Ngenxa yokuba iJapan yakhetha ukuhlasela iindawo ezininzi zamakholoni aseNtshona, imfazwe yasePasifiki yabonisa ubuhlanga obuvela kwisakhiwo sobukoloniyali. EUnited States naseBritani, amaJapan ayethiywe ngakumbi kunamaJamani. Ikhadi lomdyarho lidlalwe kwihilt ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-Allied propaganda. Ikhuthazwe yi-lobby yaseTshayina ekhulayo kunye nabakhuseli borhwebo baseMelika abakhwazayo malunga nempahla yaseJapan engabizi, eli phulo ekugqibeleni liya kunceda uluntu lwaseMelika ukuba lube yimfazwe, indawo echasene neJapan. Ngowe-1938, njengoko umbhali-mbali uMichael CC Adams ebhala, ukuvota kwabonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi baseMelika baluthanda uncedo lwasemkhosini eTshayina kuneBritane okanye eFransi. Nangaphezulu kune-Third Reich, iJapan yayiyi-villain yase-US yokuzikhethela.
Umbhali uJohn Dower uthi: โAmanqaku awayesoloko ethetha ngezenzo zenkohlakalo zaseJapan, anikela ingxelo engento ngembubhiso yamaYuda, yaye ukuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo akuzange kukhankanywe kwaukukhankanywa kungcelele [lwefilimu] uFrank Capra olwalujoliswe Umkhosi waseMelika. "
Amajoni aseJapan (kwaye, kulo mbandela, onke amaJapan) ayeqhele ukubhekiswa kuwo kwaye afanekiselwa njengabantu abangaphantsi: izinambuzane, iinkawu, iinkawu, iimpuku, okanye ama-barbarians ekufuneka acinywe okanye atshatyalaliswe. Ikhathuni yeAmerican Legion Magazine yeenkawu kumyezo wezilwanyana eyayixhome umqondiso othi, โNakuphi na ukufana phakathi kwethu neeJaps kuyenzeka ngamabona-ndenzileโ yayiyinto eqhelekileyo.
Uhlolisiso olwenziwa ngoMkhosi waseUnited States ngowe-1943 lwafumanisa ukuba phantse isiqingatha sazo zonke iiGIs sasikholelwa ukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba kubulawe wonke umJapan osemhlabeni ngaphambi kokuba kubekho uxolo. Abaphathi babo eWashington babonakala bevumelana. NgoDisemba 1943, njengoko uAdams ephawula, kwakukho imikhosi kunye nezixhobo ezininzi kwiPasifiki kunaseYurophu kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba imijikelo ye-artillery ye-1,589 yadutyulwa ukubulala ijoni ngalinye laseJapan.
Njengoko uhlolisiso lukaDisemba 1945 lweFortune lwatyhila, iimvakalelo zaseMerika ngamaJapan azizange zithobe emva kwemfazwe. Phantse amashumi amabini anesithathu ekhulwini kwabo babuzwayo banqwenela ukuba iUnited States ngeyayiwise โezininzi ngakumbi [iibhombu zeathom] ngaphambi kokuba amaJapan afumane ithuba lokunikezela.โ
Olu phawu lukhohlakeleyo lwentiyo yokubulawa kwabantu yaba sisiphumo somzamo omkhulu wobudlelwane boluntu ukwenza idemoni utshaba ePacific kwaye ngaloo ndlela uthethelela nantoni na egameni loloyiso. Umzekelo omhle unokufunyanwa kwi<em>New York Times xa iphephandaba lengxelo lalikhupha isibhengezo esasibonisa isixhobo somlilo esasisetyenziselwa ukubulala abantu baseJapan, sinomxholo othi: โUkususa Indlwane Yeempuku.โ
Kunye neenjengele ezinjengoMhlekazi waseOstreliya uThomas Blamey exelela imikhosi yakhe ukuba, โNgaphantsi kwembonakalo ebhityileyo yezizukulwana ezimbalwa zempucuko, [amaJapan] lirhamncwa elingenabuntu,โ isiphithiphithi esondlayo sokungazi kunye nokuchasana kobuhlanga kwafikelela incopho kwimikhosi eManyeneyo edlala indima yethu. indima yabo emiselwe kwangaphambili kwisiprofeto esizizalisekisayo. Ukuba umntu ongaphantsi komntu uya kulwa ade afe njengesilwanyana, abo basilwela kwicala lokulungileyo babeshiywe bengenandlela yimbi ngaphandle kokuba baxhele ngokungenanceba. Ekubeni amajoni aseJapan ayephantsi kwengcinezelo yokunganikezeli yaye ngokufuthi ayebulawa xa enjenjalo, oku kwaba sisiprofeto esizizalisekisayo.
UNjengele Blamey kamva uxelele iNew York Times: โUkulwa neJaps akufani nokulwa nabantu abaqhelekileyo. IJap ingumntu obhadlileโฆ Asijongani nabantu njengoko sibazi. Sijongene nento yakudala. Imikhosi yethu inombono ochanekileyo weJaps. Bazijonga njengezinambuzane.โ
Le dissertation icatshulwe yi Times kwiphepha lokuqala.
UEugene B. Sledge, umbhali wencwadi ethi With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa, wabhala ngamaqabane akhe โevuna amazinyo egolideโ kutshaba olufileyo. E-Okinawa, uSledge wangqina, "eyona nto inyanyekayo endakha ndayibona iMelika iyenza emfazweni"-xa igosa laseMarine limi phezu kwesidumbu saseJapan laza lachamela emlonyeni walo.
Kwakungekho kunqongophala kwamabali othusayo malunga nezenzo zenkohlakalo zaseJapan ukukhuthaza ubutshaba obunjalo kwaye uninzi lwazo lwaluyinyani. Kumabanjwa angama-235,473 ase-US nase-UK axelwe ukuba athinjwe yiJamani kunye ne-Italiyane zidityanisiwe, kuphela ipesenti ezi-4 (9,348) zafa ngelixa i-27 yeepesenti eyothusayo ye-Anglo-American POWs yaseJapan (35,756 ye-132,134) ayizange iphile. Enyanisweni, ngokudlwengulwa kweNanking, iBataan Death March, kunye neziganeko ezifana naxa iiMarines eGuadalcanal zahlaselwa ngamajoni aseJapan azenza ngathi anikezela, i-litany yolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe yaseJapan ayizange ifune ukuhonjiswa okukhulu ukuze ivuse ingqumbo yeAllied. Ukuziphatha okulandelayo kwamadoda alwa namaJapan ePasifiki (kunye nabo bawahluthayo babuyela ekhaya) yayisisiphumo nje esilindelekileyo sephulo elibulalayo lokukhohlisa kunye nepropaganda ngokuchasene notshaba, olwaludla ngokudlala kanye kolo loyiko. Iziphumo, nangona zixelwa kwangaphambili, azikho zimbi kangako.
UDower unikela le ngxelo: โNgoAprili 1943, iLanga laseBaltimore laba nebali elingomama wasekuhlaleni owacela abasemagunyeni ukuba bamvumele unyana wakhe ukuba amthumelele indlebe awayesike ijoni laseJapan kuMzantsi Pasifiki. Wayenqwenela ukuyibethelela kumnyango wakhe wangaphambili ukuze wonke umntu abonwe.โ
Kwinkupho ye-1943 ye-Leatherneck, i-Marine Marine, ifoto yezidumbu zaseJapan yayibhalwe ngaphezulu kombhalo othi: "I-JAPS ELUNGILEYO ifile iiJaps." NgoMatshi 15,
Inkupho yowe-1943 ye<em>Time yalandela umzekelo wayo ngokunikela ingxelo ngaphandle kokugxekwa โngomlo obhabhayo obhabhayo ejika izikhephe zokuhlangula ezirhuqwa zizikhephe zeenqwelo-mafutha zaza zapakishwa ngabasindi baseJap, kwizisefu ezinegazi.โ
Ivela phi ihambo enjalo? Indawo enye yokufuya yinkampu yoqeqesho. Qwalasela le ngoma ye-boot yase-US Marine Corps:
โDlwenguleni idolophu nibulale abantu, nantso ke into esithanda ukuyenza! Dlwengulela idolophu kwaye ubulale abantu, yiloo nto kuphela yokwenza! Jonga abantwana bekhala bekhwaza, bedlwengula idolophu kwaye babulale abantu, yiloo nto sithanda ukuyenza leyo!โ
Mhlawumbi uEdgar L. Jones, owayesakuba ngunobhala wemfazwe kwiPasifiki, wakubeka kakuhle oku xa wabuza kwiAtlantiki yeNyanga kaFebruwari 1946, โLuhlobo olunjani lwemfazwe abacinga ukuba abemi baluliwe sekunjalo? Sadubula amabanjwa ngegazi elibandayo, satshabalalisa izibhedlele, satyhoboza izikhephe zokuhlangula, sabulala okanye saphatha kakubi abantu abaziintshaba, sagqiba utshaba olonzakeleyo, saphosa abafayo emngxunyeni wabafi, saza kwiPasifiki sabilisa inyama kukhakhayi lweentshaba ukuze senze imihombiso yetafile. sweethearts, okanye bakrole amathambo abo aba ngoonobumba abavulayo.โ
Igama elithi โigosaโ lalilizothe ngendlela efanayo: UElliot Roosevelt, unyana kamongameli nowayekwathetha naye, waxelela uHenry Wallace ngowe-1945 ukuba iMerika ifanele iqhumisele ngebhombu eJapan โde sitshabalalise malunga nesiqingatha sabemi baseJapan.โ UPaul V. McNutt, usihlalo weKomishoni Yamandla Emfazwe, wahambela phambili kancinane xa wayethethelela abaphulaphuli bakawonke-wonke ngoAprili 1945 โngokutshatyalaliswa kwamaJapan kwitoto.โ Unobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson wavuma, esithi, โukuze umntu aqhubeke neJapan, kwakufuneka ayiphathe rhabaxa, ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe.โ Ukuba ezi mvakalelo zazisoloko ziguqulelwa kwizenzo zibonakaliswa ngenyaniso yokuba abaqhushumbisi base-US babulala ngokuphindwe kane ukuya kwesihlanu abantu abaninzi kwiinyanga ezintlanu zokugqibela zemfazwe yePasifiki kunakwiminyaka emithathu yokuqhushumba kwe-Allied eYurophu kudityanisiwe. Kwaye kukho indoda eyathi ekugqibeleni yanika umyalelo wokuwisa iibhombu zeathom kubantu baseJapan.
โSiye sasebenzisa [ibhombu] nxamnye nabo baye balahla konke ukuhanahanisa kokuthobela imithetho yemfazwe yamazwe ngamazwe,โ uHarry Truman wacacisa kamva, ngaloo ndlela ethethelela isigqibo sakhe sokubulala abantu awababiza ngokuba โngabantu abakhohlakeleyo, abangenanceba, abangenanceba nabanenzondelelo yempambano.โ
Intetho elolo hlobo kunye nokuziphatha okuvelileyo kwakhuthazwa, ngokukaDower, ngezizathu ezintathu ezisisiseko. Okokuqala, "ingqondo yokuzibulala"
yayibandakanya intsomi yokuba ekubeni amaJapan anenzondelelo yempambano ekhetha ukufa kunokuba anikezele, โabizela intshabalalo.โ Olwesibini ulungelelwaniso lwaluneengcambu zayo kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala kunye nesivumelwano esayiphelisayo. "Nantoni na engaphantsi koloyiso olucokisekileyo" iya kuba "ingaphelelanga" kwaye umeme amaJapan ukuba asebenzise uxolo njengethuba lokuzilungiselela imfazwe ... njengoko amaJamani enza phakathi kweemfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi. Ekugqibeleni, โukuhlanjululwa kwengqondoโ kwavelisa ingcamango yokuba amaJapan afuna ukugxothwa ngendlela โyentshabalalo nokubandezeleka okukhulu.โ Kunjengokuba uAlger Hiss wachazayo ngelo xesha, โingqondo [yaseJapan] iyonke [imele] itshintshwe ngokupheleleyo.โ
Isiseko socalucalulo ngokwendalo esisemva kwezi zizathu zintathu zivuselela ukulunga okuhlala kusenziwa ukuze kutshatyalaliswe abemi bomthonyama baseMelika okanye ukwenziwa amakhoboka ama-Afrika. Kumashumi amabini eminyaka emva kokuphela "kweMfazwe eLungileyo," i-US yayisafumana umgama ukusuka kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba "ngumthetho nje we-gook."
UEdward S. Herman ubhala athi: โEbudeni beMfazwe yaseVietnam, kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba amagqwetha aseUnited States agxekayo asebenza kwelo lizwe aqulunqa ibinzana elithi โumgaqo nje wobugocigociโ ukuze achaze impatho enobubele eyayinikwa amajoni aseUnited States awayebulala abemi baseVietnam. โ Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ubambe impembelelo ngongenelelo olwahlukeneyo lwaseMelika eLatin America, "ubuntu"
imizamo eSomalia, kwaye, kunjalo, iMfazwe yeGulf kunye neKosovo. UHerman uyishwankathela ngolu hlobo le ntanda-bulumko: โUkuba abachasi bethu abasithobeli yaye sibophelelekile ukubadubula, ngokucacileyo luxanduva lwabo.โ
Kambe ke, kumadoda alwa ngokwenene, oko kwehla kwezona mfundiso zisisiseko zocalucalulo. Ukuze ubani anike isohlwayo esingenabuntu, kuyimfuneko ukuziqinisekisa ukuba utshaba alungomntu ngokupheleleyo. Nje ukuba loo nkolelo iqinisiwe, ubukhoboka, ukubulawa kwabantu, kunye nokubiliswa kwenyama kukhakhayi lwaseJapan ukuze zigcinwe njengezikhumbuzo zinazo zonke izizathu eziya kuzifuna.
Icatshulwe kwincwadi ezayo, "Akukho Mfazwe ilungileyo: Iintsomi zeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi" (Vox Pop). Mickey Z. inokufumaneka kwi Web kwi http://www.mickeyz.net.
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