United States of America esale e le naha e hlahelletseng lefatšeng ka lilemo tse fetang 40.[I] Ho na le litlhahlobo tse ngata tse qothisanang lehlokoa tsa nts'etsopele ena, kutloisiso e fapaneng, joalo-joalo, le mefuta eohle ea litlatsetso tse fapaneng tsa kelello ho tsoa ho tsena. Leha ho le joalo, hammoho le boiteko ba ’nete ba ho utloisisa nako ena ka nepo, ho na le boitsebiso bo bongata bo fosahetseng, bo sa hlakang, le leshano le totobetseng mabapi le karolo ea lona lefatšeng le mesebetsi ea lona ea moruo, ea lipolotiki, ea sesole le ea setso eo le kopanelang ho eona; karolo ea sena e ea elelloa, karolo ea eona ha e joalo, empa ho bolela hore ho na le pherekano e kholo ka eona, eseng feela har'a barutehi le baqolotsi ba litaba, empa haholo-holo, baitseki le sechaba ka kakaretso.
Sengoliloeng sena se batla ho fihlela lintho tse nne:
- Hlahisa seo batho ba maemo a phahameng a lipolotiki le moruo a lekang ho se etsa: ho busa lefatše, ho ntšetsa pele lithahasello tsa bona ka litšenyehelo tse tobileng tsa batho ba Amerika hammoho le ba bang lefats'eng lohle, leha sena se fapane le seo ba reng ba se leka. ; ke hore, ho fana ka tlaleho e nepahetseng le e tšepahalang ea mesebetsi le merero ea batho ba phahameng sechabeng.
- Hlalosa le ho nyenyefatsa likhopolo, tse ling tse tsoetseng pele ho feta tse ling, tseo ka mor'a tsona li patang boiteko ba tsona.
- Hlahisa litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ena ho batho ba Amerika le tsamaiso ea rona ea sechaba, ha re ntse re hlokomela hore phello e mpe haholo ho ba bang ba bangata lefatšeng ka bophara.
- Pheha khang ea hore molemong oa bophelo bo botle haeba e se ho pholoha ha boholo bo boholo ba Maamerika, hammoho le boholo bo boholo ba lefats'e, rona Maamerika re tlameha ho ikopanya le lefats'e lohle ho hanyetsa puso ena e phahameng, kae kapa kae moo e bonts'ang hlooho e mpe.[Ii]
Tlhahlobo ena e hloka pono ea lefats'e, e fapaneng le maikutlo a rona a setso a naha.
Leha ho hlokahala, ha hoa lekana ho fokotsa tlhokomelo ea rona ho United States le/kapa linaha tse ling tsa borena. Re tlameha ho nka khato ho tsoa ponong ea lefats'e, 'me e kenyeletsang linaha tseo pele li neng li le likolone. E, sena se etsa hore lintho li be thata le ho feta - 'me se re qobella ho nahana ka lintho tseo e ka 'nang eaba ha re e-s'o nahane ka tsona. Leha ho le joalo re ke ke ra hlola ntle le ho nka pono ea lefatše lohle; ho tsohle tseo ke li boneng le tseo ke ithutileng tsona ho theosa le lilemo, ho joalo bohlokoa; ho hang e ke ke ea etsoa ka tsela leha e le efe e ’ngoe.
Ka lebaka leo, se lokelang ho hlokomeloa kamehla ke hore tsoelo-pele ea sechaba e lula e etsahala ka har'a maemo a itseng a sechaba, a ba amang, ho molemo kapa ho feta. Hape, boemo bona ba sechaba bo tlameha ho nka pono ea lefatše lohle.
Boemo ba sechaba bo tlamehang ho utloisisoa ke hore bonyane ho tloha qetellong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše ka 1945, batho ba maemo a phahameng ba United States ba lekile ho busa lefatše lohle; US ke naha ea borena (bona, har'a tse ling, Blum, 1986, 2000, 2014, 2015; Chomsky, 2003; Grandin, 2007; Johnson, 2000, 2010; Klein, 2007, 2014; McCoy, 2009; Nederveen Pieterse, 2017, 2021, 1989; Robinson, 2004; Scipes, 2008, 1996, 1984a, 2009b, 2010a, 2010, 2016, 2017b; Lejoe le 2020).[Iii] Sena se bolela hore re ke ke ra utloisisa US joalo ka naha e 'ngoe, empa - ka linako tsohle - re tlameha ho hlokomela hore ena ke eona bohareng ba 'Muso oa US. Sena se na le moralo o matla ho ntšetsa pele lithahasello tsa United States- joalo ka ha ho khethiloe ke batho ba phahameng sechabeng ba naha ena-holim'a tsa linaha tsohle tse ling. Ka ho hlahisa se ka bitsoa feela "bochaba ba Amerika" - bo theiloeng holim'a bosoeu - le ho phatlalatsa sena ka tsamaiso ea sekolo, likereke, le mekhatlo e meng ea sechaba (le ho bua leshano haholo ka eona mecheng ea litaba), batho ba phahameng ba fumane chelete e ngata. palo ea Maamerika ho tšehetsa liketsahalo tsa bona tsa borena.[Iv]
E 'ngoe ea lintho tse thahasellisang ka ho ithetsa ha sechaba sa Amerika ke hore morero ona oa boemphera oa batho ba phahameng sechabeng o 'nile oa boleloa e le motheo oa bophelo ba rona bo phahameng le boiketlo ba naha; ke hore, re hloka hore re be ma-imperiya, re buse linaha tse ling, re phele hamonate, le hoja ho se mohla ho boleloang ka mantsoe ana.
Leha ho le joalo, ho tloha hoo e ka bang ka 1973—’me ka sebele ka 1979—boemo ba bophelo ba United States bo theohile, haeba bo sa mpefala le ho feta bakeng sa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea batho; sena se tla hlalosoa ka botlalo Karolong ea 3 ea morero ona ka kakaretso. “Tharollo,” joalokaha e behiloe ke baetapele ba rona ba lipolotiki le ba sechaba e bile se bitsoang “neo-liberal economics”; leha ho le joalo joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang, se phatlalalitsoeng e le tharollo e hlile e mpefalitse lintho le ho feta. Neo-liberal economics, khahlanong le se "tšepisitsoeng," ha e le hantle e fetisitse lisebelisoa ho tloha ho baahi ba naha ho ea ho ba ruileng le ho batsamaisi ba 'Muso oa US ho e-na le ho ruisa batho ba rona molemo. Sena e bile tlokotsi ho Maamerika a mangata; ho se lekane sechabeng ho eketsehile ha limilione tsa batho ba lefang hantle, haholo-holo mesebetsi e kopanetsoeng e senyehile; ditirelo tsa rona tsa loago le tsamaiso ya thuto di ntse di tlhaselwa; ho thunngoa ha batho ba bangata ho eketsehile 'me, ka lekhetlo la pele historing ea Amerika, moloko oa kajeno o ke ke oa sebetsa hantle moruong joaloka batsoali ba bona. 'Me lintho li tla mpefala le ho feta bakeng sa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea batho.
Ke nako ea hore re nahane ka mokhoa o mocha oa ho amana har'a rona, le Maamerika a mang, hammoho le batho lefatšeng ka bophara, hammoho le tikoloho ea lipolanete.
Ka mantsoe a mang, ka ho amohela morero oa puso ea batho ba phahameng sechabeng le ho tšoara batho ba libilione lefatšeng ka bophara hampe, re eketsa khatello ea rōna.
Ke nako ea hore re nahane ka mokhoa o mocha oa ho amana har'a rona, le Maamerika a mang, hammoho le batho lefatšeng ka bophara, hammoho le tikoloho ea lipolanete.
MAKHOpolo A BOHLOKOA: IMPRIALISM, PHATALATSO, MORUO OA NEO-LIBERAL
Gore tshekatsheko e e utlwale, go na le dikgopolo tse tharo tse di botlhokwa tse di tshwanetseng go tlhalosiwa gore tshekatsheko eno e nne e e ka ikanngwang: “imperialism,” “globalization” le “neo-liberal economics,” mme nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e sekasekiwa fa tlase. Mareo ana a rarahane, 'me a tsoetse pele ha nako e ntse e ea, kahoo tlhaloso e rarahane. Ana ke mantsoe ao ho sa buuoeng ka 'ona ka kakaretso (imperialism), a kopantsoeng joalokaha eka re arolelana kutloisiso e tšoanang (globalization), kapa ka kakaretso ha a hlalosoe empa ho hlokahala hore a utloisise (neo-liberal economics); mme ka kakaretso ha di hlahlojwe mmoho. Li hloka ho qhaqhoa, ebe e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ntlafatsoa le ho bontšoa hore na e sebelisana joang, 'me sena se etsoa mona.
Ho bile le phehisano e kholo har'a bahlahlobisisi mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa imperialism le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše;[V] ha e le hantle, ba bang ba e bitsa “ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ka bo-imperialist.”
Eo hase mokhoa oo ba bang ba rōna ba o nkang; mohlomong e hlakileng haholo ke Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2004).[vi] Ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho ’nile ha tsoela pele ka lilemo tse mashome a likete. Ka linako tse ling sena se nkile sebopeho sa imperialism-Alexander e Moholo, Genghis Khan, joalo-joalo-empa ka linako tse ling ha se joalo, joalo ka ha re bua ka ho falla ho tšela moeli. Leha ho le joalo, puso ea mehleng ea kajeno ea imperialism e qala ka “maeto a ho sibolla” ka merero ea ho tsamaea ka leoatleng ea linaha tsa Europe Bophirimela, hoo e ka bang lilemo tse ka bang 1500. li hloka ho utloisisoa ka tsela e loketseng.
Likhopolo tsena li se li tšohloa ka ho latellana.
HO UTLOISISA IMPERIALISM: BOKOLONI LE NEO-COLONIALISM[vii]
Imperialism hangata e qheleloa ka thoko e le poleloana ea boikaketsi, empa e sebelisoa ka matla mona ho buisana ka 'nete fatše. Ha e le hantle e bua ka maikutlo a hore linaha tse fapaneng ha li na matla a lekanang a lipolotiki le moruo; imperialism e bua ka taba ea hore linaha tse ling li matla ho feta tse ling, le hore tse matla li sebelisa matla ana ho boloka kapa ho atolosa puso ea tsona holim'a tse fokolang ha linaha tse ling li sa ipehe tlas'a naha e matla ho feta.
E ’ngoe ea tlatsetso e khōlō ea Marxism ntoeng ea lipolotiki ke ho hōlisa khopolo ea “imperialism”. Ho akaretsa kapele, ho ipapisitsoe le "Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism" ea Lenin (Lenin, 1916) le tlhaloso e kholo e ileng ea latela ea mohopolo, imperialism ke ts'ebetso eo ka eona linaha tse ling li khonang ho tlatlapa linaha tse ling, tse fokolang, bakeng sa thepa ea tsona e tala. (joaloka mobu oa temo le lihlahisoa tsa oona, joalo ka mapolanka, litholoana, joalo-joalo), mehloli ea tlhaho (liminerale tse kang khauta, silevera le koporo), ka linako tse ling mehloli ea bona ea batho (makhoba kapa, morao tjena, bafalli ba basebetsi), e leng li ile tsa bokellana, eaba lia bokelloa, ’me tsa khutlela naheng ea “lehae” la borena ho ea sebelisetsoa ho ntšetsa pele naha ea borena.
Ka nako e ts'oanang, sena se etsoa ho sa natsoe letho ke matla a borena a tšusumetso e kotsi ho batho ba reretsoeng. Ho hlakile hore tlhaselo le ntoa li na le litlamorao tse mpe haholo le tse potlakileng ho baahi, ka bobona. Robert McNamara, Mongoli oa mehleng oa United States oa "Ts'ireletso," o bolela hore batho ba Vietnam ba limilione tse 3.8 ba bolailoe nakong eo Mavietnam a e bitsang "Ntoa ea Amerika," 'me Nick Turse (2013) o ngola ba bang ba limilione tse 5.7 ba lemetseng. Ho phaella moo, litšenyehelo tsa 'mele, tsa tikoloho, tsa sechaba le tsa batho ka bomong li ntse li tsoela pele kajeno, hoo e ka bang lilemo tse 50 ka mor'a hore ntoa e fele (1975), ka linyeoe tse tsoelang pele tsa molao o sa phatlohang le ho tsoela pele ho bolaoa ke chefo ea Agent Orange).[viii]
Karolo e 'ngoe ea tšusumetso e bakoa ke ho kenella litabeng tsa sechaba se seng-ho sebelisa ts'ebetso ea lekunutu ea CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) kapa ts'ebetso ea "public" ea NED (National Endowment for Democracy)[ix]-ho phethahatsa litakatso tsa borena tsa US. Tsena hoo e ka bang kamehla li baka tšitiso e kholo ea sechaba bonyane 'me hangata li lebisa lefung, ho koalloa chankaneng, tlhokofatso le timetso ea batho le libaka tsa litoropo, haholo-holo li lokela ho atleha ho liha mebuso e khethiloeng ka demokrasi, eo US tlas'a Richard Nixon le Henry. Kissinger o ile a etsa Chile ka la 11 Loetse 1973—ea pele 9/11—lilemo tse 50 tse fetileng selemong sena (2023).
Ho boetse ho na le karolo ea likotlo tsa lipolotiki. Mona ke moo naha e le 'ngoe - ka kakaretso US - e behang meeli ho seo naha e ka se rekang kantle ho naha, 'me sena se etsoa ka khatello, thibelo ea likepe, lithibelo tsa moruo le mekhoa e meng. Mohlomong taba ea khale ke taba ea Iraq, lipakeng tsa tlhaselo ea pele le ea bobeli e etelletsoeng pele ke US (1991-2003). Ha a botsoa ke Moqolotsi oa litaba oa CBS Leslie Stahl, Mongoli oa Naha oa United States Madeleine Albright o ile a bolela ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang hore "Re nahana hore theko e bohlokoa" hore hoo e ka bang 500,000 (ha ho na mongolo o fosahetseng) bana ba Iraq ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse hlano ba shoele ka lebaka la likotlo tsa US (Stahl. , 1996; bona le Blum, 2000: 5-6). US e behile likotlo ka bonngoe lefats'eng ka bophara mme e bile le litlamorao tse mpe haholo Cuba le Venezuela ntle le Iraq.
Ntle le pefo e etsoang, phello ea tlatlapo e ka utloisisoa ka ho utloisisa bosholu bo bonolo ba thepa ena e tala, matlotlo a tlhaho, le batho, kapa e ka lemohuoa ka litlamorao tsa 'mele, tsa sechaba, tsa maikutlo le tsa tikoloho tsa bosholu bo joalo. e ka tsoela pele ka meloko ka makholo a lilemo, 'me e ka bitsoa khatello.
Ka mantsoe a mang, ho qala ho utloisisa imperialism, motho o tlameha ho hlokomela hore ke ts'ebetso ea ho sebelisana pakeng tsa naha e matla le e fokolang, e reretsoeng ho thusa e matla ka litšenyehelo tsa e fokolang; moo naha e matla ka ho fetisisa e sebelisang lisebelisoa tsa eona tsa sesole, moruo, lipolotiki, bodiplomate, le/kapa tsa setso ho qobella puso ea eona holim'a e fokolang; 'me molao ona o reretsoe ho ntšetsa pele tlhekefetso le khatello ea lichaba le tikoloho ea naha e fokolang e le ho boloka puso ea e matla ka nako e telele..[x]
Leha ho le joalo, lits'ebetso tsena tse busang li fetela pele ho feta: li reretsoe ho theha taolo ke naha e busang eseng feela holim'a naha le lisebelisoa ka kakaretso, empa le setso mme ka hona likelello tsa batho ka bomong ba naha e hapuoeng, ho etsa hore ba qetelle ba fihle. bonyane amohela haeba e sa amohele maikutlo a hore naha e busang e phahame hoo ka tlhaho e lokelang ho laola bophelo ba batho ba naheng e tlas'a taolo le hore e tsoele pele ka ho sa feleng.[xi]
Leha ho le joalo, ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea bo-imperialism: bokolone le neo-colonialism. Phapano ke efe?
Colonization ke mokhoa oa ho hlasela ka ho toba le ho hapa naha e itseng ke naha e matla, ho sa tsotellehe hore na naha e hlasetsoeng e hlophisitsoe ka mokhoa oa naha kapa sebaka; ka mantsoe a mehleng ea kajeno, ke ha naha e matla e beha "butsi fatše." E entsoe ho theha likolone tsa naha ea borena ka tsela e netefatsang ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ea moruo le puso ea lipolotiki ke naha ea borena molemong oa naha ea borena; e etsoa khahlanong le thato ea batho ba tloaelehileng ba naha e joalo, ebang ke “ba phahameng sechabeng” ba moo ba lumelang kapa che.
Leha ho le joalo, nakong ea puso ea bokolone, linaha tsa borena ka kakaretso li ’nile tsa koetlisetsa bara—’me ka ho eketsehileng, barali—ba ba phahameng sechabeng ba pele ho bokolone ho tsamaisa naha ka mor’a boipuso, haholo-holo ka ho ba ruta, ebang ke “lapeng” kapa naheng ea borena, ea “mehlolo” ea sechaba sa moemphera. Ntho ea bohlokoa ho seo ke ho "kholisa" "baeta-pele" bana ba nakong e tlang (ke hore, batho ba phahameng ka ho fetisisa) hore tsela e molemo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa naha ea bona ke "ho ithaopela" ho amohela likamano tsa moruo tse hlekefetsang tse thehiloeng nakong ea bokolone ke naha ea borena le ho li boloka ka mor'a boipuso. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha a ntse a fana ka boipuso ba lipolotiki, mokolone o batla maemong 'ohle ho boloka likamano tse tšoanang tsa moruo ka mor'a boipuso; sena se tsejoa e le neo-colonialism.[xii] E boloka naha e ikemetseng tlas'a taolo ea moruo, 'me hangata ea lipolotiki, ea naha ea borena, ntle le puso e totobetseng ea sesole.
Sena ha se hakaalo hore se mpe bakeng sa naha e sa tsoa ipusa; ha e le hantle, pefo ea bokolone khahlanong le baahi e batla e fokotseha ka linako tsohle ka mor'a boipuso; mme hangata, ka boleng. 'Me batho ba bona hore batho ba tšoanang le bona ba ka tsamaisa litaba tsa naha e ikemetseng, ba phephetsa maikutlo a "makhooa a phahameng" a neng a thehiloe nakong ea bokolone. Ka sebele tsena ke melemo ho bohle ba amehang. Leha ho le joalo melemo e lula e lekanyelitsoe ka hore ka kakaretso ha e ame—kapa, ho hobe le ho feta, e matlafatsa—likamano tsa moruo tse theiloeng tlas’a bokolone; likamano tse neng li etselitsoe ho tsoela naha ea borena molemo ka litšenyehelo tsa kolone.
Le hoja tlhahlobo ea Lenin le litloholo tsa hae tsa lipolotiki mabapi le imperialism e le ea bohlokoa, e boetse e fokola haholo; ha e le hantle e lekanyelitsoe tšebelisong ea moruo.[xiii] Se hlokomolohuoang mona ke hore naha ea bo-imperiya ka tloaelo e batla ho busa linaha tse ngatanyana, ka linako tse ling e le karolong e le ’ngoe ea lefatše, ka linako tse ling e le likarolong tse ling, ’me ka nako e ’ngoe e le likarolong tse ngata ka nako e le ’ngoe.[xiv] 'Me ka linako tse ling, likamano tsa motho ka mong tsa imperialist li lekanyelitsoe likamanong tse mpe tsa moruo.
Leha ho le joalo ka linako tse ling ha ba joalo. Seo moetlo oa Marx o se hlokomolohang ka kakaretso ke likamano tsa lipolotiki, lipakeng tsa linaha tse itseng tsa borena le tsa likolone, le lipakeng tsa linaha tse fapaneng tsa borena ka botsona.
Jan Nederveen Pieterse o fetile monahano wa Lenin. Ho qhekellang tsela ea hae Empire and Emancipation: Matla le Tokoloho ho Sekala sa Lefatše (New York: Praeger, 1989), Nederveen Pieterse o amohela tlhahlobo ea Lenin ea moruo empa o eketsa tlhahlobo ea lipolotiki moruong. Ka mantsoe a mang, Nederveen Pieterse o pheha khang ea hore imperialism e na le ka bobeli merero ea moruo le ea lipolotiki, 'me ka ho eketsa sena, e re lumella ho nahana ka litaba tsa puso le ho ipeha tlas'a likamano tsa naha le naha, e leng se re lumellang ho nahana ka maemo a geo-strategic le mebuso, le liphello tsa bona historing ea lefats'e.[xv] Ho feta moo, maemong a mang, litšusumetso tsa moruo ke tsona tse ka sehloohong athe ho tse ling, litšusumetso tsa lipolotiki ke tsona tse ka sehloohong; motho a ke ke a nka hore khothatso ke ea mantlha, empa e tlameha ho netefatsoa ka tlhahlobo ea mahlale.
Leha ho le joalo, kutloisiso ea Nederveen Pieterse ea imperialism e fetela ka nģ'ane ho boemo ba naha ea naha. Sehloohong sa 2010, ke hlalositse:
Sechaba sa lipolotiki hangata se bolela naha-naha; leha ho le jwalo, leha ho kenyeletswa dinaha tsa naha sehlopheng sena, kutlwisiso ya Nederveen Pieterse ya imperialism e fetela ka nqane ho boemo ba naha ya naha. Oa hlokomela hore ka lebaka la puso ea ka ntle nakong ea histori e fetileng, lihlopha tse arolelanang setso, meetlo, lipuo, le mokhatlo oa lipolotiki (ke hore, "lichaba tsa lipolotiki") li ka 'na tsa kenngoa ka har'a meeli ea lichaba tse ling tsa lipolotiki. Mehlala ea sena e kenyelletsa linaha tsa Matsoalloa a Amerika a kenyellelitsoeng US, Mapalestina ho Isiraele, Makurde ho ea Turkey, Syria, Iran le Iraq, 'me sena ke 'nete le ka matsoalloa a lefats'e ho pota. Kahoo, ho e-na le ho iphapanyetsa batho bana kapa ho ba etsa ba se nang thuso ka ho thibela kutloisiso ea bo-imperialism ho linaha feela, Nederveen Pieterse o atolosa maikutlo a imperialism ho kenyelletsa puso ea sechaba se seng sa lipolotiki holim'a se seng, 'me sena se ka ba teng ka har'a meeli e teng hona joale. naha-naha: likamano tsena tsa moeli oa sechaba ka bophara ba lipolotiki li thehiloe likamanong tse sa lekanang tsa matla, 'me tse matla li laola ba fokolang (Scipes, 2010b: 468).
Leha ho le joalo, ntle le ho hlokomela hore imperialism ha e felle feela linaheng tsa sechaba, Nederveen Pieterse o pheha khang ea hore mekhatlo ea maemo a fapaneng a lefats'e la sechaba e ka kopanela ho imperialism, 'me e ka thusa mebuso e thehiloeng. Ka hona,
Nederveen Pieterse o atolosa mohopolo wa imperialism "ka ho otloloha" ho kenyeletsa maemo a fapaneng a puso. Ha a tsepamise maikutlo feela likamanong tse busang boemong ba naha le naha, empa o kenyelletsa likamano tse busang maemong a holimo le a tlase ho feta boemo ba naha. Ka mohlala, boemong bo phahameng (boemong bo phahameng ho feta linaha-lichaba/lichaba tsa lipolotiki), likamano tse busang li ka theoa, joalo ka lipakeng tsa Machaba a Kopaneng (UN) le batho ba naha efe kapa efe (joalo ka "makhotla a ho boloka khotso" a UN le baahi ba mek’huk’hu ba Haiti). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, likamano tse busang li ka theoa maemong a tlase (boemong bo tlase), joalo ka lipakeng tsa mokhatlo oa basebetsi US le mekhatlo ea basebetsi linaheng tse ling. Ka mantsoe a mang, Nederveen Pieterse ha a atolose maikutlo a imperialism sebakeng se tšekaletseng ka ho se atolosoa ho kenyelletsa puso ho pholletsa le meeli ea sechaba sa lipolotiki, empa hape o e atolosa ka ho otloloha ka ho kenyelletsa maemo a fapaneng a puso. Ke ho elelloa hore puso e ka etsahala ka boemo tlase puso ea naha e lumellang puso ea Labour ho pholletsa le lipolotiki-sechaba-meeli hore e kenyelelitsoe ka har'a mohopolo oa imperialism (Scipes, 2010b: 468).
Ka mor'a moo, le ho tsoa ponong e fapaneng, litsebi tse kang Alfred W. McCoy (2009, 2017, 2021) li ntlafalitse kutloisiso ea mebuso. McCoy (2017), a lebisa tlhokomelo ho fokotseha ha 'Muso oa US, o pheha khang ea hore boipiletso ba' muso bo utloahala. Morago ga go buisana ka bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba mebono e e farologaneng ya sepolotiki, o supile gore, “Ka bokhutshwane, basekaseki ka bophara ba sepolotiki ba ne ba dumalana gore. muso e ne e le lentsoe le nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa ho hlalosa boemo ba hona joale ba matla a maholo a Amerika” (McCoy, 2017: 47). Ho feta moo, "Ho bitsa sechaba se laolang hoo e batlang e le halofo ea mabotho a sesole a polanete le boholo ba maruo a eona 'muso' ha hoa ka ha e-ba letho ho feta ho lumellana le moralo oa ho hlahloba lintlha tse nepahetseng" (McCoy, 2017: 43).[xvi]
Kahoo, ka ho laola linaha tse fokolang, tse matla li ile tsa kopanya matla a tsona hore e be mebuso.
'Me mebuso, ho theosa le lilemo, e 'nile ea hlōlisana ho laola mebuso e meng.
'Me imperialism, ka mefuta eohle ea eona, e itšetlehile ka pefo, ebang e sebelisoa boemong bo itseng kapa che. Thomas Ferguson (2012: xi-xii) o fana ka chate e khahlang (bona setšoantšo sa hae sa 1) se bonts'ang ho qaleha ha ts'ebeliso ea matla a US kapa ho kenella ka lekunutu kantle ho naha lipakeng tsa 1798-2001. E ipapisitse le lintlha tse tsoang ho US Congressional Research Service, e neng e hlophisitse tlaleho, "Instances of US Armed Forces Abroad From 1798," le ho tloha Blum (2014). Seo e se bonts'ang ke palo e tsitsitseng empa e tlase ea mehato ho fihlela hoo e ka bang ka 1947 (ha CIA e thehoa ka Molao oa Tšireletso ea Sechaba),[xvii] ’me joale e qhoma ka mokhoa o tsotehang ho fihlela hoo e ka bang ka 1975: “Ho sebelisoa ha mabotho a hlometseng linaheng lisele le liketso tse patehileng li ile tsa phahama haholo nakong ea Ntoa ea Mantsoe, pele e fokotseha ka tšohanyetso ha linyeoe tse ling tsa Komiti ea Kereke…” O tsoela pele: “Ho theoha ha litšebelisano ha hoa ka ha tsoela pele. ; ho e-na le hoo, e ile ea fetoha ka mokhoa o tsotehang ka phatlalatso ea "Reagan Doctrine" (Ferguson, 2012: xi), ha e feta ka chelete e ngata nako ea 1947-75.
Ho elelloa sena ho hloka hore re utloisise, ha re leka ho ikarabella bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea bokapitalise lefatšeng ka bophara, hore chelete e ngata ha e sebetse ka har'a lefatše la bokapitale le "sa nke lehlakore", moo liqeto tsa beng kapa tsa batsamaisi ba likhoebo li busang, empa ho e-na le hoo ka har'a lefats'e le hlophisitsoeng haholo la lipolotiki. 'musong joalo ka ha o ntlafalitsoe ke linaha tse itseng.
Ha nako e ntse e ea-'me sena e ka ba lilemo tse mashome, haeba e se makholo a lilemo a ho hlōloa-likolone ka kakaretso li fumane boipuso ba tsona ba lipolotiki ho mokolone oa bona oa moemphera.[xviii] Ka linako tse ling, boipuso bo tlile ka ntoa ea libetsa; ke hore, liphetohelo. Ka linako tse ling, melemo ho mokolone e fokotsehile hoo mokoloneli a faneng ka boipuso ba lipolotiki e le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa nako e tlang ho naha ea borena. Leha ho le joalo, hape, boholo ba likolone tsa pele li ile tsa fumana boipuso ba tsona ba lipolotiki feela; ba lula ba tlameletsoe ka moruo ho monghali oa bona oa mehleng oa bokolone.[xix]
Kahoo, ho akaretsa:
Imperialism ke ts'ebetso ea likamano lipakeng tsa sechaba se matla sa lipolotiki (naha-naha, kapa mekhatlo e maemong a holimo-limo kapa a naha) le sechaba se fokolang sa lipolotiki, se reretsoeng ho thusa se matla ka litšenyehelo tsa se fokolang; moo sechaba se matla sa lipolotiki se sebelisang lisebelisoa tsa sona (ho kenyeletsoa, ha ho loketse, sesole, moruo, lipolotiki, diplomate, le/kapa lisebelisuoa tsa setso) ho qobella puso ea bona holim'a ea fokolang; ’me molao ona o reretsoe ho ntšetsa pele tlatlapo le khatello ea lichaba le tikoloho ea naha e fokolang e le ho boloka puso ea e matla ka nako e telele.
TŠEBELETSO[xx]
Ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ke mokhoa o tsoelang pele. Ho sebelisa lentsoe ho bolela ho nka sebaka sa lipolanete, ha ho sa lekanyetsoa ha motho a hlahloba boemo ba naha. Sena ha se bolele hore naha-bochaba e siiloe ke nako, ha e na thuso, joalo-joalo, empa hore re ke ke ra beha feela tlhahlobo ea rona ea lipolotiki boemong ba naha ea naha. Jan Nederveen Pieterse o atolosa:
Har'a bahlahlobisisi le baetsi ba melaoana, Leboea le Boroa, ho na le tumellano e ntseng e hlaha mabapi le likarolo tse 'maloa tsa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše: ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho susumetsoa ke liphetoho tsa theknoloji, ho kenyelletsa ho tsosolosoa ha linaha, ho tsamaisana le ho kopana ha libaka [mohlala, European Union, Latinamericanization-KS], mme ha e lekane (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8).
O tsoela pele ho ngola hore le hoja hangata batho ba bua ka khatello ea sebaka sa nako, "Ho bolela hore ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho kenyelletsa tšebelisano e matla ho pholletsa le sebaka se seholo le ka nako e khutšoanyane ho feta pele" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8).[xxi]
Leha ho le joalo, ho na le litaba tse mabapi le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše moo ho ntseng ho e-na le likhohlano tse ngata. Ka mor'a Nederveen Pieterse, mongoli enoa o pheha khang ea hore ho phaella ho tse ka holimo, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho na le mefuta e mengata (ke hore, e ke ke ea fella feela karolong e le 'ngoe, joalo ka moruo, empa e kenyelletsa lintho tse kang lipolotiki le setso) 'me e lokela ho nkoa e le ketsahalo ea nako e telele. e qalileng lilemong tse likete tse fetileng "qalong ea ho falla ha batho ba pele le likhokahano tsa khoebo tse hōle 'me ka mor'a moo e potlakisa tlas'a maemo a itseng (ho ata ha theknoloji, malumeli, ho bala le ho ngola, mebuso, bokhaphithaliste" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 70- 71).[xxii] Ka mantsoe a mang, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše pele ho nako bokhaphithaliste le mehleng ea kajeno, ho bolelang hore e bile teng pele ho "Bophirima." Mme, ehlile, ha e a qala ka bo-1970.
Le hoja ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše e le mokhoa o pharaletseng haholoanyane, o tebileng, hape o telele ho feta kamoo ho tloaelehang ho lemohuoa kateng, mekhoa ena e ile ea qala ho potlaka mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1970.
Haeba ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefats'e nakong ea halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli ho ne ho amana le 'American Century' le nako ea 1980-2000 e tsamaellana le puso ea bokhaphithaliste ba Anglo-American le American hegemony, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefats'e la mashome a mabeli a motso o mong ho bontša liphetoho tse fapaneng haholo. Hegemony ea Amerika e fokotsehile, moruo oa Amerika o its'etleha ho tsoa kantle ho naha, o na le melato e tebileng, 'me o le mathateng a lichelete.
Mekhoa e mecha ea ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše lekholong la mashome a mabeli a metso e 'meli ke litsi tsa moruo oa lefats'e o fetohelang ho ea ka Boroa ea lefats'e, ho ea linaheng tse ncha tse tsoetseng pele indastering, le ho barekisi ba matla a kantle ho naha (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 24).[xxiii]
O boetse a supa hore liphetoho tsena li etsahala maemong a moruo le a lichelete, litsing tsa machaba, le ho fetolang mekhoa ea bofalli. O akaretsa, "The hegemony ea setso sa Bophirimela e fetile" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 24-25).
Le hoja mongoli enoa a lumellana le monahano oa Nederveen Pieterse mabapi le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše—ho kenyeletsoa hore ho na le lintho tse ngata-ngata le hore ho bile teng pele ho sejoale-joale—ke batla ho eketsa ntlha e ’ngoe mabapi le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše: ho na le mefuta e mengata (Scipes, 2012a). Ena ke ntlha ea bohlokoa.
Likhoebo le mebuso li khethile lentsoe “ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše,” li tsitlella hore ke matla a le mong feela a “molemo” a hoholang lefatše, ’me a koahetse bohle ba ka har’a lona, joaloka lerako la metsi a likhohola le ke keng la thijoa.
Batšehetsi qalong ba ile ba arabela sena ka ho ba khahlanong le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše; Ho ba teng, buka ea Amory Starr ea 2005 e ne e bitsoa Bofetoheli ba Lefatše: Tataiso ea Mekhatlo e Khahlanong le Tšebelisano ea Lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, baitseki ba ile ba bona hore ha re khahlanong le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše, empa re khahlanong le mofuta oa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše o neng o khothaletsoa le ho phatlalatsoa (mohlala, Friedman, 1999).
Bangoli ba bangata ba nahana hore mohopolo o betere ke ho hlokomela hore ho na le mekhahlelo e 'meli ea ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše-ho bolela hore ho na le "top-down," corporate/militaristic globalization, le "tlase holimo," mokhatlo oa lefats'e oa toka ea sechaba le moruo-le hore maemo ana a mabeli a thehiloe holim'a litekanyetso tse hanyetsanang ka ho feletseng le tse ling. Ka ho rialo, ke bolela hore ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ke eseng monolith, ketsahalo e le 'ngoe, e kopaneng, empa ba pheha khang ea hore bonyane e na le mekhahlelo e 'meli, kahoo re ka bua ka "khokahano ea lefats'e ho tsoa holimo," le "tšebelisano ea lefats'e ho tloha tlase." E bolelang?
Ho amohela tseko ea Nederveen Pieterse ea hore "tšebelisano ea lefats'e e kenyelletsa tšebelisano e matla sebakeng se pharaletseng le ka nako e khuts'oane ho feta pele" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8), re tlameha ho sheba makgabane ea e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea maemo ana a ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše. Litekanyetso tsa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše holimo-tlase ke tse khothalletsang ho ata ho sa sitisoeng ha tlhekefetso ea moruo le taolo ea likhoebo lefatšeng ka bophara, le sesole (le lintoa tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea sesole) tse hlokahalang ho netefatsa hore hoa khoneha; ka mantsoe a mang, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše holimo-tlase ke boiteko ba morao-rao ba ho laola lefatše, libōpuoa tsohle tse phelang le polanete.
Sena se ka bonoa ha ho shejoa taba ea setso lefatšeng ka bophara. Ha e le hantle, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho ea holimo ho khothalletsa setso sa "kakaretso" moo setso sa batšoantšisi ba ka sehloohong se hlahisoang joalokaha eka ke, kapa se lokela ho ba, setso sa mokhatlo o mong le o mong oa batho; e iphapanyetsa kapa e batla ho felisa litso tsohle tsa lehae molemong oa ho amohela e ka sehloohong eo e e rerileng.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho tloha ka tlaase ho ntlafatsa bophelo: e hana puso ka mefuta eohle ea eona 'me e batla ho haha lefatše le lecha le thehiloeng ho tekano, toka ea sechaba le moruo, le tlhompho ho bohle ba phelang le polanete (Shiva, 2005) ). Maikutlo a mabeli a lefats'e, le litekanyetso tseo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e itšetlehileng ka eona, li ne li ke ke tsa hanyetsoa ho feta.
Mona ke moo pitso ea ka ea hore ba nang le maikutlo a macro-level ho kenyelletsa bonngoe ba tsoelo-pele litlhahlobong tsa bona e bang bohlokoa le ho feta: mekhatlo ena e tsoelang pele.[xxiv] ke karolo ea mokhatlo oa lefats'e oa toka ea moruo le sechaba (hore na baa e hlokomela kapa che), le hore ha ba ntse ba elelloa joalo, ba tla fumana mekhoa ea ho theha bonngoe le basebetsi le mekhatlo e meng, basali, balemi, baithuti, mafutsana a litoropong. , joalo-joalo, lefatšeng ka bophara.
Kahoo, ho utloisisa hore ho na le maemo a mabeli a fapaneng a ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše, le hore a hanyetsana, ho bolela hore batho ba lokela ho khetha: u ka lehlakoreng lefe?
'Me, ka mokhoa o hlakileng, ho bolela hore patlo ea rona ea ho batla balekane lefats'eng ka bophara e lokela ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho aheng maqhama le ba ntseng ba ntšetsa pele litekanyetso, lipheo, le mekhatlo ea mokhatlo oa "globalization ho tsoa tlase" ha ba ntse ba batla toka ea lefats'e ea moruo le kahisano ho tsoa. libakeng tsohle tsa lefats'e bakeng sa libaka tsohle tsa lefats'e.
NEO-LIBERAL CHELETE[xxv]
Ho feta moo, ho na le se bitsoang neo-liberal economics. Sena ke boiteko ba ho hlalosa tsoelo-pele haholo-holo ea moruo oa Amerika maemong a lefats'e.[xxvi] Hangata ho boleloa hore e thehiloe holim'a melao-motheo ea 'maraka o sa lefelloeng - ka boeona ke maikutlo a maikutlo[xxvii]—neo-liberal economics ehlile ha se mahala, empa ho joalo e tsoetseng pele haholo ho thusa ba ruileng le ba matla ba 'Muso oa US; kahoo, e reretsoe ho tsoela pele ho ruisa ba seng ba ntse ba phela hantle ha ho ntse ho fana ka lisebelisoa tse eketsehileng tsa moruo ho tšehetsa 'Muso oa US. 'Me e sebeletsa ho rationalise disembowelment ea malapeng ea US ea lehae ea moruo, e seng e sentse boiketlo ba moruo le tshireletso ea batho ba limilione naheng ena, ha ba ntse ba etsa hore batho ba sa tsitsang ba nahane hore ho hlōleha e ne e le bona feela-'me e se ka lebaka la moralo o hlophisitsoeng. ke barui le ba matla-le hore ha ba khone ho hanela mekhoa ena e meholo ea sechaba ka ho itšehla thajana le maikutlo a bona a boithati a 'nileng a matlafatsoa ke batho ba phahameng.
US e hlahile timetsong ea lefats'e ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše kaofela-empa e sa senyeha le moruo o tsoetseng pele ka ho fetisisa oa theknoloji lefatšeng; ntle le ho ba le bomo ea athomo le ho e lihela habeli Japane, le mabotho a matla ka ho fetisisa a metsing le a moea lefatšeng, kapele ba ile ba theha CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) ho ba thusa ho boloka puso ea lipolotiki lefatšeng neng kapa neng ha ho khoneha.[xxviii] 'Muso oa US o hahiloe ka morao ho moruo o matla-McCoy (2017) o bontša hore US e hlahisitse karolo ea 50 lekholong ea tlhahiso ea thepa le litšebeletso tsa lefats'e mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1950 (ho feta kamoo e hlahisoang ke linaha tse ling kaofela ka har'a naha). lefatshe, kopane)-mme sena se ile sa kopanngwa le ditheo tsa matjhaba tsa ditjhelete tse kang Banka ya Lefatshe, Letlole la Ditjhelete la Matjhaba (IMF), le Tumellano e Akaretsang ya Ditefiso le Kgwebisano (GATT), e nngwe le e nngwe e etseditswe ho thusa ho sireletsa moruo wa lefatshe mefokolong ya bokhaphithalise e sa laoleheng e ileng ya lebisa. ho ea ho Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo, moruo oa lefats'e oo litsebi tsa moruo oa Amerika li neng li nahana hore o tla lula o busoa ke United States.
Bakeng sa batho ba United States, sena se lebisitse ho lilemo tse 26 tsa kholo ea moruo e ntseng e eketseha le e batlang e lekana ka hare ho sechaba sa US. Sena se ka bonoa hang-hang ka tlase, ka chebahalo ea boiketlo ba moruo ho pholletsa le moruo oa Amerika.
Lilemo tse pakeng tsa 1947 le 1973 li nkoa e le "lilemo tsa khauta" tsa sechaba sa US.[xxix] Litekanyetso li hlahisoa ka lidolara tsa 2005, kahoo ho bolela hore inflation e qheletsoe ka thoko le hore liphuputso tsa chate ena li ka bapisoa le setšoantšo sa 2 le 5, ka tlase: tsena ke boleng ba dollar ea 'nete, ka hona ke lipapiso tse utloahalang.
Tlaase 20% | Ea bobeli 20% | Ea boraro 20% | Ea bone 20% | 95th Liphesente[xxxi] | |
1947 | $11,758 | $18,973 | $25,728 | $36,506 | $59,916 |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
Phapang (lilemo tse 26) | $ 11,386 (97%) | $ 19,215 (101%) | $ 27,554 (107%) | $ 36,769 (101%) | $ 54,318 (91%) |
Mohloli: Lefapha la Khoebo la US, Bureau of the Census (kamora mona, US Census Bureau) ho www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html: data ena ha e sa fumaneha. Litekanyetso tsohle tsa lidolara li fetotsoe ho lidolara tsa 2005 ke US Census Bureau, ho tlosa inflation le ho bapisa boleng ba nnete. Liphapang le liphesente tse baloang ke mongoli. Liphesente tse bontšitsoeng ka tatellano e ngotsoeng "Difference" li bonts'a phapang ea dollar e le peresente ea selemo sa pele sa papiso 'me e se e pota-potiloe.
Lintlha tsa nako ea pele, 1947-1973, li bontša hore ho ne ho le teng kholo e kholo ea 'nete ea moruo bakeng sa quintile ka 'ngoe. Nakong ea lilemo tse 26, ho bile le kholo ea 'nete ea 100 lekholong bakeng sa meputso e holimo ho quintile ka 'ngoe, ho bolelang hore meputso e imenne habeli ka mor’a hore inflation e tlosoe; kahoo, ho ne ho e-na le kholo ea sebele ea moruo sechabeng. Mme sa bohlokwa, kholo ena ea 'nete ea moruo e ile ea ajoa ka ho lekana. Lintlha tse moleng oa bone (ka masakaneng) ke kamano ea liperesente lipakeng tsa phapang lipakeng tsa lekeno la 'nete la 1947-1973 ha li bapisoa le lekeno la 'nete la 1947, le liperesente tse 100 tse emelang. chelete e kenang habeli: ke hore, phapang pakeng tsa 1947 le 1973 e ne e le keketseho ea $11,386, e leng liperesente tse 97 tse fetang $11,758 tseo karolo e kaholimo ea quintile e bileng le eona ka 1947. ka tatellano e nyolohang, karolo ea 101 lekholong, karolo ea 107 lekholong, karolo ea 101 lekholong le karolo ea 91 lekholong. Ka mantsoe a mang, sekhahla sa kholo ka quintile se ne se ts'oana haholo ho pholletsa le mekhahlelo eohle e mehlano ea batho.
Leha ho le joalo, bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1960, linaha tse harasoantsoeng ke ntoa ea Lefatše tsa Jeremane, Japane, le United Kingdom li ne li hlaphoheloa hoo mekhatlo ea tsona e neng e khona ho hlōlisana le ea United States Europe le Japane. Ka bo-1970, tse ling tsa likoporasi tsena li ne li qothisana lehlokoa le likoporasi tsa US ka hare ho United States. 'Me ka bo-1980, mekhatlo ea linaha tse ling e ne e ntse e tsetela ka ho eketsehileng litsing tse hlahisang lihlahisoa ka hare ho US, ho ntlafatsa maemo a bona a tlhōlisano khahlanong le lifeme tsa US.
Ronald W. Cox o bontša hore liphetoho tsena li ile tsa fella ka “ho theoha ha phaello ea phaello eo mekhatlo e thehiloeng United States e tobaneng le eona bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1960 le mathoasong a bo-1970,” e ileng ea atoloha ho pholletsa le lilemo tsa bo-1970 ho ea bohareng ba bo-1980.[xxxii] O tsepamisitse maikutlo ho "tlhahlobo ea mehato e nkuoeng ke mekhatlo ea US ho arabela litefiso tse tlase tsa phaello," tse "kenyelletsang tlhophiso e thehiloeng 'marakeng e reretsoeng ho theola litšenyehelo tsa ho kenya letsoho, e kopantsoeng le mokhatlo oa lipolotiki o reretsoeng ho fetola leano la naha la US ka tsela ea neoliberal, ” liphetho tseo eena le Cathy Skidmore-Hess ba li tlalehileng ka 1999.
Cox o hlalosa ka botlalo:
Bakeng sa mekhatlo ea US, mokhoa oa setso oa ho boloka litefiso tsa phaello e bile ho sebelisa matla a 'maraka a oligopolistic le boemo ba ho nyolla litheko. Leano lena le ne le ka sebelisoa feela ke lifeme tseo karolo ea tsona ea mmaraka indastering e itseng e neng e le boemong ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho entseng hore ho be le litšenyehelo tse phahameng bakeng sa lifeme tse ncha ho kena 'marakeng ka katleho le ho qothisana lehlokoa le litheko tse tlase. Likhoebo tsa Amerika tse hlolisang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ka bophara likoloing, tšepe, lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa tsa mochini li thabetse monyetla o joalo ho feta bahlolisani ba tsona nakong ea kamora Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Sena se nolofalelitse lifeme tsena ho hapa ka katleho likarolo tse matla ka ho fetisisa, tse nang le boleng bo eketsehileng tsa 'maraka oa US khahlanong le bahlolisani ba lehae le ba kantle ho lilemo tse mashome a mabeli ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, bohareng ba bo-1960, ho ne ho e-na le mapetsong a bonahalang meahong ea oligopolistic e ileng ea lumella lifeme tseo ho laola 'maraka oa US.
Phalisano e ntseng e phahama ho tsoa ho barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Majapane le Majeremane, e lateloang ke ho kenella ha mebaraka ho tsoa linaheng tse sa tsoa indasteri tsa Asia, ho fokolitse matla ao li-oligopolies tse thehiloeng ho US li neng li na le ona 'marakeng oa lehae. Bokhoni ba lifeme tsa oligopolistic tsa US liindastering tsa bohlokoa tsa ho nyolla litheko ho boloka phaello bo ile ba fokotsoa ke tlholisano e kholo ea kantle ho naha. Ho feta moo, lifeme tsa linaha tse ling tse ileng tsa sebetsa bocha ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše li ne li e-na le monyetla o motle ho feta balekane ba tsona ba US: ba ile ba amohela mekhoa e mecha e ileng ea etsa hore ba hlōlisane le ho ba le nako e tlaase ea litšenyehelo tse "nyeletseng" ha li bapisoa le bahlolisani ba tsona ba US. Lifeme tsa US, ha li se li ntlafalitse thepa ea tsona ea tlhahiso lilemong tsa bo-1930, li ne li e-na le litlamo tse phahameng tsa penshene le tlhokomelo ea bongaka ho feta balekane ba tsona ba kantle ho naha - e leng sesupo sa maemo a holimo a poraefete ea litšenyehelo tsena US ha a bapisoa le Europe le nako e telele ea nako bakeng sa lifeme tsa US. ka ho tlangwa ditjeho tsena. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse qalang tsa nako ea ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, lifeme tsa Amerika tse hlolisang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng li ka sebelisa boemo ba tsona e le "baetsi ba pele ba indasteri" ho theha li-oligopolies tse neng li laola 'maraka oa Amerika makaleng ohle a etelletseng pele a tlhahiso. Leano leo le ne le fetoha le sa khoneheng ka keketseho ea tlholisano ea lefats'e.
Likoporasi tsa US li ile tsa tlameha ho sheba maano a mang ho leka ho hlola sekhahla se theohang sa phaello. Ho kopana ha liketsahalo ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1970 le mathoasong a bo-1980 ho ile ha etsa hore lik'hamphani li hlophise mesebetsi ea tsona ka ho kopanya le maano a ho fumana lintho tse neng li kenyelletsa ho reka, kapa ho hokahana le lifeme tsa tlholisano, 'me ka mor'a moo tsa lahleheloa ke thepa ka morero oa ho hlophisa bocha sehlopha sa mesebetsi. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho hlophisoa bocha ha mokhatlo o pota-potileng liketane tsa phepelo tsa lefats'e moo liphaello tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tse ekelitsoeng li neng li eketsoa ke likoporasi tse kaholimo ho ketane. Ho tloha bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1980 ho fihlela joale, ho bile le karolo e kholo ea karolo ea 'maraka e laoloang ke likoporasi tse kaholimo ho ketane ea boleng ba tlhahiso, haholo-holo 'mahlaleng a phahameng le/kapa likarolo tse tsebahalang tsa lefatše ka bophara. limmaraka….' Ts'ebetso ena e kopane le sistimi ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e e ntseng e tsoela pele e rarahaneng ea bahlahisi ba banyenyane le ba mahareng le ba fanang ka thepa ba phethelanang ho khotsofatsa lipehelo tsa tlhahiso tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho thehoa ke 'li-system integrators' ka holimo ho phepelo ea thepa ( Cox, 2012: 15-16). [xxxiii]
Lefatše le sa tsitsang leo moruo oa Amerika o neng o le sebelitse ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše e ne e fetoha: ha e sa le tlas'a taolo ea United States, e ne e tloha tsamaisong e bohareng e laoloang ke naha e le 'ngoe ho ea ho e ikemetseng e neng e le tlhōlisano. Ka bo-1980, tlhōlisano e ntseng e eketseha e ne e tsoa mekhatlong e tsoang ho tse ling tsa linaha tseo ho thoeng ke tse tsoelang pele. Mekhoa ena e 'nile ea tsoela pele ho ntlafala. 'Me, ha e le hantle, seo re se boneng ka mor'a moo ke tlhōlisano le tšebelisano-'moho le lifeme tse hlōlisanang tsa linaha tse ling, ho kenyeletsa le lik'hamphani tse tsoang linaheng tseo pele li neng li le likolone.
Tlhahiso ea US e ne e theohile lilemong tsa bo-1970, 'me sena se ile sa kopanngoa le ho eketseha ha theko ea lichelete. Ho hlakile hore US e ne e lahleheloa ke melemo ea eona ea moruo ho linaha tse hlolisanang.
Business Roundtable-sehlopha sa Baokameli ba Ka sehloohong (CEOs) ea likoporasi tse etelletseng pele tsa US - e thehiloe ka 1972 ho qala ho fana ka "tharollo" ho arabela ho putlama ha moruo hoo ba boneng ho hola.[xxxiv] Ha e le hantle, ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore ba ke ke ba hlola ba mamella mekhatlo ea basebetsi e lekanyetsang taolo ea bona ea botsamaisi mabenkeleng ’me ba qapa maano a ho tlosa bothata boo.
Ho phahama le tlhōlo ea morero oa khoebo oa neo-liberal ha oa ka oa etsahala feela ka lebaka la 'mabaka a mebaraka' kapa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše. Lik'hamphani tse matla ka ho fetisisa tsa US-tse ngata tsa tsona tse matla ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng-li ile tsa hlophisa ho etsa joalo; ba ile ba hlahisa tumellano ea bona le ho bokella lisebelisoa tsa bona tse ngata le marang-rang ho etsa ho etsahala. Ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho loantša ho eketseha ha sesole sa basebetsi le ho khutlisa phaello ea meputso e etsahetseng lilemong tsa bo-1960 'me e fihlile sehlohlolong nakong ea ho qetela ea Ntoa ea Vietnam ka 1969-71. Tlhaselo ea k'hamphani e ne e sa rereloa feela ho thibela sesole sa basebetsi le ho fokotsa meputso ea basebetsi, hape e ne e le karabelo ho liqholotso tse neng li bonahala li hlahisoa ke mekhatlo e fapaneng ea boipelaetso ea lilemo tsa bo-1960, mekhatlo e neng e bonahala e sokela maemo a teng mme e na le melumo. har'a basebetsi ba bacha le ba Batšo (ho hatisoa ka pele) (Roman le Velasco Arregui, 2013: 7).[xxxv]
Maano ana a ne a kenyelletsa liketso tsa maemo a mangata. Ba ile ba phephetsa meeli ea mekhatlo ea basebetsi mabenkeleng, empa ba ile ba fetela pele ho feta moo. Ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore ba tla “abela” tlhahiso e boima ba mosebetsi linaheng tse nang le litšenyehelo tse tlaase tsa basebetsi, haholo-holo tse nang le mekhoa ea ho laola basebetsi, le tse neng li tla hlōlisana ho fumanela linaha tsa tsona matsete. Ba ne ba tla sebetsa le Letlole la Machabeng la Lichelete (IMF) le Banka ea Lefatše ho etsa hore ba fane ka matsete a meralo bakeng sa linaha tsena ho tšehetsa matsete afe kapa afe a macha a tsoang kantle ho naha. Ba ne ba tla ntlafatsa theknoloji lifekthering tsa US, ba nkele basebetsi mecheng e sa tsoa qaptjoa ka likarolo tse "pholosang mosebetsi". Ba ne ba tla sebetsa le barutehi ba "eteletseng pele" ho hlaolela kutloisiso ea liphetoho tse hlokahalang tse neng li ka fetisetsoa sechabeng - ka hona, phatlalatso ea se ileng sa tsejoa e le moruo oa "neo-liberal". Ba ne ba tla tšehetsa bo-ralipolotiki le baahloli ba neng ba tla tšehetsa lenaneo la bona. 'Me ba ne ba tla tšehetsa le ho tšehetsa bo-ralipolotiki ba neng ba tla ntšetsa pele mehopolo ena e le karolo ea letšolo la bona la likhetho, haholo-holo boemong ba naha.
Filosofi ea neo-liberal economics e ne e le senotlolo sa leano lena. Ha e le hantle, e ne e pheha khang ea hore boiketlo ba mekhatlo ea US e ne e le setsi sa boiketlo ba moruo oa Amerika, hore moruo oa Amerika o bohareng ba boiketlo ba 'Muso oa United States, le hore. senotlolo sa boiketlo ba mekhatlo ea US e ne e le ho felisa lithibelo life kapa life ho likoporasi tsa US., ho sa tsotellehe hore na ho etsa joalo ho ne ho le kotsi hakae sechabeng sa US.[xxxvi] Sena se ne se bolela ho lumella likoporasi tsa US taolo e se nang moeli holim'a matla a bona a mosebetsi, ho khella fatše haeba e sa senye mekhatlo ea basebetsi lifemeng le lits'ebetsong tse ling. Ho ne ho bolela ho nyenyefatsa literaeke ka ho lumella "basebetsi ba nkang sebaka" (makhopo) le ho netefatsa "litokelo" tsa bona tsa mosebetsi ka mor'a hore literaeke li fele. Ho ne ho bolela ho lumella basebetsi ba likonteraka le basebetsi ba nakoana ho nka sebaka sa basebetsi ba nako e tletseng. Ho ne ho bolela ho fokotsa tšireletso ea bophelo bo botle le polokeho, merero ea matšeliso ea basebetsi (bakeng sa ba lemetseng mosebetsing), le lithibelo leha e le life tse ling tse ka fokotsang tlhahiso le tlhahiso. Mme ho ne ho bolela ho thibela melawana/ dithibelo dife kapa dife mabapi le diqeto tsa kgwebo mabapi le hore na ba ka tsetela kae, mme tlasa maemo afe, ba ka tsetela kapa ba qhelela ka thoko ho setjhaba.
Joalokaha ke ile ka ngola ka 1984, “Sena se khopisang [ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso ea lik’hamphani] se nkile mekhoa e mengata. E kenyelletsa 'tekanyetso' (ho tlosa bokaalo le/kapa limela tsa khale), ntlafatso ea sejoale-joale, litumellano, le ho putlama. Hangata, tlhaselo e tla kopanya mekhoa e mengata ea mekhoa ena. ”
Ke hlalositse hape,
Taba ea ho bua ka mekhoa ena e fapaneng ea indasteri le ea k'hamphani ke ho bonts'a mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng eo basebetsi ba hlaseloang ka eona. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea litlhaselo tsena qetellong ke tlhaselo khahlanong le mekhatlo ea basebetsi. Sepheo sa bohlokoa ke ho senya khanyetso ea basebetsi lebenkeleng. Khampani e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e batla ho khona ho qobella basebetsi ho etsa seo khampani e se batlang, ka nako eo k'hamphani e batlang ka eona, kamoo k'hamphani e batlang kateng. Ba bona mekhatlo ea basebetsi e le mekhoa e hlophisitsoeng ea ho hanyetsa, 'me haeba mokhatlo o emela litho tsa oona ho hang, o batla ho o laola le ho o senya (Scipes, 1984: 20-21).
Leha ho le joalo, moruo oa neo-liberal o ile oa fetela ka nģ'ane ho "ho lokolla" lik'hamphani tse itseng "khatellong" ea ho tšoara basebetsi ba bona ka tlhompho: ho ne ho bolela ho hlophisa bocha tsamaiso eohle ea sechaba. Joalo ka ha Francis Fox Piven a hlokomela, lipolotiki tsa moruo oa neo-liberal e ne e le letoto la maano a neng a etsoa ka lebitso la boinotšing le mebaraka e se nang moeli,
ho hlakolwa ha melao ya dikoporasi, haholoholo ditheo tsa ditjhelete; ho khutlisetsoa morao ha litšebeletso tsa sechaba le mananeo a molemo; ho thibela mekhatlo ea basebetsi; maano a 'khoebo e lokolohileng' a neng a tla bula limmaraka tsa kantle ho naha; 'me neng kapa neng ha ho khoneha, ho nkeloa sebaka ha mananeo a sechaba ka limmaraka poraefete (Piven, 2006: 17).[xxxvii]
E ne e boetse e kenyelletsa ho fokotsa lekhetho bakeng sa likoporasi le barui, hammoho le ho fokotsa mananeo a tikoloho.
Makhotla a mapheo a nepahetseng a neng a hanyetsa ho kenella ha ’muso moruong (ntle le haeba e ne e ba tsoela molemo kapa batšehetsi ba bona ba mekhatlo)—ebang ke ho hanyetsa mananeo a sechaba a lilemo tsa bo-1960 (hangata e le ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe), kapa ka lebaka la filosofi ea moruo—a kopane letšolong la bopresidente le , ho qala ka January 1981, pusong ea Ronald Reagan. Batho bana ba ile ba nka maikutlo a hore ho kenella leha e le hofe ha 'muso moruong ho ka senya kholo ea moruo le boiketlo ba sechaba: Reagan o ile a e hlakisa, a re: “'Muso hase tharollo; ke bothata.”[xxxviii]
Leha ho le joalo, ke pheha khang, ho ne ho e-na le phaello e fetang ea phaello e neng e tsamaisa kamohelo ena ea moruo oa neo-liberal: batho ba phahameng ba ne ba utloa tlhōlisano ea moruo e ntseng e tsoela pele ho tsoa linaheng tse ling. kotsi e tobileng ea bokhoni ba bona ba ho tšehetsa le ho boloka 'Muso oa US, mme kahoo ba qala ho fetisetsa mehloli ea moruo hole le United States le batho ba eona ho ea ho tšehetsa Empire ea US haholo-holo sesole sa US.[xxxix]
Ka 1980, le ka 1982 hape, moruo o ile oa putlama. Ka 1982, litsebi tse tlas'a Reagan li ile tsa mo kholisa ka tlhokahalo ea ho senya inflation moruong, 'me' muso ha oa ka oa kenella ho "tsosolosa" moruo: le hoja phaello ea phaello e fihlile ho karolo ea 21 lekholong, e neng e le mpe haholo moruong, Reagan ha ea ka ea qala bocha. mananeo a sechaba kapa ho eketsa chelete bakeng sa ba seng ba le teng. Ho hloka mosebetsi ho ile ha phatloha, ho fihla maemong a phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho tloha nakong ea Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo.
Ka nako e tšoanang, Reagan o ile a hlasela mokhatlo oa basebetsi, matla a le mong-ho sa tsotellehe mefokolo ea oona e mengata-e neng e fane ka tsoelo-pele ea moruo ho Maamerika a limilione.[xl] Ha mokhatlo oa ba laolang sephethephethe sa lifofane (PATCO—Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) o ne o hlasela ka 1981, Reagan o ile a tlisa balaoli ba sesole sa sefofane hore ba tlose seteraeke seo. (E 'ngoe ea liphoso tse kholo tse entsoeng ke baeta-pele ba boemo ba naha ba mokhatlo oa basebetsi, ba nang le liphello tse kotsi, e ne e le ho hana ho koala indasteri eohle ea lifofane, e neng e ntse e kopane haholo, ho emisa ho tsamaea ha mokhatlo oa Reagan.) , le liqeto tse ling tsa mapheo a nepahetseng le liqeto tsa lekhotla tse ileng tsa hlasela mokhatlo oa basebetsi, li ile tsa hlahisa bokhoni ba khoebo ba ho eketsa tlhahiso ka litšenyehelo tse tobileng tsa basebetsi-haholo-holo ka ho fetisetsa mesebetsi e boima ho ea linaheng tse nang le meputso e tlaase joaloka Mexico le Chaena (ho senya mesebetsi ho US) le ka ho tsetela mecheng e sebelisang chelete e ngata e neng e etselitsoe ho felisa mesebetsi.[xli]
Leha ho le joalo Reagan, ho sa tsotellehe litšōmo tse entsoeng ho mo pota-potile, o ile a qetella a senya moruo ka nako e telele e sa kang ea amoheloa. O ile a sebelisa chelete e ngata ea khaello, feela tšebeliso ena e ne e se ea ho thusa batho ba Amerika ka kakaretso; e ne e le ho thusa Maamerika a ruileng ka ho fetisisa, sesole sa US le indasteri ea lihlomo: Reagan o ile a qala ho sebelisa liranta tse libilione selemo le selemo lefapheng la ntoa-ke hana ho e bitsa "ts'ireletso" -'me o ile ae etsa ka ho menahanela molato oa naha ka makhetlo a mabeli. lilemo tse robeli: ha a kena mosebetsing ka 1981, sekoloto sa naha sa US-ho tloha ka 1789 tlas'a George Washington ho ea qetellong ea tsamaiso ea Jimmy Carter-e ne e le liranta tse libilione tsa $ .909; ha Reagan a tloha, lilemo tse robeli hamorao, e ne e le $ 2.7 trillion.[xlii] (E ntse e tsoela pele ho nyoloha ho tloha ka nako eo tlasa bapresidente ba Democratic le Rephabliki, mme ho tloha ka Mphalane 2022, e feta $31 trillion (Rappeport le Tankersley, 2022).[xliii]
Ka mantsoe a mang, moruo oa Amerika o entse hantle joalo ka ha o entse lilemong tse 40+ tse fetileng - leha ho se mohla o kileng oa ba joalo bakeng sa batho ba tloaelehileng joalo ka ha o ne o etsa pakeng tsa 1947-73 - hobane mmuso oa US o ntse o ngola "cheke e chesang" ho lefa. bakeng sa ditjeho tsa yona. Ka nako e 'ngoe, molato oo o tla tlameha ho lefshoa-'me o ke ke oa ba motle.[xliv]
Ho khutlela pale ea rona: hammoho le litlhaselo tsa mekhatlo ea basebetsi, lintoa tse sa lefelloeng, joalo-joalo, filosofi ea neo-liberal economics e ile ea senya litekanyetso tsa rona tse hlahelletseng tsa sechaba hore e be ntho e le 'ngoe: phaello. Haeba ho na le ho hong ho ntlafatsang monyetla oa ho eketsa phaello ea khoebo, ho molemo; haeba e sa etse joalo—ho sa tsotellehe hore na ntho leha e le efe e ’ngoe ke ea bohlokoa hakae—e mpe. Haeba melao e mabapi le lijo kapa boleng ba moea/metsi kapa polokeho ea basebetsi/lijo e bitsa likoporasi chelete, e mebe ’me e lokela ho qhaloa hang-hang, ho sa tsotellehe hore na e molemo hakae ho batho, tikoloho kapa tsamaiso ea rōna ea sechaba ka kakaretso. Ke "filosofi" ena eo 'muso oa US o ntseng o e hatella lefatšeng ka bophara,' me e utloisitse batho ba limilione tse likete bohloko, ho kenyeletsa le mashome a limilione United States.
Seo sena se se bolelang bakeng sa basebetsi ke hore eng kapa eng e nang le matla a fokolang a khoebo mosebetsing - mekhatlo ea basebetsi ka boeona, literaeke, mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa melao ea bophelo bo botle le polokeho, joalo-joalo - e hlasetsoe ke likoporasi. Ho feta moo, ka liqeto tsa molao le/kapa makhotla, liketso tse nang le matla a lekanyelitsoeng a sehlopha sa basebetsi-ho sireletsa ba senyang literaeke, basebetsi ba likonteraka, le boiteko ba ho felisa mekhatlo ea basebetsi ka ho etsa litšebeletso tsa sechaba, joalo-joalo. Hape, ntho leha e le efe e sitisang kapa e fokotsang phaello, ho sa tsotellehe hore na e fana ka molemo o kae oa sechaba-e mpe: ke filosofi le phello ea moruo oa neo-liberal.
Leha ho le joalo ho na le ntho e 'ngoe e etsahetseng United States ntle le ho amohela moruo oa neo-liberal. Tsoelo-pele ea sechaba nakong ea lilemo tsa bo-1960 - mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1970 - ho kenyeletsoa mekhatlo ea litokelo tsa botho / Black Power, mokhatlo oa basali, LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, le transgender), mokhatlo oa tikoloho, mokhatlo o khahlanong le Vietnam, haholo-holo. mokhatlo oa anti-Vietnam War ka hare sesole sa US—se ile sa tšosa batho ba phahameng ba busang. Ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore ba tla etsa eng kapa eng eo ba ka e etsang ho netefatsa hore pokello, haholo-holo ketso e kopanetsoeng, e ke ke ea hlola e phahamisa hlooho ea eona e mpe tsamaisong ena ea sechaba.[xlv]
Ho phethahatsa sena, ba 'nile ba theha setso sa boikemelo ho fokotsa litabatabelo life kapa life tsa pokello. Ha e le hantle, hafeela uena le baratuoa ba hao le ntse le phela hantle, ha ho hlokahale hore u tšoenyehe ka boiketlo ba motho leha e le ofe e mong naheng eo—’me, ha e le hantle, ba ile ba bolella batho hore ho tsotella ba bang ho tla thefula lithahasello tsa bona ka bomong. Ba thehile seo ke se bitsitseng "Ke na le tsa ka, ke u qhekelle, Jack" setso le sechaba. 'Me khopolo ena ea "screw you, Jack" e atlehile haholo: ho sa tsotellehe ho se lekane ho ntseng ho eketseha ha meputso United States - hoo ho fetelletseng ho feta linaha tse futsanehileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng (mohlala, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Mozambique, Uganda le Vietnam) - ho ne ho se na puisano ea naha ka bophara mabapi le ho se lekane hona ha chelete ho tloha ka 1973 ho fihlela mokhatlo oa Occupy Wall Street o hlahile hoetla ha 2011, hoo e ka bang lilemo tse 40.[xlvi]
Kahoo, ho qala mohlomong hoo e ka bang ka 1978, empa haholo-holo ka likhetho tsa Ronald Reagan ka 1980, ba nang le maikutlo a nepahetseng (ho kenyeletsoa le balekane ba bona mecheng ea litaba e tloaelehileng, joalo ka FOX ka mor'a 1996 le ba bang kaofela) ba thetsitse naha hore e lumele hore ntho leha e le efe e sitisa monyetla oa khoebo oa ho eketsa phaello e mpe, le hore mefuta eohle ea pokello ea ipolaea. Ka hona, Reagan ha a ka a suthisa Mokha oa Rephabliki ka ho le letona feela, empa o ile a etsa hore Democratic Party le eona e fetele ka ho le letona: ha ho pelaelo hore ha ho tsamaiso ea mopresidente ea morao-rao ea US e kileng ea feta e le lenaneo la tokoloho ea lehae joaloka la Richard Nixon pakeng tsa 1969-73.[xlvii]
Re ka fumana maikutlo a phello ea sena sohle ho Maamerika a tloaelehileng ha re sheba kholo ea moruo pakeng tsa 1973-2001, haholo-holo ha re bapisa lintlha tse ho Setšoantšo sa 1 (1947-73), ka holimo:
Tlaase 20% | Ea bobeli 20% | Ea boraro 20% | Ea bone 20% | 95th Liphesente[xlviii] | |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,355 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
Phapang (lilemo tse 28) | $ 3,323 (14%) | $ 7,167 (19%) | $ 15,643 (29%) | $ 30,553 (42%) | $ 66,739 (58%) |
Mohloli: Lefapha la Khoebo la US, Bureau of the Census (kamora mona, US Census Bureau) ho www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html. Lintlha tsena ha li sa fumaneha. Litekanyetso tsohle tsa lidolara li fetotsoe ho lidolara tsa 2005 ke US Census Bureau, ho tlosa inflation le ho bapisa boleng ba nnete. Liphapang le liphesente tse baloang ke mongoli. Liphesente tse bontšitsoeng ka tatellano e ngotsoeng "Difference" li bonts'a phapang ea dollar e le peresente ea selemo sa pele sa papiso 'me e se e pota-potiloe.
Ha ho shejoa lipalo tsa 1973-2001, ho ka bonoa ntho e fapaneng haholo. Ke eng e ka bonoang? Pele, kholo ea moruo e theohile haholo: lebelo le phahameng ka ho fetisisa la khōlo bakeng sa quintile leha e le efe e ne e le ea karolo ea 58 lekholong bakeng sa ba neng ba le ka holimo ho quintile ea bohlano, ’me sena se ne se le ka tlaase haholo ho “karolo” ea karolo ea 91 lekholong ea nako e fetileng.
Ea bobeli, ea hore na ho ne ho e-na le khōlo efe, e ne e ajoa ka ho se leka-lekane ho fetisisa. Mme sekgahla sa kgolo bakeng sa ba maemong a tlase ka kakaretso se ne se le tlase ho ba ka hodimo ho bona: bakeng sa quintile e tlase, lekeno la bona la nnete le ile la hola ka diperesente tse 14 feela nakong ya 1973-2001; bakeng sa quintile ea bobeli, karolo ea 19 lekholong; ea boraro, karolo ea 29 lekholong; bakeng sa bone, karolo ea 42 lekholong; ’me bakeng sa karolo ea 80-95 lekholong, karolo ea 58 lekholong: ho bua ka mokhoa o hlephileng, barui ba ntse ba rua le ho feta, ’me mafutsana a ntse a futsaneha.
Ke hobane’ng ha ho e-na le phetoho ee? Ke nahana lintho tse tharo ka ho khetheha. Taba ea pele, ha linaha tse tsoetseng pele li ntse li hlaphoheloa Ntoeng ea II ea Lefatše, likhoebo tse thehiloeng linaheng tsena li ne li ka qothisana lehlokoa le tse tsoang US-pele linaheng tsa habo tsona, ebe ka ho kenya kantle ho naha ea Amerika, 'me qetellong ha li tsetela United States. . Nahana ka Toyota: ba ile ba qala ho reka ka ntle ho US mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1970, 'me ka matsete a bona mona mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-80 le ho ea pele, joale ke bahlahisi ba bobeli ba likoloi ba malapeng ba Amerika.
Ea bobeli e ne e le tokiso ea moruo oa Amerika, oo ke buileng ka ona ka holimo, ho tloha taolong ea oligopolistic ho ea ho laela liketane tsa phepelo ea lefats'e. Boemong ba tsamaiso ea likhoebo, ho hlakile hore ba nkile liqeto tsa ho etsa tlhophiso ena bocha. Mekhatlo e meholo ea likhoebo e sebelitse ka thata ho fumana le ho khetha bo-ralipolotiki ba tla fetisa melao/ho etsa maano a tla ba lumella ho hlophisa bocha le ho kenya tšebetsong merero eo ba e batlang. Ba ile ba tšehetsa bonkgetheng ba Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo ba neng ba tla amohela liphetoho tse joalo le ho lumella liphetoho tsena hore li thehoe mekhatlong. 'Me ba ne ba tla sebetsa le mebuso ea linaha tse ling e neng e tla ba lumella ho kena linaheng tsa habo bona, haholo-holo moo baeta-pele ba mebuso ba ikemiselitseng ho thibela mekhatlo leha e le efe ea basebetsi e ka hlahang. Mme moputso o moholo e bile ho bulela China matsete a kantle ho naha.
Kamora letšolo la nako e telele le le pharalletseng har'a bo-ralipolotiki le sechaba sa Amerika ke mekhatlo e meholohali ea khoebo ea machabeng,
Ho kena ha China ho WTO [World Trade Organization] ho ile ha latela nako e fetang selemo hamorao. E bile katleho e kholo molemong oa lichelete tsa lichelete tsa machaba, kaha baetsi ba melaoana ba US le EU ba ile ba buisana ka litumellano tse fetang hole tsa litho tsa linaha tse sa tsoelang pele (LDC) (Breslin, 2000). Litumellano tsena li tla lumella lifeme tsa machaba tsa US ho tebisa phaello ea tsona ka ho li lumella ho fihlella 'maraka oa Chaena le ka ho li nolofalletsa ho kopanya China le liketane tsa bona tsa phepelo ea lefats'e. Ka bokhutšoane, Ho kenella ha China ho WTO e ne e le mohloli oa metsi bakeng sa lichelete tsa machaba, haholo-holo bakeng sa lifeme tsa theknoloji e phahameng tse neng li le malala-a-laotsoe ka ho fetisisa ho kenyelletsa China ho marang-rang a seng a ntse a le teng a ho bokella linaheng tse ling. (ho hatisitsoe) (Cox le Lee, 2012: 36).
'Me ha likoporasi tsena tsa machaba li kopanya China le liketane tsa bona tsa phepelo ea lefats'e, li ile tsa fokotsa le/kapa tsa koala meaho ea tsona ea tlhahiso ea US, tsa felisa limilione tsa mesebetsi United States.[xlix]
Lebaka la boraro la phetoho e bile ho senyeha ha mokhatlo oa basebetsi oa Amerika: ho tloha ho karolo ea 35.3 lekholong ea basebetsi bao e seng ba temo mekhatlong ea basebetsi ka 1954, ho ea ho karolo ea 12.0 lekholong feela ea basebetsi bohle ba Amerika mekhatlong ea basebetsi ka 2006-le karolo ea 7.4 lekholong feela ea indasteri eohle ea poraefete. basebetsi ba kopane, e leng ka tlase ho 1930![l]
Ho theoha hona ha kopano ea basebetsi ho na le mabaka a 'maloa. Karolo e 'ngoe ea ho senyeha hona e bile phello ea maano a' muso - ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha ho hatelloa ha balaoli ba sephethephethe sa lifofane ha ba ne ba kena seteraekeng ke Tsamaiso ea Reagan ka 1981, ho fetola molao oa basebetsi, ho ea ho khetho ea boipelaetso ho National Labor Relations Board, e okamela tsamaiso ya molao wa basebetsi. Ehlile, leano la bohlokoa la mmuso, le saennoeng ke Mopresidente oa Democratic Bill Clinton, e bile Molao oa Khoebo oa Free Trade oa Amerika Leboea kapa NAFTA. Mohlahlobisisi e mong o ile a bua ka ho toba taba ena:
Ho tloha ha … [NAFTA] e saennoe ka 1993, ho phahama ha khaello ea khoebo ea Amerika le Canada le Mexico ho fihlela 2002 ho bakile ho falla ha tlhahiso e tšehetsang mesebetsi e 879,280 US. Boholo ba mesebetsi ena e lahlehileng e ne e le maemo a phahameng a meputso liindastering tsa tlhahiso. Tahlehelo ea mesebetsi ena ke ntlha feela e bonahalang haholo ea phello ea NAFTA moruong oa Amerika. Ha e le hantle, NAFTA e boetse e kentse letsoho ho phahamiseng ho se lekane ha meputso, ho hateletsa meputso ea sebele bakeng sa basebetsi ba tlhahiso, ho fokolisa matla a basebetsi a kopanetsoeng a therisano le bokhoni ba ho hlophisa mekhatlo ea basebetsi, le ho fokotsa melemo e meng (Scott, 2003: 1).
Litlhaselo tsena tsa liofisiri tse khethiloeng li kopane le liphello ka lebaka la tlhophiso ea moruo, haholo-holo ke mekhatlo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea machaba. Ho bile le phetoho ho tloha ho tlhahiso ho ea ho litšebeletso.
Leha ho le joalo, ka har'a tlhahiso, eo e leng khale e le setsi sa mekhatlo ea basebetsi, ho bile le tahlehelo e kholo ea mesebetsi: pakeng tsa Phupu 2000 le Pherekhong 2004, US e lahlehetsoe ke mesebetsi ea tlhahiso ea limilione tse tharo, kapa liperesente tse 17.5, le limilione tse 5.2 ho tloha tlhorong ea nalane ea 1979, kahoo. hore “Mosebetsi tlhahisong [ka Pherekhong 2004] e bile tlase ho fetisisa ho tloha ka Phupu 1950” (CBO, 2004).
Tahlehelo ea mesebetsi ho pholletsa le lefapha la tlhahiso e ne e atile ebile e tebile:
AFL-CIO e qaqisa tahlehelo ea mesebetsi ea Amerika ke lekala la tlhahiso nakong ea 2001-05:
Lik'homphieutha le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki: basebetsi ba 543,000 kapa liperesente tse 29.2
Semiconductor le likarolo tsa elektronike: 260,100 kapa 36.7 lekholong
Lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa motlakase: 152,500 kapa 26 lekholong
Likarolo tsa koloi: 153,400 kapa 18.6 lekholong
Mechine: 289,400 kapa 19.9 lekholong
Lihlahisoa tsa tšepe tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso: 235,200 kapa 13.3 lekholong
Lisebelisoa tsa motheo: 144,800 kapa 23.5 lekholong
Thepa ea lipalangoang: 246,300 kapa 12.1 lekholong
Lihlahisoa tsa thepa ea ka tlung: 58,500 kapa 13.4 lekholong
Lihlahisoa tsa masela: 158,500 kapa 43.6 lekholong
Liaparo tsa 220,000 kapa liperesente tse 46.6
Lihlahisoa tsa letlalo: 24,700 kapa 38.3 lekholong
Khatiso: 159,300 kapa 19.9 lekholong
Lihlahisoa tsa pampiri: 122,600 kapa 20.4 lekholong
Plastiki le lihlahisoa tsa rabara: 141,400 kapa 15 lekholong
Lik'hemik'hale: 94,900 kapa 9.7 lekholong
Sepakapaka: 46,900 kapa 9.1 lekholong
Liaparo le liaparo li fokotsehile ka mesebetsi ea 870,000 1994-2006, ho fokotseha ha karolo ea 65.5 lekholong (Mohloli: AFL-CIO, 2006: 2, e boletsoeng ho Scipes, 2009: 16-17).
Sena se bakoa ke ho fetohela litsing tsa phepelo ea lefats'e maemong a holimo (joalo ka likhomphutha le lihlahisoa tse ling tse amanang le theknoloji ea tlhahisoleseling mmoho le likoloi), ho kopantsoe le tlhahiso e akaretsang ea tlhahiso e matla ea basebetsi mose ho maoatle (joalo ka liaparo, masela le lieta) le , Habohlokoa le ho feta, ho falla ha thekenoloji e le theknoloji e ncha ho nolofalitse tlhahiso e kholoanyane ka boleng bo phahameng ka basebetsi ba fokolang ka tlhahiso ea chelete e ngata e kang tšepe (bona Fisher, 2004).
Ho na le "lisosa" tse ngata tse fanoeng bakeng sa liphetoho tsena tsa tlhahiso ho phaella ho tse ka holimo. Bahlahlobisisi ba bang ba qositse likhaello tse ntseng li eketseha tsa khoebo bakeng sa ho phahama: "… Ba bang ba bile ba re sena se bakoa ke liphetoho tseo bareki ba li ratang (Schweitzer le Zaman, 2005). Ho sa tsotellehe hore na lebaka ke lefe, ho tse 2006, ke tse hlano feela (Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, le Wyoming) tse sa kang tsa bona tahlehelo leha e le efe ea mesebetsi tlhahisong pakeng tsa 50-1993, empa tse 2003 li ile tsa lahleheloa ke pakeng tsa 37 le 5.6 lekholong ea mesebetsi ea tsona nakong ea nako ena (Setsi sa Leano la Sechaba, 35.9).
Leha ho le joalo, karolo ea mokoloto oa ho senyeha ha mokhatlo oa basebetsi e tlameha ho fuoa mokhatlo oa basebetsi ka booona: boetapele bo hlolehile ho tobana le liphetoho tsena, 'me, ka nako e ts'oanang, ba 'nile ba sebetsa khahlanong le ketso efe kapa efe e ikemetseng ka maemo- le-file litho.[li]
Leha ho le joalo, e tlameha ho botsoa: na liphetoho tsa moruo tse hlahisitsoeng mona ke maqheka feela a lipalo-palo, kapa na see se bontša hore ho na le ntho ea sebele?
Ntlha ena e ka tšoantšoa ka tsela e 'ngoe: ka ho sebelisa CAGR, Compound Annual Growth Rate, sesebelisoa se atisang ho sebelisoa lefatšeng la lichelete. Ena ke palo e le 'ngoe e baloang, ho ipapisitsoe le lipalo tse kopanngoeng, ho theosa le lilemo, ho hlahisa palo-hare ho emela sekhahla sa keketseho kapa ho fokotseha selemo le selemo ho pholletsa le nako eohle. Sena se shebahala se rarahane haholo, empa se ipapisitse le mohopolo o ts'oanang le phaello e kopaneng e sebelisoang liak'haonteng tsa rona tsa polokelo: o kenya $ 10 kajeno mme (ho hlakile hore sena ha se mohlala oa nnete) hobane o fumana phaello ea liperesente tse leshome, kahoo o na le $ 11 e latelang. selemo. Joale, selemong se latelang, phaello ha e balloe ho $10 ea mantlha, empa e baloa ho $11. Kahoo, ka selemo sa boraro, ho tloha ho $10 ea hau, joale u na le $12.10. Joalo-joalo 'Me sena ke se boleloang ke Compound Annual Growth Rate: sena ke kholo e kopaneng e lekantsoeng ka selemo ho pholletsa le nako e behiloeng.
Ho ipapisitsoe le lipalo tse hlahisitsoeng kaholimo ho Setšoantšo sa 1, sengoli se balile Sekhahla sa Kholiso ea Selemo le Selemo ka quintiles (setšoantšo sa 3). Sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo se baloa ka nako ea pele, 1947-1973, lilemo tse tsejoang e le "lilemo tsa khauta" tsa sechaba sa US. Ho etsahetse’ng ho tloha ka nako eo? Bapisa liphetho ho tloha nakong ea 1947-73 ho ea ho sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo ho pholletsa le nako ea bobeli, 1973-2001, e boetse e baloa ke mongoli.
Palo ea baahi ka quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 |
Peresenti ea 95th | 2.51% | 1.66% |
quintile ea bone | 2.72% | 1.25% |
quintile ea boraro | 2.84% | .92% |
quintile ea bobeli | 2.73% | .62% |
quintile e tlase | 2.64% | .48% |
Mohloli: E baloa ke sengoli ho tsoa pokellong e fanoeng ke US Census Bureau ho www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html. (Leqephe ha le sa fumaneha.)
Seo re ka se bonang mona ke hore le hoja moputso oa motho e mong le e mong o ne o ntse o hōla ka tekanyo e tšoanang nakong ea pele-pakeng tsa 2.51 le 2.84 lekholong selemo le selemo-ka nako ea bobeli, kgolo ha ea ka ea fokotseha feela ho pholletsa le boto, empa e ile ea hōla ka tsela e fapaneng haholo. rates: seo re se bonang mona, hape, ke hore barui ba ntse ba rua, 'me mafutsana a ntse a futsaneha.
Haeba lipalo tsena li nepahetse, phetoho ha nako e ntse e feta ea chelete e fumanoang ke quintile ka 'ngoe e lokela ho bonoa. Ha e le hantle, haeba sechaba se ne se lekana, karolo e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ea 20 lekholong ea baahi e ne e tla fumana karolo ea 20 lekholong ea chelete e kenang selemong leha e le sefe. Ha e le hantle, e fapane. Ho utloisisa setšoantšo sa 4, ka tlase, motho ha aa lokela ho sheba feela peresente ea chelete e tšoaroang ke quintile ho pholletsa le chate, ha a bapisa selemo se khethiloeng ka selemo se khethiloeng, empa o lokela ho sheba ho bona hore na karolo ea chelete ea quintile e ntse e ea kapa ea tloha. ho tloha ho karolo ea 20 lekholong e loketseng.
Palo ea baahi ka quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 |
Ea pele ea bohlano (moeli o tlase oa liperesente tse 5 tse holimo, kapa 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% |
Ea bobeli ea bohlano– $103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% |
Ea boraro ea bohlano– $68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% |
Ea bone ea bohlano– $45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% |
Tlas'a bohlano - $25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% |
Mohloli: US Census Bureau ho www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f02ar.html : ha e sa fumaneha.
Ka bomalimabe, boholo ba boitsebiso bo fumanehang phatlalatsa bo ile ba fela ka 2001. Leha ho le joalo, lehlabuleng la 2007, ka mor'a lilemo tse ngata tsa ho se lokolle data leha e le efe hamorao ho feta 2001, Census Bureau e ile ea lokolla lintlha tsa chelete ho fihlela 2005. E re lumella ho hlahloba se etsahetseng. mabapi le ho se lekane ha meputso ea malapa nakong ea lilemo tse 'nè tsa pele tsa Tsamaiso ea Bush.
Tlaase 20% | Ea bobeli 20% | Hare 20% | Ea bone 20% | Boemo bo tlase ba 5% | |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,855 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
2005 | $25,616 | $45,021 | $68,304 | $103,100 | $184,500 |
Phapang (lilemo tse 4) | $851 (-3.2%) | $834 (-1.8%) | $621 (-.01%) | $728 (-.007%) | $ 3,527 (1.94%) |
Source: US Census Bureau ho www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html: ha e sa fumaneha. (Litekanyetso tsena li tsoa ho litekanyetso tsa lidolara tsa 2005 'me li ne li baloa ke Census Bureau.) Liphapang le liphesente tse baloang ke mongoli, le liphesente tse pota-potiloeng.
Kahoo, seo re se boneng tlas'a lilemo tse 'nè tsa pele tsa Tsamaiso ea Bush ke hore ho Maamerika a mangata, boemo ba bona ba moruo bo mpefetse: ha se feela hore kholo ea moruo ka kakaretso bakeng sa quintile leha e le efe e theohetse ho karolo ea 1.94 lekholong ka ho fetisisa, empa hoo. karolo e tlaase ea 80 lekholong e hlile e lahlehetsoe ke chelete; ho lahleheloa ke chelete (tahlehelo e feletseng), ho e-na le ho hōla hanyenyane empa ho oela ka morao ho quintile e ka holimo (tahlehelo e lekanyelitsoeng). Ho feta moo, phokotseho ho pholletsa le maemo a mane a tlase e senyehile ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang ke batho ba liperesente tse tlase tsa 40 tsa sechaba.
Mohlomong sena se ka bonoa ka ho hlaka ka ho lekola litefiso tsa CAGR ka nako.
Joale re ka eketsa liphetho tsa karolo ea nako ea 2001-2005 ea chelete ka quintile ho chate ea rona ea pejana:
Palo ea baahi ka quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 | 2001-2005 |
Top 95 percentile | 2.51% | 1.66% | .48% |
Ea bone ea bohlano | 2.72% | 1.25% | -.18% |
Ea boraro ea bohlano | 2.84% | .92% | -.23% |
Ea bobeli ea bohlano | 2.73% | .62% | -.46% |
Tlas'a bohlano | 2.64% | .48% | -.81% |
Source: E baloa ke sengoli ho tsoa ho data e bokelletsoeng Lefapheng la Sechaba la Sechaba la United States www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html: ha e sa fumaneha.
Joalo ka ha ho ka bonoa ka tlase, peresente ea moputso oa lelapa ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea maemo a tlase a mane e tlase ka 2005 ho feta ka 1947; sebaka feela seo ho bileng le ntlafatso nakong ena ea lilemo tse 58 ke tse 95th percentile (le ka holimo).
Palo ea baahi ka quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 | 2005 |
Ea pele ea bohlano (moeli o tlase oa top 5percent, kapa 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% | 48.1% |
Ea bobeli ea bohlano– $103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% | 22.9% |
Ea boraro ea bohlano– $68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% | 15.3% |
Ea bone ea bohlano– $45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% | 9.6% |
Tlas'a bohlano - $25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% | 4.0% |
Mohloli: US Census Bureau ho www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f02ar.html: ha e sa fumaneha.
Se seng se hlahisitsoe ho fihlela joale, mabapi le liphetoho kabong ea chelete, se bile boemong ba sehlopha Ka hare taolo ea sechaba ea US; tabeng ena, quintile ka quintile. Ke nako ea ho bona hore na sena se amme sechaba ka kakaretso joang.
Litsebi tsa kahisano le litsebi tsa moruo li sebelisa nomoro e bitsoang Gini index ho lekanya ho se lekane. Lintlha tsa chelete ea lelapa li se li sebelisitsoe ho fihlela joale, 'me re tla tsoelapele ho li sebelisa. Lenane la Gini le bonolo ho le sebelisa. E lekanya ho se lekane sechabeng. Lenane la Gini le tlalehoa ka kakaretso lipakeng tsa 0.000 le 1.000, 'me hangata le ngoloa ka likete, joalo ka liphesente tse hlotseng: linomoro tse tharo kamora decimal. Ntho eo u lokelang ho e hopola ke ena: ha lintlha tsa Gini li phahame, ho se lekane ho hoholo.
Ha re sheba index ea Gini, re ka bona linako tse peli ho tloha ka 1947, ha 'Muso oa US o qala ho kopanya index ea Gini bakeng sa naha. Ho tloha ka 1947-1968, ka phetoho ea selemo le selemo e kholo kapa e nyenyane, mokhoa o theoha, o bontšang ho se lekane ho fokotsehileng: ho tloha ho .376 ka 1947 ho ea ho .378 ka 1950, empa ho theohela ho .348 ka 1968. Kahoo, hape, nakong ea pele, tšekamelo e eang tlase.
Ho etsahetse’ng ho tloha ka nako eo? Ho tloha boemong bo tlaase ka 1968 ea .348, mokhoa o ntse o ea holimo. Ka 1982, index ea Gini e fihlile .380, e neng e phahame ho feta selemo leha e le sefe pakeng tsa 1947-1968, 'me US ha e e-s'o ka e ea ka tlase ho .380 ho tloha ka nako eo. Ka 1992, e ile ea otla .403, 'me ha re e-s'o khutlele ka tlase ho .400. Ka 2001, US e ile ea otla .435. Empa lintlha tsa 2005 li sa tsoa hatisoa: .440.[liii] Kahoo, mokhoa ona o ntse o mpefala, 'me ka maano a thehiloeng tlas'a George W. Bush, ke bona a ntse a tsoela pele ho eketseha nakong e tlang. [Ha e le hantle, mokhoa ona o ntseng o eketseha o tsoetse pele tlas'a Ma-Republican le Ma-Democrats, empa ho tloha ha Rephabliki e laola bopresidente ka lilemo tse 18 ho tse 26 tse fetileng (ho tloha ka 1981), ba fumana boholo ba mokitlane - empa re se ke ra lebala. hore Mademokrate a laotse Congress ho pholletsa le lilemo tse ngata tseo, ka hona, le bona, esale ba senya menyetla e lekanang!]
Leha ho le joalo, potso e 'ngoe e tlameha ho botsoa: ho se lekane hona ha chelete e kenang US ho bapisoa joang le linaha tse ling ho pota lefatše? Na boemo ba ho se lekane ha chelete e kenang bo ka bapisoa le mekhatlo e meng e “tsoetseng pele” kapa e ka bapisoa le linaha tse “tsoetseng pele”?
Re tlameha ho ea ho US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) bakeng sa lintlha tsa rona. CIA e bala lintlha tsa Gini bakeng sa chelete ea malapa linaheng tse ngata ho pota lefatše, 'me lekhetlo la ho qetela ha ho hlahlojoa 2007 (August 1), ba ne ba e-na le lintlha tsa linaha tsa 122 leqepheng la bona la marang-rang mme linomoro tsena li ne li qetetse ho ntlafatsoa ka July 19, 2007 (US Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). Ha naha ka 'ngoe e thathamisitsoe, ho fanoe ka lintlha tsa Gini. Joale, CIA ha e bale lintlha tsa Gini selemo le selemo, empa e fana ka selemo se fetileng e ne e le computed, kahoo tsena ha li tšoane hantle, empa li fana ka maikutlo a lekaneng hore li ka sebelisoa. Leha ho le joalo, ha ba bokella lintlha tsena tsa Gini sebakeng se le seng, ba li thathamisa ka tatellano ea alfabeta, e leng ntho e sa sebelisoeng haholo ha ho bapisoa (US Central Intelligence Agency, 2007).
Leha ho le joalo, Banka ea Lefatše e arola linaha, ho bolelang hore li ka bapisoa ka har'a lihlopha le ka mekhahlelo. Banka ea Lefatše, e sa faneng ka lintlha tsa Gini, e beha linaha tse 208 ho e 'ngoe ea mekhahlelo e mene e ipapisitseng le Gross National Income per capita-e leng kakaretso ea boleng ba thepa le litšebeletso tse rekisoang 'marakeng ka selemo, e arotsoe ka boholo ba baahi. Ena ke lipalo-palo tse molemo, hobane li re lumella ho bapisa lichaba le moruo oa boholo bo fapaneng haholo: moputso oa motho ka mong o tlosa phapang ea boholo lipakeng tsa linaha.
Banka ea Lefatše e beha naha ka 'ngoe ka har'a se seng sa mekhahlelo e mene: moputso o tlaase, oa bohareng o tlaase, oa holimo o bohareng le o phahameng (World Bank, 2007a). Ha e le hantle, ba ka har’a mekhahlelo e meraro e ka tlaase ke linaha tse “ntlafalang” kapa tseo re neng re li bitsa “lefatše la boraro”, athe linaha tse nang le chelete e ngata ke tsa linaha tseo ho thoeng ke tse tsoetseng pele.
Linaha tse thathamisitsoeng ke CIA ka lintlha tsa bona tsa Gini li ile tsa beoa mekhahlelong e itseng ea Banka ea Lefatše eo Banka ea Lefatše e neng e li fumane pele (Banka ea Lefatše, 2007b). Hang ha li arotsoe ka lihlopha tsa bona, lintlha tsa Gini tsa bohareng li ile tsa balloa sehlopheng ka seng. Ha u leka ho fumana nomoro e le 'ngoe ho emela sehlopha sa linomoro, median e nkoa e nepahetse ho feta karolelano, kahoo ho sebelisitsoe median, e bolelang hore halofo ea lintlha li phahame, halofo e tlase-ka mantsoe a mang, data e teng. 50th percentile bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng.
Lintlha tsa Gini bakeng sa linaha, ka Gross National Income per capita, tse arotsoeng ke Banka ea Lefatše:
Sehlopha sa chelete | Lintlha tsa Median Gini | Lintlha tsa Gini, US (2004) |
Linaha tse nang le chelete e tlaase (tlase ho $875/motho/selemo) Mehlala: Bangladesh, Ghana, Moldova, Sierra Leon, Zimbabwe | .406 | .450 |
Linaha tse kenang chelete e tlase (pakeng tsa $876-3,465/motho/selemo) Mehlala: Algeria, Colombia, Honduras, Romania, Ukraine | .414 | .450 |
Linaha tsa chelete e kenang ka holimo-bohareng (pakeng tsa $3,466-10,725/motho/selemo Mehlala: Chile, Estonia, Malaya, Panama, Venezuela | .370 | .450 |
Linaha tse nang le chelete e ngata (ho feta $10,726/motho/selemo Mehlala: Australia, Finland, Italy, Slovenia, USA | .316 | .450 |
Joalokaha ho ka bonoa, ka (CIA-calculated) Gini lintlha tsa .450, chelete ea lelapa la US e sa lekane ho feta ba mahareng bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng le ha e lekane ho feta tse ling tsa linaha tse futsanehileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, tse kang Bangladesh (.318—e baloang ka 2000), Cambodia (.400, 2004 est.), Laos (.370-1997), Mozambique (.396, 1996-97 ), Uganda (.430-1999) le Vietnam (.361, 1998). Ho fumanwa hona ho boetse ho na le nnete ka ho sebedisa palo e matla ya Census Bureau-calculated Gini ya .440.[liv]
Kahoo, US ha e e-s'o ka e lekana feela ho feta lilemo tse 40, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka holimo, empa e fihletse boemo ba ho se lekane ho ka bapisoang le ba linaha tse tsoelang pele ka kakaretso, 'me ha e le hantle, ha e lekane ho feta kajeno. tse ling tsa linaha tse futsanehileng ka ho fetisisa Lefatšeng! Ha ho letho le fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho se lekane hona ho ntseng ho eketseha ho tla fokotseha haufinyane. 'Me kaha ho se lekane hona ho ntseng ho eketseha ha meputso ho etsahetse tlas'a boetapele ba mekha ka bobeli e meholo ea lipolotiki, ha ho letho le tla fana ka maikutlo a hore taba ena e tla rarolla bothata bona nakong e tlang ho sa tsotelehe litšepiso tsa lets'olo tse entsoeng.
Leha ho le joalo, ho fetela ka nģ’ane ho lipuisano tsa hore na Mademokrate kapa Marephabliki a ka ’na a sebetsana le litaba tsena le tse amanang le tsona, ho hlokahala hore ho nahanoe ka maano a moruo a ’muso. Kahoo, mopresidente ofe kapa ofe o tla qobelloa ke liqeto tse entsoeng ke litsamaiso tse fetileng, hammoho le lifofu tsa maikutlo tse apesoang ke ba khethiloeng ho sebetsa maemong a holimo a tsamaiso.[lv]
Ka bokhutšoanyane, ka lilemo tse ka bang 30 (1982-2011), ha hoa ka ha e-ba le boipelaetso bo bongata bo bonahalang United States, kaha ts'ebetsong ea lenaneo la neo-liberal hammoho le ho thehoa ha setso sa motho ka mong ho bile le phello e fokolisang mekhatlong ea sechaba. merero e meng ea lipolotiki, joalokaha e ne e reretsoe ho etsa.
Maemo a moruo United States a bile mabe ’me ho nkile nako e telele hore maemo a moruo a batho ba sebetsang a ntlafatse esita le ho isa moo a leng teng. Ho hlakile hore ho putlama ho hoholo ha moruo ka 2008-09 e bile tlokotsi ho batho ba bangata ba sebetsang naheng ena.
Re ka bona sena ka ho hlahloba maemo a moruo hoo e ka bang ka 2013.[lvi] Moruo oa US bakeng sa basebetsi o ne o le maemong a mabe ka 2007, pele ho Ho putlama ho Hoholo ha Moruo (sheba ka holimo bakeng sa lintlha tse tsoang ho Scipes, 2009; bona le Greenhouse, 2008). Kamora moo, mesebetsi e fetang limilione tse 8.7 e ile ea lahleha ho tloha ka Ho putlama ho Hoholo ha Moruo, lipakeng tsa 2007-bohareng ba 2009 (Barello, 2014), 'me chelete e kenang ea Amerika e theohile ka 8.9% ho tloha ka 1999, selemo sa tlhoro ho tloha Ntoeng ea Bobeli ea Lefatše; le chelete e kenang bohareng bakeng sa banna le basali e theohile 2.5% ho tloha 2010 ho ea 2011 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 5).
Ha a ngola ho elella bofelong ba 2010, David Leonhardt oa New York Times o ile a ngola:
Hona joale, khakanyo ke ea hore mesebetsi e limilione tse 9.4 e tla hloka ho eketsoa hang-hang ho etsa hore sekhahla sa batho ba hlokang mosebetsi se theohele ho 6%, seo litsebi tse ling tsa moruo li se bitsang "mosebetsi o felletseng." E ne e le hoo e ka bang 4%, kahoo tsena ke likhakanyo tse sothehileng. Leha ho le joalo, likhakanyo ke tsena: haeba moruo o ne o fana ka mesebetsi e 300,000 ka khoeli, re ne re ke ke ra felisa khaello ea mesebetsi ho fihlela bohareng ba 2014. (Ka mantsoe a mang, seo se ne se tla re theolela ho 6% ea tlhokeho ea mesebetsi.) Haeba moruo o ka hola. mesebetsing e 250,000 ka khoeli, e neng e le lebelo la bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1990 nakong ea katoloso e telele ka ho fetisisa ea moruo ho tloha Ntoeng ea Bobeli ea Lefatše, re ne re ke ke ra felisa khaello ea mesebetsi qalong ea 2016. 'Me haeba moruo o ne o fana ka mesebetsi e 200,000 ka khoeli, khaello ea mosebetsi e ne e ke ke ea fela ho fihlela qalong ea 2020.
Tota re ne re dira jang? Sehlooho sa leqephe le ka pele New York Times Sengoliloeng sa la 8 January, 2011, sa Michael Powell le Sewell Chan se ile sa fana ka tlhahiso ea karabo: “Keketseho e Butle-butle ea Mosebetsi e Fokotsa Tebello ea Tsoseletso ea Pele: Sekhahla sa ho hloka mosebetsi ke 9.4%—Ho hlaphoheloa ho ka Hloka Lilemo Tse 4 kapa tse 5, Morena oa Fed o re.” Baqolotsi bana ba litaba ba hlokometse hore ka December 2010, ke mesebetsi e 103,000 feela e ileng ea eketsoa, ho hloka mosebetsi ho ne ho lebeletsoe hore ho lule ho feta liphesente tse robeli ho pholletsa le nako ea pele ea Obama, le seo ho thoeng ke "sebaka sa sebele" sa ho hloka mosebetsi - se akarelletsang basebetsi ba nyahameng 'me ba fane ka maikutlo. ba batlang mosebetsi, kapa ba sebetsang ka nakoana feela ha ba batla mosebetsi oa nako e tletseng—e eme ho karolo ea 16.7 lekholong. Ho feta moo, ba ile ba qotsa mohlahlobisisi e mong a re, “Re bona bopaki ba mosebetsi o hlophisitsoeng har’a batho ba maemong a phahameng, ba nang le moputso o phahameng ba lilemo li 35 ho ea ho tse 44 moo ho hloka mosebetsi ho ileng ha tota ka December,” ’me ba tlaleha khakanyo eo e neng e tla nka. ho fihlela 2037 ho fumana hape palo ea mesebetsi e lahlehileng nakong ea ho putlama ho hoholo ha moruo, e leng seo ba se bitsang koluoa ena ho tloha ka 2007 (Powell and Chan, 2011).
Ho fihlela joale - joalo ka ha ke ngotse bohareng ba 2013 - lintho li sebelitse hantle ho feta sena, leha e se haholo. Ke mesebetsi e 165,000 feela e ileng ea eketsoa ka Phupu 2013, mme sekhahla sa tlhokeho ea mesebetsi se ne se le liperesenteng tse 7.4, e le ka tlase hanyane ho boemo ba liperesente tse 7.8 boo e neng e le ho bona lipakeng tsa Loetse le Tšitoe 2012, 'me e le tlase haholo ho tloha ka 2008. ba ile ba tsoa feela ’marakeng oa basebetsi, ba etsa hore lintho li shebahale hantle ho feta kamoo li neng li hlile li le kateng: “Ho batho ba baholo ba bang le ba bang ba 100 ba Amerika, ba 63 ba ne ba e-na le mesebetsi pele ho putlama; hona joale, ke ba 59 feela ba etsang joalo. ”
Leha ho le joalo, sekhahla sa ho hloka mosebetsi se ntse se theoha hobane se balla batho ba batlang mosebetsi ka mafolofolo. Mme ho tloha ha moruo o putlama, palo e ntseng e eketseha ea Maamerika ha e leke le ho fumana mesebetsi. Ba bang ba tetse; ba bang ba bonahala ba qoba ’maraka oa basebetsi ka ho lula sekolong kapa lapeng (New York Times, 2013).
Hammoho le boemo ba mesebetsi, bofuma bo ne bo ntse bo eketseha. Sekhahla sa naha sa bofuma-ka tekanyo e sa lekaneng hoo e ka bang halofo ea se hlokahalang bakeng sa ho phela nako e telele.[lvii]-e tlohile ho tloha ho karolo ea 13.2 lekholong ka 2008 ho ea ho karolo ea 15 lekholong ka 2011, ha palo ea batho e eketsehile ho pholletsa le lilemo tse tšoanang ho tloha ho limilione tse 39.6 ho ea ho limilione tse 46.2, e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho tloha ha 'muso o qala ho bokella lintlha ka 1959 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, le Smith, 2012:13).
Bofutsana bo ne bo eketsehile ha re hlahloba liphihlelo tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa merabe le merabe, hape. Bofutsana hara makgowa bo ile ba hola ho tloha ho diphesente tse 8.6 ka 2008 ho ya ho diphesente tse 9.8 ka 2011, ha sekgahla sa bofutsana ba Batho ba Batsho se ile sa phahama ho tloha ho diphesente tse 24.7 ho ya ho diphesente tse 27.6; Bofutsana ba Latino bo eketsehile ho tloha ho karolo ea 23.2 ho ea ho karolo ea 25.3 lekholong ka 2011; ha bofutsana ba Asia bo ntse bo batla bo tsitsitse ho pota 12.5 lekholong.[lviii]
Bofutsana ba bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 le bona bo ile ba mpefala: ho tloha ho karolo ea 19 lekholong ka 2008 ho ea ho karolo ea 21.9 lekholong ka 2011 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 13). Sena ha se makatse, joalokaha tlaleho ea 2010 ea bafuputsi Setsing sa Sechaba sa Bana ba Futsaneng e ile ea re: “Bana ba emela karolo ea 25 lekholong ea baahi. Leha ho le joalo, ke karolo ea 36 lekholong ea batho bohle ba futsanehileng. Har'a bana, karolo ea 42 lekholong e lula malapeng a nang le meputso e tlaase [e hlalosoang e le ka tlaase ho karolo ea 200 lekholong ea bofutsana-KS], 'me ho bao, karolo ea 25 lekholong e lula malapeng a futsanehileng [ka tlaase ho moeli oa bofuma-KS]" (Chau, Thampi, le Wight, 2010). Ho ngola ho New York Times, Charles M. Blow o ile a hlokomela, “Palo ea bana ba futsanehileng e eketsehile ka karolo ea 33 lekholong ho tloha ka 2000,” athe palo ea bana e ile ea eketseha hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro lekholong ka nako e tšoanang. Ho feta moo, o tlaleha hore, "ho ea ka tlaleho ea 2007 UNICEF mabapi le bofuma ba bana, US e ile ea nka sebaka sa ho qetela har'a lichaba tse ruileng tsa 24" (Blow, 2010). Joalokaha Paul Krugman a ngotse bukeng ea New York Times,"litsebi tsa methapo ea kutlo li fumane hore 'bana ba bangata ba hōlelang malapeng a futsanehileng haholo a nang le maemo a tlaase sechabeng ba ba le maemo a sa thabiseng a lihomone tsa khatello ea kelello, tse senyang khōlo ea methapo ea bona.' Phello ke ho sitisa kholo ea puo le mohopolo bophelo bohle ba ngoana” (Krugman, 2008). Ka puo e hlakileng: bofutsana bo chefo bokong ba bana.
Ka masoabi, ho ba phelang ka tlas’a bofutsana, karolo ea 44 lekholong ea batho bohle ba futsanehileng e ne e phela halofong ea bofutsana ba molao kapa ka tlaase ho moo; seo e ne e le karolo ea 6.6 lekholong ea baahi ba naha, e eketseha ho tloha ho limilione tse 17.1 ka 2008 ho ea ho limilione tse 20.4 ka 2011. Ka kakaretso, karolo ea 34.3 lekholong ea Maamerika kaofela e ne e phela ka tlase ho karolo ea 200 lekholong ea moeli oa bofuma (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 17) .[lix]
Ke eng e neng e baka tšenyo ee ea sechaba? Ka ho amoheloa ha lenaneo la moruo oa neo-liberal ka lebaka la karabelo e nyahamisang tlholisanong ena ea moruo oa lefats'e e ntseng e matlafala le tšokelo ho 'Muso oa US, Reagan le bahlahlami ba hae ba potlakisitse litlhaselo tsa bona ho mekhatlo ea basebetsi le batho ba sebetsang ka kakaretso. Likoporasi tse neng li hirile basebetsi ba bangata (ke hore, li ne li “sebetsa ka matla”) li ile tsa koala mesebetsi ea tsona hae ’me tsa fallela mose ho maoatle, haholo-holo libakeng tse kang Mexico le Chaena, moo basebetsi ba neng ba laoloa, ’me meputso e lekanyelitsoe. Likoporasi tse neng li itšetlehile ka mechine ea theko e phahameng ("capital intensive") li ile tsa lula US, empa tsoelo-pele e ileng ea latela ea mechine ea bona e hlokahalang e ne e hloka basebetsi ba fokolang le ba fokolang.[lx] Holim'a moo, lekhetho le ile la khaoloa bakeng sa barui le likhoebo, ho lumella ho etsoa linyeoe tsa ho fokotsa litšebeletso tsa sechaba, leha batho ba bangata ba ntse ba li hloka.
Steve Fraser o bua ka phello:
Lilemong tsa bo-1970 feela, mesebetsi e lipakeng tsa limilione tse 32 le 38 e ile ea lahleheloa ke…
disinvestment, e neng e tloaelehile mehleng ea khale (New England textile lifeme)
le liindasteri tse ncha ka ho tšoana (baetsi ba lifofane ba New England). Tlhahiso,
eo ka mor'a Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Lefatše e ileng ea nka karolo ea 30 lekholong ea
moruo, ka 2011 o ne o theohetse ho feta karolo ea 10 lekholong. Ho tloha ka nako ea
Millennium feela, mesebetsi ea tlhahiso ea limilione tse 3.5 e felile mme e 42,000
lifeme tsa tlhahiso li koetsoe. Ka karolelano pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 2000 le 2011,
bahlahisi ba Amerika ba leshome le metso e supileng ba koalehile letsatsi le leng le le leng (Fraser, 2015: 235).[lxi]
Le hoja lintho li ne li le mpe pele ho Ho putlama ho Hoholo ha Moruo ka 2008-09, Ho putlama ha moruo ho ile ha felisa ho se ikemisetse ha Maamerika ho utloisisa phello ea liphetoho tsena tsa moruo ho baahisani le basebetsi-'moho le bona. Sarah Jaffe (2016: 20) o tlaleha hore mesebetsi e ka bang limilione tse 8.7 e ile ea lahleheloa pakeng tsa December 2007 le mathoasong a 2010.[lxii]
Maemo a moruo le a sechaba bakeng sa basebetsi ba bangata ho pholletsa le naha a ile a theoha, ha Steve Fraser (2015: 223-263) a khantša ka bokhabane, empa ka bomalimabe.
'Nete ke hore bokapitale bo ke ke ba hlola bo fana ka mesebetsi le menyetla ea moruo ho batho ba batlang ba lekana le ba bangata kamoo bo neng bo fana ka bona nakong e fetileng. 'Me sena se tla fella feela ho batho ba fokolang le ba fokolang ha nako e ntse e feta.
Tahlehelo ena ea mosebetsi e tla tsoela pele haeba e sa eketsehe. Le hoja lipuo tse ngata li 'nile tsa sebelisoa ho beha basele molato le "tlhōlisano e sa lokang ea khoebo" bakeng sa tahlehelo ea mesebetsi ea US, lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke Michael Hicks le Srikant Devaraj (2015) oa Ball State University e Indiana li bontšitse hore pakeng tsa 2000-2010, automation e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa karolo ea 88 lekholong. ea tahlehelo eohle ea mesebetsi nakong ena, athe khoebo e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa karolo ea 13 lekholong ea tahlehelo ea mesebetsi. E se e ntse e le, ho ea ka McKinsey le Company, karolo ea 45 lekholong ea mesebetsi eohle e etsoang mathoasong a 2016 e ka iketsetsa (Miller, 2016).
Empa ho thoe’ng ka lipalo tse ntseng li fokotseha tsa batho ba hlokang mosebetsi? Ho latela Lawrence B. Katz oa Harvard le Alan B. Krueger oa Princeton, litho ka bobeli tsa Ofisi ea Naha ea Patlisiso ea Moruo, mesebetsi eohle e entsoeng ho tloha 2005 ho isa 2015 e ne e le ea maemo a tlase, ho bolelang hore e ne e le basebetsi ba nakoana ba setsi sa thuso. basebetsi ba letsetsoang, basebetsi ba likonteraka tsa likonteraka, le borakonteraka ba ikemetseng kapa batho ba ikemetseng (Katz le Krueger, 2016), 'me ka kakaretso se bakile meputso e tlase, melemo e fokolang, le ts'ireletso e tlase ea moruo ka kakaretso.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, lintho li mpe, 'me lipontšo tsohle li bontša hore li tla mpefala ka ho eketseha
palo ea batho ba sebetsang. Pakeng tsa 1999 le 2014, batho ba etsang chelete e ka tlaase ho $42,000 42,000 bakeng sa lelapa la litho tse tharo ba ile ba lahleheloa ke karolo ea leshome lekholong ea moputso oa bona; bakeng sa ba lipakeng tsa $125,000 le $125,000, meputso ea bona e theohile ka liphesente tse tšeletseng; mme bakeng sa ba etsang chelete e fetang $2014, moputso oa bona o theohile ka liphesente tse supileng nakong ena. Ka kakaretso, "Naheng ka bophara, chelete e kenang ea malapa a US ka selemo sa 8 e ne e le tlase ho liperesente tse 1999 ho feta ka 190" ka "chelete e kenang e oelang ho 229 ea libaka tsa litoropo tse 2016 tse hlahlobiloeng" (Pew, 10: XNUMX)
Lintho li ne li sa fetoha haholo ka 2021. Ka moeli oa bofutsana oa $ 27,740 bakeng sa lelapa la batho ba bane, karolo ea 11.6 lekholong ea Maamerika e ne e le bofutsana, e leng batho ba limilione tse 37.9. Litefiso tsa bofutsana bakeng sa lihlopha tsa merabe / merabe selemong seo e ne e le karolo ea 10.0 lekholong bakeng sa makhooa, karolo ea 19.5 lekholong bakeng sa Batho ba Batšo, karolo ea 8.3 lekholong bakeng sa Maasia, karolo ea 24.3 lekholong bakeng sa Maindia a Amerika le Matsoalloa a Alaska, karolo ea 14.2 lekholong bakeng sa Merabe e Mebeli kapa Ho Feta, le karolo ea 17.1 lekholong bakeng sa Hispanics (US Bureau ea Census, 2022).
SYNOPISISE
Likarolo tse 'nè tse fetileng li fane ka maikutlo a fapaneng haholo le seo re lulang re se bolelloa ke mekhatlo ea rona, mmuso, mecha ea phatlalatso, esita le matichere a rona a mangata. Uena, 'mali ea ratehang, u tla tlameha ho etsa qeto ea hore na seo u se behetsoeng sea utloahala kapa che. Haeba e sa utloahale ho uena, e hlokomolohe; e lahlele ka ntle. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, haeba ho utloahala, u ithutile eng?
Ke nahana hore ho na le likhang tse 'maloa tse hlahisitsoeng,' me nka pheha khang, li entsoe hantle 'me li tšehelitsoe ka matla. Ke tla buisana ka tsona, 'me ka mor'a moo, ke tla tšohla lintlha tse ling tseo u ka li nahanang.
- Re ka utloisisa feela se etsahalang naheng ena - 'me, ka moelelo, libakeng tse ling - ka ho sheba lintho ho tloha boemong ba lefats'e. Re tlameha ho utloisisa hore US ke sebaka sa pelo sa 'Muso oa US: sena ke sa bohlokoa ho utloisisa palo e kholo ea lisebelisoa tse khelohileng ho tloha ho "Maamerika" a tloaelehileng-joaloka chelete ea ho tšehetsa thuto ea sechaba, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle le lisebelisoa tsa motheo; ho rarolla ho se lekane sechabeng le ho hloka toka; le ho fokotsa le ho ikamahanya le phetoho ea tlelaemete le mefuta e meng ea tšenyo ea tikoloho, joalo-joalo-e bolelang maemo a ntseng a mpefala haeba e se ho hloka ha sebele ho batho ba ntseng ba eketseha. Ka mantsoe a mang, ke pheha khang hore re ke ke ra utloisisa lintho haeba re ka beha menahano le tlhahlobo ea rona molemong oa naha feela; re tlameha ho nka katamelo ea lefatše lohle!
- Baeta-pele ba lipolotiki, ba moruo le ba sesole ba United States ba ekile boholo ba Maamerika: boiteko ba "baeta-pele" ba US ba ho laola lefats'e ha bo na thuso ho batho ho pota lefatše kapa Maamerika a tloaelehileng, ba sebeletsang batho ba phahameng feela, 'me ho lumellana le sena ho senya lithahasello tsa batho ba bangata. boholo ba batho ba lefatše. Batho bana ba bitsoang "baetapele" ba sentse linaha tse ling - na re ka qala ka Vietnam, Iraq le Afghanistan? Lethathamo le hlile le le lengata, le lelelele haholo-ha le ntse le sebelisa lisebelisuoa ho etsa tse lokelang ho ea ntlafatsa naha ena le batho ba ka hare ho eona.
- Ntle le ho ts'ehetsa ts'ebetso ea sesole lefats'eng ka bophara, baetapele ba moruo ba kopile tumello ea rona ts'ebetsong ea bona ea lefats'e lefats'eng ka bophara, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho ea holimo ho ke ke ha qojoa, ho ka khethoa, ebile ho ke ke ha hanyetsoa.
- Mecha ea litaba ea lekunutu e molato oa ho hlahisa lithahasello tsa bona joalo ka ha eka ke tsa batho ba US. Tsena ke likoporasi tsa bokapitale tseo sepheo sa tsona se ka sehloohong e leng ho etsa phaello bakeng sa bo-ramatsete le batsamaisi ba maemo a holimo, eseng ho tsebisa batho, 'me ka sebele e seng ho feta seo batho ba phahameng sechabeng ba nahanang hore batho ba tloaelehileng ba lokela ho se bolelloa. Sena ha se feela mananeo a litaba a thelevishene le a cable, empa ehlile e kenyelletsa indasteri ea lifilimi likarolong tsohle tsa eona. Re tlameha ho amoha thepa ea boralitaba ba poraefete le ho e abela mekhatlo ea sechaba ho potoloha le naha.
- Pampiri ena e pheha khang ea hore ho na le mokhoa o mong o fapaneng le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ka holimo-tlase ho ea khoebong / sesoleng 'me ke ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho ea holimo, ho matlafatsang bophelo, ka kakaretso ho emeloang ke mokhatlo oa lefats'e oa toka ea moruo le sechaba (GESJ). Lihlopha le mekhatlo e 'nile ea loana le ho ikopanya hona ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho ea holimo ka lilemo tse mashome le libakeng tse ngata ho pota lefatše,' me boiteko bo ntse bo matlafala ho ba hokahanya ho loana ka bonngoe le lihlopha le mekhatlo e meng e ratoang. Lihlopha le mekhatlo e loantšang puso ea moruo le lipolotiki, le haeba e sa etse ka hloko ho ea ka pono ea lefats'e, ke karolo ea morero ona oa lefats'e ka bophara, 'me re hloka ho batla ho khomarela le ho utloisisa mokhatlo oa GESJ. Mekhatlo ea lipolotiki le likhohlano tse khethehileng lefats'eng ka bophara li lokela ho batla ho ntšetsa pele boleng, litaba, le maikutlo a mokhatlo oa GESJ, 'me ka hloko li batle mekhatlo e meng e teng ka sepheo sa ho aha le ho ntšetsa pele mokhatlo ona oa lefats'e.
- Pampiri ena e bolela ka ho hlaka hore litekanyetso tsa mokhatlo oa GESJ-ho ntlafatsa bophelo ka mefuta eohle ea eona, ho felisa ho hloka toka pakeng tsa batho bohle, ha ho ntse ho nkoa e le ea bohlokoa tikolohong ea tlhaho-e lumellana haholo le Maamerika a mangata ho feta boiteko ba ho laola batho malapeng le ho pota-pota. lefatshe.
- Ka nako e tšoanang, pampiri ena e tiisitse ka ho hlaka hore tsamaiso ea lipolotiki le moruo United States e ke ke ea hlola e tiisa hore ho tla ba le taolo ea sechaba e atolohang le e lekanang; ha e le hantle, e ka fana ka taolo ea sechaba e senyehang moo ho hloka toka ho tsoelang pele ho hōla. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha ho na monyetla oa ho khutlela "lilemong tsa khauta" (1947-1973), 'me mang kapa mang ea jalang ka tsela e fapaneng o bua leshano.
- 'Me, qetellong, US e feletsoe ke molao; mmuso oa US o kolota batho ba ruileng le linaha tse ling tse rekileng libonto tsa rona ho feta $32 trillion, ho feta 100% ea kakaretso ea selemo le selemo ea lihlahisoa tsa naha - le ho hola. Bohle ba libanka tse bohareng ba lefats'e ba tseba sena. Haeba naha e 'ngoe e ka batla phetoho ea lichelete tsa lefats'e ho tloha ho lidolara ho ea ho basketeng ea lichelete kapa chelete e le' ngoe (e re, Euro), sena se ka 'na sa etsa hore moruo oa rona o putlame. Mohlomong ha ho bonolo hore ka nako e khuts'oane, kapa esita le nako e mahareng, sena se hlakile ka nako e telele. Ha e etsahala-'me e tla etsa-e ka etsa Ho oa ho Hoholo papali ea ngoana.
- Ka mantsoe a mang, le hoja tsamaiso ea joale ea sechaba e ka tšoarella ka nako e khutšoanyane kapa mohlomong le nako e bohareng, e ke ke ea tšoarella nako e telele. Ho na le ho putlama ha moruo / sechabeng ho lebileng tseleng ea rona - 'me matla a rona a sesole a ke ke a e thibela -' me ha re ntse re leta nako e telele ho rarolla mathata ana, tšenyo ea sechaba e tla ba kholo ho feta ha e fihla.
Leha ho le joalo, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore liphuputso tsena li hlahisitsoe ntle le ho tšoenyeha ho itseng ka phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo le tšenyo ea tikoloho, e ntseng e eketseha e nkoa e le tšokelo e kholoanyane ea bophelo polaneteng ena ho feta ho oa ha sechaba ho kang ho hlahisoa mona.
Tšokelo e tsoa ho bokhaphithaliste ka bo bona, tsamaiso ea rona ea lipolotiki le moruo. Ho mamella, bokapitale bo tlameha ho holisa tlhahiso kamehla. Leha ho le joalo e ntse e atolosa tlhahiso e hlaselang sepakapaka sa rona, se sireletsang Lefatše ho tloha matla a letsatsi, qetellong se fokolisa tšireletso ena, e sokelang boteng ba batho, liphoofolo, le bophelo ba limela tse ngata polaneteng ena ka nako ea 22nd Lekholong la lilemo.
Ka bokhutšoane, re tlameha ho hana bokhaphithaliste ka mefuta eohle ea bona, ka ho itšetleha ka kholo e tsoelang pele. Re tla tlameha ho etsa liqeto tse thata empa e le tsa bohlokoa ho potoloha ea potso ea bohlokoa: khōlo e tsoelang pele ka ho timetsoa ha batho nakong e tlang e seng hole haholo, kapa ho thehoa ha lefatše leo ho lona tlhahiso e fokotsoang ho isa maemong a bohlokoa, moo tšenyo ea tikoloho e felisoang kapa bonyane e thibetsoe haholo, moo tlhahiso ena e etsoang ka mokhoa o kotsi haholo. ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, 'me o etsoa ka mokhoa o leka-lekaneng ka ho fetesisa, le moo tlhahiso ena e ajoang lefatšeng ka bophara ka mokhoa o nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa.
Ho akaretsa: lintho li mpe haholo ho feta tse hlahisitsoeng pampiring ena feela. Palo e ntseng e eketseha ea batho e hlokomela boemo bo ntseng bo mpefala. Leha ho le joalo, re sa na le tsela e telele eo re lokelang ho e tsamaea. Mehato e fokolang e seng mekae e lokelang ho nahanoa.
Liphello tse ka khonehang:
- Re tlameha ho utloisisa hore likhetho tsena li entsoe ke bo-ralipolotiki le batho bao ba ba khethileng bao re ba khethileng, le hore tsamaiso ea lipolotiki e tšehetsoang ka liphallelo tsa poraefete le / kapa tsa mekhatlo e batla e le pheko e tiisitsoeng ea bokhopo le bobolu. Re tlameha ho emisa menehelo ea poraefete/ea likhoebo le ho khutlisa lichelete tsa rona tsa likhetho ka lichelete tsa sechaba le melao e matla ea likhetho e thibelang jerrymandering le merero e meng e thibelang mang kapa mang ho vouta.
- Re tlameha ho fokotsa haholo sesole sa rona le lichelete tseo se sebetsang ho tsona. Re tlameha ho koala metheo eohle ea sesole sa US - e hlophisitsoeng le e sa reroang, ea nakoana kapa ea ka ho sa feleng - kantle ho United States, 'me re tlameha ho fokotsa haholo palo ea metheo ka hare ho US. Ho bonahala eka phokotso ea selemo le selemo ea 90 lekholong ea chelete e sebelisoang ntoeng ke e utloahalang, e ntse e tla sireletsa United States, ’me e lokela ho batloa hang-hang; sena se lokela ho kopanngoa le ho batla ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tse tšoanang ke naha ka 'ngoe lefatšeng.
- Re tlameha ho eketsa lekhetho haholo ho ba etsang chelete e fetang $200,000 ka selemo, 'me sena e tlameha ho ba lekhetho le tsoelang pele: ha u ntse u etsa chelete e ngata, u lefa ho feta. Ke sebaka se le seng feela sa bolulo se ka lokolohang ho lefisoa lekhetho, 'me le sona ha se lumelloe ho feta boholo ba lisekoere tse itseng. Re tlameha ho laela hore ho se be motho ea nang le ntlo ea bobeli ho fihlela bohle ba e-na le eona.
- Tšebeliso ea lichelete ea 'muso e tlameha ho fetisoa ho tloha ho phatlalatsa merero ea ntoa ho ea ho ntlafatsa bophelo, ho felisa ho hloka toka, le ho ananela tikoloho ea tlhaho ea US le lefats'e ka bophara.
- Litlhahiso tsena li fokola haholo, 'me ke tšepa hore ba bang ba tla li feta ka cheseho.
QETELLO
"Baetapele" ba lipolotiki le ba mekhatlo ea US ba ntse ba e sebelisa ho baahi ba Amerika - mme mecha ea litaba e ntse e e fetisa ka mokhoa o ts'oanelang - e fana ka maikutlo a hore lintho li ntle le hore ha rea lokela ho ba botsa kapa ts'ebetso ea bona, ebang ke lapeng kapa mose ho maoatle. Ho amohela sena, re ba lumelletse ho re thetsa le ho etsa le ho amohela lintho tse utloisitseng batho bohloko lefatšeng ka bophara hammoho le boholo ba Maamerika.
Ke nako ea ho emisa ho amoheloa ha rona: re hloka ho nahana ka botebo, re tsepamise maikutlo ho seo e leng sa bohlokoa ho rona bohle, 'me re hloka ho theha mekhatlo e thehang matla ho tloha fatše ho ea holimo. Mme re hloka ho etsa sena ka kopano le therisano le batho ba lokileng lefatšeng ka bophara: re ka etsa sena kapa ra timela ka mokhoa o sa tsotelleng.
Ka ho tšohla litaba tsa bo-imperialism, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše, le neo-liberal economics—litaba eseng seo hangata ho buisanoang ka sona sechabeng sa US - re ts'epa hore joale rea utloisisa, kapa re se re qala ho utloisisa, hore ho na le matla a amang sechaba sa US ao ho leng bohlokoa ho a utloisisa, empa MaAmerika a mangata a haneloa ka tsebo ea ona. Sena ha se phoso; Ke pheha khang hore ke ka boomo: batho ba phahameng ba rona ba batla ho re boloka re ferekane, re halefelana, 'me kahoo re sitoa ho kenya letsoho liketsong tse kopanetsoeng khahlanong le bona ho fetola boemo.
Sehlooho sena se qalile ka ho tšohla likhopolo tse tla re thusa ho utloisisa se hlileng se etsahalang. E ne e sa etsoa feela ka merero e akaretsang, empa ho bontša hore re hloka ho batla le/kapa ho theha matla a sechaba a tla lumella batho ho ba le monyetla oa ho fetola lintho hore li be betere. Ho hlakile hore haeba ho na le ho hong ho ka ithutoang ka ho hlahloba lilemo tse 40 tse fetileng, ke hore maemo a phahameng a moruo le a lipolotiki a naha ena a nkile khato ka hloko ho qala liphetoho tse bakileng mathata a sechaba, 'me ba ke ke ba rarolla mathata ana bakeng sa batho. rona: re tlameha ho theoha libetheng tsa rona, ho tloha mangoleng a rona, le ho batla balekane kae kapa kae lefatšeng moo re ka fumanang, ho sebetsa le bona, le ho nts'etsapele le bona.[lxiii]
Letoto lena la nalane le hatisitsoe ke ZNetwork le Monahano oa Sechaba o Motala.
Kim Scipes, PhD, eo e neng e le mohatisi oa mehleng, ke moitseki oa nako e telele oa basebetsi le moitseki oa basebetsi, hajoale ke setho sa National Writers Union Local 1982, AFL-CIO. Hape ke Moprofesa Emeritus oa Sociology Univesithing ea Purdue Northwest e Westville, Indiana, USA. O phatlalalitse libuka tse 'nè ho fihlela joale, le lihlooho tse fetang 260-ho hlahlojoa ke lithaka, tse khethehileng ka kakaretso, le likoranta tsa baitseki le likoranta-ho US le linaheng tse 11 ho pota lefatše. Mosebetsi oa hae, ho kenyeletsoa buka eohle ea hae ea KMU Labor Center ea Philippines, e ka fumaneha mahala ho Lingoliloeng - Univesithi ea Purdue Leboea-Bophirimela (pnw.edu). Hape ke mothehi-'moho le LEPAIO (Labor Education Project on AFL-CIO International Operations), eo sebaka sa hae sa marang-rang se leng teng. https://aflcio-int.education/.
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PUSELETSO
[I] Joalo ka ha ho tla bonoa kapele, ke hlile ke nahana hore sena se khutlela bonyane 1945, empa ke shebile nako ea ho tloha 1981 sengolong sena.
[Ii] Leha ke tseba haholo ka koluoa ea boemo ba leholimo le tšenyo ea tikoloho, 'me ke ntse ke ngola ka litaba tsena, ke khethile ho se bue ka tsona sehloohong sena. Bakeng sa leqephe la ka la tepo moo ke tsepamisitseng maikutlo litabeng tsena, ke kopa u ee leqepheng la ka la “Mathata a Tlelaemete, Tšenyo ea Tikoloho, le Toka ea Sechaba: Lisebelisoa”, inthaneteng mahala, ho. https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/climate-change-publication/, eo hape e kenyelletsang lihokelo tsa lingoliloeng tsa ka tse amanang le tsona.
[Iii] Ba bang ba ka pheha khang ea hore boiteko bona bo matla bo qalile le pejana, ka 1898, ka lintoa tsa Spain le Amerika le Philippines le Amerika. Daniel Immerwahr (2019) o e khutlisetsa morao ho fihlela ho fihla ha Maeurope a Amerika ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1400.
[Iv] Ka "bochaba ba Amerika," ke bua ka maikutlo a hore United States ke naha e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, hore e phahametse tse ling, hore motho e mong le e mong lefatšeng o batla ho lula US, le hore baeta-pele ba eona. ba na le temohisiso, ba na le tsebo e ngata, ba nang le kutloelo-bohloko ho feta mang kapa mang, ka hona, e mong le e mong o shebile US bakeng sa boeta-pele ba lefats'e kaha baeta-pele ba eona ba lokile, sepheo sa bona se "hloekile," 'me naha ena e haufi le paradeise lefatšeng joalokaha ka botho e teng. Ka hona, liketso tsa eona li ke ke tsa hanyetsoa. Sena ke toro e hlahisoang e le 'nete; ke khopolo-taba, e sa thehoang tlhahlobisong leha e le efe e utloahalang ea histori ea eona, kapa motheong leha e le ofe o utloahalang kajeno oa matla le mefokolo ea US. Ke bosawana.
Bochaba bona ba Amerika bo theiloe holim’a bophahamo ba batho ba basoeu, khopolo ea hore motho e mosoeu ea tlaase ka ho fetisisa, ha ho tlaleho, o phahametse motho oa ’mala ea atlehileng ka ho fetisisa. Le eona, e ipapisitse le litoro, 'me e hloka ho se utloisise ho felletseng le ka kutloisiso ea nalane ea US. Ke leshano le felletseng.
Bakeng sa mohlala oa litlamorao tse mpe tsa bochaba bona ba Amerika, ho phea khang ea hore e thusa ho tsamaisa puso ea basebetsi ba baetapele ba maano a kantle ho naha ba AFL-CIO (bona Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2016a, 2022b).
[V] Sehloohong se setle se buang ka sesole sa US, le ts'ebetso ea sesole sa US linaheng tse 'maloa, David Gibbs (2012) o beha sena bonyane (eseng ka ho feletseng) moelelong oa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše; joalo ka ha ho tla bonoa ka tlase, ha ke lumellane le mokhoa ona, 'me ke nahana hore o ka be a sebelisitse lentsoe "empire" ho e-na le "mohaho oa sesole-indasteri." Ke nahana hore khang ea hae e tšehetsa taba ea empire ka matla.
[vi] Ke kopane le Ngaka Jan Nederveen Pieterse ka lekhetlo la pele ha ke ne ke kene Setheong sa Lithuto tsa Sechaba ka har'a The Hague, The Netherlands ka memo ea Ngaka Peter Waterman ho etsa Dikirii ea Maseta ho Lithuto tsa Ntšetso-pele ka Phato 1990 (e tšohliloeng ka bokhutšoanyane ho Scipes, 2021: xvi -xvii). Joalokaha ho tla bonoa, mosebetsi oa Nederveen Pieterse (unhyphenated habeli sefane) o bile le tšusumetso e kholo ho nts'etsopele ea ka e ileng ea latela, 'me ha ke bua ka mesebetsi ea hae e mengata ke ka lebaka la ponelo-pele ea hae le ho hlaka ha monahano oa hae eseng feela ka lebaka la boeletsi le likeletso tsa hae. lilemong tse 30 tse fetileng tse sa tloaelehang, tseo ke mo lebohang ka tsona.
[vii] Karolo ena e bua haholo ka Scipes (2010a, b, 2016a), moo ke tšohlang le ho ntšetsa pele mohopolo oa imperialism mme ka ho khetheha ka ho khetheha mosebetsi oa boipheliso.
[viii] McNamara o buile ka filimi ea Errol Morris ea 2003, "The Fog of War."
Ho Chi Minh City (eo pele e neng e tsejoa e le Saigon), Vietnam, eo ke e etetseng ka makhetlo a mangata le moo ke ileng ka ruta teng nakong ea lehlabula la 2017 le '18, Remnants of War Museum e thehiloe ho hopola ntoa tlokotsing eohle ea eona. . Ho na le likamore tse nehetsoeng ho bahlaseluoa ba chefo ea Agent Orange, e ntseng e tsoela pele ho ama batho hona joale, 'me litšoantšo tse ling li nyarosa hoo e kileng ea e-ba US Marine e kileng ea khona ho e etsa ka ho feletseng ka pontšo e khethehileng.
[ix] Ha ke ntse ke nahana hore batho ba bangata ba tseba ho itseng ka CIA, NED ha e tsejoe hakaalo. William Robinson (1996) o ngola haholo ka ts'ebetso ea bona, 'me ke ba kenyelletsa bukeng ea ka ea 2010, Ntoa ea Lekunutu ea AFL-CIO khahlano le Basebetsi ba Naha ba Tsoelang Pele (Scipes, 2010a: 96-105.). Hape, bakeng sa lihlooho tse 'maloa mabapi le boiteko ba bona Venezuela, bona Scipes, 2005, 2014a; bona hape Gill (2020), Gill and Hanson (2019), le Hanson and Gill (2019) bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea morao-rao ea US khahlano le Venezuela.
Mosebetsi oa William Blum (1986, 2000, 2014, 2015) e bile oa bohlokoa haholo ho qaqisa ts'ebetso ea kantle ho naha ea US lefats'eng ka bophara likarolong tsohle tsa eona.
[x] Le hoja mona ho shebiloe haholo naha e “fokolang”, ke batla ho elelloa hore “melemo” e eang naheng ea borena ka kakaretso ha e ajoe ka ho lekana ho batho ba eona; melemo ena ea naha ea borena e "abelanoa" ho latela; ke hore, ka ho se lekane. Ha e le hantle, ho fihlela batho ba maemong a tlaase a naha ea boemphera ba itlhophisa e le hore ba khone ho qobella batho ba maemo a bona a phahameng hore ba arolelane melemo ea moruo, boholo haeba e se melemo eohle e lekanyelitsoeng ka mokotleng oa batho ba phahameng sechabeng, athe basebetsi naha ea borena e tsoela pele ho tlatlapuoa.
Nako e le 'ngoe basebetsi ba Amerika ba qobelletseng ba maemo a phahameng a lipolotiki le moruo ho arolelana melemo ea bona e bile nakong ea lilemo tsa 1948-1973, nako e tsejoang e le "lilemo tsa khauta tsa moruo oa Amerika," ka lebaka la keketseho e kholo ea mokhatlo oa basebetsi oa US lilemong tsa bo-1930 le bo-40, le boikemisetso ba eona ba ho loana. Le hoja e ne e e-na le tšusumetso e matla ho ba phetseng nakong ena, nako ena ke tšitiso historing ea US, 'me ha ho na matšoao a hore e tla ke e phetoa kapa e phetoa.
Leha ho le joalo, ka nako e ts'oanang, haholo-holo ke bacha, "sehlopha sa basebetsi" le banna ba futsanehileng (le basali ba ntseng ba eketseha) ba rometsoeng ke batho ba phahameng sechabeng ho ea etsa mosebetsi oa bona o litšila khahlanong le batho ba naha leha e le efe e reretsoeng, 'me ba lefella sena. bophelo bohle ba bona—haeba ba sa lahleheloe ke bona ntoeng kapa tšebeletsong e ’ngoe ea sesole—ka PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), bokhoba ba tahi, joalo-joalo (bona Gordon, Early, and Cravens, 2022). Bahlabani bana ba molemo ka ho fetisisa ba ile ba hlokomela seo ba se rekileng 'me ba hlophisa ho hanyetsa sena, ebang ke mosebetsing kapa, hangata, ka mor'a hore ba tsoe. Mohlala o motle ka ho fetisisa oa sena ke VVAW, Vietnam Veterans Against the War, e ntseng e le teng, le pampiri e babatsehang. The Veteran e re bolella pale ea rona: www.vvaw.org. (Sengoli sena ke Sajene oa mehleng oa Sesole sa Metsing sa United States ea ileng a “retoloha” ha a ntse a le mosebetsing, 1969-73; ka lehlohonolo, ha kea ka ka romeloa ho ea loana Vietnam.)
[xi] Sena se ipapisitse le mohopolo oa "hegemony," o hlahisitsoeng ke setsebi sa lipolotiki sa Motaliana le moitseki oa Marxist Antonio Gramsci (1982) lilemong tsa bo-1930. Hegemony ke mofuta oa taolo o nang le likarolo tse ngata ho feta o hlahisoang ke lentsoe "puso"; e lemoha likhohlano tsa sechaba, ka hona e hlokomela lithahasello tsa bohanyetsi, 'me e bua ka maikutlo a ho boloka taolo ke mokha o matla ka ho fumana "tumello" ho bao e ba hatellang. Ha e le hantle, hegemony e hloka hore mokha o busang o hlōle feela likhohlano tse lekaneng ho boloka taolo, athe puso e hloka ho hapa tlhōlisano e 'ngoe le e' ngoe; khopolo ea hegemony e lumella ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho laola boiteko ho feta ho laola.
Ke batla ho leboha Kayla Vasilko, nakong ea lipuisano tsa botho, ka ho nkhothalletsa ho kenyelletsa litaba tsa hegemony le tumello tlhahlobong ea ka.
[xii] Sena ha se boleng bo sa reng letho.
Hickel, le. al., ba pheha khang ea hore ka 2015, le ho sebelisa litheko tse neng li le teng limmarakeng, “letlooa [lefatšeng] le ka Leboea le ile la amoha lithane tse ka boroa tsa lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 12 tsa thepa e tala, lihekthere tse limilione tse 822 tsa naha, li-exajoule tse 21 tsa matla a teng le limilione tse 188. lilemo tsa motho ea sebetsang ka thata, tse jang $10.8 trilione ka litheko tsa Leboea-e lekane ho felisa bofuma bo feteletseng ka makhetlo a 70. Ho pholletsa le nako eohle [1990-2015], metsi a tsoang ka Boroa a fihletse $242 trillion (hangata 2010 USD). Sekepe sena sa metsi se bontša phokotseho e kholo bakeng sa Leboya la Lefatshe lohle, e lekanang le kotara ya GDP ya Leboya” (Hickel, Dorninger, Wieland, and Suwandi, 2022).
[xiii] Joalokaha ho boletsoe sehloohong se fetileng: “Taba ena e ka ’na ea phehisana khang, kaha Bo-Marx ba bangata ba na le kutloisiso e batsi ka puso ea boemphera ho feta moruo feela. Le ge go le bjalo, go ya ka taodišosengwalo mongwadi yo o bolela gore mokgwa wa Lenin o lebane le ekonomi, e bile ke motheo wa boikgopolelo wo go boledišanwago ka wona mo. Ka mantsoe a mang, ka ts'ebetso, mohopolo ha oa fokola, empa ts'ebetso e atolohile ho feta seo thuto e se lumellang ”(Scipes, 2010b: 277, fn. #4).
Khopolo ea Gramsci ea hegemony e atolosa likamano tse busang ka nģ'ane ho moruo feela oa Lenin, o shebane le taba ea taolo ea sechaba, empa ha ho pelaelo hore ha e fetele ka nģ'ane ho mohopolo oa moruo oa imperialism ea Lenin.
[xiv] Ho hlakisa: leha re bua ka lits'ebetso tsena ka lebitso le tloaelehileng la imperialism, lintlha li fapana fatše. Kahoo, tsela eo Mabrithani a neng a tšoara likolone tsa ’ona e ne e fapane le ea Mafora, Madache, le Maamerika, joalo-joalo; ka nako e tšoanang, leha ho le joalo, mekhoa ea ho busa e fapane ho pholletsa le likolone tse laoloang ke naha e le 'ngoe ea borena: kamoo Mabrithani a neng a tšoara India a fapane kateng le ho tšoara likolone tsa bona tsa Amerika Leboea le ho tloha Nigeria.
[xv] Phetohelo ea Haiti ea 1791 e le mohlala o ka sehloohong, e nang le tšusumetso e kholo historing ea lefats'e, le hoja e sa lumelloe ka seoelo: ho phaella ho tse ling tsohle, e qholotsa tšōmo ea bophahamo ba makhooa.
Bahaiti ba ile ba liha puso ea bokolone (ea Fora), eaba ba hlola sesole sa Napoleon ha se hlasela ho tsosolosa puso ea bokolone. Ba ile ba hlola Lebotho la Brithani ha le leka ho nka monyetla ka ho hloleha ha Mafora. (Ho beha mantsoe a hajoale a papali ea litebele, bana e ne e le bahlolisani ba nomoro ea 1 le ba 2 bakeng sa 'mampoli oa lefatše oa boima bo boima ka nako eo). Bona James, 1963.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lena e ne e le lona lebaka le ka sehloohong leo Napoleon a ileng a rekisa "New France" ho United States ka 1803: ntle le Haiti, o ne a sitoa ho sireletsa litsela tsa hae tsa phepelo ho New Orleans karolong e ka Bophirimela ea Atlantic le Caribbean ho tloha mabothong a likepe a Brithani le a Spain, le tse fapa-fapaneng. "masholu a maoatleng." New France e ne e le khōlō—boholo ba k’honthinente ea kajeno ea United States ka bophirimela ho Nōka ea Mississippi ntle le ka boroa-bophirimela, e neng e laoloa ke Spain ka nako eo. Ho rekisetsa US ho boetse ho thibetse ntoa e ka bang teng nakong e tlang le Fora, kaha ho ne ho ka etsahala hore "Maamerika" a batle ho tsoela pele "katoloso ea bona ea bophirima."
Batho ba Haiti ba ile ba boela ba tšehetsa boiteko ba Simon Bolivar ba ho hapa tokoloho karolong e ka leboea ea Amerika Boroa, 'me ba thusa ho susumetsa bofetoheli ba Nat Turner linaheng tsa makhoba tsa US.
Kea ipotsa hore na ke hobane'ng ha re sa rutoe sena likolong tsa US…?
[xvi] Serapa sena ho tsoa ho Scipes, 2018, moo a hlahlobang haholo buka ea McCoy ea 2017.
Leha a sebelisa lentsoe "Military-Industrial Complex," Gibbs' (2012) tlhaloso le tlhahlobo li lumellana hantle le "empire."
[xvii] Bakeng sa tšimoloho ea National Security Act ea 1947, le pokello ea litokomane tse amanang, bona Santarsiero, 2022.
[xviii] Linaha tse ’maloa—tse kang American Samoa le Puerto Rico (’me mohlomong le tse ling)—li ntse li le likolone kajeno. Linaha tse ’maloa tse setseng ’musong o mong le o mong mohlomong ha li e-s’o fumane boipuso ba tsona ba lipolotiki. Leha ho le joalo, ka kakaretso, linaha tsena li ka tsejoa e le “likolone tsa pele.”
[xix] Ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse mabapi le likamano tsa bokoloni le neocolonial tsa Philippines le United States. Bakeng sa sehlooho se le seng se buang ka kamano ea neocolonial ka tsela e hlalosang kamano ena, sheba Scipes (1999); bakeng sa tlhahlobo e qaqileng haholoanyane ea kamano ena ea neo-colonial, sheba Shalom, 1981; le bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa morao-rao, bona Broad, 1988; Boyce, 1993, le Bello, 2009.
Ho na le linaha tse ling tse tsoileng likamanong tse itšetlehileng ka moruo le benghali ba pele ba bokolone, tsa fetoha “ka mor’a bokolone,” ’me tsa putsoa ka bora bo sa feleng ba ’Muso oa United States, o batlileng ho ba otla ka lebaka la nyooko e joalo. e behile likotlo tse boima tsa moruo le tsa lipolotiki; Cuba kamora phetohelo e etelletsoeng pele ke Castro ka 1959, le Venezuela ho tloha likhethong tsa 1998 tsa Hugo Chavez ke mehlala e meholo. Mehlala e 'meli e fetileng, ka nako e telele le histori e rarahaneng, ke Russia / Soviet Union le Chaena.
[xx] Karolo ena ea "globalization" e nkiloe ho Scipes, 2016b: 2-3, 16-17. Marang-rang ho https://www.academia.edu/25374866/INTRODUCTION_to_Scipes_ed_Building_Global
_Labor_Solidarity. E hlophisitsoe bocha le ho nchafatsoa hanyane.
[xxi] Ntlha ena e mabapi le ho se lekane e bohlokoa haholo. Ho bolela hore lits'ebetso tsena li ama linaha ka tsela e fapaneng, 'me li ka otla ka linako tse fapaneng, ka matla a fapaneng, joalo-joalo. Ha e le hantle, li ka ama libaka tse fapaneng naheng e le' ngoe ka tsela e fapaneng.
Sena se tlameha ho utloisisoa: ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše hase matla a le mong a monolithic a pota-potileng lefats'e, a amang taolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea sechaba, sebaka, moruo ka tsela e ts'oanang ka nako e le 'ngoe. Ke letoto la lits'ebetso tse lebisang "tšebelisanong e matla ho feta sebaka se pharaletseng le nako e khuts'oane ho feta pele" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8), empa phello ea eona ha e lekane.
[xxii] Charles Tilly (2005) o lumellana le kutloisiso ena ea nako e telele: “Ho qala ka ho falla ha batho Afrika lilemong tse ka bang likete tse mashome a mahlano tse fetileng, botho bo ’nile ba ikamahanya le lefatše ka makhetlo-khetlo.” Joale o tšohla maqhubu a mararo a ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše a bileng teng ho tloha ka 1500.
[xxiii] Nederveen Pieterse (2008) o hlahloba ho fokotseha ha US ka lintlha tse ngata; bona le Scipes, 2009. McCoy, 2017 e etsa sena hape. Ha ho pelaelo hore ho na le mesebetsi e meng e mengata tabeng ena.
[xxiv] Ha se mekhatlo eohle ea basebetsi le litsi tsa basebetsi tse tsoelang pele; tse ling li ka ba le maikutlo a tšabehang; bona, ho etsa mohlala, mosebetsi oa ka mabapi le AFL-CIO's labor imperialism (Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2016a, 2017b, le 2020b).
[xxv] Karolo ena e buang ka "neo-liberal economics" e hulela haholo mosebetsing oa ka oa pele-bona haholo-holo Scipes (1984, 1999, 2006, 2009, 2016b: 3-10) -empa e ekelitsoe ke ho bala ho eketsehileng, haholo-holo ka Brenner (2003) , Cox (2012), Cox and Lee (2012), Cox and Bass (2012), Gibbs (2012), Harvey (2005), Piven (2006), Roman and Velasco Arregui (2013), le Skidmore-Hess (2012) . Ho feta moo, joalo ka ha ho tla bonoa, ke boetse ke kenyelletsa lipatlisiso tseo ke li entseng ho pota 2013, mme tse hatisitsoeng ho Scipes, 2021: 9-11, hammoho le lipatlisiso tse ling tse kenyellelitsoeng ho Scipes (2017b).
[xxvi] Ke kopa o ntšoarele moeli oa ka oa ho tsepamisa maikutlo United States; ho na le ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e etsahalang naheng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 'Muso oa US, ho kenyeletsoa le linaheng tse kholo tsa Europe Bophirimela. Leha ho le joalo, taba ea US e hlakile ka ho fetisisa, 'me ke naha e ka sehloohong ea' muso, kahoo ka boiteko ba ho batla ho hlaka ka ho fetisisa, ke fokotsa maikutlo a ka mona, ha ke ntse ke hlokomela mekhoa ena e fetela ho feta mohlala ona o le mong.
[xxvii] Ke bolela'ng ka "kaho ea maikutlo"? Re rutiloe hore ho na le limmaraka tsa moruo, moo banna (le morao tjena, basali) ba ka sebelisanang e le batho ba lekanang, ho reka le ho rekisa thepa le litšebeletso ho latela lithahasello tsa bona, ’me sena se tataisoa ke “letsoho le sa bonahaleng” la ’maraka. . Pele ho tsohle, haholo-holo maemong a phahameng ho feta pale ea "mama le pop" ea sekhutlo, bareki le barekisi ba batla ba sa lekane; barekisi ba na le matla a maholo holim'a bareki: "ha o sa mphe seo ke se batlang, ha ke rekise." Mohlomong mohlala oa khale oa nyeoe e le 'ngoe moo bareki ba nang le matla a fetang a barekisi ke' maraka oa basebetsi; bahiri ba ka hira mang kapa mang eo ba mo batlang, ha feela ba sa khetholle ka ho hlaka linthong tse itseng tsa sechaba (“morabe,” bong, kholofalo, tšekamelo ea ho kopanela liphate, joalo-joalo).
Ho phatlalatsa leshano lena la tekano, ha e se pontšo e nepahetseng ea 'nete ea sechaba empa e le tšōmo, e reretsoe ho ferekanya haeba e se leshano le hlakileng ho batho; ke hore, e reretsoe ho u boloka tlas'a taolo ea bao molemong oa bona ho bua leshano.
Ho sebelisa mokhoa oa 'maraka oa mahala ho boetse ho fokotsa ho nahanela tšebeliso ea lihlahisoa-na u na le chelete kapa sekoloto sa ho reka ho hong kapa che?—'me ho thibela ho nahanoa ka litlamorao tsa tlhahiso ho basebetsi kapa tikolohong; ke hore, ke "mohlala" o fokolang haholo oa moruo.
Nka pheha khang ea hore mohlala o felletseng haholoanyane, leha o na le mefokolo, ke o ntlafalitsoeng ke Karl Marx (1873) le litloholo tsa hae tsa lipolotiki.
[xxviii] CIA e thehiloe tlasa Molao oa Ts'ireletso ea Naha oa 1947 (bona Santarsiero, 2022). Bakeng sa litokomane tse batsi tsa tšebetso ea bona ho theosa le lilemo, bona Blum, 1986, 2000, 2014, 2015.
[xxix] Karolo ena e buang ka ho se lekane ha meputso United States, hammoho le karolo e 'ngoe e ka tlaase mona, e nkiloe ka ho toba ho Scipes, 2009. Ka bomalimabe, sena ha se bue ka khethollo ea morabe kapa ea bong ka har'a sechaba sa US, e leng se thehiloeng hantle; bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea hore na lintlha tsena li ama bophelo bo botle joang naheng ena, bona Barr (2019).
Joalo ka ha ho tla bonoa setšoantšong sa 1, mona ka tlase, sena se tla bonoa hantle ka lebaka la ntlafatso e kholo ea meputso ea 'nete ea batho lipakeng tsa 1947 le 1973, le hore kholo ena ea lekeno e ile ea arolelanoa ka ho lekana ho bohle ba nang le mathata a ka har'a tsamaiso ea sechaba. Ka hona, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka nako ena, ho ne ho e-na le motheo oa sebele oa "toro ea Amerika" le hore e ne e ka finyelloa ke bohle.
Leha ho le joalo, "khopolo" ea hore ntlafatso ena ea thepa e ile ea tsoela pele ka mor'a hoo e ka bang 1973, e tla phephetsoa ke lintlha tse ka tlase. Joalo ka ha ho tla bonoa, "toro ea Amerika" e lahlehetsoe ke lintho tse ngata 'me e fetohile "sebaka sa ho bua" se se nang kelello bakeng sa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea Maamerika.
[xxx] Motsotso oa tlhaloso ho u thusa ho utloisisa seo u se shebileng. Ho ahlola ho se lekane ha moruo ka har'a sechaba, litsebi tsa kahisano (le litsebi tse ling tsa moruo) li tla bokella lintlha tse felletseng tsa moruo ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, ho latela chelete e kenang le/kapa leruo, tse hlophisitsoeng ke lelapa kapa motho ka mong, ebe li li hlahisa ho tloha ho tse nyane ho isa ho tse kholo. Lintlha tsa chelete li bonolo ho li fumana, kahoo hangata li hlahisoa, joalo ka ha ho etsoa mona. Ebe chelete e kenang e tla aroloa ka li-quintile kapa karolo ea bohlano, 'me tsena li hlophisoa ho tloha ho quintile e tlase ho ea holimo. Joale, ha ba lekanya, ba tla beha palo ea lidolara bakeng sa chelete e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (ka holimo) ea chelete / leruo ka har'a quintile, e le hore u ka ba bapisa ha nako e ntse e ea, ho bona hore na kabo ea chelete e ntse e hōla kapa e theoha.
[xxxi] 'Muso oa Amerika ha o batle hore re utloisise hore na ke chelete e kae e bokelloang ke karolo e ka holimo ho tse hlano lekholong (5%) ea baahi, kahoo lintlha tsa bona tsa quintile ea bohlano (le tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa) li ema ho karolo ea 95 lekholong; nomoro ke ea motho ea 95th percentile. Sena se fapane le kamoo ba hlahisang data ea litlhōrō tsa li-quintiles tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, kaha ba etsa sena kamehla, se bapisoa le lilemo tse ling ho sa tsotellehe moeli o totobetseng.
[xxxii] O qotsa Prechel (1997: 414), ha a ngola "... joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho theoha ho hoholo ha sekhahla sa phaello nakong ena bakeng sa lifeme tse holimo tsa indasteri tse 500 ho tloha ho liperesente tse 7.7 ho tloha 1973 ho isa 1981 ho ea ho liperesente tse 4.8 ho tloha 1982 ho isa 1986 ..." (Cox , 2012:18).
[xxxiii] Polelo e le 'ngoe polelong ea Cox e tšoanela ho eloa hloko: o bua ka linaha tse ntseng li eketseha tsa indasteri tsa Asia. Ho ea ka Scipes, “Pele, ka ho hlakileng, tsoelopele ena e qalile ka le/kapa ea rua molemo Ntoeng ea Mantsoe ea United States khahlanong le bokomonisi, ’me hamorao o pheha khang, “tsoelopele ena ea moruo e ne e etselitsoe ho theha kapa ho tsosolosa puso ea bokapitaliste mefuteng e sa tšoaneng. linaha le matla a borena a US sebakeng seo…” (Scipes, 2020c: 1216). Ho makatsang ke hore ka ho fana ka "libaka tsa matsete" ho mekhatlo ea machaba, sena se fane ka libaka tse ngata tse ka khonehang tseo mekhatlo ea US e ka fallelang ho eona ho tloha US.
[xxxiv] Joalo ka ha ho ngotsoe makhetlo a mangata ke bangoli ba 'maloa ho Cox, ed. (2012), Business Roundtable e bile ts'ebetso e kholo ho ntšetsa pele lithahasello tsa likoporasi tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tse thehiloeng US mme haholoholo ho ntšetseng pele lithahasello tsa bona maemong a phahameng ka ho fetesisa a mmuso oa US mme e atlehile haholo boitekong ba eona.
[xxxv] Sheba puisano ea ts'ebetso ea bona khahlanong le mokhatlo oa basebetsi ho Cox and Bass (2012).
[xxxvi] Taba ea hore moruo oa US ke oa bohlokoa molemong oa boiketlo ba 'Muso oa United States ha e e-s'o boleloe, bonyane phatlalatsa; Ba boholong United States ba hana ho hlalosa 'muso oa eona joalo. Leha ho le joalo, 'muso o itšetlehile ka kapa o na le phihlello ea moruo o matla le o ntseng o hola oa naha ea habo.
Bakeng sa mohlala o le mong oa sena, bona Knickmeyer, Bussewitz, Flesher, Brown, le Casey, 2020.
[xxxvii] Seo a qetetseng ho bua ka sona ke ho rekisoa ha mekhatlo ea sechaba—e kang tsamaiso ea ho hloekisa le ho fana ka metsi, matla a fehlang motlakase, litsamaiso tsa sekolo hammoho le sekolo ka bomong, merero ea lipalangoang (litsamaiso tsa literene tsa baeti, litsela tse kholo, marokho), joalo-joalo—ho likoporasi tse ikemetseng. , ho nkela taolo ea sechaba sebaka ka seo ka botsamaisi ba mekhatlo; ho beha taba ka tsela e 'ngoe, ho fetola merero ena ho tloha ho sebeletsa lithahasello tse tšoanang ho ea ho merero ea poraefete, e etsang phaello. Mekhoa ena ka kakaretso e tsejoa e le "privatization."
[xxxviii] Ka tlhahlobo e matla, Cox (2012: 16-30) o qaqisa ts'ebetso eo mekhatlo e etelletseng pele ea US e ileng ea nka bohato holim'a Reagan le litsamaiso tsa mopresidente tse ileng tsa latela tsa mekha ka bobeli ea lipolotiki, mme ea li etsa hore li thehe leano la moruo la lipolotiki tsa kantle ho naha ho tsoela likhoebo tsena molemo. litšenyehelo tse tobileng tsa basebetsi naheng ena. Ke tlhahlobo e qaqileng e lokelang ho nahanoa ka botebo, eo ho bonahalang eka ha e e-s'o ka e e bokella ho fihlela joale.
[xxxix] Ho latela Macrotrends (2023), empa e kenyellelitsoe ke sengoli sena, tšebeliso ea chelete eohle ea sesole sa US ho tloha 1982 (selemo sa pele sa tekanyetso sa Tsamaiso ea Reagan) ho fihlela qetellong ea tsamaiso ea Donald Trump ka 2021: $18,215.91 billion kapa $18.216 trillion. (Sena ke pele Russia e hlasela Ukraine ka Hlakola 2022.)
Ho feta moo, re ka bapisa tšebeliso ea sesole sa US ho 2021 le ea 10 ea "lilekane" tsa rona: US-$ 800.67 bilione; UK-$ 68.37 limilione tse likete; Fora- $56.65 limilione tse likete; Jeremane-$56.02 limilione tse likete; Saudi Arabia- $55.56 limilione tse likete; Japane- $54.12 limilione tse likete; Korea Boroa- $50.23 limilione tse likete; Italy-$32.01 bilione; Australia- $31.75 limilione tse likete; Canada- $26.45 limilione tse likete; le Iseraele-$24.34 bilione. (Macrotrends, 2023). Ka mantsoe a mang, ka 2021, US e sebelisitse $ 800.67 bilione, moo balekane ba rona ba 10. ho kopantsoe e sebelisitse $ 455.5 limilione tse likete.
Ena ke ntlha ea bohlokoa e sa utloisisoang ka ho lekaneng ke ba tsoelang pele United States: US e na le 'muso,' me matla a eona a fapane le a United States e le naha, empa batho ba phahameng ba moruo le ba lipolotiki ha ba batle hore re etse joalo. utloisisa phapang ena: ba batla hore re nahane hore ho hakanngoa ha 'muso, ha o ntse o leka ho laola lefatše lohle, ha e le hantle ke tšireletso ea naha. Lintoa tsa Korea, Vietnam, Iraq le Afghanistan-hammoho le litaelo tse fapaneng tsa "lefats'e" tsa US Europe, Latin America, Middle East, Africa, le Asia Bochabela, le mesebetsi eohle e amanang le eona kae kapa kae lefatšeng - li na le eng kapa eng eo li ka li etsang. etsa ka ho "sireletsa" United States ho feta kutloisiso ea motho; baqapi ba eona ba litšōmo ba etsa hore ba tsitlellang lithuto tsa bolumeli ba bonahale eka ke li-piker.
Ho khetholla pakeng tsa 'muso le naha ho bohlokoa haholo ho arola "bochaba" ba Amerika. Hape, chelete e sebelisoang 'musong ke chelete e ke keng ea sebelisoa thutong, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, ho felisa ho hloka toka sechabeng sa rona, ho matlafatsa mekhoa ea rona ea motheo, le / kapa ho sebetsana le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le timetso ea tikoloho, merero eohle e etselitsoeng ho thusa Maamerika le batho ba bang ba molemo ho pota-pota. lefatshe.
[xl] E ’ngoe ea litšōmo tse khōlō tsa bophelo ba Maamerika—e phatlalatsoang haholo ke khoebo, ’muso, le mecha ea litaba e tloaelehileng—ke hore ha tlhahiso e ntse e eketseha, maemo a rōna a bophelo a phahama ka bohona. Sena se "itlhahisa" hore khoebo e "hlokomela" basebetsi ba eona moruong ka ho ntlafatsa meputso ea basebetsi nako le nako.
'Nete ke hore e bile mekhatlo ea basebetsi, ka lipuisano le ka ho teraeka, e qobelletseng likhoebo ho nyolla meputso le ho atolosa melemo ea sechaba. 'Me esita le libaka tsa mosebetsi tseo e seng tsa mekhatlo ea basebetsi ka kakaretso li phahamisitse meputso / melemo ho ea maemong a lekanang, e le karolo ea letšolo la bona la ho thibela basebetsi ba bona ho ikopanya. Ka bokhuts'oanyane, le ho latela Jack Metzgar (2000), "sehlopha se mahareng se sebetsang" - se kenyelletsang litho tsa basebetsi ba nang le boiphihlelo, basebetsi ba liindasteri tse kopaneng, mme hamorao, basebetsi ba sechaba - ba thehiloe ke mokhatlo oa basebetsi, mme ba kenella mokhatlong oa setso. Mesebetsi ea "bohareng" joalo ka babuelli ba molao, lingaka, basebeletsi ba inshorense, joalo-joalo, ho theha "sehlopha se seholo sa Amerika sa bohareng." "Sehlopha se mahareng se sebetsang" ha sea ka sa etsoa ke boiteko ba tšōmong bo "bebe" ba khoebo, empa ka boiteko bo tiileng ba basebetsi ba limilione ba ikopantseng hammoho mokhatlong oa basebetsi oa US.
Litlhaselo tsa mekhatlo ea basebetsi ho tloha ka 1981, joalo ka ha ke bontša ka tlase, li sentse boiketlo ba moruo ba Maamerika a limilione tse mashome, e leng se entseng hore ho be le merusu ea sechaba ka hare ho United States.
[xli] Hape, bona Cox (2012: 16-30) moo a hlalosang phetoho ea moruo oa US ho tloha mohlaleng oa rona oa setso ho ea ho liketane tsa phepelo ea lefats'e. "Naha ea Amerika e ne e le mokhoa oa bohlokoa ka ho khetheha oa ho fana ka menyetla ea lipolotiki, ea molao le ea mokhatlo bakeng sa lifeme tsa machaba tse thehiloeng ho US ho hlophisa ts'ebetso ea tsona nakong ea 1980s" (Cox, 2012: 25).
Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e tebileng ea Apple Corporation, e leng e 'ngoe ea lifeme tse tsoetseng pele tse thehiloeng US, le hore na sena se amme basebetsi joang Chaena, bona Chan, Selden, and Ngai (2020).
[xlii] Sena se etsa hore ho bonahale eka Reagan imenne hararo the National Debt , empa u tlameha ho tlosa chelete eo a e futsitseng, kahoo keketseho ea sebele e ne e imena habeli.
[xliii] Selemo se seng le se seng, 'muso oa Federale o theha moralo oa lichelete, o re o rera mananeo a itseng le litšenyehelo tsa ho a tšehetsa ka lichelete, ebe o tla a lefella ho tsoa lirisiti tsa lekhetho. Ka mor’a ho fela ha selemo sa tekanyetso—seo hona joale se felang ka la 30 Loetse—’muso o tla tlaleha hore “re sebelisitse chelete e ngata ho feta tekanyetso ea rōna” (ho tlaleha khaello) kapa “re tlisitse tekanyetso ea rōna e tlaase ho feta kamoo e neng e lebeletsoe kateng” (ho tlaleha hore ho na le phaello e ngata). Ebe liphetho tsa selemo seo (tse eketsehileng kapa khaello) li eketsoa ho tsa selemo se seng le se seng, ho khutlela morao ho 1789, ha US e fetoha naha e ikemetseng, 'me kakaretso eo ea chelete e setseng / likhaello e tsejoa e le "mokoloto oa naha."
Utloisisa hore lipakeng tsa 1789, ha US e fetoha naha e ikemetseng le 1981, pheletso ea tsamaiso ea Jimmy Carter, mokoloto oa naha oa US e ne e le $ 909 billion, kapa $ .9 trillion. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho lefella Ntoa ea 1812; Ntoa ea Lehae; ntoa khahlanong le Matsoalloa a Lithoteng; Ntoa ea Spain le Amerika (ho akarelletsa le Ntoa ea US-Philippine); Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše; Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše; lintoa Korea le Vietnam; hammoho le Tennessee Valley Authority (e tlisitseng motlakase Amerika Boroa), Interstate Highway System, le lenaneo la sebaka ho fihlela ka letsatsi leo, hammoho le tšebeliso efe kapa efe ea Federale; sena se ile sa nka lilemo tse 192. Ka lilemo tse fetang 40 feela, ho tloha ha Reagan a kena White House, Mokoloto oa Naha o ile oa hola ka $30 trillion tlasa ma Republican le Democrats. Kajeno, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe, mokoloto oa naha o feta $31 trillion (Rappeport le Tankersley, 2022).
Ka la 15 Hlakola 2023, the New York Times e hatisitse sengoloa se bolelang hore tlaleho ea morao-rao ea Ofisi ea Lichelete ea US Congressional e hakantse hore Mokoloto oa Naha oa US o tla eketseha ka $ 19 trillion ka 2033 (Tankersley and Rappeport, 2023).
Ke sona se etsahalang ha o sebelisa chelete e ngata ea sesole bakeng sa Mmuso oa US, mme o fokotsa lekhetho ho likhoebo le ho barui.
[xliv] Qetellong ea kotara ea boraro ea 2022 (September 30, 2022), US Gross National Product (GNP) e ne e thathamisitsoe ho $ 25.89 trillion (Y Charts.com); leha ho le joalo Mokoloto oa Naha o ne o thathamisitsoe matsatsing a 'maloa ho tloha moo e le ho feta $31 trillion (Rappeport le Tankersley, 2022). Sena se bolela hore Mokoloto oa Naha o ka ba liperesente tse 119.7 tsa GNP. Ka mantsoe a mang, leha motho e mong le e mong naheng ena a ne a ikemiselitse ho sebetsa a sa lefelloe selemo kaofela, re ne re sitoa ho felisa National Debt.
Qetellong ea 1980-Reagan o ne a khethiloe ka November 'me a nka mosebetsi nakong ea matsatsi a ka bang 20-Mokoloto oa Sechaba e ne e le $.909 trillion,' me GNP (ka la 31 Tšitoe 1980) e ne e le $2.768 trillion (Y Charts, 2023), kahoo. Mokoloto oa Naha ka nako eo e ne e le karolo ea 32.5 lekholong ea GNP.
[xlv] Tsela ea bohlokoa eo sena se entsoeng ka eona ke ka nalane ea litšōmo: mohlala o phethahetseng o fanoa ke filimi, "Monghali, Che Monghali!" (Zieger, 2005). Leha ho na le boiteko ba herculean ba ho "beha ntoa ea [Vietnam] ka morao" ke mmuso oa US, David Zieger o tlaleha ka bokhabane boteng ba mokhatlo o khahlanong le ntoa. Ka hare sesole sa US, le phello ea sona ho matla a sesole sa US ho loana ntoa. (Mokhatlo ona o khahlanong le ntoa ka har'a sesole sa US, oo ke nkileng karolo ho ona, ka kakaretso o "lahlehile" nalaneng ea US; molemong oa ho netefatsa hore ha e lahlehe, bona Cortwright, 1975; Moser, 1996; Short le Seidenberg, 1992 ; le Stacewicz, 1997; bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea ntoa ea batho ba sebetsang, bona Lewis, 2012.) Ho bapisa filimi ea Zieger le “histori” ea ntoa, joalokaha ho tlalehoa ka kakaretso, ho bontša kamoo “histori ea sebele” e ’nileng ea nkoa e le litšōmo kateng. . Buka ea Nick Turse (2013) e buang ka Vietnam, Bolae Ntho Eng kapa Efe e Tsamaeang: Ntoa ea 'Nete ea Amerika e Vietnam, e boetse e bontša litšōmo tsa ntoa e 'nileng ea phatlalatsoa ke' muso oa US, 'me e ntan'o e senya ka ho sebelisa litlaleho tsa molao tsa Sesole sa US.
[xlvi] Filimi ea Michael Moore ea 1989, 'Na le Roger, le filimi ea hae ea 2009, motse-moholomohopolo: Pale ea Lerato, ke mehlala feela eo ke tsebang hore potso eo ea neo-liberal economics le e fihletseng batho ba bangata nakong ena, leha Moore a sa ka a sebelisa lentsoe lena. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lifilimi tsa Moore, bona Bridie, 2022.
[xlvii] Ha ke khone ho bontša hore na ho bohloko hakae ho 'na ho ngola mantsoe ana; Nixon, ho ba bangata ba moloko oa ka, e ne e le mohlala oa bobe. E bonts'a hore na naha ena e tsamaile hole hakae, tlasa Mademokrate le Rephabliki.
Nixon ha a ka a fetisa melao ena e tsoelang pele, haholo-holo tikolohong le melao ea bophelo bo botle le polokeho bakeng sa basebetsi hobane o ne a lumela ho eona, empa o ile a theola mokhatlo o tsoelang pele (ho kenyeletsoa le mokhatlo o khahlanong le Ntoa ea Vietnam) o neng o mo qobelletse ho rarolla mathata ana. mokhoa ona.
Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e ntle haholo ea lipolotiki tsa Tsamaiso ea Obama, bona Daniel Skidmore-Hess (2012) .
[xlviii] 'Muso oa Amerika ha o batle hore re utloisise hore na ke chelete e kae e bokelloang ke karolo e ka holimo ho tse hlano lekholong (5%) ea baahi, kahoo lintlha tsa bona tsa quintile ea bohlano (le tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa) li ema ho karolo ea 95 lekholong; leha ho le joalo, kaha ba etsa sena ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng, se bapisoa le lilemo tse ling ho sa tsotellehe moeli o totobetseng.
[xlix] Robert E. Scott o tlaleha hore hoo e ka bang limilione tse 3.2 mesebetsi lahleheloa "ke letlooa litšenyehelo tsa ho hōla US khoebo likhaello le China pakeng tsa 2001 le 2013" (Scott, 2014: 2).
Bakeng sa ho shebisisa ka botlalo hore na chelete ea lichelete e khonne ho kenya China joang mecheng ea bona ea phepelo ea lefats'e, le phello moruong oa lefats'e, hammoho le litlamorao ho basebetsi ba Machaena, bona Cox and Lee, 2012. Ho sheba Apple's (le Foxconn's) China, bona Chan, Selden, and Ngai, 2020. Le ho sheba hore na boetapele ba AFL-CIO bo ne bo hlasela joang 'muso oa Chaena bakeng sa liqeto tse entsoeng ke boetapele ba mekhatlo ea machaba le mmuso oa US, bona Scipes, 2006.
[l] Lintho li mpefetse haholo ho tloha ha karolo ena e phatlalatsoa ka 2009.
Ho latela Bureau of Labor Statistics, ka 2022, ke liperesente tse 10.1 feela tsa basebetsi bohle ba kopaneng, le liperesente tse 6.0 tsa lekala la poraefete. (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023.)
[li] Ke ntse ke ngola haholo ka leano la kantle ho naha la AFL-CIO ho theosa le lilemo; Habohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e bile Scipes (2010a), e nang le ntlafatso, le tlhahlobo e pharaletseng ea lingoliloeng ho Scipes (2022b). Bakeng sa sengoloa se seng se setle ka leano la kantle ho naha la AFL-CIO, bona Cox and Bass (2012) .
Ho hloleha hona ha boetapele ba AFL-CIO ho hlalositsoe ka botlalo ho Scipes, 2017b, 'me ea lateloa ke Scipes, 2020a. Ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse buang ka sena ke bangoli ba bangata ba fapaneng, 'me mohloli o le mong o molemo ka ho fetisisa ho fihlela joale (o hlokang ho nchafatsoa!) ke buka ea ka ea "Mathata a Hona Joale a Basebetsi", e fumanehang marang-rang ho. https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/contemporary-labor-issues-bibliography/.
[lii] Litekanyetso tsa lidolara, tse fanoeng bakeng sa chelete e kenang ea li-quintile tse fapaneng (kholomong ea pele) li tsoa ho 2005, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho setšoantšo sa 5, ka tlase.
[liii] Source: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f04.html: ha e sa fumaneha.
[liv] US CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) e hlahisa lintlha tsa moruo ho palo e kholo ea linaha, leha e se kaofela, mme e phatlalatsa marang-rang ho "CIA Factbook." Ka la 12 Hlakola 2023, ke ile moo ho ea fumana "lintlha" tsa bona tsa morao-rao tsa GINI. Ho bonahala eka CIA e ntse e tsoafa, kaha tsohle tseo ba faneng ka tsona ka nako ena e ne e le likhakanyo ho fapana le lipalo tsa hajoale. Leha ho le joalo, ba thathamisitse linaha ho tloha ho se lekane ho hoholo ho isa ho bonyane, 'me ba li bala ho tloha ho 1 (e kholo ka ho fetisisa) ho isa ho 176 (bonyane), ho sa kenyelelitsoe lintlha tse tlase haholo tsa Sehlekehleke sa Jersey. (CIA e tlaleha litekanyetso tsena ka tsela e fapaneng le e tloaelehileng, e le linomoro tse felletseng; ke li beha ka mokhoa oa sekete ho boloka botsitso.)
Ba lekanya US e le 50th naha ka ho fetisisa moruo stratified (e sa lekane) ho .414 ka 2016. (Sena ha se etse kelello ho 'na, kaha ba ile ba rated US ka .450 ka 2004,' me lintho li ile tsa mpefala haholo nakong ea Ho putlama ho hoholo, empa ke lintlha tseo ba li tlalehang. )
Le hoja ke sa ka ka etsa lihlopha joalo ka ha ke entse ka 2009, ke hlokometse palo ea maemo le palo e hakanyetsoang ea linaha tse 'maloa tse futsanehileng; hopola, haeba ba ne ba le pakeng tsa dinomoro 1-49, ho se lekane ha moputso oa bona e ne e bobe le ho feta ho feta ea US, ha 51-176 e ne e le Nyane ho feta ea US: Mozambique e ne e le #7 ka 2014 ho .540; Uganda e ne e le #38 ka 2016 ho .428; kahoo ka bobeli ba ne ba sa lekane ho feta, ha Laos e ne e le #65 ka 2018 ho .388; Cambodia e ne e le #73 ka 2008 ka .379; Vietnam e ne e le #96 ho 2018 ho .357; 'me Bangladesh e ne e le #134 ka 2016 ka .324, ho bolelang hore linaha tsena tse' nè tse futsanehileng li ne li sa lekane ho feta US.
[lv] Hape, bona Cox, 2012: 16-30: sena ha sea "etsahala feela," empa e ne e le sehlahisoa sa letšolo le pharaletseng le le atlehileng la ho fetola moruo oa US o neng o lebisitse ka ho khetheha litsamaiso tse fapaneng tsa mopresidente le ho li etsa hore li khonehe. phetoho ena e tla etsahala.
[lvi] Karolo ena e nkiloe ka kotloloho ho tsoa ho Scipes, 2021: 9-11.
[lvii] Ho ea ka Setsi sa Sechaba sa Bofutsana, “lipatlisiso li bontša hore ka karolelano, malapa a hloka lekeno le lekanang le makhetlo a ka bang mabeli a boemo ba bofuma ba Federale ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bona tsa mantlha. Malapa a nang le meputso e ka tlase ho tekanyo ena ea chelete a bitsoa moputso o tlase: $44,000 bakeng sa lelapa la batho ba bane (khatello e kenyellelitsoe) (Chau, Thampi, and Wight, 2010: 21). Boemo ba bofutsana ba molao bo behiloe ke 'muso oa Federale,' me bakeng sa selemo sa 2013, e ne e le $ 23,550 (Lefapha la US la Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Botho, 2013).
Ha e le hantle, haeba re sebelisa a finyelleha moeli oa sekhahla sa bofuma - eseng chelete e sa lekaneng e fanoeng ke mmuso oa US - ka 2012, karolo ea 34.3 lekholong ea bohle Maamerika (ka holimo ho karolo ea boraro) a ka be a bile ka tlase ho finyelleha bofutsana boo e leng karolo ea 200 lekholong ea bofutsana ba molao (bona DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 17).
[lviii] Se lokelang ho hopoloa, ho sa tsotellehe litšoantšo tsa mecha ea phatlalatso, ke hore hoo e ka bang karolo ea bobeli ho tse tharo ea batho bohle ba futsanehileng United States ka nako leha e le efe ke makhooa, ho sa tsotellehe hore na makhooa a na le tekanyo e tlaase ea bofuma.
[lix] Mathoasong a 2020, Mopresidente Trump o ntse a ithorisa ka sebopeho se setle sa moruo. Leha ho le joalo, "batho ba limilione tse mashome a mahlano United States ba phela bofutsaneng, ba se na tšepo e fokolang bakeng sa bona kapa bana ba bona," ho latela NGO ea machaba, Oxfam (2020). Bureau of Labor Statistics e tlalehile, “Ka 2018, kakaretso ea batho ba hlokang mosebetsi (sekhahla sa ho hloka mosebetsi) bakeng sa United States e ne e le karolo ea 3.9 lekholong; leha ho le joalo, sekhahla se ne se fapana ho ea ka merabe le merabe. Har'a lihlopha tsa merabe, palo ea batho ba hlokang mesebetsi e ne e phahame ho feta tekanyo ea naha bakeng sa Maindia a Amerika le Matsoalloa a Alaska (6.6 lekholong), Batho ba Batšo kapa Maafrika a Amerika (karolo ea 6.5 lekholong), batho ba neng ba aroloa e le Merabe e Mebeli kapa Ho Feta (5.5 lekholong), le Matsoalloa a Hawaii le Baahi ba Ba bang ba Lihlekehleke Tsa Pacific (karolo ea 5.3 lekholong). Litefiso tsa batho ba hlokang mesebetsi li ne li le ka tlaase ho tekanyo ea naha bakeng sa Maasia (karolo ea 3.0 lekholong), le Makhooa (karolo ea 3.5 lekholong). Sekhahla sa batho ba morabe oa Sepanishe kapa Latino, ka liperesente tse 4.7, se ne se le holimo ho sekhahla sa liperesente tse 3.7 bakeng sa bao e seng ma-Hispanics ”(US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019). Sekhahla se akaretsang sa tlhokeho ea mesebetsi ka Pherekhong 2020 se tlalehiloe ho liperesente tse 3.6. Leha ho le joalo, sekhahla sa ho hloka mosebetsi sa U-6 - se boleloang e le ak'haonte e nepahetseng haholoanyane, 'me e kenyelletsang "basebetsi ba nyahameng" -e ne e le liperesente tse 7.7 (McMahon, 2020).
Leha ho le joalo, likhahla tsena tse tlase tsa tlhokeho ea mesebetsi ke sephetho sa 'muso oa Kopanelo o nang le khaello e ntseng e hola, e hakantsoeng ho tšela $ 1 trillion ka selemo sa lichelete sa 2020 tlasa Mopresidente Trump, ka mokoloto oa naha o feta $22 trillion (bona Emma, 2020). Ka hona, ke pheha khang ea hore sekhahla se tlase sa ho hloka mosebetsi se bakoa haholo ke tšebeliso ea chelete (ho ngola licheke tse "chesang") ho feta sehlahisoa sa kholo e tiileng ea moruo.
[lx] Ke ile ka bona sena ka lekhetlo la pele ha ke ntse ke sebetsa ka mechine ea khatiso lebenkeleng la khatiso leo e seng la kopanelo motseng oa mahaeng oa Kentucky oo ke neng ke leka ho o kopanya ka 1982. Khampani e ile ea reka mochine o mocha oa khatiso o ileng oa fokotsa palo ea basebetsi sehlopheng ho tloha ho ba bahlano ho ea ho ba bararo. , ha e ntse e hlahisa litšila tse fokolang ha e qala le ho fana ka khatiso ea boleng bo phahameng, e neng e hlokahala hobane khatiso e 'ngoe ea rona e holimo e ne e le ea indasteri ea litaemane. Ka nako eo, ke ne ke etsa $4.85 ka hora ka melemo e fokolang—mong’a eona o ne a tletleba ka hore ke lefshoa ho feta tekano—’me ke ne ke sebetsa lihora tse 40 ka beke; mosebetsi o bapisoang oa bonngoe ka nako eo San Francisco Bay Area (moo ke neng ke falletse teng) o ne o lefa chelete e fetang $20 ka hora, ka ho sebetsa lihora tse 35 ka beke (le nako le halofo ho feta lihora tse supileng ka letsatsi, hammoho le ka Moqebelo, ka nako e habeli ka Sontaha.).
Taba ke hore ntlafatso ena ea thekenoloji le tlhokeho ea mesebetsi e amanang le eona e ne e etsahala le libakeng tse nang le meputso e tlase joalo ka Kentucky ea mahaeng; e ne e sa felle feela libakeng tse nang le meputso e phahameng.
[lxi] Glenn Perusek (2017), tlhahlobisong ea hae ea se etsahetseng nakong ea likhetho tsa mopresidente oa 2016-a tsepamisitse maikutlo ho indasteri ea Midwest-le litlhahiso tsa mekhoa ea tsoelo-pele, o fana ka lintlha tse tsoang ho US Bureau of Labor, a hlokomela hore "ho tloha ka 2000, ho ne ho ntse ho e-na le mesebetsi e fetang limilione tse 17 tsa tlhahiso United States. Pele le ka mor’a Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo (2007-2009), mesebetsi ena e ile ea nyamela ka lebelo le makatsang: karolo ea 30 lekholong ea mesebetsi ea tlhahiso e ’nile ea lahleha ho tloha ka 2000.”
[lxii] 'Me joale, joalokaha ho tlalehiloe ho New York Times, esita le mesebetsi ea mabenkele e neng e fana ka tekanyo e itseng ea mosebetsi bakeng sa ba lahlehetsoeng ke mesebetsi ea lifektheri—le hoja e le ka litefiso tse tlaase haholo—hona joale e senngoa ke khoebo ea e-commerce; bona Abrams le Gebeloff, 2017.
[lxiii] E lokela ho totobala hore ha kea tsepamisa maikutlo tabeng ea ho fetoha ha boemo ba leholimo le ho senya tikoloho sehloohong sena. Ke khothaletsa ba thahasellang ho sheba lihlooho tsa ka litabeng tsena (Scipes, 2017a, 2022, 2023); bona hape webosaete ea ka e ncha ho https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/climate-change-publication/, moo ke bokellang lihlooho, libuka, le mehloli e meng e mabapi le litaba tsena. Ke tla kenyelletsa litaba tsena bukeng e ngotsoeng ka letsoho eo ke ntseng ke e lokisetsa hona joale.
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Ke na le lilemo tse leshome tsa lithuto tsa univesithi tse hlophisitsoeng ka mahlale a lipolotiki le mahlale a mang a sechaba, lithuto tsa setso le nalane, joalo-joalo. Sehlooho sena se le seng se bohlokoa ho feta lilemo tseo tsohle tsa thuto haeba motho a hlile a lakatsa ho utloisisa se etsahalang lefatšeng, seo e neng e hlile e le sepheo sa ka bakeng sa lilemo tseo le lihora tse se nang palo tsa ho ithuta.