihli," "ubulungisa" kunye "nokulinganisela" - eziyimfuneko kukubaluleka kwayo kwengqondo - kukho ithuba elikhulu lesenzo esakhayo. Undoqo wenyathelo elinjalo mawube kukubuyisela ezi mpawu zikhankanywe ngasentla kuluntu lwezemfundo.
Yintoni enokwenziwa malunga neKhampasi
Olona xanduva lwemfezeko yengqondo ekhampasini kufuneka luhlale kulawulo kunye nezakhono zeekholeji zethu kunye neeyunivesithi. Kodwa imibutho efana neChamber inokuncedisa kwaye ivule utshintsho olwakhayo ngeendlela ezininzi, kubandakanywa nezi zilandelayo:
Abasebenzi beeMfundi
I-Chamber kufuneka icinge ngokuseka abasebenzi beengcali eziqeqeshwe kakhulu kwiinzululwazi zentlalo abakholelwa kwinkqubo. Kufuneka ibandakanye uninzi lwesidima sesizwe esinobunikazi obunokuhlonitshwa ngokubanzi - nokuba ungavumelani.
Abasebenzi bezithethi
Kufuneka kwakhona kubekho abasebenzi bezithethi zobona buchule buphezulu. Aba banokubandakanya abaphengululi, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abo bathethela iCandelo kuya kufuneka bayichaze imveliso yabaphengululi.
IQumrhu leSithethi
Ukongeza kubasebenzi bexesha elizeleyo, i-Chamber kufuneka ibe ne-Bureau yeSithethi ekufuneka iquke abameli abanamandla nabasebenzayo abasuka kumanqanaba aphezulu oshishino lwaseMelika.
Ukuvavanywa kweencwadi zezifundo
Abasebenzi beengcali (okanye ngokukhethekileyo igqiza labaphengululi abazimeleyo) kufuneka baphonononge iincwadi zezifundo zesayensi yezentlalo, ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho, inzululwazi yezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle. Oku kufuneka kube yinkqubo eqhubekayo.
Injongo yolo vavanyo ifanele ijoliswe ekubuyiseleni ulungelelwano oluyimfuneko kwinkululeko yokwenene yemfundo. Oku kuya kuquka isiqinisekiso sempatho enobulungisa neyinyani yenkqubo yethu karhulumente kunye nenkqubo yethu yoshishino, impumelelo yayo, unxulumano olusisiseko namalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko, kunye nothelekiso neenkqubo zobusoshiyali, ubufasi nobukomanisi. Uninzi lweencwadi zezifundo ezikhoyo zinolunye uhlobo lothelekiso, kodwa ezininzi zingaphaya, zinomkhethe kwaye azinabulungisa.
Siye sabona umbutho wamalungelo oluntu ugxininisa ekubhaleni kwakhona uninzi lweencwadi zezifundo kwiiyunivesithi nakwizikolo zethu. Imibutho yabasebenzi nayo inyanzelisa ukuba iincwadi zezifundo zifaneleke ngokweembono zabasebenzi. Amanye amaqela abemi abanomdla awazange alibazise ukuphonononga, ukuhlalutya kunye nokugxeka iincwadi zezifundo kunye nezixhobo zokufundisa. Kuluntu lwedemokhrasi, oku kunokuba yinkqubo eyakhayo kwaye kufuneka ithathwe njengoncedo kwinkululeko yokwenene yemfundo kwaye ingabi njengokungenelela kuyo.
Ukuba ababhali, abapapashi kunye nabasebenzisi beencwadi zezifundo bayazi ukuba baya kuxhomekeka - ngokunyanisekileyo, ngokufanelekileyo nangokucokisekileyo - ukuphonononga kunye nokugxeka ngabaphengululi ababalaseleyo abakholelwa kwinkqubo yaseMelika, ukubuyela kwibhalansi enengqondo kunokulindeleka.
Ixesha elilinganayo kwiKhampasi
I-Chamber kufuneka igxininise ngexesha elilinganayo kwisekethe yokuthetha yasekholejini. I-FBI ipapasha nyaka ngamnye uluhlu lweentetho ezenziwa kwiikholeji zekholeji ngamaKomanisi aziwayo. Inani ngowe-1970 liye ladlula i-100. Kambe ke, kwavela izihlandlo ezingamakhulu ngabalandeli basekhohlo nabenkululeko enkulu ababekhuthaza iintlobo zeembono ezichazwe ngaphambilana kule memorandam. Kwakungekho ukumelwa okuhambelanayo kweshishini laseMelika, okanye ngokwenene ngabantu okanye imibutho evele ixhasa inkqubo yaseMelika yorhulumente kunye noshishino.
Ikhampasi nganye inamaqela ayo asemthethweni nangekho sikweni amema izithethi. Isikolo somthetho ngasinye senza into enye. Iiyunivesithi ezininzi kunye neekholeji zixhasa ngokusemthethweni iinkqubo zentetho nokuthetha. Sonke siyakwazi ukusilela kokumelwa kweshishini kwiinkqubo.
Kuya kuthiwa zimbalwa izimemo eziya kuhanjiswa kwizithethi zeCandelo. Oku ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuya kuba yinyani ngaphandle kokuba iGunya linyanzelise ngokungqongqo ilungelo lokumanyelwa - enyanisweni, linyanzelise "ixesha elilinganayo." Abalawuli beDyunivesithi kunye nesininzi samaqela abafundi kunye neekomiti azinakuvuma ukubekwa kwindawo esidlangalaleni yokwala iqonga leembono ezahlukeneyo, eneneni, esi sesona sizathu sokuvumela amaKomanisi ukuba athethe.
Izithako ezibini ezibalulekileyo zezi (i) ukuba nezithethi ezinomtsalane, ezicacileyo nezinolwazi; kunye (ii) nokunikezela naluphi na umlinganiselo woxinzelelo - esidlangalaleni nangasese - kunokuba yimfuneko ukuqinisekisa amathuba okuthetha. Injongo isoloko ifanele ibe kukwazisa nokukhanyisela, ingabi kukusasaza nje iindaba ezilungileyo.
Ukulungelelaniswa kweFaculty
Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki ingundoqo kukungalingani kwamacandelo amaninzi. Ukulungisa oku ngokwenene yiprojekthi yexesha elide kwaye inzima. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka yenziwe njengenxalenye yeprogram epheleleyo. Oku kuya kuthetha inkuthazo yemfuno yolungelelwaniso lwefakhalthi kubalawuli beeyunivesithi kunye neebhodi zabaphathiswa.
Iindlela eziza kusetyenziswa zifuna ukucingisiswa ngenyameko, yaye imigibe ecacileyo imele iphetshwe. Uxinzelelo olungafanelekanga luya kuba luncedo. Kodwa iingqiqo ezisisiseko zokulinganisela, ubulungisa kunye nenyaniso kunzima ukuxhathisa, ukuba zinikezelwe ngokufanelekileyo kwiibhodi zabaphathiswa, ngokubhala kunye nokuthetha, kunye nezibheno kwimibutho yabafundi kunye namaqela.
Le yindlela ende hayi eyeyabatyhafileyo. Kodwa ukuba kulandelwa ngentembeko nokuqiniseka kunokukhokelela ekomelezeni inkululeko yezifundo ekhampasini nakwiinqobo ezisemgangathweni ezenze iMelika yaba yeyona ivelisa imveliso kulo lonke uluntu.
Izikolo zesidanga soShishino
I-Chamber kufuneka yonwabele ubudlelwane obuthile kunye nezikolo ezinezidanga ezikhulayo zoshishino. Kuninzi okucetyiswe apha ngasentla kusebenza kwizikolo ezilolu hlobo.
Ngaba iBhunga alifanele liphinde licele iikhosi ezithile kwizikolo ezilolu hlobo ezijongene nawo wonke ummandla wengxaki esonjululwe yile memorandam? Olu luqeqesho ngoku oluyimfuneko kubaphathi bexesha elizayo.
Imfundo ezayo
Ngelixa eyona nto iphambili ifanele ibe kwinqanaba lekholeji, le mikhwa ikhankanywe ngasentla iya isanda ubungqina kwizikolo eziphakamileyo. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo iiprogram zentshukumo, ezilungiselelwe izikolo eziphakamileyo nezifana nezo zikhankanyiweyo. Ukuphunyezwa kwayo kunokuba yinkqubo enkulu yamagumbi orhwebo asekuhlaleni, nangona ulawulo kunye nesikhokelo - ngakumbi ukulawulwa komgangatho - kufuneka kugcinwe yiNdlu yeSizwe.
Yintoni Enokwenziwa Ngoluntu?
Ukufikelela kwikhampasi nakwizikolo zasesekondari kubalulekile kwixesha elide. Ukufikelela kuluntu ngokubanzi kunokubaluleka ngakumbi kwixesha elifutshane. Into yokuqala ebalulekileyo kukuseka iintonga zabaphengululi ababalaseleyo, ababhali nezithethi, abaya kwenza ukucinga, ukuhlalutya, ukubhala nokuthetha. Kuya kuba yimfuneko kwakhona ukuba kubekho abasebenzi abawazi kakuhle amajelo eendaba, kunye nendlela enempumelelo yokunxibelelana noluntu. Phakathi kweendlela ezicacileyo zezi zilandelayo:
Television
Uthungelwano lukamabonakude kazwelonke kufuneka lubekwe esweni ngendlela efanayo nekufuneka iincwadi zezifundo zigcinwe phantsi kweliso elibukhali. Oku akusebenzi nje kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkqubo zemfundo (ezifana "nokuthengisa iPentagon"), kodwa "kuhlalutyo lweendaba" lwemihla ngemihla oluhlala lubandakanya olona hlobo lukhohlisayo lokugxekwa kwenkqubo yeshishini. Enoba oku kugxekwa kubangelwa bubutshaba okanye kukungabi nalwazi kwezoqoqosho, umphumo kukuwohloka ngokuthe ngcembe kwentembelo โkwishishiniโ nakushishino olukhululekileyo.
Oku kubeka esweni, ukuze kusebenze, kuya kufuna ukuvavanywa rhoqo kweetekisi zeesampulu ezaneleyo zeenkqubo. Izikhalazo - kumajelo eendaba kunye neKhomishoni yoNxibelelwano lwe-Federal - kufuneka zenziwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziqine xa iinkqubo zingalunganga okanye zingachanekanga.
Ixesha elilinganayo kufuneka lifunwe xa kufanelekile. Kufuneka kwenziwe umzamo wokubona ukuba iinkqubo zohlobo lweforum (uMboniso kaNamhla, i-Meet the Press, njl.njl.) zinika ithuba ubuncinane kubaxhasi benkqubo yaseMelika ukuba bathathe inxaxheba njengoko ezi nkqubo zisenza kwabo bayihlaselayo.
Ezinye imidiya
Unomathotholo kunye noonondaba nazo zibalulekile, kwaye zonke iindlela ezikhoyo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukucela umngeni kunye nokuchasa uhlaselo olungenabulungisa, kunye nokunikezela ngengxelo eqinisekisiweyo ngala majelo eendaba.
IiJenali zezifundo
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba โiFaculty of Scholarsโ yeChamber ipapashe. Esinye sezitshixo kwimpumelelo yamalungu e-liberal kunye ne-leftist ibikukuthanda kwabo "ukupapasha" kunye "nokufundisa." Umdla ofanayo kufuneka ubekho phakathi kwabaphengululi beChamber.
Inkuthazo isenokuyilwa ukuphembelela ngakumbi โupapashoโ ngabaphengululi abazimeleyo abakholelwayo kule nkqubo.
Kufuneka kubekho ukuqukuqela okuthe gqolo kwamanqaku eengcali ezinikezelwe kuluhlu olubanzi lweemagazini kunye namaphepha-ncwadi-ukususela kwiimagazini ezidumileyo (uBomi, iJonga, i-Reader's Digest, njl.njl.) ukuya kwezonachubekileyo (iAtlantiki, iHarper, uPhononongo lwangoMgqibelo, iNew York, njl.njl.) nakwiijenali ezahlukeneyo zobuchwephesha.
Iincwadi, iiPhepha kunye neencwadana
Iindaba zimi - kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya, iivenkile zeziyobisi, nakwezinye iindawo-zizaliswe ngamaphepha kunye namaphecana akhuthaza yonke into ukusuka kwinguqu ukuya kuthando lwasimahla. Omnye akafumani maphepha anomtsalane, abhalwe kakuhle okanye amaphecana โkwicala lethu.โ Kuya kuba nzima ukukhuphisana no-Eldridge Cleaver okanye uCharles Reich ukuba athathele ingqalelo umfundi, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba umzamo wenziwa - kwinqanaba elikhulu elaneleyo kunye nengcamango efanelekileyo yokuqinisekisa impumelelo ethile - eli thuba lokufundisa uluntu luya kulahleka ngokungenakuphikiswa. .
Izibhengezo ezihlawulelweyo
Amashishini ahlawula amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kumajelo eendaba ukuze enze izibhengezo. Uninzi lwale luxhasa iimveliso ezithile; uninzi lwayo luxhasa ukwenziwa kwemifanekiso yeziko; kwaye elinye iqhezu layo liyayixhasa inkqubo. Kodwa le yokugqibela ibe ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-tangential, kwaye kunqabile ukuba ibe yinxalenye yomzamo ozinzileyo, omkhulu wokwazisa nokukhanyisa abantu baseMelika.
Ukuba ishishini laseMelika linikezele kuphela i-10% yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwentengiso yonyaka iyonke kule njongo iyonke, iya kuba yinkcitho efana ne-stateman.
IBala Lezopolitiko Elingahoywanga
Kuhlalutyo lokugqibela, intlawulo - i-short-of revolution - yinto eyenziwa ngurhulumente. Ishishini ibiyeyona nkwenkwe ithandwayo ngabapolitiki abaninzi iminyaka emininzi. Kodwa umlinganiselo wokuba oku kuhambe kangakanani mhlawumbi ufunyenwe ngcono kwiimbono ezichasene neshishini ngoku ezibonakaliswa ngabaviwa abaninzi abakhokelayo kuMongameli wase-United States.
Iseyimfundiso kaMarx yokuba amazwe โoongxowankuluโ alawulwa ngamashishini amakhulu. Le mfundiso, ehlala iyinxalenye yepropaganda yasekhohlo kwihlabathi liphela, inoluntu olubanzi lokulandela phakathi kwabantu baseMelika.
Ukanti, njengoko wonke umphathi wamashishini esazi, bambalwa abantu baseMerika namhlanje abanempembelelo encinane kurhulumente njengosomashishini waseMerika, iqumrhu, okanye kwanezigidi zabanini-masheya eenkampani. Ukuba umntu uyathandabuza oku, makathathe indima ye "lobbyist" kwindawo yokujonga ishishini phambi kweekomiti zeCongressional. Imeko efanayo ifumaneka kwiiholo zomthetho zamazwe amaninzi kunye nezixeko ezikhulu. Umntu akayibaxi into yokuba, ngokwempembelelo yezopolitiko ngokubhekiselele kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye nesenzo sikarhulumente, isigqeba sezoshishino saseMelika ngokwenene "yindoda elityelweyo."
Imizekelo yangoku yokungabi namandla kweshishini, nokujongelwa phantsi kweembono zoosomashishini, kukunyathela kobezobupolitika ukuxhasa phantse nawuphi na umthetho ophathelele โukuthengaโ okanye โnemeko-bume.โ
Abezopolitiko babonisa oko bakholelwa ukuba ziimbono zesininzi zabantu babo. Kucacile ke ngoko ukuba inkoliso yabezopolitiko bagqiba kwelokuba uluntu alunavelwano kangako ngosomashishini okanye ngeembono zakhe.
Iinkqubo zemfundo ezicetyiswe ngasentla ziya kuyilwa ukuba zikhanyise ukucinga koluntu - hayi kakhulu malunga nosomashishini kunye nendima yakhe yomntu ngamnye malunga nenkqubo ayilawulayo, nebonelela ngempahla, iinkonzo kunye nemisebenzi ilizwe lethu lixhomekeke kuyo.
Kodwa umntu makangalihlehli inyathelo lezopolitiko elithe ngqo ngakumbi, ngelixa elindele utshintsho oluthe chu kwimbono yoluntu oluza kwenziwa ngemfundo nolwazi. Ishishini kufuneka lifunde isifundo, esifundwe kudala ngabasebenzi kunye namanye amaqela azingcayo. Esi sisifundo sokuba amandla ezopolitiko ayimfuneko; ukuba loo mandla kufuneka ahlakulelwe ngokucokisekileyo; kwaye ukuba xa kuyimfuneko, kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokukrakra kunye nokuzimisela - ngaphandle kokuhlazeka kwaye ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuye kwaba yimpawu yezoshishino zaseMelika.
Nanjengoko isenokungamkeleki kwi-Chamber, kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo indima ebanzi nenamandla ngakumbi kwiqonga lezopolitiko.
Ithuba Elingahoywayo kwiiNkundla
Ishishini laseMelika kunye nenkqubo yoshishino iye yachatshazelwa kakhulu ziinkundla njengamasebe alawulayo kunye nezomthetho karhulumente. Phantsi kwenkqubo yethu yomgaqo-siseko, ngakumbi ngeNkundla ePhakamileyo ecinga ngokuba ngumtshantliziyo, inkundla inokuba sesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokutshintsha kwezentlalo, kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko.
Eminye imibutho kunye namaqela, ikuqonda oku, ibe nobukrelekrele kakhulu ekuxhaphazeni amanyathelo enkundla kuneshishini laseMelika. Mhlawumbi abona baxhaphazi basebenzayo benkqubo yokugweba ibe ngamaqela asuka kulwakhiwo lwezopolitiko ukusuka โkwinkululekoโ ukuya ngasekhohlo.
I-American Civil Liberties Union ngomnye umzekelo. Iqalisa okanye ingenelele kuthotho lwamatyala ngonyaka ngamnye, kwaye ifaka amagqabantshintshi e-amicus curiae kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kumatyala amaninzi ngexesha ngalinye laloo nkundla. Imibutho yabasebenzi, amaqela amalungelo oluntu kwaye ngoku iifem zamagqwetha ezinomdla kuluntu zisebenza ngokugqithisileyo kwinkundla yenkundla. Impumelelo yabo, rhoqo kwiindleko zeshishini, ayizange ibe yinto engenamsebenzi.
Le yindawo enkulu yamathuba kwi-Chamber, ukuba izimisele ukwenza indima yommeli weshishini laseMelika kwaye ukuba, ngoko ke, ishishini lizimisele ukubonelela ngemali.
Ngokuphathelele kwizifundiswa nezithethi, iCandelo liya kufuna abasebenzi abanobuchule obuphezulu bamagqwetha. Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo kufuneka igunyazwe ukuba lithethathethane, livele njengomcebisi amicus kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, amagqwetha okuma kwesizwe kunye nodumo. Eyona nkathalo iphezulu kufuneka isetyenziswe ekukhetheni amatyala ekuza kuthatyathwa kuwo inxaxheba, okanye iisuti eziya kuqaliswa. Kodwa ithuba lifanele umgudu ofunekayo.
Amandla oMnini-zabelo angahoywanga
Ilungu eliqhelekileyo loluntu licinga "ngeshishini" njengequmrhu elingenabuntu, eliphethwe ngabatyebi kakhulu kwaye lilawulwa ngabaphathi abahlawulwa kakhulu. Phantse kukho ukusilela ngokupheleleyo ekuqondeni ukuba "ishishini" ngokwenene libandakanya - ngandlela thile okanye enye - uninzi lwabantu baseMelika. Abo ishishini libonelela ngemisebenzi kubo, benza udidi olucacileyo. Kodwa abanini-masheya abazizigidi ezingama-20 - uninzi lwabo abangathathi ntweni - ngabanini bokwenyani, oosomashishini bokwenyani, ongxowankulu bokwenyani phantsi kwenkqubo yethu. Babonelela ngenkunzi ephembelela inkqubo yezoqoqosho evelise owona mgangatho uphakamileyo wokuphila kuyo yonke imbali. Ukanti, abanini-zabelo baye bangasebenzi njengabaphathi bamashishini ekukhuthazeni ukuqonda kokwenene inkqubo yethu okanye ekusebenziseni impembelelo yezobupolitika.
Umbuzo ofanele uviwo olucokisekileyo ngowokuba ubunzima kunye nefuthe labanini-masheya - abavoti abazizigidi ezingama-20 - bangahlanganiswa njani ukuze baxhase (i) inkqubo yemfundo kunye (ii) nenkqubo yentshukumo yezopolitiko.
Iinkampani ezizimeleyo ngoku ziyafuneka ukuba zenze iingxelo ezininzi kubaninizabelo. Iinkampani ezininzi zineemagazini โzeendabaโ ezixabisa kakhulu eziya kubasebenzi nakubanini-zabelo. La mathuba okunxibelelana anokusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi njengamajelo okufundisa.
Iqumrhu ngokwalo kufuneka lizibambe ekuthatheni amanyathelo ezopolitiko kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, kufuneka lithobele imithetho esebenzayo. Kodwa ngaba akunakwenzeka - ngokusebenzisa i-Chamber okanye ngenye indlela-ukuseka umbutho wesizwe wabanini bama-stockholders baseMelika kwaye unike umsipha owaneleyo ukuba ube nefuthe?
Isimo Sengqondo Sobundlongondlongo
Amashishini anomdla - ngakumbi amashishini amakhulu kunye nemibutho yabo yorhwebo yelizwe - bazamile ukugcina iiprofayili eziphantsi, ngakumbi malunga nezenzo zezopolitiko.
Njengoko kucetyisiwe kwinqaku leWall Street Journal, kuye kwaba luphawu olufanelekileyo lwesigqeba seshishini esiphakathi ukuba sinyamezele - ubuncinci esidlangalaleni - kwabo bahlasela iqumrhu lakhe kunye nenkqubo. Bambalwa kakhulu oosomashishini okanye imibutho yoshishino esabelayo ngolo hlobo. Kubekho utyekelo lokungxengxeza; ukugqala inkcaso njengekulungeleyo ukulalanisa, okanye enokuthi ishwabene ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Ushishino luzikhwebule kwezopolitiko. Ishishini, ngokuqondakalayo, liye lagxothwa ngobuninzi "beemfuno" ezingenakuxoxisana ezenziwa rhoqo ngamaqela anomdla kuzo zonke iintlobo.
Ngelixa imibutho yeshishini enoxanduva, okanye iChamber of Commerce yase-United States, ayinakubandakanyeka kumaqhinga angakhathaliyo amanye amaqela oxinzelelo, kubalulekile ukuba izithethi zenkqubo yeshishini - kuwo onke amanqanaba nakuwo onke amathuba - babe ndlongo kakhulu kunakwinkqubo yeshishini. elidlulileyo.
Akumele kubekho ukuthandabuza ukuhlasela iiNaders, iiMarcuses kunye nabanye abafuna ngokuphandle ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkqubo. Akufunekanga kubekho nokuthandabuza nokuncinci ukucinezela ngamandla kuwo onke amaqonga ezopolitiko ukuxhasa inkqubo yoshishino. Kananjalo akufanele kubekho ukuthandabuza ukohlwaya ngokwezobupolitika abo bachasayo.
Izifundo zinokufundwa kubasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo malunga noku. Intloko ye-AFL-CIO ayinakubhenela oosomashishini njengabona bantu bathandekayo okanye abathanda uluntu. Ukanti, ukutyhubela iminyaka iintloko zemibutho yabasebenzi belizwe ziye zenza oko bezihlawulwa ukuze zikwenze ngempumelelo. Basenokuba babengathandwa, kodwa baye bahlonitshwa - apho kubaluleke kakhulu - ngabezopolitiko, kwikhampasi, kunye naphakathi kweendaba.
Lixesha lokuba ishishini laseMelika - eliye labonisa amandla amakhulu kuyo yonke imbali yokuvelisa kunye nokuphembelela izigqibo zabathengi - ukusebenzisa iitalente zabo ezinkulu ngamandla ekugcinweni kwenkqubo ngokwayo.
Ixabiso
Uhlobo lweprogram echazwe ngasentla (ebandakanya indibaniselwano esekelwe ngokubanzi yemfundo kunye nezenzo zezopolitiko), ukuba ithathwa ixesha elide kwaye inabasebenzi abafanelekileyo, iya kufuna inkxaso yemali eninzi kakhulu evela kumaqumrhu aseMelika kunokuba iQumrhu liyifumene ngaphambili. Intatho-nxaxheba yolawulo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu kwimicimbi yeCandelo nayo iya kufuneka.
Abasebenzi beCandelo kuya kufuneka bandiswe ngokubonakalayo, kunye nomgangatho ophakamileyo osekwe kwaye ugcinwe. Imivuzo kuya kufuneka ibe kumanqanaba athelekiseka ngokupheleleyo nabo baphathi bamashishini bahlawulwayo kunye nawona malungu ahloniphekileyo. Kuza kufuneka kugaywe amagcisa anobuchule obubalaseleyo ekubhengezeni nasekusebenzeni namajelo eendaba, izithethi, amagqwetha nezinye iingcaphephe.
Kungenzeka ukuba umbutho weChamber ngokwawo uza kuzuza ngokuhlenga-hlengisa. Umzekelo, njengoko kucetyisiwe ngamava omanyano, iofisi kaMongameli weChamber inokuba sisikhundla esisisigxina somsebenzi. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kunye nokuqhubekeka, igosa elilawulayo eliyintloko leNdlu akufuneki litshintshwe ngonyaka ngamnye. Imisebenzi ngoku ubukhulu becala eyenziwa nguMongameli inokutshintshelwa kuSihlalo weBhodi, onyulwa rhoqo ngonyaka ngamalungu. Ibhodi, ngokuqinisekileyo, iya kuqhubeka ukusebenzisa ulawulo lomgaqo-nkqubo.
Ulawulo loMgangatho lubalulekile
Izithako ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo yonke kufuneka zibe luxanduva kunye "nolawulo lomgangatho." Iimpapasho, amanqaku, iintetho, iinkqubo zamajelo eendaba, izibhengezo, izibhengezo ezifakwe ezinkundleni, nokuvela phambi kweekomiti zowiso-mthethoโzonke zimele zifikelele eyona migangatho ichanileyo yokuchaneka nokugqwesa emsebenzini. Bamele bafanelwe yintlonipho yenqanaba labo loxanduva loluntu kunye ne-scholarship, nokuba umntu uyavumelana nezimvo ezivakalisiweyo okanye hayi.
Ubudlelwane neNkululeko
Isisongelo kwinkqubo yoshishino asingombandela nje wezoqoqosho. Ikwasisisongelo kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye.
Yiyo le nyaniso inkulu - ngoku ifakwe kwi-rhetoric ye-New Left kunye ne-liberals ezininzi-ekufuneka iphinde iqinisekiswe ukuba le nkqubo iya kuba nentsingiselo.
Kubonakala kukho ukuqonda okuncinci ukuba iindlela ezizezinye zeshishini elikhululekileyo ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo olawulo lwe-bureaucratic yenkululeko yomntu - ukusuka kwelo liphantsi kobusoshiyali obuphakathi ukuya kwisithende sentsimbi sozwilakhe basekhohlo okanye abalungileyo.
Thina eMelika sele sihambele kude kakhulu kwimiba ethile yobusoshiyali bombuso, njengoko iimfuno kunye nobunzima boluntu olukhulu lwasezidolophini lufuna iindidi zolawulo nolawulo ebezingeyomfuneko kumaxesha angaphambili. Kweminye imimandla, olo lawulo nolawulo sele luyichaphazele ngokunzulu inkululeko yoshishino neyabasebenzi, kunye neyoluntu ngokubanzi. Kodwa uninzi lweenkululeko ezibalulekileyo luhlala lukhona: ubunini babucala, ingeniso yabucala, imibutho yabasebenzi, uthethathethwano oluhlangeneyo, ukhetho lwabathengi, kunye noqoqosho lwemarike apho ukhuphiswano ubukhulu becala lumisela ixabiso, umgangatho kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeempahla kunye neenkonzo ezibonelelwa ngumthengi.
Ukongeza kuhlaselo lweengcamango kwinkqubo ngokwayo (exoxiwe kule memorandam), izinto eziyimfuneko nazo zisongelwa yirhafu engalinganiyo, kwaye - ngoku kutshanje - ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso okubonakala kungalawuleki. Kodwa nokuba zithini na izizathu zokuncipha kwenkululeko yezoqoqosho, inyaniso yeyokuba inkululeko njengengcamango ayinakwahlulwa. Njengoko amava obusoshiyali kunye namazwe angoozwilakhe ebonisa, ukucutheka kunye nokuvinjwa kwenkululeko yezoqoqosho kulandelwa ngokungenakuthintelwa yimiqathango karhulumente kwamanye amalungelo axabisekileyo. Ngulo myalezo, ngaphezu kwayo yonke eminye, ekufuneka isiwe ekhaya kubantu baseMelika.
isiphelo
Akukho mfuneko yokuba kuthiwe ezi zimvo zichazwe ngasentla zezethutyana kwaye ziyacebisa. Inyathelo lokuqala lifanele libe lufundisiso olucokisekileyo. Kodwa oku kuya kuba lilize ngaphandle kokuba iBhodi yabaLawuli beCandelo iyawamkela umgaqo osisiseko weli phepha, othi, ushishino kunye nenkqubo yoshishino isengxakini enzulu, kwaye ilixa lihambile.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela