Ena ke Karolo ea 3 letotong la nalane la likarolo tse 5 le shebaneng le imperialism ea US, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše le moruo oa neo-liberal lefatšeng ka bophara lilemong tse 40 tse fetileng. Karolo ka 'ngoe e latelang e tla hatisoa ka Labobeli le latellanang.
NEO-LIBERAL CHELETE[I]
Ho feta moo, ho na le se bitsoang neo-liberal economics. Ona ke boiteko ba ho leka ho hlalosa tsoelopele haholo-holo ea moruo oa Amerika maemong a lefats'e.[Ii] Hangata ho boleloa hore e thehiloe holim'a melao-motheo ea 'maraka o sa lefelloeng - ka boeona ke maikutlo a maikutlo[Iii]—neo-liberal economics ehlile ha se mahala, empa ho joalo e tsoetseng pele haholo ho thusa ba ruileng le ba matla ba 'Muso oa US; kahoo, e reretsoe ho tsoela pele ho ruisa ba seng ba ntse ba phela hantle ha ho ntse ho fana ka lisebelisoa tse eketsehileng tsa moruo ho tšehetsa 'Muso oa US. 'Me e sebeletsa ho rationalise disembowelment tsa malapeng tsa US moruo oa lehae, e leng e se e timelitse boiketlo ba moruo le tšireletseho ea batho ba limilione naheng ena, ha a ntse a etsa hore ba se nang litokelo ba nahane hore ho hlōleha e ne e le ba bona feela, eseng ka lebaka la moralo o hlophisitsoeng. ke ba ruileng le ba matla, le hore ha ba khone ho hanela mekhoa ena e meholo ea sechaba ka ho itšehla thajana le maikutlo a bona a boinotšing a 'nileng a ntlafatsoa le ho feta ke batho ba phahameng.
Ke tlhahlobo ea mekhoa ena nakong ea ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše (ka mor'a 1945).
US e hlahile timetsong ea lefats'e ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše kaofela-empa e sa senyeha le moruo o tsoetseng pele ka ho fetisisa oa theknoloji lefatšeng; ntle le ho ba le bomo ea athomo le ho e lihela habeli Japane, le mabotho a matla ka ho fetisisa a metsing le a moea lefatšeng, kapele ba ile ba theha CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) ho ba thusa ho boloka puso ea lipolotiki lefatšeng neng kapa neng ha ho khoneha.[Iv] 'Muso oa Amerika o hahiloe mokokotlong oa moruo o matla-McCoy (2017, Ka Meriti ea Lekholo la Amerika: Ho phahama le ho theoha ha Matla a Lefatše a US. Chicago: Libuka tsa Haymarket) e bontša hore US e hlahisitse karolo ea 50 lekholong ea tlhahiso ea lefatše ea thepa le litšebeletso mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1950 (e lekanang le e hlahisoang ke linaha tse ling tsa lefatše, kopane)-mme sena se ile sa kopanngwa le ditheo tsa matjhaba tsa ditjhelete tse kang Banka ya Lefatshe, Letlole la Ditjhelete la Matjhaba (IMF), le Tumellano e Akaretsang ya Ditefiso le Kgwebisano (GATT), e nngwe le e nngwe e etseditswe ho thusa ho sireletsa moruo wa lefatshe mefokolong ya bokhaphithalise e sa laoleheng e ileng ya lebisa. ho ea ho Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo, moruo oa lefats'e oo litsebi tsa moruo oa Amerika li neng li nahana hore o tla lula o busoa ke United States.
Bakeng sa batho ba United States, sena se lebisitse ho lilemo tse 26 tsa kholo ea moruo e ntseng e eketseha le e batlang e lekana ka hare ho sechaba sa US.
Lilemo tse pakeng tsa 1947 le 1973 li nkoa e le "lilemo tsa khauta" tsa sechaba sa US.[V] Litekanyetso li hlahisoa ka lidolara tsa 2005, kahoo ho bolela hore inflation e qheletsoe ka thoko le hore liphuputso tsa chate ena li ka bapisoa le setšoantšo sa 2 le 5, ka tlase: tsena ke boleng ba dollar ea 'nete, ka hona ke lipapiso tse utloahalang.
Setšoantšo sa 1: Lekeno la Lelapa la US, ka lidolara tsa US, Khōlo le Kabo, ka quintile, 1947-1973, ka 2005 lidolara[vi]
Tlaase 20% | Ea bobeli 20% | Ea boraro 20% | Ea bone 20% | 95th Liphesente[vii] | |
1947 | $11,758 | $18,973 | $25,728 | $36,506 | $59,916 |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
Phapang (lilemo tse 26) | $ 11,386 (97%) | $ 19,215 (101%) | $ 27,554 (107%) | $ 36,769 (101%) | $ 54,318 (91%) |
Lintlha tsa nako ea pele, 1947-1973, li bontša hore ho ne ho le teng kholo e kholo ea 'nete ea moruo bakeng sa quintile ka 'ngoe. Nakong ea lilemo tse 26, ho bile le kholo ea 'nete ea 100 lekholong bakeng sa meputso e holimo ho quintile ka 'ngoe, ho bolelang hore meputso e imenne habeli ka mor’a hore inflation e tlosoe; kahoo, ho ne ho e-na le kholo ea sebele ea moruo sechabeng.
Mme sa bohlokwa, kholo ena ea 'nete ea moruo e ile ea ajoa ka ho lekana. Lintlha tse moleng oa bone (ka masakaneng) ke kamano ea liperesente lipakeng tsa phapang lipakeng tsa lekeno la 'nete la 1947-1973 ha li bapisoa le lekeno la 'nete la 1947, le liperesente tse 100 tse emelang. chelete e kenang habeli: ke hore, phapang pakeng tsa 1947 le 1973 e ne e le keketseho ea $11,386, e leng liperesente tse 97 tse fetang $11,758 tseo karolo e kaholimo ea quintile e bileng le eona ka 1947. ka tatellano e nyolohang, karolo ea 101 lekholong, karolo ea 107 lekholong, karolo ea 101 lekholong le karolo ea 91 lekholong. Ka mantsoe a mang, sekhahla sa kholo ka quintile se ne se ts'oana haholo ho pholletsa le mekhahlelo eohle e mehlano ea batho.
Leha ho le joalo, bohareng ba bo-1960, linaha tse harasoantsoeng ke ntoa ea II ea Lefatše tsa Fora, Jeremane, Japane, le United Kingdom li ne li tsosolositsoe hoo mekhatlo ea tsona e neng e khona ho hlōlisana le ea United States Europe le Japane. . Ka bo-1970, tse ling tsa likoporasi tsena li ne li qothisana lehlokoa le likoporasi tsa US ka hare ho United States. 'Me ka bo-1980, mekhatlo ea linaha tse ling e ne e ntse e tsetela ka ho eketsehileng litsing tse hlahisang lihlahisoa ka hare ho US, ho ntlafatsa maemo a bona a tlhōlisano khahlanong le lifeme tsa US.
Ronald W. Cox o bontša hore liphetoho tsena li ile tsa fella ka “ho theoha ha phaello ea phaello eo mekhatlo e thehiloeng United States e tobaneng le eona bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1960 le mathoasong a bo-1970,” e ileng ea atoloha ho pholletsa le lilemo tsa bo-1970 ho ea bohareng ba bo-1980.[viii] O tsepamisitse maikutlo ho "tlhahlobo ea mehato e nkuoeng ke mekhatlo ea US ho arabela litefiso tse tlase tsa phaello," tse "kenyelletsang tlhophiso e thehiloeng 'marakeng e reretsoeng ho theola litšenyehelo tsa ho kenya letsoho, e kopantsoeng le mokhatlo oa lipolotiki o reretsoeng ho fetola leano la naha la US ka tsela ea neoliberal, ” diphetho yena le Cathy Skidmore-Hess e ile ea tlaleha ka 1999.
Cox o hlalosa ka botlalo:
Bakeng sa mekhatlo ea US, mokhoa oa setso oa ho boloka litefiso tsa phaello e bile ho sebelisa matla a 'maraka a oligopolistic le boemo ba ho nyolla litheko. Leano lena le ne le ka sebelisoa feela ke lifeme tseo karolo ea tsona ea mmaraka indastering e itseng e neng e le boemong ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho entseng hore ho be le litšenyehelo tse phahameng bakeng sa lifeme tse ncha ho kena 'marakeng ka katleho le ho qothisana lehlokoa le litheko tse tlase. Likhoebo tsa Amerika tse hlolisang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ka bophara likoloing, tšepe, lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa tsa mochini li thabetse monyetla o joalo ho feta bahlolisani ba tsona nakong ea kamora Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Sena se nolofalelitse lifeme tsena ho hapa ka katleho likarolo tse matla ka ho fetisisa, tse nang le boleng bo eketsehileng tsa 'maraka oa US khahlanong le bahlolisani ba lehae le ba kantle ho lilemo tse mashome a mabeli ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, bohareng ba bo-1960, ho ne ho e-na le mapetsong a bonahalang meahong ea oligopolistic e ileng ea lumella lifeme tseo ho laola 'maraka oa US.
Phalisano e ntseng e phahama ho tsoa ho barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Majapane le Majeremane, e lateloang ke ho kenella ha mebaraka ho tsoa linaheng tse sa tsoa indasteri tsa Asia, ho fokolitse matla ao li-oligopolies tse thehiloeng ho US li neng li na le ona 'marakeng oa lehae. Bokhoni ba lifeme tsa oligopolistic tsa US liindastering tsa bohlokoa tsa ho nyolla litheko ho boloka phaello bo ile ba fokotsoa ke tlholisano e kholo ea kantle ho naha. Ho feta moo, lifeme tsa linaha tse ling tse ileng tsa sebetsa bocha ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše li ne li e-na le monyetla o motle ho feta balekane ba tsona ba US: ba ile ba amohela mekhoa e mecha e ileng ea etsa hore ba hlōlisane le ho ba le nako e tlaase ea litšenyehelo tse "nyeletseng" ha li bapisoa le bahlolisani ba tsona ba US. Lifeme tsa US, ha li se li ntlafalitse thepa ea tsona ea tlhahiso lilemong tsa bo-1930, li ne li e-na le boikarabello bo phahameng ba penshene le tlhokomelo ea bongaka ho feta balekane ba bona ba kantle ho naha - e leng sesupo sa maemo a holimo a poraefete ea litšenyehelo tsena US ha a bapisoa le Europe le nako e telele ea nako bakeng sa lifeme tsa US. ka ho tlangwa ditjeho tsena. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse qalang tsa nako ea ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, lifeme tsa Amerika tse hlolisang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng li ka sebelisa boemo ba tsona e le "baetsi ba pele ba indasteri" ho theha li-oligopolies tse neng li laola 'maraka oa Amerika makaleng ohle a etelletseng pele a tlhahiso. Leano leo le ne le fetoha le sa khoneheng ka keketseho ea tlholisano ea lefats'e.
Likoporasi tsa US li ile tsa tlameha ho sheba maano a mang ho leka ho hlola sekhahla se theohang sa phaello. Ho kopana ha liketsahalo ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1970 le mathoasong a bo-1980 ho ile ha etsa hore lik'hamphani li hlophise mesebetsi ea tsona ka ho kopanya le maano a ho fumana lintho tse neng li kenyelletsa ho reka, kapa ho hokahana le lifeme tsa tlholisano, 'me ka mor'a moo tsa lahleheloa ke thepa ka morero oa ho hlophisa bocha sehlopha sa mesebetsi. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho hlophisoa bocha ha mokhatlo o pota-potileng liketane tsa phepelo tsa lefats'e moo liphaello tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tse ekelitsoeng li neng li eketsoa ke likoporasi tse kaholimo ho ketane. Ho tloha bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1980 ho fihlela joale, ho bile le karolo e kholo ea karolo ea 'maraka e laoloang ke likoporasi tse kaholimo ho ketane ea boleng ba tlhahiso, haholo-holo 'mahlaleng a phahameng le/kapa likarolo tse tsebahalang tsa lefatše ka bophara. limmaraka….' Ts'ebetso ena e kopane le sistimi ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e e ntseng e tsoela pele e rarahaneng ea bahlahisi ba banyenyane le ba mahareng le ba fanang ka thepa ba phethelanang ho khotsofatsa lipehelo tsa tlhahiso tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho thehoa ke 'li-system integrators' ka holimo ho phepelo ea thepa ( Cox, 2012: 15-16).[ix]
Lefatše le sa tsitsang leo moruo oa Amerika o neng o le sebelitse ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše e ne e fetoha: ha e sa le tlas'a taolo ea United States, e ne e tloha tsamaisong e bohareng e laoloang ke naha e le 'ngoe ho ea ho e ikemetseng e neng e le tlhōlisano. Ka bo-1980, tlhōlisano e ntseng e eketseha le eona e ne e tsoa mekhatlong e tsoang ho tse ling tsa linaha tseo ho thoeng ke tse tsoelang pele. Mekhoa ena e 'nile ea tsoela pele ho ntlafala. 'Me, ha e le hantle, seo re se boneng ka mor'a moo ke tlhōlisano le tšebelisano-'moho le lifeme tse hlōlisanang tsa linaha tse ling, ho kenyeletsa le lik'hamphani tse tsoang linaheng tseo pele li neng li le likolone.
Tlhahiso ea US e ne e theohile lilemong tsa bo-1970, 'me sena se ile sa kopanngoa le ho eketseha ha theko ea lichelete. Ho hlakile hore US e ne e lahleheloa ke melemo ea eona ea moruo ho linaha tse hlolisanang.
Business Roundtable-sehlopha sa Baokameli ba Ka sehloohong (CEOs) ea likoporasi tse etelletseng pele tsa US - e thehiloe ka 1972 ho qala ho fana ka "tharollo" ho arabela ho putlama ha moruo hoo ba boneng ho hola.[x] Ha e le hantle, ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore ba ke ke ba hlola ba mamella mekhatlo ea basebetsi e lekanyetsang taolo ea bona ea botsamaisi mabenkeleng, ’me ba qapa maano a ho tlosa bothata boo.
Ho phahama le tlhōlo ea morero oa khoebo oa neo-liberal ha oa ka oa etsahala feela ka lebaka la 'mabaka a mebaraka' kapa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše. Lik'hamphani tse matla ka ho fetisisa tsa US-tse ngata tsa tsona tse matla ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng-li ile tsa hlophisa ho etsa joalo; ba ile ba hlahisa tumellano ea bona le ho bokella lisebelisoa tsa bona tse ngata le marang-rang ho etsa ho etsahala. Ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho loantša ho eketseha ha sesole sa basebetsi le ho khutlisa phaello ea meputso e etsahetseng lilemong tsa bo-1960 'me e fihlile sehlohlolong nakong ea ho qetela ea Ntoa ea Vietnam ka 1969-71. Tlhaselo ea k'hamphani e ne e sa rereloa feela ho thibela sesole sa basebetsi le ho fokotsa meputso ea basebetsi, hape e ne e le karabelo ho liqholotso tse neng li bonahala li hlahisoa ke mekhatlo e fapaneng ea boipelaetso ea lilemo tsa bo-1960, mekhatlo e neng e bonahala e sokela maemo a teng mme e na le melumo. har'a basebetsi ba bacha le ba Batšo (ho hatisoa ha pele) (Richard Roman le Edur Velasco Arregui, 2013: 7).[xi]
Maano ana a ne a kenyelletsa liketso tsa maemo a mangata. Ba ile ba phephetsa mekhatlo ea basebetsi mabenkeleng, empa ba ile ba tsoela pele ho feta moo. Ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore ba tla “abela” tlhahiso e boima ba mosebetsi linaheng tse nang le litšenyehelo tse tlaase tsa basebetsi, haholo-holo tse nang le mekhoa ea ho laola basebetsi, le tse neng li tla hlōlisana ho fumanela linaha tsa tsona matsete. Ba ne ba tla sebetsa le Letlole la Machabeng la Lichelete (IMF) le Banka ea Lefatše ho etsa hore ba fane ka matsete a meralo bakeng sa linaha tsena ho tšehetsa matsete afe kapa afe a macha a tsoang kantle ho naha. Ba ne ba tla ntlafatsa theknoloji lifekthering tsa US, ba nkele basebetsi mecheng e sa tsoa qaptjoa ka likarolo tse "pholosang mosebetsi". Ba ne ba tla sebetsa le barutehi ba "eteletseng pele" ho hlaolela kutloisiso ea liphetoho tse hlokahalang tse neng li ka fetisetsoa sechabeng - ka hona, phatlalatso ea se ileng sa tsejoa e le moruo oa "neo-liberal". Ba ne ba tla tšehetsa bo-ralipolotiki le baahloli ba neng ba tla tšehetsa lenaneo la bona. 'Me ba ne ba tla tšehetsa le ho tšehetsa bo-ralipolotiki ba neng ba tla ntšetsa pele mehopolo ena e le karolo ea letšolo la bona la likhetho, haholo-holo boemong ba naha.
Filosofi ea neo-liberal economics e ne e le senotlolo sa leano lena. Ha e le hantle, e ne e pheha khang ea hore boiketlo ba mekhatlo ea US e ne e le setsi sa boiketlo ba moruo oa Amerika, hore moruo oa Amerika o bohareng ba boiketlo ba 'Muso oa United States, le hore. senotlolo sa boiketlo ba mekhatlo ea US e ne e le ho felisa lithibelo life kapa life ho likoporasi tsa US., ho sa tsotellehe hore na ho etsa joalo ho ne ho le kotsi hakae sechabeng sa US.[xii] Sena se ne se bolela ho lumella likoporasi tsa US taolo e se nang moeli holim'a matla a bona a mosebetsi, ho khella fatše haeba e sa senye mekhatlo ea basebetsi lifemeng le lits'ebetsong tse ling. Ho ne ho bolela ho nyenyefatsa literaeke ka ho lumella "basebetsi ba nkang sebaka" (makhopo) le ho netefatsa "litokelo" tsa bona tsa mosebetsi ka mor'a hore literaeke li fele. Ho ne ho bolela ho lumella basebetsi ba likonteraka le basebetsi ba nakoana ho nka sebaka sa basebetsi ba nako e tletseng. Ho ne ho bolela ho fokotsa tšireletso ea bophelo bo botle le polokeho, merero ea matšeliso ea basebetsi (bakeng sa ba lemetseng mosebetsing), le lithibelo leha e le life tse ling tse ka fokotsang tlhahiso le tlhahiso. Mme ho ne ho bolela ho thibela melawana/ dithibelo dife kapa dife mabapi le diqeto tsa kgwebo mabapi le hore na ba ka tsetela kae, mme tlasa maemo afe, ba ka tsetela kapa ba qhelela ka thoko ho setjhaba.
Joalokaha ke ile ka ngola ka 1984, “Sena se khopisang [ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso ea lik’hamphani] se nkile mekhoa e mengata. E kenyelletsa 'tekanyetso' (ho tlosa bokaalo le/kapa limela tsa khale), ntlafatso ea sejoale-joale, litumellano, le ho putlama. Hangata, tlhaselo e tla kopanya mekhoa e mengata ea mekhoa ena. ”
Ke hlalositse hape,
Taba ea ho bua ka mekhoa ena e fapaneng ea indasteri le ea k'hamphani ke ho bonts'a mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng eo basebetsi ba hlaseloang ka eona. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea litlhaselo tsena qetellong ke tlhaselo khahlanong le mekhatlo ea basebetsi. Sepheo sa bohlokoa ke ho senya khanyetso ea basebetsi lebenkeleng. Khampani e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e batla ho khona ho qobella basebetsi ho etsa seo khampani e se batlang, ka nako eo k'hamphani e batlang ka eona, kamoo k'hamphani e batlang kateng. Ba bona mekhatlo ea basebetsi e le mekhoa e hlophisitsoeng ea ho hanyetsa, 'me haeba mokhatlo o emela litho tsa oona ho hang, o batla ho o laola le ho o senya (Scipes, 1984: 20-21).
Leha ho le joalo, moruo oa neo-liberal o ile oa fetela ka nģ'ane ho "ho lokolla" lik'hamphani tse itseng "khatellong" ea ho tšoara basebetsi ba bona ka tlhompho: ho ne ho bolela ho hlophisa bocha tsamaiso eohle ea sechaba. Joalo ka ha Francis Fox Piven a hlokomela, lipolotiki tsa neo-liberal moruo e ne e le letoto la maano a etsoang, ka lebitso la boikhethelo le limmaraka tse se nang moeli, bakeng sa ho theola melao ea likoporasi, haholoholo mekhatlo ea lichelete; ho khutlisetsoa morao ha litšebeletso tsa sechaba le mananeo a molemo; ho thibela mekhatlo ea basebetsi; maano a ‘khoebo e lokolohileng’ a neng a tla bula limmaraka tsa linaha tse ling; 'me neng kapa neng ha ho khoneha, ho nkeloa sebaka ha mananeo a sechaba ka limmaraka poraefete (Piven, 2006: 17).[xiii]
E ne e boetse e kenyelletsa ho fokotsa lekhetho bakeng sa likoporasi le barui, hammoho le ho fokotsa mananeo a tikoloho.
Makhotla a mapheo a nepahetseng a neng a hanyetsa ho kenella ha ’muso moruong (ntle le haeba e ne e ba tsoela molemo kapa batšehetsi ba bona ba mekhatlo)—ebang ke ho hanyetsa mananeo a sechaba a lilemo tsa bo-1960 (hangata e le ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe), kapa ka lebaka la filosofi ea moruo—a kopane letšolong la bopresidente le , ho qala ka January 1981, pusong ea Ronald Reagan. Batho bana ba ile ba nka maikutlo a hore ho kenella leha e le hofe ha 'muso moruong ho ka senya kholo ea moruo le boiketlo ba sechaba: Reagan o ile a e hlakisa, a re: “'Muso hase tharollo; ke bothata.”[xiv]
Leha ho le joalo, ke pheha khang, ho ne ho e-na le phaello e fetang ea phaello e neng e tsamaisa kamohelo ena ea moruo oa neo-liberal: batho ba phahameng ba ne ba utloa tlhōlisano ea moruo e ntseng e tsoela pele ho tsoa linaheng tse ling. kotsi e tobileng ea bokhoni ba bona ba ho tšehetsa le ho boloka 'Muso oa US, mme kahoo ba qala ho fetisetsa mehloli ea moruo hole le United States le batho ba eona ho ea ho tšehetsa Empire ea US haholo-holo sesole sa US.[xv]
Ka 1980, le ka 1982 hape, moruo o ile oa putlama. Ka 1982, litsebi tse tlas'a Reagan li ile tsa mo kholisa ka tlhokahalo ea ho senya inflation moruong, 'me' muso ha oa ka oa kenella ho "tsosolosa" moruo: le hoja phaello ea phaello e fihlile ho karolo ea 21 lekholong, e neng e le mpe haholo moruong, Reagan ha ea ka ea qala bocha. mananeo a sechaba kapa ho eketsa chelete bakeng sa ba seng ba le teng. Ho hloka mosebetsi ho ile ha phatloha, ho fihla maemong a phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho tloha nakong ea Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo.
Ka nako e tšoanang, Reagan o ile a hlasela mokhatlo oa basebetsi, matla a le mong-ho sa tsotellehe mefokolo ea oona e mengata-e neng e fane ka tsoelo-pele ea moruo ho Maamerika a limilione.[xvi] Ha mokhatlo oa ba laolang sephethephethe sa lifofane (PATCO—Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) o ne o hlasela ka 1981, Reagan o ile a tlisa balaoli ba sesole sa sefofane hore ba tlose seteraeke seo. (E 'ngoe ea liphoso tse kholo tse entsoeng ke baeta-pele ba boemo ba naha ba mokhatlo oa basebetsi, ba nang le liphello tse kotsi, e ne e le ho hana ho koala indasteri eohle ea lifofane, e neng e ntse e kopane haholo, ho emisa ho tsamaea ha mokhatlo oa Reagan.) , le liqeto tse ling tsa mapheo a nepahetseng le liqeto tsa lekhotla tse ileng tsa hlasela mokhatlo oa basebetsi, li ile tsa hlahisa bokhoni ba khoebo ba ho eketsa tlhahiso ka litšenyehelo tse tobileng tsa basebetsi-haholo-holo ka ho fetisetsa mesebetsi e boima ho ea linaheng tse nang le meputso e tlaase joaloka Mexico le Chaena (ho senya mesebetsi ho US) le ka ho tsetela mecheng e sebelisang chelete e ngata e neng e etselitsoe ho felisa mesebetsi.[xvii]
Leha ho le joalo Reagan, ho sa tsotellehe litšōmo tse entsoeng ho mo pota-potile, o ile a qetella a senya moruo ka nako e telele e sa kang ea amoheloa. O ile a sebelisa chelete e ngata ea khaello, feela tšebeliso ena e ne e se ea ho thusa batho ba Amerika ka kakaretso; e ne e le ho thusa Maamerika a ruileng ka ho fetisisa, sesole sa US le indasteri ea lihlomo: Reagan o ile a qala ho sebelisa liranta tse libilione selemo le selemo lefapheng la ntoa-ke hana ho e bitsa "ts'ireletso" -'me o ile ae etsa ka ho menahanela molato oa naha ka makhetlo a mabeli. lilemo tse robeli: ha a kena mosebetsing ka 1981, sekoloto sa naha sa US-ho tloha ka 1789 tlas'a George Washington ho ea qetellong ea tsamaiso ea Jimmy Carter-e ne e le liranta tse libilione tsa $ .909; ha Reagan a tloha, lilemo tse robeli hamorao, e ne e le $ 2.7 trillion.[xviii] (E ntse e tsoela pele ho phahama ho tloha ka nako eo tlas'a lipresidente tsa Democratic le Rephabliki, 'me ho tloha ka Mphalane 2022, e feta $31 trillion (Alan Rappeport le Jim Tankersley, 2022, "Mokoloto oa US o Feta $31 Trillion." New York Times, October 5: B-1 le B-3. Inthaneteng ho https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/business/national-debt.html.).[xix]
Ka mantsoe a mang, moruo oa Amerika o entse hantle joalo ka ha o entse lilemong tse 40+ tse fetileng - leha ho se mohla o kileng oa ba hantle bakeng sa batho ba tloaelehileng joalo ka ha o ne o etsa pakeng tsa 1947-73 - hobane mmuso oa US o ntse o ngola "licheke tse chesang" ho lefella. ditshenyegelo tsa yona. Ka nako e 'ngoe, molato oo o tla tlameha ho lefshoa-'me o ke ke oa ba motle.[xx]
Ho khutlela pale ea rona: hammoho le litlhaselo tsa mekhatlo ea basebetsi, lintoa tse sa lefelloeng, joalo-joalo, filosofi ea neo-liberal economics e ile ea senya litekanyetso tsa rona tse hlahelletseng tsa sechaba hore e be ntho e le 'ngoe: phaello. Haeba ho na le ho hong ho ntlafatsang monyetla oa ho eketsa phaello ea khoebo, ho molemo; haeba e sa etse joalo—ho sa tsotellehe hore na ntho leha e le efe e ’ngoe ke ea bohlokoa hakae—e mpe. Haeba melao e mabapi le lijo kapa boleng ba moea/metsi kapa polokeho ea basebetsi/lijo e bitsa likoporasi chelete, e mebe ’me e lokela ho qhaloa hang-hang, ho sa tsotellehe hore na e molemo hakae ho batho, tikoloho kapa tsamaiso ea rōna ea sechaba ka kakaretso. Ke "filosofi" ena eo 'muso oa US o ntseng o e hatella lefatšeng ka bophara,' me e utloisitse batho ba limilione tse likete bohloko, ho kenyeletsa le mashome a limilione United States.
Seo sena se se bolelang bakeng sa basebetsi ke hore eng kapa eng e nang le matla a fokolang a khoebo mosebetsing - mekhatlo ea basebetsi ka boeona, literaeke, mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa melao ea bophelo bo botle le polokeho, joalo-joalo - e hlasetsoe ke likoporasi. Ho feta moo, ka liqeto tsa molao le/kapa makhotla, liketso tse nang le matla a lekanyelitsoeng a sehlopha sa basebetsi-ho sireletsa ba senyang literaeke, basebetsi ba likonteraka, le boiteko ba ho felisa mekhatlo ea basebetsi ka ho etsa litšebeletso tsa sechaba, joalo-joalo. Hape, ntho leha e le efe e sitisang kapa e fokotsang phaello, ho sa tsotellehe hore na e fana ka molemo o kae oa sechaba-e mpe: ke filosofi le phello ea moruo oa neo-liberal.
Leha ho le joalo ho na le ntho e 'ngoe e etsahetseng United States ntle le ho amohela moruo oa neo-liberal. Tsoelo-pele ea sechaba nakong ea lilemo tsa bo-1960 - mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1970 - ho kenyeletsoa mekhatlo ea litokelo tsa botho / Black Power, mokhatlo oa basali, LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, le transgender), mokhatlo oa tikoloho, mokhatlo o khahlanong le Vietnam, haholo-holo. mokhatlo oa anti-Vietnam War ka hare sesole sa US—se ile sa tšosa batho ba phahameng ba busang. Ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore ba tla etsa eng kapa eng eo ba ka e etsang ho netefatsa hore pokello, haholo-holo ketso e kopanetsoeng, e ke ke ea hlola e phahamisa hlooho ea eona e mpe tsamaisong ena ea sechaba.[xxi]
Ho phethahatsa sena, ba 'nile ba theha setso sa boikemelo ho fokotsa litabatabelo life kapa life tsa pokello. Ha e le hantle, hafeela uena le baratuoa ba hao le ntse le phela hantle, ha ho hlokahale hore u tšoenyehe ka boiketlo ba motho leha e le ofe e mong naheng eo—’me, ha e le hantle, ba ile ba bolella batho hore ho tsotella ba bang ho tla thefula lithahasello tsa bona ka bomong. Ba thehile seo ke se bitsitseng "Ke na le ea ka, ke u qhekelle, Jack" setso le sechaba. 'Me khopolo ena ea "screw you, Jack" e atlehile haholo: ho sa tsotellehe ho se lekane ho ntseng ho eketseha ha meputso United States - hoo ho fetelletseng ho feta lichaba tse futsanehileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng (mohlala, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Mozambique, Uganda le Vietnam; bona Karolo ea 4) - ha hoa ka ha buisanoa ka naha ka bophara mabapi le ho se lekane hona ha chelete ho tloha ka 1973 ho fihlela mokhatlo oa Occupy Wall Street o hlahileng hoetla ha 2011, hoo e ka bang lilemo tse 40.[xxii]
Kahoo, ho qala mohlomong hoo e ka bang ka 1978, empa ka ho khetheha ka khetho ea Ronald Reagan ka 1980, ba nang le maikutlo a nepahetseng (ho kenyeletsoa le balekane ba bona mecheng ea litaba e tloaelehileng, joalo ka bathehi ba FOX le ba bang kaofela) ba thetsitse naha hore e lumele hore ntho leha e le efe. e sitisang khoebo ea ho fumana phaello e matlafalitsoeng e mpe, le hore mefuta eohle ea pokello ea ipolaea. Ka hona, Reagan ha a ka a suthisa Mokha oa Rephabliki ka ho le letona feela, empa o ile a etsa hore Democratic Party le eona e fetele ka ho le letona: ha ho pelaelo hore, ha ho tsamaiso ea mopresidente ea US e ileng ea feta e le lenaneo le lokolohileng la lehae joaloka la Richard Nixon pakeng tsa 1969-73.[xxiii]
Re ka fumana maikutlo a phello ea sena sohle ho Maamerika a tloaelehileng ha re sheba kholo ea moruo pakeng tsa 1973-2001, haholo-holo ha re bapisa lintlha tse ho Setšoantšo sa 1 (1947-73), ka holimo:
Setšoantšo sa 2: Lekeno la Lelapa la US, ka lidolara tsa US, Khōlo le Kabo, ka quintile, 1973-2001, ka 2005 lidolara
Tlaase 20% | Ea bobeli 20% | Ea boraro 20% | Ea bone 20% | 95th Liphesente[xxiv] | |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,355 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
Phapang (lilemo tse 28) | $ 3,323 (14%) | $ 7,167 (19%) | $ 15,643 (29%) | $ 30,553 (42%) | $ 66,739 (58%) |
Ha u sheba lipalo tsa 1973-2001, ho ka bonoa ho hong ho fapaneng haholo le lipalo tsa 1947-73 (Setšoantšo sa 1). Ho ka bonoa eng? Pele, kholo ea moruo e theohile haholo: lebelo le phahameng ka ho fetisisa la khōlo bakeng sa quintile leha e le efe e ne e le ea karolo ea 58 lekholong bakeng sa ba neng ba le ka holimo ho quintile ea bohlano, ’me sena se ne se le ka tlaase haholo ho “karolo” ea karolo ea 91 lekholong ea nako e fetileng.
Ea bobeli, ea hore na ho ne ho e-na le khōlo efe, e ne e ajoa ka ho se leka-lekane ho fetisisa. Mme sekgahla sa kgolo bakeng sa ba dihlopheng tse tlase ka kakaretso se ne se le tlase ho feta sa ba ka hodima bona; phello e ne e fokotseha, e sa tsoele pele: molemong oa quintile e tlase, chelete e kenang ea bona e ile ea hola feela ka liphesente tse 14 nakong ea 1973-2001; bakeng sa quintile ea bobeli, karolo ea 19 lekholong; ea boraro, karolo ea 29 lekholong; bakeng sa bone, karolo ea 42 lekholong; 'me ho karolo ea 80-95 lekholong, karolo ea 58 lekholong: ha re bua ka mokhoa o hlephileng, barui ba ntse ba rua le ho feta, 'me mafutsana a ntse a futsaneha.
Ke hobane’ng ha ho e-na le phetoho ee? Ke nahana lintho tse tharo ka ho khetheha. Taba ea pele, ha linaha tse tsoetseng pele li ntse li hlaphoheloa Ntoeng ea II ea Lefatše, likhoebo tse thehiloeng linaheng tsena li ne li ka qothisana lehlokoa le tse tsoang US-pele linaheng tsa habo tsona, ebe ka ho kenya kantle ho naha ea Amerika, 'me qetellong ha li tsetela United States. . Nahana ka Toyota: ba ile ba qala ho reka ka ntle ho US mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1970, 'me ka matsete a bona mona mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-80 le ho ea pele, joale ke bahlahisi ba bobeli ba likoloi ba malapeng ba Amerika.
Lebaka la bobeli e ne e le ho tsosolosoa ha moruo oa US oo, o thehiloeng mosebetsing oa Ronald W. Cox, o ileng oa tšohloa ka holimo, ho tloha taolong ea oligopolistic ho ea ho laela liketane tsa phepelo ea lefats'e. Boemong ba tsamaiso ea likhoebo, ho hlakile hore ba nkile liqeto tsa ho etsa tlhophiso ena bocha. Mekhatlo e meholo ea likhoebo e ile ea sebetsa ka thata ho fumana le ho khetha bo-ralipolotiki ba tla fetisa melao/ho etsa maano a tla ba lumella ho hlophisa bocha le ho kenya tšebetsong merero eo ba e batlang. Ba ile ba tšehetsa bonkgetheng ba Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo ba neng ba tla amohela liphetoho tse joalo le ho lumella liphetoho tsena hore li thehoe mekhatlong. ’Me ba ne ba tla sebetsa le mebuso ea linaha tse ling e neng e tla ba lumella ho kena linaheng tsa habo bona, ’me haholo-holo moo baeta-pele ba ’muso ba neng ba ikemiselitse ho tšoara ka thata mokhatlo ofe kapa ofe oa basebetsi o neng o ka hlaha. Mme moputso o moholo e bile ho bulela China matsete a kantle ho naha.
Ka mor’a phutuho ea nako e telele le e pharaletseng har’a bo-ralipolotiki le sechaba sa Amerika ka mekhatlo e meholohali ea khoebo ea linaha tse ling, ho kena ha Chaena ho WTO [World Trade Organization] ho ile ha latela nako e fetang selemo hamorao. E bile katleho e kholo molemong oa lichelete tsa lichelete tsa machaba, kaha baetsi ba melaoana ba US le EU ba ile ba buisana ka litumellano tse neng li feta hole tsa litho tsa linaha tse sa tsoelang pele (LDC) (Breslin, 2000). Litumellano tsena li tla lumella lifeme tsa machaba tsa US ho tebisa phaello ea tsona ka ho li lumella ho fihlella 'maraka oa Chaena le ka ho li nolofalletsa ho kopanya China le liketane tsa bona tsa phepelo ea lefats'e. Ka bokhutšoane, Ho kenella ha China ho WTO e ne e le mohloli oa metsi bakeng sa lichelete tsa machaba, haholo-holo bakeng sa lifeme tsa theknoloji e phahameng tse neng li le malala-a-laotsoe ka ho fetisisa ho kenyelletsa China ho marang-rang a seng a ntse a le teng a ho bokella linaheng tse ling. (ho hatisitsoe) (Cox le Lee, 2012: 36).
'Me ha likoporasi tsena tsa machaba li kopanya China le liketane tsa bona tsa phepelo ea lefats'e, li ile tsa fokotsa le/kapa tsa koala meaho ea tsona ea tlhahiso ea US, tsa felisa limilione tsa mesebetsi United States.[xxv]
Lebaka la boraro la phetoho e bile ho senyeha ha mokhatlo oa basebetsi oa Amerika: ho tloha ho karolo ea 35.3 lekholong ea basebetsi bao e seng ba temo mekhatlong ea basebetsi ka 1954, ho ea ho karolo ea 12.0 lekholong feela ea basebetsi bohle ba Amerika mekhatlong ea basebetsi ka 2006-le karolo ea 7.4 lekholong feela ea indasteri eohle ea poraefete. basebetsi ba kopane, e leng ka tlase ho 1930![xxvi]
Ho theoha hona ha kopano ea basebetsi ho na le mabaka a 'maloa. Karolo e 'ngoe ea ho senyeha hona e bile phello ea maano a' muso - ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha ho hatelloa ha balaoli ba sephethephethe sa lifofane ha ba ne ba kena seteraekeng ke Tsamaiso ea Reagan ka 1981, ho fetola molao oa basebetsi, ho ea ho khetho ea boipelaetso ho National Labor Relations Board, e okamela tsamaiso ya molao wa basebetsi. Ehlile, leano la bohlokoa la mmuso, le saennoeng ke Mopresidente oa Democratic Bill Clinton, e bile Molao oa Khoebo oa Free Trade oa Amerika Leboea kapa NAFTA. Mohlahlobisisi e mong o ile a bua ka ho toba taba ena:
Ho tloha ha … [NAFTA] e saennoe ka 1993, ho phahama ha khaello ea khoebo ea Amerika le Canada le Mexico ho fihlela 2002 ho bakile ho falla ha tlhahiso e tšehetsang mesebetsi e 879,280 US. Boholo ba mesebetsi ena e lahlehileng e ne e le maemo a phahameng a meputso liindastering tsa tlhahiso. Ho lahleheloa ke mesebetsi ena ke ntlha feela e bonahalang ka ho fetisisa ea phello ea NAFTA moruong oa US. Ebile, NAFTA e boetse e kentse letsoho ho phahamiseng ho se lekane ha meputso, ho hatelletsa meputso ea 'nete bakeng sa basebetsi ba tlhahiso, ho fokolisa matla a basebetsi a kopaneng le bokhoni ba ho hlophisa mekhatlo ea basebetsi, le ho fokotsa melemo e meng (Scott, 2003, "Theko e Phahameng ea Khoebo ea 'Free': Ho hloleha ha NAFTA ho Sentse Mesebetsi ea United States Naha Hohle.” Washington, DC: Setsi sa Leano la Economic, “Pampiri e Khutšoanyane # 147, November 17: 1. Marang-rang ho https://www.epi.org/content/cfm/briefingpapers_bp147).
Litlhaselo tsena tsa liofisiri tse khethiloeng li kopane le liphello ka lebaka la tlhophiso ea moruo, haholo-holo ke mekhatlo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea machaba. Ho bile le phetoho e akaretsang ho tloha ho tlhahiso ho ea ho litšebeletso.
Leha ho le joalo, ka har'a tlhahiso, eo e leng khale e le setsi sa mekhatlo e matla, ho bile le tahlehelo e kholo ea mesebetsi: pakeng tsa July 2000 le January 2004, US e lahlehetsoe ke mesebetsi ea lihlahisoa tse limilione tse tharo, kapa karolo ea 17.5 lekholong, le limilione tse 5.2 ho tloha tlhorong ea histori ka 1979. hore "Mosebetsi oa ho etsa tlhahiso [ka Pherekhong 2004] o ne o le tlase haholo ho tloha ka Phupu 1950" (CBO, 2004, "Ke Litlaleho life tsa ho theoha ha mesebetsi ea tlhahiso?" Washington, DC: Ofisi ea Budget ea Congressional, Economic and Budget Issue Brief, Hlakola 18. Ha e sa fumaneha inthaneteng.)
Tahlehelo ea mesebetsi ho pholletsa le lefapha la tlhahiso e ne e atile ebile e tebile:
AFL-CIO e qaqisa tahlehelo ea mesebetsi ea Amerika ke lekala la tlhahiso nakong ea 2001-05:
Lik'homphieutha le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki: basebetsi ba 543,000 kapa liperesente tse 29.2
Semiconductor le likarolo tsa elektronike: 260,100 kapa 36.7 lekholong
Lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa motlakase: 152,500 kapa 26 lekholong
Likarolo tsa koloi: 153,400 kapa 18.6 lekholong
Mechine: 289,400 kapa 19.9 lekholong
Lihlahisoa tsa tšepe tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso: 235,200 kapa 13.3 lekholong
Lisebelisoa tsa motheo: 144,800 kapa 23.5 lekholong
Thepa ea lipalangoang: 246,300 kapa 12.1 lekholong
Lihlahisoa tsa thepa ea ka tlung: 58,500 kapa 13.4 lekholong
Lihlahisoa tsa masela: 158,500 kapa 43.6 lekholong
Liaparo tsa 220,000 kapa liperesente tse 46.6
Lihlahisoa tsa letlalo: 24,700 kapa 38.3 lekholong
Khatiso: 159,300 kapa 19.9 lekholong
Lihlahisoa tsa pampiri: 122,600 kapa 20.4 lekholong
Plastiki le lihlahisoa tsa rabara: 141,400 kapa 15 lekholong
Lik'hemik'hale: 94,900 kapa 9.7 lekholong
Sepakapaka: 46,900 kapa 9.1 lekholong
Masela le liaparo li theohile ka mesebetsi e 870,000 1994-2006, e theohile ka liperesente tse 65.5 (Mohloli: AFL-CIO, 2006: 2. "China Trade: Deficits, Jobs, Investment and Exploitation." Marang-rang ho http://www.afl-cio.org/issues/jobseconomy/globaleconomy.upload/china_learnfacts.pdf. Ha e sa fumaneha, e qotsitsoeng ho Scipes, 2009: 16-17).
Sena se bakoa ke ho fetohela litsing tsa phepelo ea lefats'e ka maemo a holimo (joalo ka likhomphutha le lihlahisoa tse ling tse amanang le theknoloji ea tlhahisoleseling mmoho le likoloi), ho kopantsoe le tlhahiso e akaretsang ea tlhahiso e matla ea basebetsi mose ho maoatle (joalo ka liaparo, lieta) mme, ho bohlokoa le ho feta. , ho falla ha thekenoloji joalo ka theknoloji e ncha ho nolofalelitse tlhahiso e kholo ea boleng bo holimo ka basebetsi ba fokolang tlhahisong e matla ea chelete joalo ka tšepe (sheba Fisher, 2004, “Hobaneng re Lahleheloa ke Mesebetsi ea Tlhahiso?” On-line at file:///Users/kimscipes/Downloads/ec%2020040701%20why%20are%20we%20losing%20manufacturing%20jobs%20pdfl; ha e sa fumaneha).
Ho na le "lisosa" tse ngata tse fanoeng bakeng sa liphetoho tsena tsa tlhahiso ho phaella ho tse ka holimo. Bahlahlobisisi ba bang ba qositse likhaello tse ntseng li eketseha tsa khoebo bakeng sa ho phahama: “… 'ho hlokomolohuoe.' https://files.epi.org/page/-/old/briefingpapers/149/bp149.pdf). Ba bang ba bile ba re sena se bakoa ke liphetoho tseo bareki ba li ratang (Schweitzer le Zaman, 2006). Ho sa tsotellehe hore na lebaka ke lefe, ho tse 50, ke tse hlano feela (Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, le Wyoming) tse sa kang tsa bona tahlehelo leha e le efe ea mesebetsi tlhahisong pakeng tsa 1993-2003, empa tse 37 li ile tsa lahleheloa ke pakeng tsa 5.6 le 35.9 lekholong ea mesebetsi ea tsona nakong ea nakong ena (Public Policy Institute, 2004, . “Manufacturing Employment.” Inthaneteng ho www.ppinys.org/reports/jtf2004/mfgemploy.htm; ha e sa fumaneha.)
Leha ho le joalo, karolo ea tlotla ea ho senyeha ha mokhatlo oa basebetsi e tlameha ho fuoa mokhatlo oa basebetsi ka booona: boetapele bo hlolehile ho tobana le liphetoho tsena, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang, ba 'nile ba sebetsa khahlanong le ketso efe kapa efe e ikemetseng ka maemo-le. -litho tsa faele.[xxvii]
Leha ho le joalo, e tlameha ho botsoa: na liphetoho tsa moruo tse hlahisitsoeng mona ke maqheka feela a lipalo-palo, kapa na see se bontša hore ho na le ntho ea sebele?
Ntlha ena e ka tšoantšoa ka tsela e 'ngoe: ka ho sebelisa CAGR, Compound Annual Growth Rate, sesebelisoa se atisang ho sebelisoa lefatšeng la lichelete. Ena ke palo e le 'ngoe e baloang, ho ipapisitsoe le lipalo tse kopanngoeng, ho theosa le lilemo, ho hlahisa palo-hare ho emela sekhahla sa keketseho kapa ho fokotseha selemo le selemo ho pholletsa le nako eohle. Sena se shebahala se rarahane haholo, empa se ipapisitse le mohopolo o ts'oanang le phaello e kopaneng e sebelisoang liak'haonteng tsa rona tsa polokelo: o kenya $ 10 kajeno mme (ho hlakile hore sena ha se mohlala oa nnete) hobane o fumana phaello ea liperesente tse leshome, kahoo o na le $ 11 e latelang. selemo. Joale, selemong se latelang, phaello ha e balloe ho $10 ea mantlha, empa e baloa ho $11. Kahoo, ka selemo sa boraro, ho tloha ho $10 ea hau, joale u na le $12.10. Joalo-joalo 'Me sena ke se boleloang ke Compound Annual Growth Rate: sena ke kholo e kopaneng e lekantsoeng ka selemo ho pholletsa le nako e behiloeng.
Ho ipapisitsoe le lipalo tse hlahisitsoeng kaholimo ho Setšoantšo sa 1, sengoli se balile Sekhahla sa Kholiso ea Selemo le Selemo ka quintiles (setšoantšo sa 3). Sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo se baloa ka nako ea pele, 1947-1973, lilemo tse tsejoang e le "lilemo tsa khauta" tsa sechaba sa US. Ho etsahetse’ng ho tloha ka nako eo? Bapisa liphetho ho tloha nakong ea 1947-73 ho ea ho sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo ho pholletsa le nako ea bobeli, 1973-2001, e boetse e baloa ke mongoli.
Setšoantšo sa 3: Karolelano ea selemo le selemo ea kholo ea chelete ea lelapa, ka quintile, 1947-1973 bapisoa le 1973-2001
Palo ea baahi ka quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 |
Peresenti ea 95th | 2.51% | 1.66% |
quintile ea bone | 2.72% | 1.25% |
quintile ea boraro | 2.84% | .92% |
quintile ea bobeli | 2.73% | .62% |
quintile e tlase | 2.64% | .48% |
Seo re ka se bonang mona ke hore le hoja moputso oa motho e mong le e mong o ne o ntse o hōla ka tekanyo e tšoanang nakong ea pele-pakeng tsa 2.51 le 2.84 lekholong selemo le selemo-ka nako ea bobeli, kgolo ha ea ka ea fokotseha feela ho pholletsa le boto, empa e ile ea hōla ka tsela e fapaneng haholo. rates: seo re se bonang mona, hape, ke hore barui ba ntse ba rua, 'me mafutsana a ntse a futsaneha.
Haeba lipalo tsena li nepahetse, phetoho ha nako e ntse e feta ea chelete e fumanoang ke quintile ka 'ngoe e lokela ho bonoa. Ha e le hantle, haeba sechaba se ne se lekana, karolo e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ea 20 lekholong ea baahi e ne e tla fumana karolo ea 20 lekholong ea chelete e kenang selemong leha e le sefe. Ha e le hantle, e fapane. Ho utloisisa setšoantšo sa 4, ka tlase, motho ha aa lokela ho sheba feela peresente ea chelete e tšoaroang ke quintile ho pholletsa le chate, ha a bapisa selemo se khethiloeng ka selemo se khethiloeng, empa o lokela ho sheba ho bona hore na karolo ea chelete ea quintile e ntse e ea kapa ea tloha. ho tloha ho karolo ea 20 lekholong e loketseng.
Setšoantšo sa 4: Peresente ea kabo ea chelete ea lelapa ka quintile, 1947, 1973, le 2001, joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ka 2005 Dollars[xxviii]
Palo ea baahi ka quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 |
Ea pele ea bohlano (moeli o tlase oa liperesente tse 5 tse holimo, kapa 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% |
Ea bobeli ea bohlano– $103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% |
Ea boraro ea bohlano– $68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% |
Ea bone ea bohlano– $45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% |
Tlas'a bohlano - $25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% |
Ka bomalimabe, boholo ba lintlha tse neng li fumaneha phatlalatsa li ile tsa fela ka 2001. Leha ho le joalo, lehlabuleng la 2007, ka mor'a lilemo tse ngata re sa fane ka boitsebiso ka mor'a 2001, Census Bureau e ile ea lokolla boitsebiso ba chelete ho fihlela ka 2005. E re lumella ho hlahloba se etsahetseng. mabapi le ho se lekane ha meputso ya malapa nakong ya dilemo tse nne tsa pele tsa Tsamaiso ya George W. Bush.
Setšoantšo sa 5: Lekeno la Lelapa la US, ka lidolara tsa US, Khōlo le Kabo, ka quintile, 2001-2005, 2005 Lidolara
Tlaase 20% | Ea bobeli 20% | Hare 20% | Ea bone 20% | Boemo bo tlase ba 5% | |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,855 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
2005 | $25,616 | $45,021 | $68,304 | $103,100 | $184,500 |
Phapang (lilemo tse 4) | $851 (-3.2%) | $834 (-1.8%) | $621 (-.01%) | $728 (-.007%) | $ 3,527 (1.94%) |
Kahoo, seo re se boneng tlas'a lilemo tse 'nè tsa pele tsa Tsamaiso ea Bush ke hore ho Maamerika a mangata, boemo ba bona ba moruo bo mpefetse: ha se feela hore kholo ea moruo ka kakaretso bakeng sa quintile leha e le efe e theohetse ho karolo ea 1.94 lekholong ka ho fetisisa, empa hoo. karolo e tlaase ea 80 lekholong e hlile e lahlehetsoe ke chelete; ho lahleheloa ke chelete (tahlehelo e feletseng), ho e-na le ho hōla hanyenyane empa ho oela ka morao ho quintile e ka holimo (tahlehelo e lekanyelitsoeng). Ho feta moo, phokotseho ho pholletsa le maemo a mane a tlase e senyehile ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang ke batho ba liperesente tse tlase tsa 40 tsa sechaba.
Mohlomong sena se ka bonoa ka ho hlaka ka ho lekola litefiso tsa CAGR ka nako.
Joale re ka eketsa liphetho tsa karolo ea nako ea 2001-2005 ea chelete ka quintile ho chate ea rona ea pejana:
Setšoantšo sa 6: Peresente ea kakaretso ea kholo ea chelete ea selemo ka selemo ka percentile, 1947-2005
Palo ea baahi ka quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 | 2001-2005 |
Top 95 percentile | 2.51% | 1.66% | .48% |
Ea bone ea bohlano | 2.72% | 1.25% | -.18% |
Ea boraro ea bohlano | 2.84% | .92% | -.23% |
Ea bobeli ea bohlano | 2.73% | .62% | -.46% |
Tlas'a bohlano | 2.64% | .48% | -.81% |
Joalo ka ha ho ka bonoa ka tlase, peresente ea moputso oa lelapa ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea maemo a tlase a mane e tlase ka 2005 ho feta ka 1947; sebaka feela seo ho bileng le ntlafatso nakong ena ea lilemo tse 58 ke tse 95th percentile (le ka holimo).
Setšoantšo sa 7: Peresente ea kabo ea chelete ea lelapa ka quintile, 1947, 1973, 2001 le 2005
Palo ea baahi ka quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 | 2005 |
Ea pele ea bohlano (moeli o tlase oa top 5percent, kapa 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% | 48.1% |
Ea bobeli ea bohlano– $103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% | 22.9% |
Ea boraro ea bohlano– $68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% | 15.3% |
Ea bone ea bohlano– $45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% | 9.6% |
Tlas'a bohlano - $25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% | 4.0% |
Se seng se hlahisitsoe ho fihlela joale, mabapi le liphetoho kabong ea chelete, se bile boemong ba sehlopha Ka hare taolo ea sechaba ea US; tabeng ena, quintile ka quintile. Ke nako ea ho bona hore na sena se amme sechaba ka kakaretso joang. Sena se tla tšohloa Karolong ea 4.
Letoto lena la nalane le hatisitsoe ke ZNetwork le Monahano oa Sechaba o Motala.
Karolo ea 4 e tsoela pele ka lipuisano tse mabapi le "neo-liberal economics". U ka khona bala letoto lohle (likarolo tsohle tsa 5) mona.
Kim Scipes, PhD, eo e neng e le mohatisi oa mehleng, ke moitseki oa nako e telele oa basebetsi le moitseki oa basebetsi, hajoale ke setho sa National Writers Union Local 1982, AFL-CIO. Hape ke Moprofesa Emeritus oa Sociology Univesithing ea Purdue Northwest e Westville, Indiana, USA. O phatlalalitse libuka tse 'nè ho fihlela joale, le lihlooho tse fetang 250-ho hlahlojoa ke lithaka, tse khethehileng ka kakaretso, le likoranta tsa baitseki le likoranta-ho US le linaheng tse 11 ho pota lefatše. Mosebetsi oa hae, ho kenyeletsoa buka eohle ea hae ea KMU Labor Center ea Philippines, e ka fumaneha mahala ho Lingoliloeng - Univesithi ea Purdue Leboea-Bophirimela (pnw.edu). Hape ke mothehi-'moho le LEPAIO (Labor Education Project on AFL-CIO International Operations), eo sebaka sa hae sa marang-rang se leng teng. https://aflcio-int.education/.
PUSELETSO
[I] Karolo ena ea "neo-liberal economics" e bua haholo ka mosebetsi oa ka oa pele-bona haholo Litlhapi (1984, “Leano la Liindasteri: Na le ka Isa US Bothateng ba Eona ba Moruo?” Tlhahlobo e Ncha ea Basebetsi, Lenaneo la Lithuto tsa Basebetsi Univesithing ea San Francisco State, Moq. 6, Selemo: 27-53. E ntlafalitsoe ka mokhoa oa pampitšana, Tšitoe 1984. Phetolelo ea pampitšana e fumaneha inthaneteng ho https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/35435605/industrial-policy-can-it-lead-the-us-out-of-its-economic-malaise; 1999, “Mathata a Lefatše a Moruo, Litharollo tsa Neoliberal, le Philippines.” Tlhahlobo ea Khoeli, Tlhahlobo ea khoeli le khoeli, Moq. 51, No. 7, December. Inthaneteng ho https://monthlyreview.org/1999/12/01/global-economic-crisis-neoliberal-solutions-and-the-philippines/; 2006, "Boetapele ba AFL-CIO bo Tla Khaotsa Neng ho Beha Mmuso oa Chaena molato bakeng sa Liqeto tse Kopanetsoeng tsa Machaba, Melaoana ea 'Muso oa US, le Baetapele ba Basebetsi ba US ba sa arabeleng?" MR-on-line, July 3. Inthaneteng ho https://mronline.org/2006/07/03/when-will-the-afl-cio-leadership-quit-blaming-the-chinese-government-for-multinational-corporate-decisions-us-government-policies-and-us-labor-leaders-inept-reponses/; 2009. “Maano a Neo-Liberal Economic in the United States: Kameho ea Khokahano ea Lefatše ho Naha ea ‘Leboa’.” Indian Journal ea Lipolotiki le Likamano tsa Machaba, Moq. 2, No. 1, January-June: 12-47. Inthaneteng ho https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/neo-liberal-economic-policies-in-the-united-states-by-kim-scipes-1/; 2016b, "Selelekela" ho Kim Scipes, ed. Ho haha Matla a Machaba a Kopaneng Nakong ea ho Potlakisa Lefatše (Chicago: Libuka tsa Haymarket). Marang-rang ho https://www.academia.edu/25374866/INTRODUCTION_to_Scipes_ed_Building_Global
_Labor_Solidarity: 3-10)—empa e tlatsellelitsoe ka ho baloa ho eketsehileng, haholo-holo ke Robert. Brenner, 2003, The Boom and the Bubble: US in the World Economy. London le New York: Verso.); Ronald W. Cox (2012, "Corporate Finance le US Foreign Policy" ho Cox, ed., Matla a Khoebo le Khokahano ea Lefatše ho Leano la US la Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha. London le New York: Routledge: 11-30; Cox le Sylvain lee, 2012. "Transnational Capital le US-China Nexus" ho Cox, ed.: 31-55; Cox le G. Nelson Bass, 2012, "Leano la Kantle ho Naha la Mosebetsi o Hlophisitsoeng Moemong oa Khokahano ea Lefatše" ho Cox, ed.: 56-78; Davida Gibbs, 2012, "The Military-Industrial Complex in a Globalized Context" in Cox, ed.: 95-113; Davida Harvey, 2005, Histori e Khutšoanyane ea Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Frances Fox Piven, 2006, Ntoa ea Lapeng: Litšenyehelo tsa Malapeng tsa Masole a Bush. New York: Khatiso e Ncha; Richard Roma le Edur Velasco Arregui, 2013, Continental Crucible: Khoebo e Kholo le Mekhatlo Phetoho ea Amerika Leboea. Halifax le Winnipeg: Fernwood; le Daniele Skidmore-Hess, 2012, "The Corporate Centrism of Obama Administration" ho Cox, ed.: 79-94. Ho feta moo, joalo ka ha ho tla bonoa, ke kenyelletsa le lipatlisiso tseo ke li entseng ho pota 2013, tse hatisitsoeng ho tsona Litlhapi, 2021, Ho aha Tšebelisano ea Lefatše ea Basebetsi: Lithuto tse tsoang Philippines, Afrika Boroa, Europe Leboea-bophirimela, le United States (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books): 9-11, hammoho le liphuputso tse ling tse kenyellelitsoeng ho Litlhapi, 2017, "The Epic Failure ea Boetapele ba Basebetsi United States, 1980-2017 le Tsoela Pele." Sehlopha, morabe le matla a khoebo, Moq. 5, Issue 2, Article 5. Inthaneteng ho https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol5/iss2/5.
[Ii] Ke kopa o ntšoarele moeli oa ka oa ho tsepamisa maikutlo United States; ho na le ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e etsahalang naheng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 'Muso oa US, ho kenyeletsoa le linaheng tse kholo tsa Europe Bophirimela. Leha ho le joalo, taba ea US e hlakile ka ho fetisisa, 'me ke naha e ka sehloohong ea' muso, kahoo ka boiteko ba ho batla ho hlaka ka ho fetisisa, ke fokotsa maikutlo a ka moo, ha ke ntse ke hlokomela lits'ebetso tsena ho feta mohlala ona o le mong.
[Iii] Ke bolela'ng ka "kaho ea maikutlo"? Re rutiloe hore ho na le limmaraka tsa moruo, moo banna (le morao tjena, basali) ba ka sebelisanang e le batho ba lekanang, ho reka le ho rekisa thepa le litšebeletso ho latela lithahasello tsa bona, ’me sena se tataisoa ke “letsoho le sa bonahaleng” la ’maraka. . Pele ho tsohle, haholo-holo maemong a phahameng ho feta pale ea "mama le pop" ea sekhutlo, bareki le barekisi ba batla ba sa lekane; barekisi ba na le matla a maholo holim'a bareki: "ha o sa mphe seo ke se batlang, ha ke rekise." Mohlomong mohlala oa khale oa nyeoe e le 'ngoe moo bareki ba nang le matla a fetang a barekisi ke' maraka oa basebetsi; bahiri ba ka hira mang kapa mang eo ba mo batlang, ha feela ba sa khetholle ka ho hlaka linthong tse itseng tsa sechaba (“morabe,” bong, kholofalo, tšekamelo ea ho kopanela liphate, joalo-joalo).
Ho phatlalatsa leshano lena la tekano, ha e se pontšo e nepahetseng ea 'nete ea sechaba empa e le tšōmo, e reretsoe ho ferekanya haeba e se leshano le hlakileng ho batho; ke hore, e reretsoe ho u boloka tlas'a taolo ea bao molemong oa bona ho bua leshano.
Ho sebelisa mokhoa oa 'maraka oa mahala ho boetse ho fokotsa ho nahanela tšebeliso ea lihlahisoa-na u na le chelete kapa sekoloto sa ho reka ho hong kapa che?—'me ho thibela ho nahanoa ka litlamorao tsa tlhahiso ho basebetsi kapa tikolohong; ke hore, ke "mohlala" o fokolang haholo oa moruo.
Nka pheha khang ea hore mohlala o felletseng haholoanyane, leha o na le mefokolo, ke o ntlafalitsoeng ke Karl Marx,1867 / 1967, Motse-moholo, Buka ea 1. New York: Bahatisi ba Machaba, le litloholo tsa hae tsa lipolotiki.
[Iv] CIA e thehiloe tlasa Molao oa Ts'ireletso ea Naha oa 1947 (bona Rachel Santarsiero, mohlophisi le mohlophisi. 2022. "Molao oa Tšireletso ea Sechaba o Fetola lilemo tse 75." Polokelo ea Tšireletso ea Naha, Univesithi ea George Washington, Washington, DC. Inthaneteng ho https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2022-07-26/national-security-act-turns-75. Bakeng sa litokomane tse batsi tsa tšebetso ea bona ho theosa le lilemo, bona William Blum, 2000, Rogue State: Tataiso ea Matla a Fetisisang a Lefatše. Monroe, ME: E tloaelehileng
Sebete; 2014. Ho bolaea Tšepo: Ho kenella hoa Sesole le US ho tloha Ntoeng ea Bobeli ea Lefatše- e ntlafalitsoe
khatiso. London: Zed; le 2015. Thepa e bolaeang ka ho Fetisisa ea Amerika: Demokrasi-'Nete Mabapi le Leano la US la Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha le Lintho Tse ling. London: Zed.
[V] Karolo ena e mabapi le ho se lekane ha chelete e kenang United States, hammoho le karolo e ka tlase, e nkiloe ka kotloloho ho tsoa Litlhapi, 2009. Ka bomalimabe, sena ha se rarolle ka tatellano karohano ea khethollo ea morabe kapa bong ka har'a sechaba sa US, e thehiloeng hantle; bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea hore na lintlha tsena li ama bophelo bo botle joang naheng ena, bona Donald A. Barr, 2019, Liphapano tsa Bophelo bo Botle United States: Sehlopha sa Sechaba, Morabe, Morabe, le Liphello tsa Sechaba tsa Bophelo bo Botle, 3rd Mong. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Joalo ka ha ho tla bonoa setšoantšong sa 1, mona ka tlase, sena se tla bonoa hantle ka lebaka la ntlafatso e kholo ea meputso ea 'nete ea batho lipakeng tsa 1947 le 1973, le hore kholo ena ea lekeno e ile ea arolelanoa ka ho lekana ho bohle ba nang le mathata a ka har'a tsamaiso ea sechaba. Ka hona, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka nako ena, ho ne ho e-na le motheo oa sebele oa "toro ea Amerika" le hore e ne e ka finyelloa ke bohle.
Leha ho le joalo, "khopolo" ea hore ntlafatso ena ea thepa e ile ea tsoela pele ka mor'a hoo e ka bang 1973, e tla phephetsoa ke lintlha tse ka tlase. Joalo ka ha ho tla bonoa, "toro ea Amerika" e ile ea lahleheloa ke lintho tse ngata, 'me ea fetoha "lebaka la ho bua" le sa reng letho bakeng sa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea Maamerika.
[vi] Motsotso oa tlhaloso ho u thusa ho utloisisa seo u se shebileng. Ho ahlola ho se lekane ha moruo ka har'a sechaba, litsebi tsa kahisano (le litsebi tse ling tsa moruo) li tla bokella lintlha tse felletseng tsa moruo ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, ho latela chelete e kenang le/kapa leruo, tse hlophisitsoeng ke lelapa kapa motho ka mong, ebe li li hlahisa ho tloha ho tse nyane ho isa ho tse kholo. Lintlha tsa chelete li bonolo ho li fumana, kahoo hangata li hlahisoa, joalo ka ha ho etsoa mona. Ebe chelete e kenang e tla aroloa ka li-quintile kapa karolo ea bohlano, 'me tsena li hlophisoa ho tloha ho quintile e tlase ho ea holimo. Joale, ha ba lekanya, ba tla beha palo ea lidolara bakeng sa chelete e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (ka holimo) ea chelete / leruo ka har'a quintile, e le hore u ka ba bapisa ha nako e ntse e ea, ho bona hore na kabo ea chelete e ntse e hōla kapa e theoha.
[vii] 'Muso oa Amerika ha o batle hore re utloisise hore na ke chelete e kae e bokelloang ke karolo e ka holimo ho tse hlano lekholong (5%) ea baahi, kahoo lintlha tsa bona tsa quintile ea bohlano (le tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa) li ema ho karolo ea 95 lekholong; nomoro ke ea motho ea 95th percentile. Sena se fapane le kamoo ba hlahisang data ea litlhōrō tsa li-quintiles tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, kaha ba etsa sena kamehla, se bapisoa le lilemo tse ling ho sa tsotellehe moeli o totobetseng.
[viii] O qotsa Harlan Prechel (1997, “Corporate Transformation to Multilayered Subsidiary: Fetola Maemo a Moruo le Leano la Khoebo la Naha.” Seboka sa Sociological, Moq. 12, No. 3: 405-439. 414), ho ngola "... joalo ka ha ho bonts'oa ho theoha ho hoholo ha sekhahla sa phaello nakong ena bakeng sa lifeme tse phahameng tsa indasteri tse 500 ho tloha liperesente tse 7.7 ho tloha 1973 ho isa 1981 ho isa ho liperesente tse 4.8 ho tloha 1982 ho isa 1986 ..." (Cox, 2012: 18).
[ix] Polelo e le 'ngoe polelong ea Cox e lokela ho hlokomeloa: o bua ka linaha tse ntseng li hola tsa indasteri tsa Asia. Ho latela Litlhapi, "Sa pele, ka ho hlakileng, tsoelopele ena e qalile ka le/kapa ea rua molemo Ntoeng ea Mantsoe ea United States khahlanong le bokomonisi, 'me hamorao o re, "tsoelo-pele ena ea moruo e ne e reretsoe ho theha kapa ho tsosolosa puso ea bokapitale linaheng tse sa tšoaneng le moemphera oa United States. hegemony in the region …” (Scipes, 2020b, “Regional Aspirations with Global Perspective: Developments in East Asia Labor Studies.” Filosofi ea Thuto le Khopolo, Moq. 52, No. 11: 1214-1224, 1216. Marang-rang ho https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341719609_Regional_aspirations_with_a_global_perspective_Developments_in_East_Asian_labour_studies). Ho makatsang ke hore ka ho fana ka "libaka tsa matsete" ho mekhatlo ea machaba, sena se fane ka libaka tse ngata tse ka khonehang tseo mekhatlo ea US e ka fallelang ho eona ho tloha US.
[x] Joalo ka ha ho ngotsoe makhetlo a mangata ke bangoli ba 'maloa ho Cox, ed. (2012), Business Roundtable e bile ts'ebetso e kholo ho ntšetsa pele lithahasello tsa likoporasi tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tse thehiloeng US mme haholo-holo ho ntšetseng pele lithahasello tsa bona maemong a phahameng ka ho fetesisa a mmuso oa US, 'me e atlehile haholo boitekong ba eona.
[xi] Sheba puisano ea ts'ebetso ea bona khahlanong le mokhatlo oa basebetsi ho Cox and Bass (2012).
[xii] Taba ea hore moruo oa US ke oa bohlokoa molemong oa boiketlo ba 'Muso oa United States ha e e-s'o boleloe, bonyane phatlalatsa; Ba boholong United States ba hana ho hlalosa 'muso oa eona joalo. Leha ho le joalo, 'muso o itšetlehile ka kapa o na le phihlello ea moruo o matla le o ntseng o hola oa naha ea habo.
[xiii] Seo a qetetseng ho bua ka sona ke ho rekisoa ha mekhatlo ea sechaba—e kang tsamaiso ea ho hloekisa le ho fana ka metsi, matla a fehlang motlakase, litsamaiso tsa sekolo hammoho le sekolo ka bomong, merero ea lipalangoang (litsamaiso tsa literene tsa baeti, litsela tse kholo, marokho), joalo-joalo—ho likoporasi tse ikemetseng. , ho nkela taolo ea sechaba sebaka ka seo ka botsamaisi ba mekhatlo; ho beha taba ka tsela e 'ngoe, ho fetola merero ena ho tloha ho sebeletsa lithahasello tse tšoanang ho ea ho merero ea poraefete, e etsang phaello. Mekhoa ena ka kakaretso e tsejoa e le "privatization."
[xiv] Ka tlhahlobo e matla, Cox (2012: 16-30) o qaqisa ts'ebetso eo mekhatlo e etelletseng pele ea US e ileng ea nka bohato holim'a Reagan le litsamaiso tsa mopresidente tse ileng tsa latela tsa mekha ka bobeli ea lipolotiki, mme ea li etsa hore li thehe leano la moruo la lipolotiki tsa kantle ho naha ho tsoela likhoebo tsena molemo. litšenyehelo tse tobileng tsa basebetsi naheng ena. Ke tlhahlobo e qaqileng e lokelang ho nahanoa ka botebo, eo ho bonahalang eka ha e e-s'o ka e e bokella ho fihlela joale.
[xv] Ho latela Macrotrends (2023, “US Military Spending/Defense Budget, 1960-2023.” Marang-rang ho https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/military-spending-defense-budget), empa e kenyellelitsoe ke sengoli sena, tšebeliso ea chelete eohle ea sesole sa US ho tloha 1982 (selemo sa pele sa tekanyetso sa Tsamaiso ea Reagan) ho fihlela qetellong ea tsamaiso ea Donald Trump ka 2021: $ 18,215.91 billion kapa $ 18.216 trillion. (Sena ke pele Russia e hlasela Ukraine ka Hlakola 2022.)
Ho feta moo, re ka bapisa tšebeliso ea chelete ea sesole sa US ka 2021 le ea 10 ea "lilekane" tsa rona: US-$800.67 bilione; UK-$ 68.37 limilione tse likete; Fora- $56.65 limilione tse likete; Jeremane-$56.02 limilione tse likete; Saudi Arabia- $55.56 limilione tse likete; Japane- $54.12 limilione tse likete; Korea Boroa- $50.23 limilione tse likete; Italy-$32.01 bilione; Australia- $31.75 limilione tse likete; Canada- $26.45 limilione tse likete; le Iseraele-$24.34 bilione. (Macrotrends, 2023). Ka mantsoe a mang, ka 2021, US a le mong e sebelisitse $ 800.67 limilione tse likete, moo balekane ba rona ba 10 ho kopantsoe e sebelisitse $ 455.5 limilione tse likete.
Ena ke ntlha ea bohlokoa e sa utloisisoang ka ho lekaneng ke ba tsoelang pele United States: US e na le 'muso,' me matla a eona a fapane le a United States e le naha, empa batho ba phahameng ba moruo le ba lipolotiki ha ba batle hore re etse joalo. utloisisa phapang ena: ba batla hore re nahane hore ho hakanngoa ha 'muso, ha o ntse o leka ho laola lefatše lohle, ha e le hantle ke tšireletso ea naha. Lintoa tsa Korea, Vietnam, Iraq le Afghanistan-hammoho le litaelo tse fapaneng tsa "lefats'e" tsa US Europe, Latin America, Middle East, Africa, le Asia Bochabela, le mesebetsi eohle e amanang le eona kae kapa kae lefatšeng - li na le eng kapa eng eo li ka li etsang. etsa ka ho "sireletsa" United States ho feta kutloisiso ea motho; baqapi ba eona ba litšōmo ba etsa hore ba tsitlellang lithuto tsa bolumeli ba bonahale eka ke li-piker.
Ho khetholla pakeng tsa 'muso le naha ho bohlokoa haholo ho arola "bochaba" ba Amerika. Hape, chelete e sebelisoang 'musong ke chelete e ke keng ea sebelisoa thutong, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, ho felisa ho hloka toka sechabeng sa rona, ho matlafatsa mekhoa ea rona ea motheo, le / kapa ho sebetsana le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le timetso ea tikoloho, merero eohle e etselitsoeng ho thusa Maamerika le batho ba bang ba molemo ho pota-pota. lefatshe.
[xvi] E ’ngoe ea litšōmo tse khōlō tsa bophelo ba Maamerika—e phatlalatsoang haholo ke khoebo, ’muso, le mecha ea litaba e tloaelehileng—ke hore ha tlhahiso e ntse e eketseha, maemo a rōna a bophelo a phahama ka bohona. Sena se "itlhahisa" hore khoebo e "hlokomela" basebetsi ba eona moruong ka ho ntlafatsa meputso ea basebetsi nako le nako.
'Nete ke hore e bile mekhatlo ea basebetsi, ka lipuisano le ka ho teraeka, e qobelletseng likhoebo ho nyolla meputso le ho atolosa melemo ea sechaba. 'Me esita le libaka tsa mosebetsi tseo e seng tsa mekhatlo ea basebetsi ka kakaretso li phahamisitse meputso / melemo ho ea maemong a lekanang, e le karolo ea letšolo la bona la ho thibela basebetsi ba bona ho ikopanya. Ka bokhutšoanyane, le ho latela Jack Metzgar (2000, Striking Steel: Bonngoe bo Hopoloa. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.) "mesebetsi e kang babuelli ba molao, lingaka, baemeli ba inshorense, joalo-joalo, ho theha "sehlopha se seholo sa Amerika sa bohareng." "Sehlopha se mahareng se sebetsang" ha sea ka sa etsoa ke boiteko ba tšōmong bo "bebe" ba khoebo, empa ka boiteko bo tiileng ba basebetsi ba limilione ba ikopantseng hammoho mokhatlong oa basebetsi oa US.
Litlhaselo tsa mekhatlo ea basebetsi ho tloha ka 1981, joalo ka ha ke bontša ka tlase, li sentse boiketlo ba moruo ba Maamerika a limilione tse mashome, e leng se entseng hore ho be le merusu ea sechaba ka hare ho United States.
[xvii] Hape, bona Cox (2012: 16-30) moo a hlalosang phetoho ea moruo oa US ho tloha mohlaleng oa rona oa setso ho ea ho liketane tsa phepelo ea lefats'e. "Naha ea Amerika e ne e le mokhoa oa bohlokoa ka ho khetheha oa ho fana ka menyetla ea lipolotiki, ea molao le ea mokhatlo bakeng sa lifeme tsa machaba tse thehiloeng ho US ho hlophisa ts'ebetso ea tsona nakong ea 1980s" (Cox, 2012: 25).
Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e tebileng ea Apple Corporation, e leng e 'ngoe ea lifeme tse tsoetseng pele tse thehiloeng US, le hore na sena se amme basebetsi joang Chaena, bona Jenny. Chan, Mark Selden, le Pun ngai, 2020, Ho shoela iPhone: Apple, Foxconn, le Bophelo ba Basebetsi ba China. Chicago: Libuka tsa Haymarket.
[xviii] Sena se etsa hore ho bonahale eka Reagan imenne hararo the National Debt , empa u tlameha ho tlosa chelete eo a e futsitseng, kahoo keketseho ea sebele e ne e imena habeli.
[xix] Selemo se seng le se seng, 'muso oa Federale o theha moralo oa lichelete, o re o rera mananeo a itseng le litšenyehelo tsa ho a tšehetsa ka lichelete, ebe o tla a lefella ho tsoa lirisiti tsa lekhetho. Ka mor’a ho fela ha selemo sa tekanyetso—seo hona joale se felang ka la 30 Loetse—’muso o tla tlaleha hore “re sebelisitse chelete e ngata ho feta tekanyetso ea rōna” (ho tlaleha khaello) kapa “re tlisitse tekanyetso ea rōna e tlaase ho feta kamoo e neng e lebeletsoe kateng” (ho tlaleha hore ho na le phaello e ngata). Ebe liphetho tsa selemo seo (tse eketsehileng kapa khaello) li eketsoa ho tsa selemo se seng le se seng, ho khutlela morao ho 1789, ha US e fetoha naha e ikemetseng, 'me kakaretso eo ea chelete e setseng / likhaello e tsejoa e le "mokoloto oa naha."
Utloisisa hore lipakeng tsa 1789, ha US e fetoha naha e ikemetseng le 1981, pheletso ea tsamaiso ea Jimmy Carter, mokoloto oa naha oa US e ne e le $ 909 billion, kapa $ .9 trillion. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho lefella Ntoa ea 1812; Ntoa ea Lehae; ntoa khahlanong le Matsoalloa a Lithoteng; Ntoa ea Spain le Amerika (ho akarelletsa le Ntoa ea US-Philippine); Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše; Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše; lintoa Korea le Vietnam; hammoho le Tennessee Valley Authority (e tlisitseng motlakase Amerika Boroa), Interstate Highway System, le lenaneo la sebaka ho fihlela ka letsatsi leo, hammoho le tšebeliso efe kapa efe ea Federale; sena se ile sa nka lilemo tse 192. Ka lilemo tse fetang 40 feela, ho tloha ha Reagan a kena White House, Mokoloto oa Naha o ile oa hola ka $30 trillion tlasa ma Republican le Democrats. Kajeno, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe, mokoloto oa naha o feta $31 trillion (Rappeport le Tankersley, 2022).
Ka la 15 Hlakola 2023, the New York Times e phatlalalitse sengoloa se bolelang hore tlaleho ea morao-rao ea Ofisi ea Budget ea US Congress e hakantse hore Mokoloto oa Naha oa US o tla eketseha ka $ 19 trillion ka 2033 (Tankersley and Rappeport, 2023, "US on Track to Add $19 Trillion in New Motny Over 10 Years." New York Times, February 15. Inthaneteng ho https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/15/business/national-debt-biden.html.
Ke sona se etsahalang ha o sebelisa chelete e ngata ea sesole bakeng sa Mmuso oa US, mme o fokotsa lekhetho ho likhoebo le ho barui.
[xx] Qetellong ea kotara ea boraro ea 2022 (Loetse 30, 2022), Sehlahisoa sa Gross National sa US (GNP) se ne se thathamisitsoe ho $25.89 trillion (Y Charts.com, (Feme ea likeletso tsa lichelete). 2023. Kakaretso ea Sehlahisoa sa Naha sa US. Inthaneteng ho https://ycharts.com/indicators/us_gross_national_product); leha ho le joalo Mokoloto oa Naha o ne o thathamisitsoe matsatsing a 'maloa ho tloha moo e le ho feta $31 trillion (Rappeport le Tankersley, 2022). Sena se bolela hore Mokoloto oa Naha o ka ba liperesente tse 119.7 tsa GNP. Ka mantsoe a mang, leha motho e mong le e mong ka har’a naha ena a ne a ikemiselitse ho sebetsa a sa lefelloe selemo kaofela, re ne re sitoa ho felisa National Debt.
Qetellong ea 1980-Reagan o ne a khethiloe ka Pulungoana mme a nka mosebetsi nakong ea matsatsi a ka bang 20-Mokoloto oa Naha e ne e le $ .907 trillion, 'me GNP (ka la 31 Tšitoe 1980) e ne e le $2.768 trillion (Y Charts, 2023), kahoo. Mokoloto oa Naha ka nako eo e ne e le karolo ea 32.5 lekholong ea GNP.
[xxi] Tsela ea bohlokoa eo sena se entsoeng ka eona ke ka nalane ea litšōmo: mohlala o phethahetseng o fanoa ke filimi, "Monghali, Che Monghali!" (Davida Zieger, 2005, Mohlomphehi, Che Mohlomphehi! Lifilimi tse tlositsoeng. Inthaneteng ho https://www.netflix.com/title/70043764). Ho sa tsotellehe boiteko bo matla ba ho "beha ntoa ea [Vietnam] ka morao" ke 'muso oa US, Zieger o tlaleha ka bokhabane boteng ba mokhatlo o khahlanong le ntoa. Ka hare sesole sa US, le phello ea sona ho matla a sesole sa US ho loana ntoa. (Mokhatlo ona o khahlanong le ntoa ka har'a sesole sa US, oo ke ileng ka kenya letsoho ho oona, ka kakaretso o "lahlehile" historing ea US; bakeng sa boiteko ba ho netefatsa hore ha e lahlehe, bona David. Cortwright, 1975, Masole a Bofetoheli: Sesole sa Amerika Kajeno. Garden City, NY: Anchor Doubleday; Richard Moser, 1996, Masole a Macha a Mariha: GI le Bahanyetsi ba Veteran Nakong ea Nako ea Vietnam. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; William Short le Willa Seidenberg, 1992, Taba ea Letsoalo: Khanyetso ea GI Nakong ea Ntoa ea Vietnam. Andover, MA: Addison Gallery of Art, Phillips Academy. Inthaneteng ho https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Matter_of_Conscience; le Richard Stacewicz, 1997, Masole a Mariha: Nalane ea Molomo ea Bahlabani ba Vietnam ba Khahlanong le Ntoa. New York: Twayne Bahoeletsi; bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea ntoa ea batho ba sebetsang, bona Penny Lewis, 2012, Li-Hardhats, Hippies, le Hawks: Motsamao oa Antiwar oa Vietnam e le Tšōmo le Memori. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.) Ho bapisa filimi ea Zieger le “histori” ea ntoa, joalokaha ho tlalehoa ka kakaretso, ho bontša hore na “histori ea sebele” e ’nile ea nkoa e le tšōmo hakae. Nick Ea Turse (2013) buka ea Vietnam, Bolae Ntho Eng kapa Efe e Tsamaeang: Ntoa ea 'Nete ea Amerika e Vietnam, e boetse e bontša litšōmo tsa ntoa e 'nileng ea phatlalatsoa ke' muso oa US, 'me e ntan'o e senya ka ho sebelisa litlaleho tsa molao tsa Sesole sa US.
[xxii] Michael Moore's filimi ea 1989, 'Na le Roger, le filimi ea hae ea 2009, motse-moholomohopolo: Pale ea Lerato, ke mehlala feela eo ke tsebang hore potso eo ea neo-liberal economics e fihlileng ho bamameli ba bangata nakong ena. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lifilimi tsa Moore, bona Monyaluoa, 2022.
[xxiii] Ha ke khone ho bontša hore na ho bohloko hakae ho 'na ho ngola mantsoe ana; Nixon, ho ba bangata ba moloko oa ka, e ne e le mohlala oa bobe. E bonts'a hore na naha ena e tsamaile hole hakae, tlasa Mademokrate le Rephabliki.
Nixon ha a ka a fetisa melao ena e tsoelang pele, haholo-holo tikolohong le melao ea bophelo bo botle le polokeho bakeng sa basebetsi hobane o ne a lumela ho eona, empa o ile a theola mokhatlo o tsoelang pele (ho kenyeletsoa le mokhatlo o khahlanong le Ntoa ea Vietnam) o neng o mo qobelletse ho rarolla mathata ana. mokhoa ona.
Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e ntle ea lipolotiki tsa Tsamaiso ea Obama, bona Daniel Skidmore-Hess (2012).
[xxiv] 'Muso oa Amerika ha o batle hore re utloisise hore na ke chelete e kae e bokelloang ke karolo e ka holimo ho tse hlano lekholong (5%) ea baahi, kahoo lintlha tsa bona tsa quintile ea bohlano (le tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa) li ema ho karolo ea 95 lekholong; leha ho le joalo, kaha ba etsa sena ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng, se bapisoa le lilemo tse ling ho sa tsotellehe moeli o totobetseng.
[xxv] Robert E. Scott e tlaleha hore mesebetsi e ka bang limilione tse 3.2 e lahlehile "ke litšenyehelo tsa ho holisa likhaello tsa khoebo tsa US le China lipakeng tsa 2001 le 2013" (Scott, 2014, "US-China Trade Deficits Cost Millions of Jobs, with Los in Every State and in All but One Congressional District.” December 18. Economic Policy Institute. Inthaneteng ho https://www.epi.org/publication/u-s-china-trade-deficits-cost-millions-of-jobs-with-losses-in-every-state-and-in-all-but-one-congressional-district/2).
Bakeng sa ho shebisisa ka botlalo hore na capital ea machaba e khonne joang ho kenya China mecheng ea bona ea phepelo ea lefats'e, le phello moruong oa lefats'e, hammoho le litlamorao ho basebetsi ba China, bona. Cox le Lee, 2012. Ho sheba tšebetso ea Apple (le Foxconn) naheng ea China, bona Chan, Selden, le Ngai, 2020. Le ho sheba kamoo boetapele ba AFL-CIO bo neng bo hlasela mmuso oa China bakeng sa liqeto tse entsoeng ke boetapele ba mekhatlo ea machaba le mmuso oa US, bona. Litlhapi, 2006.
[xxvi] Lintho li mpefetse haholo ho tloha ha karolo ena e phatlalatsoa ka 2009.
Ho ea ka Bureau of Statistics Statistics, ka 2022, ke karolo ea 10.1 lekholong feela ea basebetsi bohle e ileng ea kopanngoa, le karolo ea 6.0 lekholong ea mekhatlo e ikemetseng. (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, “Litho tsa Union, 2022.” Marang-rang ho https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf.).
[xxvii] Ke ntse ke ngola haholo ka leano la kantle ho naha la AFL-CIO ho theosa le lilemo; ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e bile Litlhapi (2010a), ka ntlafatso, le tlhahlobo e pharaletseng ea lingoliloeng ho Litlhapi (2022, “Lenaneo la Leano la Kantle la AFL-CIO: Moo Bo-rahistori ba Emeng Hona Joale.” Sehlopha, morabe le matla a khoebo, Moq. 8, Khatiso ea 2, Article 5 (October). Inthaneteng ho https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol8/iss2/5). Bakeng sa sengoloa se seng se setle ka leano la kantle ho naha la AFL-CIO, bona Cox and Bass (2012) .
Ho hloleha hona ha boetapele ba AFL-CIO ho hlalositsoe ho Scipes, 2017, "The Epic Failure of Labor Leaders in the United States, 1980-2017 and Continuing." Sehlopha, morabe le matla a khoebo, Moq. 5, Issue 2, Article 5. Inthaneteng ho https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol5/iss2/5 (ka ntjhafatso ka 2024, e tlang), mme e latelwe ke Scipes, 2020a, "Na ke Nako ea Setsi se Secha sa Basebetsi United States?" Z Net, February 19. Inthaneteng ho https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/is-it-time-for-a-new-labor-center-in-the-united-states/. Ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse buang ka sena ke bangoli ba bangata ba fapaneng, 'me mohloli o le mong o molemo ka ho fetisisa ho fihlela joale (o hlokang ho nchafatsoa!) ke buka ea ka ea "Mathata a Hona Joale ea Mosebetsi", e fumanehang marang-rang ho. https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/contemporary-labor-issues-bibliography/.
[xxviii] Litekanyetso tsa lidolara, tse fanoeng bakeng sa chelete e kenang ea li-quintile tse fapaneng (kholomong ea pele) li tsoa ho 2005, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho setšoantšo sa 5, ka tlase.
ZNetwork e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete feela ka seatla se bulehileng sa babali ba eona.
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