Umthombo: I-Intercept
Abaphathi bakaWilliam Irwin waba nesicelo esilula. Babefuna nje, isazinzulu esivavanya ukhuseleko lweekhemikhali kwi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo, ukuba asayine ingxelo eya kunika umchiza we-arhente i-OK ukungena emarikeni. Bekuya kuba lula kuye ukuba ancamathele utyikityo lwakhe kolo xwebhu, nto leyo eyayiza kumvumela ukuba ekugqibeleni ayifumane iprojekthi awayesebenze kuyo kangangeenyanga ngaphandle kwedesika yakhe.
Ingxaki kuphela? Inzululwazi ayizange ibonise ukuba ikhemikhali ikhuselekile.
U-Irwin, onobugqirha kwi-biochemistry kunye ne-molecular biology kunye neziqinisekiso ezintathu zebhodi kwi-toxicology kwaye usebenze kwi-EPA iminyaka eyi-12, wacelwa ukuba akhanyise ikhemikhali ngoMeyi 2020. Kodwa wayesele efumene isizathu sokukhathazeka malunga nemiphumo yeekhemikhali. ekuphuhliseni abantwana. Ngenxa yokuba umenzi engazange angenise naziphi na izifundo zempilo, ufumene i-analog - ikhemikhali efana nesakhiwo ukunceda ukuqikelela iziphumo zayo. Loo khompawundi yayiyi-bisphenol A, okanye i-BPA, isongezo kwiiplastiki ezaziwa kakuhle ngokubangela iingxaki zokuzala kunye neziphumo zokuzivikela komzimba kunye nemithambo-luvo. UIrwin wayeziphawulile izinto ezimxhalabisayo kunye nokungabikho kwezifundo ezazinokubathomalalisa. Umsebenzi wakhe kuvavanyo, uxwebhu olumisela ukuba kwaye njani umchiza ovumelekileyo ukuba usetyenziswe, ukwabonisa ukuba abasebenzi bajongene neengozi zokuphefumla kunye nokuchukumisa imichiza.
Iinwele ziseMlilweni
Kodwa ngenxa yokuba imichiza yawela kudidi olwaziwa kwicandelo lakhe njengeemeko “zeenwele ezivuthayo”, iimeko eziphambili apho abavelisi bechasa oko kufunyaniswe zizazinzulu ukuba imichiza yabo ibeka ubungozi, izigqibo u-Irwin afikelela kuzo kuvavanyo zajongwa kwaye. ekugqibeleni yatshintsha. Emva kokuba enqabile ukusayina kwiziphumo ezitshintshiweyo, umqeshwa okwinqanaba eliphezulu kwicandelo wathatha ityala kwaye wasebenzisa eyahlukileyo - kwaye, ngokutsho kwe-Irwin, ngokungafanelekanga ngokwesayensi - indlela eyavumela i-arhente ukuba iphephe ukubala umngcipheko wophuhliso olubangelwa umchiza. Ngomhla we-15 kuJuni, ngo-2020, i-arhente yathumela uvavanyo lokugqibela lomngcipheko wekhemikhali, eyanciphisa umngcipheko kubemi ngokubanzi kwaye ayizange ibale imingcipheko kubasebenzi athe u-Irwin wabalula.
Ngenxa yamabango ayimfihlo abenziwe ngabavelisi, u-Irwin noogxa bakhe abathetha neThe Intercept bavakalelwa kukuba babophelelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuba bangawavezi amagama ale kunye namanye amachiza akhankanywe kweli bali.
Njengoko The Intercept ingxelo kwi isavenge sokuqala kolu ngcelele, abaphathi ngaphakathi kwe-EPA baye bacinezela abavavanyi bezempilo ukuba banciphise kwaye banciphise ingozi ebangelwa yimichiza ukuze isetyenziswe naxa kukho ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba babonisa umonakalo. Le ngxelo yayisekelwe kulwazi olubanzi olunikwe ngabahlebi abane - u-Elyse Osterweil, uMartin Phillips, uSarah Gallagher, noWilliam Irwin - ababesebenza njengabavavanyi bengozi yezempilo kwicandelo elitsha lemichiza ye-arhente. Eli nqaku lisekelwe kulwazi olutsha oluvela kwabo baxelayo kunye nomnye umvavanyi womngcipheko we-EPA, osandul 'ukuza ngaphambili kodwa ukhethe ukuhlala engaziwa ngenxa yokoyika impindezelo.
Ngamaxwebhu, udliwano-ndlebe, kunye nokubhengezwa okubhaliweyo ukuba banikezele kuphela kwi-Intercept, umhloli jikelele we-EPA, kunye namalungu akhethiweyo eCongress, ezi nzululwazi zikaRhulumente ziye zachaza imizekelo egqithisileyo yokuphazamiseka kuvavanyo lwezenzululwazi lokhuseleko lwekhemikhali. Ukusebenzisana naBasebenzi bakaRhulumente kuXanduva lokusiNgqongileyo, okwabizwa ngokuba yiPEER, iqela lokusingqongileyo elinceda abahlalutyi, babeka inkqubo apho ishishini libeka uxinzelelo olukhethekileyo kwiimeko "zeenwele ezivuthayo" - ngamanye amaxesha ngamalungu eCongress - ukukhawulezisa ukuvunywa kweekhemikhali okanye ukunciphisa izithintelo zabo.
Kwezi meko, abanye abaphathi be-EPA basebenze ngesandla kunye neshishini ukuthintela iinkxalabo zokhuseleko eziphakanyiswe zizazinzulu ze-arhente malunga neekhemikhali ezintsha ezingena kwindawo yentengiso. Nangona ingezizo zonke iimeko zokuhlolwa kweekhemikhali eziye zamiselwa “iinwele ezivuthayo,” ezi meko ziphambili zixhaphake kangangokuba ukwahlulwa kwemichiza emitsha kuye kwalungiselela ukuba kubekho umntu osoloko ekhona wokuyongamela. Ukusukela ubuncinane ngoJanuwari 2021, abaphathi bebekwishedyuli ejikelezayo ye-“HOF Duty,” njengoko ibizwa njalo kwiikhalenda zangaphakathi.
Abaphathi be-EPA basebenzisa amaqhinga ahlukeneyo ukuphembelela izazinzulu zabasebenzi ukuba zitshintshe uvavanyo lwazo kwezi meko, ngokutsho kweempempe, kubandakanywa nokugxininisa ukungonwabi kunye nokungabi namonde kweenkampani ezenza imichiza; ukugxeka izazinzulu ngokuthatha ixesha elide ukuvuma iikhemikhali kuphononongo lwabo lokusebenza; kwaye batsho batsho ukuba abavavanyi ngabanye baya kumangalelwa ngabavelisi bemichiza ukuba banyanzelisa ukuma kwizinto abazifumeneyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi apho abahlebi bengazange bavume ukwenza utshintsho, abanye abasebenzi be-EPA baye bacima okanye batshintsha inkcazelo ekumaxwebhu ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ulwazi lwabo.
Zinkulu kakhulu iingxabano kwicandelo elitsha lemichiza kangangokuba abaphathi kutshanje baye bafuna ukuba inkqubo yabo yangaphakathi yekhompyuter ihlaziywe ukuze bakwazi ukodlula ngokuzenzekelayo izazinzulu zabasebenzi kwezinye “iimeko zomlilo,” ngokwelizwi elifunyenwe yi-Intercept. Nge-18 kaNovemba ka-2020, intlanganiso neekontraka zetekhnoloji yolwazi ezazisebenza kwinkqubo entsha yokulandela uphononongo lweekhemikhali, abaphathi becandelo bacebise ukuba bongeze iqhosha elitsha kumdibaniso onokuthi ngokucofa kanye okuya kwenza ezi meko zibaluleke kakhulu ukuba zidlule kwisayensi. uphononongo lwabasebenzi kwaye uye ngqo kubaphathi.
"Ngaba ikho indlela yokuphelisa konke?" umphathi wecandelo ubuza entlanganisweni. “Ngoko umzekelo, masithi kukho iingxoxo ezivulelekileyo ezilithoba kodwa ngequbuliso kuye kwafuneka ukuba sikhawulezise ityala ngenxa yemeko yomlilo, uh, sifuna abantu abasithoba ukuba bangene bavale ezi ngxoxo ukuze iye phambili. okanye, ngaba ukho umntu onamandla njengaye [igama elisusiweyo] onokungena aze ayoyise yonke into?”
Ekugqibeleni, umphathi wecandelo kunye nomcebisi baye bazinza kwesi sicwangciso ekupheleni kwentlanganiso. “Ewe, singathanda, singathanda iqhosha okanye enye into, kwaye emva koko siya kwabela nabani na loo mntu okanye abantu abanokuba babeke ngaphezu kwayo yonke into,” utshilo umphathi wecandelo. Akucaci ukuba iqhosha lokukhuphela liphunyeziwe.
"Kulungile. Uh, i-override ithetha ukuba le nto ijika ibe luhlaza?" umcebisi uyacacisa.
"Ewe."
“Kulungile, ugqibelele.”
Umzi-mveliso weTshokholethi
I-EPA inegunya lokuthintela imichiza emitsha ukuba ingene emarikeni ukuba zibonakalisa umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni kwimpilo yabantu okanye kokusingqongileyo. Kodwa ulwahlulo lwe-arhente yeekhemikhali ezintsha aluzange lwenze oko kuyo nayiphi na i-3,835 yezicelo zemichiza emitsha efakwe kwi-arhente phakathi kwe-22 Juni 2016, kunye ne-1 kaJulayi 2021. Ekuphenduleni imibuzo, i-EPA yabonisa ukuba, ngelo xesha. , amatyala angama-3,256 aye ahlolwa; kuzo, ezingama-266 zafunyaniswa ukuba azikho mthethweni okanye aziphelelanga kwaye i-11 kwafuneka ukuba ziye kuvavanywa ngakumbi. Kodwa akukho nanye imichiza “eyayithintelweyo ukuba ingarhweba,” ngokwe-EPA's idatha yakho. Endaweni yoko, nokuba "kwiinwele-zomlilo" okanye iimeko eziphambili eziqhelekileyo, abahloli bezempilo abachonga iingozi ezibangelwa yimichiza bahlala bejongene noxinzelelo olunzima lokuzigxotha okanye ukuzinciphisa. Ngokwabenzi beempempe, kukho ulindelo olumandla lokuba abavavanyi akufuneki bacinge nje ukuba iikhemikhali zikhuselekile kodwa benze njalo ngokukhawuleza.
Umthetho unika i-EPA iintsuku ezingama-90 ukuba iphendule ukufakwa kweekhemikhali ezintsha. Kodwa ukufumanisa ukuba iikhemikhali zikhuselekile kunokuthatha ixesha, ngakumbi kuba abavavanyi bahlala befumana ulwazi oluncinci malunga neziphumo zempilo yabo. Kwezinye iimeko, iinkampani zibonelela kuphela ngegama lekhemikhali kunye nolwakhiwo ngaphandle kolwazi lwezempilo nokhuseleko. Ukuzivavanya ngokufanelekileyo, abaphononongi kufuneka bafumane kwaye bafunde ngezifundo ezifanelekileyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bafune izimvo kwiingcali zangaphandle. Ukanti abakhweli bathi bahlala bekhuthazwa ukuba bagqithise nale michiza ingaqondakaliyo ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba basoloko bengakwazi ukuyiphonononga ngokucokisekileyo.
“Asinikwa xesha laneleyo,” utshilo uGallagher, isazi ngetyhefu esasisebenza njengomvavanyi wempilo yabantu kwiOfisi yoThintelo loNgcoliseko kunye neeToxics. “Sidinga ixesha lokufumanisa ukuba kukho iingcali ekufuneka sithethe nazo. Kodwa sixelelwa ukuba amatyala enziwe kwiintsuku ezimbini zentlanganiso yethu yobungozi. ” Ukongeza ekuvavanyeni ukhuseleko lweekhemikhali ezintsha, abavavanyi bathi baya besanda kucelwa ukuba benze utshintsho kumatyala asele bewagqibile. “Ndifumene amatyala endiwagqibe kwiinyanga ezine ngaphambili, kwaye bafuna ukuba ndenze uhlaziyo olukhulu olube lunxaxhile kwinkqubo yethu, kwaye luya kuphoswa phezu komsebenzi wam wangoku,” utshilo uGallagher, ofanise amava kunye “ Ndiyamthanda uLucy” isiqendu esasetwa kwi imveliso yetshokolethi. "Ibikhawuleza kwaye ikhawuleza, kwaye besinento eninzi, kwaye asikwazanga ukuhambisana nayo."
U-Irwin uthe kufuneka asebenze rhoqo ngeempelaveki ukuze ahambisane nomsebenzi kwaye wade wacelwa ukuba angenise iimvavanyo ezimbini ezinzima ekupheleni kosuku emva kokuxelela umphathi wakhe ukuba kufuneka agoduke kuba uqaqanjelwa kakhulu esifubeni.
Bobane abahlebi baye bakhalinyelwa ngokungashukumi ngokwaneleyo xa bephonononga imichiza emitsha. Umphathi kaGallagher wamxelela ukuba unengxaki “yokuyeka xa kusenziwa isigqibo” malunga nomchiza othile. Kuloo meko, omnye umntu wayelutshintshile uvavanyo lwakhe, esusa ulwazi awayelufakile malunga nekhemikhali yomhlaza.
Umphathi we-Irwin uchaze ukwenqaba kwakhe ukusayina ekuvavanyeni kweekhemikhali ezifana ne-BPA njengesizathu sokunciphisa ukulinganisa kwakhe komsebenzi ekuphononongweni konyaka. Kwaye uMartin Phillips, omnye wabahlebi, naye wagxekwa ngokufika kwexesha kovavanyo lwakhe kuphononongo lwakhe lokusebenza.
Ngokufanayo, kuphononongo lwentsebenzo lwangoJuni 21 ekwabelwana ngalo kunye ne-Intercept, umphathi ka-Elyse Osterweil wamtyhola ngokuba "nepatheni yokubonelela emva kwexesha kunye neemveliso zomsebenzi ezingaphelelanga." Ngokutsho kuka-Osterweil, oku kulibaziseka kwaba ngumphumo wokwala kwakhe ukuthobela uxinzelelo lokuthatha imichiza ethile njengekhuselekile ngokusekelwe kubungqina bokuba inokubangela ingozi ethile, kuquka iziphene zokuzalwa kunye nomhlaza. Nangona kunjalo umphathi wakhe wachaza ukuba ixesha elibekiweyo "libangele ukuba i-Arhente iqhagamshelwe ngabahambisi abaninzi bangaphandle, kumatyeli aliqela, ukubonisa ukungoneliseki kwabo ngexesha elifanelekileyo lamatyala owabelwe wona."
Iinkcukacha ezingonelanga
Abavavanyi banokukumisa okanye ukulibazisa ukuvunywa ukuba abanalo ulwazi olwaneleyo lokubhengeza imichiza njengengenako ukwenza umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni. Kodwa abaphathi babo bahlala betyhala abavavanyi ukuba bafumane iikhemikhali zikhuselekile naxa beswele idatha ekufuneka beyazi loo nto. Ibinjalo imeko yekhemikhali eyanikwa imvume enemiqathango yokwenziwa ngo-Epreli ka-2020 nangona bobabini uGallagher noPhillips bathi uphononongo lwe-carcinogenicity lweminyaka emibini luyimfuneko ukuvavanya amandla ayo okubangela umhlaza.
Abaphathi baphinde banikezela ngekhemikhali uGallagher awayeyivavanya emva kokuba eyibeke yacaca into yokuba wayekholelwa ukuba inokuba yingozi. UGallagher wayenexhala lokuba imichiza, emiselwe ukuba isetyenziswe njengesitshizi kwiimoto, inokuba neziphumo zokuphefumla kubasebenzi abayisebenzisayo. Kodwa umphathi unyanzelise ukuba uvavanyo luchaze imichiza "njengengozi ephantsi." Kwi-imeyile kaMatshi 2020, uGallagher wayalelwa ukuba asuse zonke iireferensi kwiingozi. UGallagher wala; kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva, waxelelwa ukuba imichiza, kunye nazo zonke ezinye iimeko ngaphandle kwesinye, zabelwe abanye abavavanyi. Kwiinyanga ezimbini kamva, umchiza waba kuvunywe ukusetyenziswa kwaye kufunyenwe "akunakwenzeka ukuba kubonise umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni." Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, uGallagher wasuswa ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo.
Naxa abavavanyi bephumelela ukufumana iingozi ezidweliswe kuvavanyo lwabo, iinkampani ezizingenisayo zihlala zibaphikisa. Kwezinye iimeko, iinkampani ziphinde zafaka izicelo zeekhemikhali ezintsha ngaphezu kwamaxesha ali-10. Ngelixa i-EPA ifuna ukunxibelelana nabavelisi beekhemikhali, ngokutsho kwabempempe, abanye abaphathi bathetha rhoqo nabameli beenkampani ngeeselfowuni kwaye baye baviwa bekhuthaza oogxa babo kushishino ukuba bakuphephe ukunxibelelana nge-imeyile kuba ixhomekeke kwizicelo zeerekhodi zoluntu.
Ngelixa izindululo zokuqala zabavavanyi beekhemikhali kusetyenziso lwemichiza emitsha bezifudula zifumaneka esidlangalaleni, loo mgaqo-nkqubo utshintshile phantsi kolawulo lukaTrump. Emva koko-uMlawuli we-EPA uScott Pruitt wasusa ulwazi malunga nenkqubo yokuphonononga iikhemikhali ezintsha, kubandakanywa neerekhodi zeentlanganiso kunye nabavelisi kunye neenkxalabo zezazinzulu zabasebenzi okanye izifundo abazincomayo, kwiwebhusayithi ye-EPA. Nangona uMongameli uJoe Biden kunye noMlawuli we-EPA uMichael Regan bafungile ukubeka phambili isayensi kunye nokuncothula urhwaphilizo, lo mgaqo-nkqubo uhleli phantsi kolawulo lwangoku. Kwaye abakhweli bathi uxinzelelo lokunciphisa kunye nokususa imingcipheko kuvavanyo lweekhemikhali luyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Kwimpendulo ethunyelwe nge-imeyile kwimibuzo emalunga neli bali, i-EPA ibhale ukuba “Olu Lawulo luzibophelele ekuphandeni izityholo zokwaphulwa kwemfezeko yesayensi. Kubalulekile ukuba zonke izigqibo ze-EPA zisekelwe kulwazi olungqongqo lwenzululwazi kunye nemigangatho. Njengomnye wezenzo zakhe zokuqala njengoMlawuli, uMlawuli uRegan ukhuphe imemorandam echaza amanyathelo abambekayo okomeleza ukuzibophelela kwe-arhente kwisayensi.
Le ngxelo ikwathi iinkokeli ze-EPA ziyaphonononga ezi zikhalazo kwaye nawaphi na amanyathelo afanelekileyo azakuthatyathwa. “I-EPA ithatha nzulu zonke izityholo zokunyhashwa kwengqibelelo yenzululwazi. Igosa lengqibelelo yezenzululwazi ye-EPA kunye namalungu eqela lengqibelelo yezenzululwazi aya kuphanda ngocoselelo nasiphi na isityholo sokunyhashwa komgaqo-nkqubo wengqibelelo yenzululwazi we-EPA abawufumanayo baze basebenzele ukukhusela isayensi ye-EPA. Ukongeza, i-EPA ngoku iphonononga imigaqo-nkqubo ye-arhente, iinkqubo, kunye nezenzo zokuqinisekisa ukuba eyona nto ikhoyo isayensi kunye nedatha yazisa izigqibo ze-Arhente. I-EPA izibophelele ekukhuthazeni inkcubeko yovavanyo kunye nokufunda okuqhubekayo ekhuthaza utshintshiselwano oluvulekileyo lwezikhundla ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Ukongeza, ukuziphindezela kubasebenzi be-EPA ngokuxela ukunyhashwa okutyholwa ukuba kwenzeke akuyi kunyanyezelwa kolu lawulo. "
Izigrogriso kunye nokoyikisa
NgoJuni ka-2020, u-Osterweil wayesebenza kwikhemikhali awayekholelwa ukuba inokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kuphuhliso. Ukukrokra kwakhe kwakusekelwe kwisakhiwo semolekyuli yekhemikhali eyenza njengoko umzimba uqhuba ikhemikhali ephantsi koqwalaselo - ehambelana nemiphumo efana namathambo alahlekileyo, i-clubfoot, kunye neminwe eyongezelelweyo. Emva kokuba engenise ingxelo yakhe eyilwayo, umenzi wakuphikisa oko akufumanisileyo. Umcebisi wenkampani wenza umnxeba ophindaphindiweyo kwi-EPA malunga nokungxamiseka kokutshintsha ingxelo yakhe. Emva komnxeba omnye, umphathi wetyala wafowuna emxelela ukuba inkampani yayicinga ngesimangalo ngovavanyo lwakhe lwezenzululwazi kwaye wacebisa ukuba kusenokufuneka “babe ligqwetha,” nto leyo u-Osterweil wayithatha njengethetha ukuba unokumangalelwa njengomntu.
U-Osterweil, kunye noPhillips noGallagher, babesele bevile izoyikiso ezingacacanga malunga nengqumbo yeenkampani ezinomsindo ngenxa yesayensi yazo. Ngo-2019, umphathi owayekhathazekile kukuba abazukuyicima ingozi yomhlaza wabhala nge-imeyile kubo bobathathu ukuba "nonke ningazikhusela xa iinkampani zisiza kuxoxa ngengozi yomhlaza."
"Nokuba usazi kakuhle kangakanani na, zisenokonakalisa ukuthembeka kwakho."
Kodwa isisongelo sokumangalelwa njengomntu siqu samcinezela. “Ndandinexhala lokuba ukuthenjwa kwam njengesazinzulu kuza konakaliswa,” utshilo u-Osterweil. Umama ongenaqabane, naye wayenoloyiko lokuba angaphelelwa ngumsebenzi. "Nokuba usazi kakuhle kangakanani na, zisenokonakalisa ukuthembeka kwakho."
Isisongelo esisemthethweni sesinye seentlobo zempatho-mbi ezinyanyezelwa ngoonondaba, abachaza iziganeko zokungxoliswa, ukuthukwa, nokujongelwa phantsi komsebenzi wabo phambi koogxa babo.
U-Irwin uchaze enye intsebenziswano apho umntu osebenza naye okwinqanaba eliphezulu, okwathi naye wayemde kwaye enezihlunu, wayezama ukumcenga ukuba atshintshe umda wokhuseleko lomchiza. “Wafika kwityhubhu yam ngaxesha lithile, ephezu kwam ngelixa ndihleli esitulweni sam,” utshilo u-Irwin. “Wayefuna ukuba nebenchmark yababini endaweni ye-1,000. Uye wandikhwaza.” U-Irwin uthe waziva esongelwa kwaye esoyikiso sasiyinxalenye ephambili yoxinzelelo lokutshintsha iziphumo zesayensi. "Yeyona ndlela iphambili, indlela abafezekisa ngayo injongo yabo yokuba sicime iingozi - bayasixhaphaza ukuba siyenze."
Kwimeko yekhemikhali awayekholelwa ukuba inokuba yingozi ekuphuhliseni, u-Osterweil ukwajongene noxinzelelo olukhulayo lokusebenzisa uphononongo olwenziwe ngumenzi, olwalusele lubonwa njengelungamkelekanga ngokwesayensi. Nangona wayengamangalelwanga buqu, ngo-Agasti ka-2020 ityala ababexelelwe kulo ukuba “ligqwetha” liye lenyuka laya kutsho kwinqanaba “leenwele ezivuthayo.” NgoNovemba, umcebisi owayesebenzela inkampani engenise imichiza kwaye wayekade esebenza kwi-EPA walungiselela intlanganiso kunye nomnye wabaphathi baka-Osterweil, owayengumhlobo wobuqu. Kwaye nge-21 kaDisemba, 2020, xa u-Osterweil wayengekho eofisini, uvavanyo oluhlaziyiweyo lwekhemikhali lwafakwa kwisistim ye-arhente.
Nangona waye walile ngokuqinileyo ukutshintsha isigqibo sakhe malunga nosoyikiso olubangelwa yikhemikhali, uxwebhu olutsha lwaluchitha ulwazi olwalufakwe ngu-Osterweil malunga neengozi zophuhliso. Endaweni yoko, kwathathwa njengento engenakwenzeka ukubonisa umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni-uyenza ukuba "ayinakwenzeka," kwintetho ye-arhente. Ishishini liphinde laphumelela idabi kuvavanyo lweekhemikhali - ukufumana imingcipheko yemveliso yalo icuthiwe kwaye ikhawulezisa inkqubo yophononongo. Kwi-imeyile ethunyelwe ngumphathi we-Osterweil ngaloo mini, wabhala, "Nceda ushukumise oku Akunakwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, njengoko umhambisi enexhala."
NgoJuni, emva kokuba uninzi lwabahlebi baye bafaka izikhalazo kumcebisi ngezenzululwazi we-EPA kunye nomhloli jikelele we-EPA, uvavanyo lwaphinda lwatshintshwa, ngeli xesha ukubonisa ukuba imichiza “inokubeka umngcipheko wokwenzakala ngokungafanelekanga empilweni.” Nangona kunjalo yavunyelwa kwimarike.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela