Ka ho khothatsoa ke keletso ea Flora Tristan—e matlafalitsoeng haholo ke Marx le Engels—“Basebetsi ba Lefatše, Kopanang!” (Armbruster-Sandoval, 2013), baitseki ba ntse ba khothaletsa basebetsi ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi ba machaba ho matlafatsana le ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba basebetsi bohle le boiketlo ba bona ho khutlela pele ho Lekhotla la Pele la Machaba. Tsoelo-pele e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea sena e bile ho hana ha basebetsi ba masela ba Borithane ho sebetsa k'hothone ho tsoa ho antebellum South, leha ho ne ho bolela mahlomola a bona a eketsehang ka lebaka la tlhokeho ea mosebetsi (sheba Featherstone, 2012).
Tloaelo ena, le hoja e ile ea khaoloa ke Cold War pakeng tsa US le UK ka lehlakoreng le leng le Soviet Union ka lehlakoreng le leng, e tsosolositsoe ho tloha ka 1970s ka boiteko ba baitseki le litsebi tsa ho theha bonngoe ba moeli oa naha ho pota lefatše har'a basebetsi. , boiteko bo bonahalang bo ntse bo hōla. Leha ho le joalo, pampiri ena e pheha khang ea hore ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara ha e sa le ntho e lakatsehang feela; phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le tšenyo ea tikoloho li entse hore sena e be tlhokahalo.
Tlhaloso
Re bolela'ng ka bonngoe ba basebetsi ba lefats'e? E hlalositsoe e le:
Global labour solidarity ke ketso, kapa ketso e tsoelang pele ea basebetsi, mekhatlo ea bona, le mekhatlo e ikopantseng le bona, hammoho le bangoli, baetsi ba litšoantšo le baitseki ba bang, ho tšehetsa basebetsi ho pholletsa le meeli ea sechaba sa lipolotiki, boitekong ba bona ba ho ho matlafatsa maphelo a basebetsi, meputso, maemo a mosebetsi, ka linako tse ling ho ba teng ha bona joalo ka ha ho laeloa ke ba amehileng. Ho matlafatsa matla le boiketlo ba basebetsi lefats'eng ka bophara, basebetsi ba tlameha ho hlaolela bonngoe ho pholletsa le bo-ralipolotiki ba sechaba sa lipolotiki hammoho le ho ntlafatsa bonngoe le basebetsi ba naha ea habo bona; bonngoe ba basebetsi ba lefats'e ha bo theole bonngoe ba basebetsi naheng e le 'ngoe empa ho e-na le hoo bo ntlafatsa matla, boiketlo le tsebo ea basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara.
Tšebelisano ena e tlameha ho ba motheong oa ho hlomphana le ho tšehetsana, e leng ho thibelang maikutlo a bareki, ho phalla ha maikutlo, chelete, le lisebelisoa tse ling, le ho busoa ke mokhatlo o mong oa basebetsi holim'a o mong (ke hore, o hana puso ea basebetsi). Tšebelisano ena e ka hlaha ho basebetsi ba Boroa kapa Leboea kapa mekhatlong ea bona, e ka kenyelletsa mekhatlo e mengata ea basebetsi, 'me e ka lebisoa ho basebetsi ba Boroa kapa Leboea le mekhatlo ea bona.
Tšebelisano ena e ka ba lipakeng tsa basebetsi le mekhatlo e maemong a tšoanang a mokhatlo oa lipolotiki kapa lipakeng tsa basebetsi le mekhatlo e maemong a fapaneng a mokhatlo oa lipolotiki.
Tšebelisano ena e ka 'na ea susumetsoa ke boithati, ho lumellana, kapa ho hloka boithati (Scipes, 2016c: 45-46).[1]
History
Ntoa ea US Vietnam e ile ea sebetsa e le sebaka se seholo sa bonngoe ba machaba ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše; batho ba limilione lefatšeng ka bophara ba ile ba utloisisa liphello tse tšabehang tsa ntoa ea US, haeba e sa tla ho hanyetsa ntoa ea US, 'me palo e kholo ea bana e ne e le bonngoeng le ntoa ea tokoloho ea Vietnam; "Ho, Ho, Ho Chi Minh, NLF e tla hlola!" e ne e se pina e sa tloaelehang likolong tse ngata tsa US tsa koleche le univesithi ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1960/mathomong a bo-70 'me ho ntse ho e-ba joalo mokhatlong o pharaletseng oa US o khahlanong le ntoa. E bile ntoa ena le lintoa khahlanong le eona tse ileng tsa sebeletsa ho etsa hore batho lefatšeng ka bophara ba shebe liketsahalo tse ka ntle ho meeli ea naha ea bona ka litsela tse ncha.
Ena e ne e le nako ea merusu lefatšeng ka bophara. Hape tse neng li etsahala e ne e le lintoa tsa tokoloho tsa naha lefatšeng ka bophara, tse hlokomelang Phetohelo ea Russia ea 1917, Phetohelo ea Machaena ea 1949, Phetohelo ea Cuba ea 1959, Phetohelo ea Algeria ea 1962; ka 'nete, tlhokomeliso ea ntoa ea Palestina e ne e kena maikutlong a lefats'e ka 1967.
United States ena, sena se ile sa kopanngoa ke Civil Rights/Black Power Movements, hammoho le mokhatlo oa liithuti, hamorao mokhatlo o khahlanong le Vietnam War, Women's Liberation Movement, mokhatlo o khahlanong le ntoa ka hare ho sesole sa US, Gay le Lesbian. Liberation Movement, mokhatlo oa basebetsi ba mapolasing, le mokhatlo oa tikoloho. Sena, ehlile, se ne se tsamaisana le lintoa tse khahlano le khatello linaheng tsohle tsa boemphera, le linaheng tse ngata tseo pele e neng e le likolone lefatšeng ka bophara.[2]
Nakong ena, ho bile le phetohelo e tšehelitsoeng ke US e ileng ea liha 'muso o khethiloeng ka demokrasi oa Salvador Allende oa Chile ka la 11 Loetse 1973, 9-11 ea pele.
Empa ke pheha khang-ho latela tataiso ea sebini / sengoli sa lipina Dave Lippmann, "Vietnam, Vietnam, Vietnam. U ile ua hotetsa seqhomane sa bomo ea nako ea moemphera”—hore ke ntoa ena le lintoa tse ntseng li eketseha khahlanong le eona tse ileng tsa phatloha ho ba kutloisisong ea pele ea letšoele la ntoa khahlanong le khatello nakong ea ka mor’a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše (1945 ho ea pele).
Lintho li ile tsa fetoha. Ho hlakile hore mokhatlo oa US anti-Vietnam War o ile oa fokotseha lilemong tsa pele tsa 1970 ha batho ba phahameng ba busang ba felisa sesole se hloiloeng sa US, ba tlosa sesole sa US Vietnam ka 1973, 'me ba shebella tlhōlo ea Vietnam ka 1975 le Cambodia le Laos. . Ho hlakile hore seo ha sea ka sa felisa lintoa tse khahlanong le bokolone—Angola, Mozambique le Guinea-Bissau li ile tsa fumana boipuso ba tsona ba lipolotiki ho tsoa ho Portugal ka 1975, ’me ntoa ea tokoloho e ile ea busa Afrika Boroa ka 1976 ka lebaka la polao e sehlōhō ea liithuti e ileng ea etsahala naheng eo. Soweto, lekeishene la Batho ba Batsho kantle ho Johannesburg. Zimbabwe e ile ea fumana boipuso ka 1978, ’me Nicaragua ea fumana boipuso ka 1979. Leha ho le joalo, bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1970, ho ne ho bonahala eka “nako ea tokoloho” ka kakaretso e felile.
Ke hobane'ng ha sena sohle se le bohlokoa ke hore nako ena e hlahisitse sehlopha sa baitseki linaheng tsa borena-ke 'nete hore ke karolo e nyenyane feela ea ba neng ba phuthetsoe-ba neng ba amohetse kutloisiso ea "internationalist",' me ba hlokomela hore re tlameha ho haha tšebelisano. lefats'eng ka bophara, hore re ne re ke ke ra thibela pono ea rona ka har'a meeli ea naha. Ho ne ho e-na le ba ’maloa ba ileng ba tlisa kutloisiso ena ea machaba mosebetsing oa bona oa lipolotiki ho tloha pele ho nako ea tokoloho—ba ne ba le teng, empa ka palo e nyenyane—empa ho bonahala eka boholo ba lihlopha tsena e ne e le bacha ’me ba chesehela ho fetola lefatše. Ho sa tsotellehe hore na bona ka bomong ba ile ba hlahisa maikutlo ana a machaba kapa haeba e ne e le sehlahisoa sa mekhatlo ea lipolotiki le lintoa tseo ba neng ba kene ho tsona, nako ena ea tokoloho pakeng tsa 1955-1979 e bile le tšusumetso e tebileng ka litsela tse ngata tse tšoarellang nako e telele, 'me re ka e bona mekhatlong ea basebetsi. Canada le United States hammoho le libakeng tse ling. Ho arola lintlafatso tse latelang ka linako tse peli, 1970-2010 le 2011 ho fihlela kajeno, ho thusa ho hlakisa hore na bonngoe ba lefats'e ba basebetsi boa ata kapa bo ntse bo hola.
Pampiri ena e thathamisa matsapa a mangata a fetileng ho tloha ka bo-1970 e le ho matlafatsa matsapa a hajoale a ho aha bonngoe bona bo hlokahalang. Sena se qalile nakong ea Ntoa ea Mantsoe, bonyane karolo e itseng ea lihlahisoa tsa liithuti le / kapa litho tsa baitseki ba mekhatlo e setseng e kenang mokhatlong oa basebetsi, bahlabani ha ba lokolloa ba fumana mosebetsi, basebetsi ba nako e telele ba thuso / nts'etsopele, barutehi ba tsoelang pele, nako e telele- baitseki ba nako e telele, hammoho le baitseki ba nako e telele ba batho ba batsho ba neng ba tseba ka mekgatlo ya ditokoloho ya naha Afrika, haholo mokgatlo wa Pan African, mme ba ne ba kenelletse ka hare ho mekgatlo.
1978-2010[3]
Le hoja tlhokomeliso ea lefats'e ka bophara e ile ea sala ho baitseki ba bangata, sena se ne se sa bonahale ka har'a mokhatlo oa basebetsi-o neng o ntse o ikemiselitse ka ho feteletseng ke liketso tsa AFL-CIO ea United States le Trades Union Congress ea UK - joalo-joalo. , ntle le mekhelo e fokolang, ho ne ho e-na le tlhokomeliso eohle ea basebetsi linaheng tse ling ke basebetsi ba linaha tsa moemphera.[4]
Nako ea 1978-2010 e bile le liphetoho tse 'maloa tse neng li tla ntšetsa pele ntoa ea bonngoe ba basebetsi ba machaba le ho beha litaba tsena holim'a boto: tsena li ne li kenyelletsa literaeke khahlanong le mekhatlo ea linaha tse ngata linaheng tseo pele e neng e le likolone le boiteko ba ho fumana tšehetso ho tsoa ho basebetsi ba linaha tse fapa-fapaneng. lichaba tse ngata li simolohile; ka botumo bo eketsehileng ba lithuto tsa nts'etsopele ea "lefatše la boraro", haholo-holo Europe; le mekhoa e ntseng e eketseha ea likhokahano—e hlophisitsoeng le e sa reroang—e fetisang tsebo ea literaeke tsena le liphetoho tse ling (haholo-holo mabapi le tsoelo-pele ea mekhatlo ea basebetsi linaheng tse sa tšoaneng tsa “lefatše la boraro”) har’a marang-rang a manyenyane a litsebi le baitseki lefatšeng ka bophara. Motheo oa tsoelo-pele e eketsehileng o ile oa raloa nakong ena ea pele, empa ho ne ho se na tiiso ea hore e tla tsoela pele nakong e latelang.
Liketso tsa bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele ena li kenyelelitse litlhaselo tsa masole a Sao Paolo Metalworkers khahlano le lik'hamphani tsa likoloi tsa machaba tseo e neng e le tšireletso ea moruo ea puso ea bohatelli ea sesole sa Brazil (bona TIE, 1984; Sluyter-Beltrao, 2010);[5] ho hatisoa ha buka ea Don Thomson le Rodney Larson (1978) e nang le sehlooho se reng U ne U le Hokae, Moena? Tlaleho ea Mokhatlo oa Basebetsi oa Imperialism, e ileng ea nyatsa British Trade Union Congress ka ho sebetsa khahlanong le lithahasello tsa basebetsi linaheng tsa 'Muso oa pele oa Brithani,[6] le ho qalisoa ha NILS, the Leselinyana la Lithuto tsa Machaba tsa Basebetsi ka Peter Waterman.[7] Ka 1979, FOSATU (Federation of South African Trade Unions) e thehiloe naheng eo (sheba MacShane, Plaut and Ward, 1984).[8] 'Me ka la 1 May, 1980, mekhatlo ea basebetsi ho pholletsa le Philippines e ile ea kopana ho theha Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU-May First Movement) Setsi sa Basebetsi (bona Scipes, 1996),[9] ha ka August selemong seo, basebetsi ba Poland ba ile ba theha Solidarnosc (MacDonald, 1981; bona Garton Asch, 1983; Bernhard, 1993; le Bloom, 2014).
Nako ena ehlile e ile ea tsoela pele ho tloha 1978 ho fihlela 1997, e ileng ea phatlalatsoa ha Kim Moody's. Basebeletsi Lefats'eng le Lesesane: Mekhatlo ea Moruo oa Machaba.[10] Leha ho le joalo, nako eo e ile ea tsoela pele ho fihlela 2010, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke phatlalatso ea buka ea Jeffrey Sluyter-Beltrao's (2010) mabapi le bonngoe ba bonngoe naheng ea Brazil le buka ea Kim Scipes (le sengoloa se latelang) mabapi le lenaneo la maano a kantle ho naha a AFL-CIO (Scipes, 2010a). , 2010b; bona 2016a).
Nako ena ea 1978-2010 ke e tsejoang ka mokhoa o sa fellang ke batšehetsi ba bangata ba mehleng ena ea basebetsi, 'me e ntse e ama ntšetso-pele le kajeno, le hoja haholo-holo ka ho bua hampe le ho se utloisisane.
Khopolo ea theory e kopanyang mehla ea 1978-2010 ke "social movement unionism."
Bafuputsi ba sibollotse mofuta o mocha oa mekhatlo ea basebetsi e ntseng e ntlafatsoa ke CUT naheng ea Brazil, KMU ea Philippines, FOSATU/COSATU Afrika Boroa, mohlomong ke mekhatlo e sa tsoa hlaha ea Korea Boroa, mme Peter Waterman o ile a ntšetsa pele khopolo ea “ social movement unionism” (SMU) ho bua ka eona (Waterman, 1988b). E le ho leka ho e utloisisa e le mofuta o fapaneng oa mekhatlo ea basebetsi, bafuputsi bana ba ile ba qala puisano ea machaba ea hore na e lokela ho utloisisoa joang, le ka tsela e neng e tla khothalletsa basebetsi linaheng tse ling hore le bona ba e ntlafatse.[11] Liphuputso tsa bohlokoa tsa lithuto tsena ke hore mokhatlo oa mekhatlo ea sechaba e ne e le mofuta o mocha oa mekhatlo ea basebetsi e neng e sa qholotse mohiri le/kapa puso ea naha libakeng tsa mosebetsi. 'me sechaba, empa hape a qholotsa likhokahano tsa lefats'e tsa moruo le setso (ke hore, imperialism) moo linaha tsa bona li neng li koaletsoe.
Leha ho le joalo, ho ipapisitsoe le lingoliloeng tsa Gay Seidman (1994)—ea sebelisitseng lentsoe SMU, empa e ne e se karolo ea lipuisano tsa machaba—Kim Moody (1997) hamorao o ile a sebelisa lentsoe lena boemong bo fapaneng ba sechaba, “mocha” oa mokhatlo oa basebetsi. tsoelopele United States. Tšebeliso ena e sa lokelang ea khopolo ea mokhatlo oa mekhatlo ea sechaba ho nts'etsopele ea mekhatlo ea US e lebisitse pherekanong e kholo ea khopolo-taba e ntseng e le teng le kajeno-har'a bafuputsi ba linaha tse peli tsa borena le tseo pele e neng e le likolone-e nyenyefatsang bohlokoa ba tsoelo-pele har'a litsi tsena tse tharo tsa basebetsi.
Pherekano ena ea khopolo-taba ha ea ka ea qhaloa ho fihlela 2014, ha Scipes e boela e sebetsana le taba eo 'me e e hlakola (Scipes, 2014c; e hatisitsoe hape ka 2021: 231-262).[12]
Leha ho le joalo, ho sa tsotellehe pherekano ea khopolo-taba har'a litsebi tse ling tsa machaba tsa mosebetsi, boiteko bo bongata ba bohlokoa ba ho theha bonngoe ba machaba mosebetsing bo ile ba qalisoa nakong ena, 'me tsena li ne li kenyelletsa mesebetsi ea boipheliso ea basebetsi hammoho le liketso tse tlalehiloeng liphuputsong le boitekong ba litsebi tsa ho hlahloba, ho etsa khopolo-taba. le/kapa morero ona lefatšeng ka bophara.[13] Boiteko ba bohlokoa bo kenyelelitsoe:
- Fred Hirsch, setsebi sa lipeipi ka khoebo le setho sa Plumbers le Pipefitters Local 393 San Jose, California o ile a sibolla ho kenya letsoho ha AIFLD (American Institute for Free Labor Development, mokhatlo oa AFL-CIO oa lebatooa Latin America) ho thusa ho rala motheo. bakeng sa phetohelo ea sesole ea 1973 Chile ka ho hlophisa seteraeke se senyang sa beng ba literaka khahlanong le 'muso oa Allende. Hirsch o ile a hatisa lipampitšana tse peli (1974, le empa ho bonahala eka 1975) mabapi le ts'ebetso ena. O ile a etella pele Lekhotla la Basebetsi la South Bay hore le fetise qeto ea molao e nyatsang ho kenya letsoho ha AIFLD, 'me joale a etella pele khanyetso e atlehileng ea boiteko ba AIFLD-e etelletsoeng ke Mookameli oa Phethahatso, William Doherty, Jr-ho etsa hore lekhotla la basebetsi le hlakole qeto (bona Hirsch le Muir, 1987).
- Lilemong tsa bo-1970 le mathoasong a bo-1980, basebetsi ba boema-kepe ho International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) - mokhatlo oa US West Coast longshore union - ba ile ba qala ho ts'oara thepa e isang lihlomo Chile le thepa e tsoang Afrika Boroa (Cole, 2018; Scipes, 1985).
- Ka 1984, KMU Labor Center ea Philippines e ile ea qala "International Solidarity Affair" (ISA) ea selemo le selemo ea "International Solidarity Affair" (ISA), e ileng ea memela basebetsi le baeta-pele ba basebetsi ba tsoang lefats'eng lohle ho tla naheng ea bona le ho qeta matsatsi a 10 ho bona 'nete e tobaneng le basebetsi ba Mafilipino.[14]
- Litlaleho tsa Machaba tsa Basebetsi, koranta e thehiloeng Brithani, e qalile ka 1984 ho haha tšebelisano ea basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara (bona Scipes, 2021: 43-57). Koranta ena e phatlalalitse litaba le tlhaiso-leseling ea khoeli le khoeli ka basebetsi le mathata a bona ho tsoa lefats'eng ka bophara ka mokhoa o fumanehang haholo.[15]
- Lilemong tsa bo-1980, basebetsi ba Canada ba ile ba theha mananeo a bonngoe ho tšehetsa mathata a tsoelang pele US (basebetsi ba mapolasing) hammoho le mathata a Chile, Palestine le Afrika Boroa (bona Nastovski, 2014, 2016). Tsena li ne li thehiloe haholo mohopolong oa bonngoe bo tobileng ba mosebetsi le basebetsi.
- Ka 1986, Setsi sa Naha sa Basebetsi sa Litokelo tsa Botho le Demokrasi El Salvador se ile sa ntlafatsoa ke baetapele ba ntseng ba tsoela pele ba basebetsi ba US le ba likereke ho tšehetsa litokelo tsa botho le demokrasi El Salvador; ba ile ba phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho nyenyefatsa tšehetso ea AFL-CIO bakeng sa leano la naha la Reagan 'me ba ne ba le bohlokoa ho thibela US ho hlasela Nicaragua (bona Battista, 2002).
- Ka 1988, ka mor'a ho tsamaea ka likhoeli tse tšeletseng Europe Bophirimela le Philippines, Scipes o ile a tlaleha ka boiteko ba baitseki linaheng tse 'maloa ho haha bonngoe ba mosebetsi oa machaba (Scipes, 1988; republished 2021: 29-42).
- 1989. CITUR (Committee for International Solidarity for Trade Union Rights) e thehiloe San Francisco ke Aubrey Grossman ho aha bonngoe ba machaba ba mosebetsi. Mona ke moo Fred Hirsch le Kim Scipes ba ileng ba kopana, eo hamorao e ileng ea e-ba le liphello tsa bohlokoa mosebetsing oa bona o kopanetsoeng mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-2000.
- Lilemong tsa bo-1990, Eric Lee o ile a theha "Labour Start," morero oa bonngoe ba basebetsi ba marang-rang bakeng sa basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara o ntseng o tsoela pele ho fihlela joale.https://www.labourstart.org). Labor Start e tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a mathata a basebetsi, ho ba tšehetsa le/kapa batšehetsi ba bona.
- Ka 1994, Roger Southall o ile a hlahloba tšehetso ea mekhatlo ea "Northern" bakeng sa mekhatlo ea basebetsi ea Afrika Boroa.
- Ka 1995, ho ipapisitsoe le khanyetso ea tšebetso ea machaba ea AFL-CIO, mohlahlami oa Lane Kirkland, Tom Donohue, o ile a hanoa likhethong tsa pele tsa boetapele ba demokrasi nalaneng ea eona, 'me John Sweeney a nka bopresidente ba AFL-CIO.
- Ka 1997, Sweeney o ne a qhala mekhatlo ea libaka ea AFL-CIO—AAFLI (Asian American Free Labor Institute) bakeng sa Asia; AALC (Setsi sa Basebetsi ba Afrika Amerika) bakeng sa Afrika; le AIFLD (American Institute for Free Labor Development) bakeng sa Latin America—’me tsa e nkela sebaka ke Setsi sa Amerika sa Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Basebetsi, seo ka tloaelo se tsejoang e le The Solidarity Center, le hoja hamorao seo se ile sa fetoha lebitso la sona la molao. Setsi sa Solidarity e bile ts'ebetso e fapaneng haholo ho feta litsi tsa libaka, ka linako tse ling e bile e thusa basebetsi, empa e ntse e le "setheo sa mantlha" sa Imperialist National Endowment for Democracy (NED). (Sheba Bass, 2012; Robinson, 1996; Scipes, 2010a: 96-105).
- Lilemong tsa bo-1990, basebetsi ba boema-kepe ba Afrika Boroa ba ile ba hana ho tsamaisa thepa ea sesole e tsoang Chaena e neng e isoa Zimbabwe (Cole, 2018).
- Ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1990, ho ile ha etsoa boiteko bo matla ba ho aha bonngoe ba ho tšela moeli le basebetsi ba US le Mexico le Caribbean, haholo-holo tlhahisong ea masela le liaparo (Armbruster-Sandoval, 2005; Hathaway, 2000).
- Ka 1998, Peter Waterman o ile a hatisa buka ea hae ea bohlokoa ka Globalisation, New Social Movements, le Internationalisms.
- SIGTUR (Southern Initiative for Global Trade Union Rights) e thehiloe ke baitseki ba tsoelang pele Afrika Boroa le Australia Bophirima, ba batlang ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi ho phatlalla le Global South. Hamorao e ile ea atoloha lefatšeng ka bophara. (Sheba haholo-holo O'Brien, 2019; bona le Dobrusin, 2014; Framil Filho, 2021; Lambert, 2002; Lambert le Webster, 2001; le Scipes, 2019.)
- Ho eketsa tlaleho ea boleng bo holimo mabapi le tlhahlobo ea mekhatlo ea basebetsi e ntlafalitsoeng, haholo-holo Afrika Boroa le Philippines, le ho isa tekanyong e fokolang, Korea Boroa le Brazil: bakeng sa Afrika Boroa, bona haholo-holo Adler, Maller le Webster, 1992; Baskin, 1991; Friedman, 1987; Kraak, 1993; MacShane, Plaut le Ward, 1984; Pilay, 1990; Scipes, 2001, e hatisitsoe hape 2021: 173-203; Seidman, 1994; le tse peli ka khoeli Bulletin ea South African Labor; le bakeng sa Philippines, bona Scipes, 1996 le West, 1997. Bakeng sa Korea Boroa, bona Chun, 2003; Gray, 2008; Koo, 2001, Song, 2002; 'me hamorao, bakeng sa Brazil, bona Seidman (1994) le Sluyter-Beltrao (2010).
- Ka 2003, baetapele ba maemo le lifaele ba thehile US Labor Against the War (USLAW) ho theha bonngoe le basebetsi ba Iraq nakong ea tlhaselo ea US le mosebetsi o latelang; hamorao ba ile ba atolosa boiteko ba bona ba ho haha bonngoe le basebetsi Iran, Palestine le Venezuela. Ba ile ba fumana qeto e fetisitsoeng Kopanong ea Sechaba ea 2005 ea AFL-CIO e neng e tšoaretsoe Chicago, nakong eo US e neng e le ntoeng Iraq, ea ho batla hore US e ikhule ka lebelo lohle le ka khonehang. (Sheba Fletcher, 2003; Onasch, 2003; Scipes, 2003, 2010a: 77-78; Zweig, 2005, 2016.) [Sena hamorao se ile sa hlokomolohuoa ke baeta-pele ba lipolotiki tsa AFL-CIO.]
- Baemeli ba fetang 400 ba Kopanong ea California State AFL-CIO—e leng mokhatlo o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa ’muso le karolo ea botšelela ea litho tsohle tsa AFL-CIO ka nako eo—ba ile ba fetisa ka ntsoe-leng qeto e reng, “Haha Bonngoe le Tšepo Har’a Basebetsi Lefatšeng Lohle,” e neng e nyatsa National AFL. -Leano la kantle ho naha la CIO (Hirsch, 2004; bona le Scipes, 2004).
- Batšehetsi ba thehile Komiti ea Tšebelisano ea Basebetsi ho Basebetsi mme ba etella pele ntoa ea ho nyatsa tšebetso ea machaba ea AFL-CIO Kopanong ea 2005 ea AFL-CIO e Chicago, moo boetapele ba naha ba AFL-CIO bo ileng ba fetola qeto e tsoang ho California State AFL-CIO ho tsoa ho naha e nyatsang. AFL-CIO ts'ebetso ea kantle ho ea ba rorisang le ho hana ho lumella batšehetsi ba qeto ea mantlha hore ba bue fatše kopanong (Scipes, 2010a: 69-82; Scipes, 2012a).
- Ka 2010, Ntoa ea Lekunutu ea AFL-CIO Khahlanong le Basebeletsi ba Naha ba Tsoelang Pele: Solidarity kapa Sabotage? hammoho le kutloisiso ea khopolo-taba ea Scipes ea lenaneo la eona la linaheng tse ling e ile ea hatisoa (Scipes 2010a, 2010b; bona le Scipes, 2016.). Buka ena ha ea ka ea akaretsa feela lilemo tse 100 tsa ts'ebetso ea machaba ea basebetsi ba Amerika empa e fane ka kakaretso ea ts'ebetso ena ea lefats'e ho fihlela 2007. Ka 2012, Scipes e ile ea fana ka lipuisano tse tebileng le Steve Zeltzer mabapi le buka ea Scipes (2012b).
- Marang-rang, ho kenyeletsoa Asian Monitor Resource Center le Australian Asian Workers' Links (AAWL), a thehiloe ho pholletsa le Asia.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, boiteko bo matla-boholo bo qalileng ke baitseki, boholo ba bona ba nang le tšehetso e fokolang ea mekhatlo ea mekhatlo ea basebetsi-ba ile ba hlaha lefatšeng ka bophara, ba batla ho hokahanya hammoho le ho tšehetsa basebetsi kae kapa kae moo ba neng ba loanela toka ea sechaba le moruo.
2011 ho fihlela joale (2024)[16]
Nako ena-e ntseng e tsoela pele kajeno-ke ea bohlokoa hobane ho bonahala ho na le phetoho ea sebele ea ho aha bonngoe ba machaba ba basebetsi, hoo ke tla bua ka boiteko ba ka morao ho 2010 e le ho haha. lefatše labor solidarity sebakeng sa machaba bonngoe ba basebetsi (bona Scipes, 2020a). Ena ke phetoho ea bohlokoa, empa e hloka hore e ntlafatsoe.
E ntlafalitse boitekong ba nako ea 1978-2010, e pepesetsa mekhatlo e mengata ea basebetsi le batho ba sebetsang tlhokahalong ea ho nts'etsapele bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara, ha ho nahanoa hore e ntse e rarahana le ho feta ha lipatlisiso li ntse li matlafala ha li ntse li hlahloba le ho hlokomela maemo ho pota lefatše. . Puisano ea mohopolo ona le mehlala ea mathata a hahiloeng holim'a le ho potoloha ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara e se e rarahane haholo mme e hlahisitse mohopolo ona ho basebetsi ba ntseng ba eketseha le mekhatlo ea bona lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka 'nete re bone-'me sengoli sena se bolela esale pele hore re tla bona ho ea pele kopanong ea Litlhaloso tsa Basebetsi ka April 2024 - kananelo e kholoanyane ea baitseki ba basebetsi ea tlhokahalo ea ho thusa le ho tšehetsa basebetsi ba ntseng ba sokola kae kapa kae lefatšeng, hammoho le boikemisetso bo eketsehileng. ho loanela sena ka maemo a "tloaelehileng" le ho kenya litho tsa mekhatlo ea bona bakeng sa ho holisa boiteko ba rona lefatšeng ka bophara.
Sena se boetse se kopanngoa le ho hana ho ntseng ho eketseha ha bo-imperiyali ba basebetsi hohle moo ho bonts'ang hlooho ea bona e hatellang. Joalokaha Peter Waterman (1998) a hlokometse, boholo ba se neng se fetile e le bonngoe ba machaba mosebetsing oa machaba oa mokhatlo oa basebetsi ho fihlela ka nako eo e ne e le bo-ntate haholo, e ne e le tsela e le 'ngoe (unidirectional), ho tsoa mekhatlong e bitsoang linaha tse tsoetseng pele. ba Europe Bophirimela, Canada, US, Japan, Australia le New Zealand) ho ea mekhatlong ea basebetsi linaheng tse tsoelang pele (tse Afrika, Asia, Latin America le Middle East), ’me ba ne ba felehelitsoe ke ba bangata ba “Leboea,” hangata Eurocentric, setso, litloaelo, litekanyetso, litebello le boikhohomoso. Leha ho le joalo, ka linako tse ling, bonngoe bona bo ne bo fana ka lisebelisoa le tšehetso e hlileng e thusitseng basebetsi mathateng ana linaheng tse tsoelang pele. Ka linako tse ling, haholo-holo tse bonoang boitekong bo bongata ba setsi sa basebetsi sa US, AFL-CIO, sena se bitsoang "kopano" se hlile se sebelitse ho sitisa kapa ho senya boiteko ba basebetsi ba linaha tse tsoelang pele.[17] (sheba Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2012b. 2020c; bona le Bass, 2012; Cox and Bass, 2012; Carew, 2018; Radosh, 1969; Schuhrke, 2019, 2020, 2024, 1992; Sims).
Se fetohileng ke kutloisiso e ntseng e eketseha ea ba phelang linaheng tsa boemphera tsa maemo a lefatše ao ba phelang ho ’ona; ba ntse ba utloisisa ka ho eketsehileng hore matla a ka ntle ho linaha tsa boemphera a ka ama liketsahalo naheng ea habo bona. Ke nahana hore moo sena se hlileng se qalileng ho fetoha teng ke litlhaselo tsa 9-11, September 11, 2001; diketsahalo tsa lefatshe di ne di se di le “moo” feela.
Kamora moo, tlhokomeliso ena e ntseng e hola ea lefats'e e bile sehlahisoa sa matla a mabe lefatšeng ka bophara tlasa mohopolo oa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše. Basebeletsi ba limilione linaheng tsa boemphera ba tlositsoe mesebetsing ea bona lilemong tse 40 tse fetileng ka liqeto tsa botsamaisi ba likhoebo tsa ho tlosa tlhahiso ho tloha linaheng tsa boemphera ho ea ho tseo pele li neng li le kolone, haholo-holo moo mebuso ea bona e ka bolokang mosebetsi o le theko e tlase le ho laoloa (bona Scipes, 2006, 2023a).
Leha ho le joalo, ho na le ho fetang hoo. Feela joalokaha baitseki ba ’nile ba hlokomela batho ba linaheng tse ling, sena ka kakaretso ha sea amahanngoa le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše. Lebaka le bonolo: ka kutloisiso e akaretsang ea ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefats'e ho pota-potiloe joalokaha eka ho amohetsoe ke motho a le mong (sheba Friedman, 1999), ha ho sebaka sa kutloisiso ea hore khopolo ena e pharaletse ho feta ena.
Ho tloha ka 2016, Scipes esale e leka ho atolosa monahano oa basebetsi mabapi le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše. Ho etsa sena, o ile a theha mosebetsi oa Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2015). Nederveen Pieterse o pheha khang ea hore ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho na le likarolo tse ngata (ho feta moruo feela, ho kenyelletsa lipolotiking le setso) 'me ho bile teng pele ho sejoale-joale,' me Scipes e amohela katoloso ea hae ea mohopolo. Leha ho le joalo, Scipes e pheha khang ea hore ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho boetse ho na le mekhahlelo e 'meli, e nang le mekhahlelo e' meli: ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ka holimo-tlase (eo, ha e le hantle, e neng e le moelelo oa khopolo ea Friedman ea 1999, leha a ne a sa e hlalosa ka tsela eo), 'me e ka tlaase. -Motsamao oa nts'etsopele ea sechaba le moruo, o neng o ntlafatsa bophelo, le hore mokhatlo ona o eang holimo o phephetsa tlhaho e senyang le boleng ba mofuta oa holimo-tlase (Scipes, 2016b: 16-17; Shiva, 2005; Starr, 2005). Ho utloisisa boteng ba mokhatlo oa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho re thusa ho hokahana le ba loanelang lefatše le betere ho pota lefatše.
Ntle ho pelaelo, ho na le thahasello e matla le kutloisiso ea basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara, ka 'nete ke baitseki le palo e nyane empa e ntse e eketseha ea litho tsa mokhatlo oa maemo. Sena se bonahala se kopane le kutloisiso e ntseng e hola ea ho hlaha ha mekhatlo ea sechaba e ntlafatsang bophelo ho tsoa lefats'eng ka bophara (har'a tse ling tse ngata, bona Bevins, 2023; Klein, 2014; Moghadam, 2020; Scipes, 2021, 2022b) joalo ka mokhatlo oa basali, haholo-holo mokhatlo oa tikoloho. Joalo ka ha batho ba bile le phihlelo-ka ho toba kapa ka tsela e sa tobang-tšokelo e ntseng e eketseha ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le tšenyo ea tikoloho (bona, har'a tse ling tse ngata, Angus, 2016; Aron, 2023; Harper and Snowden, 2017; Hickel, 2020; Scipes, 2017a, 2017b, 2023b , 2024), ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho tseba haholoanyane ka lintho tse tšoanang lefatšeng ka bophara le batho lefatšeng ka bophara.
Leha ho le joalo sena se 'nile sa fella feela ho baitseki; 'me ho ea kamoo ke nang le tlhompho ho batšehetsi-'moho le 'na, bofokoli bo bong mosebetsing oa rona ka kakaretso ke hore ha rea hokahana le "batho ba tloaelehileng" (ke hore, bao e seng baitseki) linaheng tsa borena ka litsela tsa ho fumana tšepo ea bona le ho latela.
Phetoho ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e ha e so hokahane le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho tloha ka tlase ho mokhatlo hobane le ha ba se ba tseba batho lefatšeng ka bophara, baahi ba bangata ba linaha tsa borena ha ba utloisise hore basebetsi linaheng tse ling bao e ka bang balekane, eseng bahanyetsi. Ba ’nile ba bolelloa ba sa phetse ke “baeta-pele” ba lipolotiki le ba mebuso—hammoho le palo e khōlō ea “baeta-pele ba basebetsi”—hore batho ba Mexico, Machaena, mang kapa mang, ba ’nileng ba utsoa mesebetsi ea “rona,” le hore mecha e mengata ea litaba e phahamisitse taba ena ka bo eona. maaka, a dira gore badiri ba batswakwa ba lebege e le “baba” ba rona, e seng balekane ba rona. 'Me rona baitseki ha re so khone ho hlalosa 'nete ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ho kholisa boholo ba hore botsamaisi ba likhoebo likoporasing tsa machaba ba ntse ba etsa liqeto tsa ho senya mesebetsi ea US ka ho fallisetsa tlhahiso mose ho maoatle, eseng basebetsi ba linaha tse ling (Scipes, 2006; bona hape, hara tse ngata ba bang, Cox, 2012).
Ho bile le liphetoho tse ling tse bontšitseng hore US e sebetsa ka har'a tikoloho e kholoanyane ea lefats'e; likhokahano tse matlafalitsoeng tsa lefats'e (ho kenyeletsoa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea litaba tse tsoang mose ho maoatle, hammoho le lifilimi tsa "lichaba", lintoa ho potoloha polanete, maeto a maholohali a machabeng, katoloso ea mananeo a thuto a tsoang liunivesithing tsa US lefatšeng ka bophara; seoa sa COVID-19; hammoho le ho falla ha machaba, ha e le hantle, phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona e tlatselitse kutloisisong ena ea lefatše ka bophara e pharaletseng, e kenyeletsang.
Ka lintlafatso tsena, ha rea ka ra ba le ts'ebetso e ngata ea basebetsi, leha e le ka tsebo ena e matlafalitsoeng. Tsebo e ngata ea ho hlophisa har'a basebetsi boemong ba lefats'e ka har'a linaha tsa borena e lahlehetsoe ke batho ba tlohelang mosebetsi, botsofali le maemong a mang lefu, 'me bahlophisi ba bacha ha baa rutoa ka tlhokahalo ea ho theha maqhama a lefats'e ntle le linyeoe tse fokolang. Kajeno bahlophisi ha ba e-so tlise tlhokomeliso ena ea machaba libakeng tsa mosebetsi joaloka pele. Leha ho le joalo, ho ba le kutloisiso ea lefatše lohle ke habohlokoa ho feta leha e le neng pele; mme re hloka ho utloisisa hore re tlameha ho fetola tlhokomeliso ena ea lefats'e ho tloha ho "lokela" (ea moloko oa Vietnam) ho "tlameha" ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi ba lefats'e haeba re tla phephetsa lifeme tsa capitalist le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo (ea bahlophisi ba morao-rao.)
Hang ha e se e hlokometsoe, mosebetsi oa Ronald W. Cox (2012) o na le monyetla oa ho thusa basebetsi ho bona bohlokoa ba pono ea lefats'e.[18] Cox o ntse a ithuta ka mokhatlo o tiileng oa capitalist mme seo a ntseng a ngola ka sona ke phetoho lipakeng tsa likhoebo tse kholo tsa machaba ho tloha lits'ebetsong tsa tlhahiso ea lehae ho ea ho tse hokahaneng - ebang ke ka kotloloho kapa ka mokhoa o sa tobang - mecheng ea phepelo ea lefats'e. Ba bang ba utloisisitse mohopolo ona oa liketane tsa phepelo ea lefats'e, empa ho tsebo ea ka, Cox ke oa pele oa ho li tlamahanya ka kotloloho lits'ebetsong tsa tlhahiso ea lifeme tsa bokhaphithaliste, le ho bonts'a hore na ba hahile tšehetso ea lipolotiki maemong a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a tsamaiso ea bopresidente ea US ea mekha e meholo ka bobeli ea lipolotiki. ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ena.
Cox o beha sena ponong ea histori: bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1960, linaha tse harasoantsoeng ke ntoa ea II ea Lefatše tsa Fora, Jeremane, Japane le United Kingdom li ne li tsosolositsoe hoo mekhatlo ea tsona e neng e khona ho hlōlisana le ea United States ho la Europe le Japane. Ka bo-1970, tse ling tsa likoporasi tsena li ne li qothisana lehlokoa le likoporasi tsa US ka hare ho United States. 'Me ka bo-1980, mekhatlo ea linaha tse ling e ne e ntse e tsetela ka ho eketsehileng litsing tse hlahisang lihlahisoa ka hare ho US, ho ntlafatsa maemo a bona a tlhōlisano khahlanong le lifeme tsa US.
Cox o bontša hore liphetoho tsena li ile tsa fella ka “ho theoha ha phaello ea phaello eo mekhatlo e thehiloeng United States e tobaneng le eona bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1960 le mathoasong a bo-1970,” e ileng ea atoloha ho pholletsa le lilemo tsa bo-1970 ho ea bohareng ba bo-1980.[19] O tsepamisitse maikutlo ho "tlhahlobo ea mehato e nkuoeng ke mekhatlo ea US ho arabela litefiso tse tlase tsa phaello," tse "kenyelletsang tlhophiso e thehiloeng 'marakeng e reretsoeng ho theola litšenyehelo tsa ho kenya letsoho, e kopantsoeng le mokhatlo oa lipolotiki o reretsoeng ho fetola leano la naha la US ka tsela ea neoliberal, ” liphetho tseo eena le Cathy Skidmore-Hess ba li tlalehileng ka 1999.
Cox o hlalosa ka botlalo:
Bakeng sa mekhatlo ea US, mokhoa oa setso oa ho boloka litefiso tsa phaello e bile ho sebelisa matla a 'maraka a oligopolistic le boemo ba ho nyolla litheko. Leano lena le ne le ka sebelisoa feela ke lifeme tseo karolo ea tsona ea mmaraka indastering e itseng e neng e le boemong ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho entseng hore ho be le litšenyehelo tse phahameng bakeng sa lifeme tse ncha ho kena 'marakeng ka katleho le ho qothisana lehlokoa le litheko tse tlase. Likhoebo tsa Amerika tse hlolisang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ka bophara likoloing, tšepe, lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa tsa mochini li thabetse monyetla o joalo ho feta bahlolisani ba tsona nakong ea kamora Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Sena se nolofalelitse lifeme tsena ho hapa ka katleho likarolo tse matla ka ho fetisisa, tse nang le boleng bo eketsehileng tsa 'maraka oa US khahlanong le bahlolisani ba lehae le ba kantle ho lilemo tse mashome a mabeli ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, bohareng ba bo-1960, ho ne ho e-na le mapetsong a bonahalang meahong ea oligopolistic e ileng ea lumella lifeme tseo ho laola 'maraka oa US.
Phalisano e ntseng e phahama ho tsoa ho barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Majapane le Majeremane, e lateloang ke ho kenella ha mebaraka ho tsoa linaheng tse sa tsoa indasteri tsa Asia, ho fokolitse matla ao li-oligopolies tse thehiloeng ho US li neng li na le ona 'marakeng oa lehae. Bokhoni ba lifeme tsa oligopolistic tsa US liindastering tsa bohlokoa tsa ho nyolla litheko ho boloka phaello bo ile ba fokotsoa ke tlholisano e kholo ea kantle ho naha. Ho feta moo, lifeme tsa linaha tse ling tse ileng tsa sebetsa bocha ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše li ne li e-na le monyetla o motle ho feta balekane ba tsona ba US: ba ile ba amohela mekhoa e mecha e ileng ea etsa hore ba hlōlisane le ho ba le nako e tlaase ea litšenyehelo tse "nyeletseng" ha li bapisoa le bahlolisani ba tsona ba US. Lifeme tsa US, ha li se li ntlafalitse thepa ea tsona ea tlhahiso lilemong tsa bo-1930, li ne li e-na le boikarabello bo phahameng ba penshene le tlhokomelo ea bongaka ho feta balekane ba bona ba kantle ho naha - e leng sesupo sa maemo a holimo a poraefete ea litšenyehelo tsena US ha a bapisoa le Europe le nako e telele ea nako bakeng sa lifeme tsa US. ka ho tlangwa ditjeho tsena. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse qalang tsa nako ea ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, lifeme tsa Amerika tse hlolisang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng li ka sebelisa boemo ba tsona e le "baetsi ba pele ba indasteri" ho theha li-oligopolies tse neng li laola 'maraka oa Amerika makaleng ohle a etelletseng pele a tlhahiso. Leano leo le ne le fetoha le sa khoneheng ka keketseho ea tlholisano ea lefats'e.
Likoporasi tsa US li ile tsa tlameha ho sheba maano a mang ho leka ho hlola sekhahla se theohang sa phaello. Ho kopana ha liketsahalo ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1970 le mathoasong a bo-1980 ho ile ha etsa hore lik'hamphani li hlophise mesebetsi ea tsona ka ho kopanya le maano a ho fumana lintho tse neng li kenyelletsa ho reka, kapa ho hokahana le lifeme tsa tlholisano, 'me ka mor'a moo tsa lahleheloa ke thepa ka morero oa ho hlophisa bocha sehlopha sa mesebetsi. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho hlophisoa bocha ha mokhatlo o pota-potileng liketane tsa phepelo tsa lefats'e moo liphaello tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tse ekelitsoeng li neng li eketsoa ke likoporasi tse kaholimo ho ketane. Ho tloha bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1980 ho fihlela joale, ho bile le karolo e kholo ea karolo ea 'maraka e laoloang ke likoporasi tse kaholimo ho ketane ea boleng ba tlhahiso, haholo-holo 'mahlaleng a phahameng le/kapa likarolo tse tsebahalang tsa lefatše ka bophara. limmaraka….' Ts'ebetso ena e kopane le sistimi ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e e ntseng e tsoela pele e rarahaneng ea bahlahisi ba banyenyane le ba mahareng le ba fanang ka thepa ba phethelanang ho khotsofatsa lipehelo tsa tlhahiso tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho thehoa ke 'li-system integrators' ka holimo ho phepelo ea thepa ( Cox, 2012: 15-16).[20]
Lefatše le sa tsitsang leo moruo oa Amerika o neng o le sebelitse ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše e ne e fetoha: ha e sa le tlas'a taolo ea United States, e ne e tloha tsamaisong e bohareng e laoloang ke naha e le 'ngoe ho ea ho e ikemetseng e neng e le tlhōlisano. Ka bo-1980, tlhōlisano e ntseng e eketseha e ne e tsoa mekhatlong e tsoang ho tse ling tsa linaha tseo ho thoeng ke tse tsoelang pele. Mekhoa ena e 'nile ea tsoela pele ho ntlafala. 'Me, ha e le hantle, seo re se boneng ka mor'a moo ke tlhōlisano le tšebelisano-'moho le lifeme tse hlōlisanang tsa linaha tse ling, ho kenyeletsa le lik'hamphani tse tsoang linaheng tseo pele li neng li le likolone.
Hang ha basebetsi ba utloisisa hore e ne e le tlhophiso ea khoebo - ka boiteko bo matla ba ho fumana phaello ea bona ho tsoa mafapheng a maholo a moruo - e qalileng ke batsamaisi ba mekhatlo e phahameng ba ba lefileng mesebetsi eseng basebetsi ba mose ho maoatle, joale seo se bula moqoqo ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi le basebetsi. lefatshe ka bophara.[21] Sena se na le mekhahlelo e 'meli: har'a ba ntseng ba e-na le mesebetsi, le ba se nang eona.
'Nete e teng hona joale lifemeng tse ngata tsa machaba ke hore likhoebo tsena li hloka tšebelisano-'moho ea basebetsi lefats'eng ka bophara ho theha, ho bokella, ho tsamaisa (ho kenyeletsoa le ho romela thepa linaheng tsa boemphera, ebe ho romelloa k'honthinenteng e fapaneng le ho abela mabenkele ka bomong), le ho rekisa. se seng le se seng sa lihlahisoa tsa bona. Haeba leha e le efe ea mekhahlelo ena e ka koaloa, e ama ba maemong a tlase haholo, 'me e ama mesebetsi le phaello ea feme eohle.[22] Mohlomong, ho na le matla a makatsang kutloisisong ena. Leha ho le joalo, hoa hlokahala kutloisiso ea lefatše lohle, boikemisetso ba ho hlophisa ho khona ho emisa tlhahiso ea lehae, le boikemisetso ba ho batla le ho hokahanya le basebetsi ba nang le mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng maemong a tšoanang ka hare ho feme ho pota lefatše. Ha sena se ka etsoa ka bongata femeng ka 'ngoe, basebetsi ba tla ba matla khahlanong le botsamaisi. 'Me, ehlile, ha bonngoe bo ntse bo eketseha har'a basebetsi ho pholletsa le lifeme indastering ea bona e le' ngoe, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e tla ba matla haholoanyane.
Hona joale, ho ntse ho na le basebetsi bao pele ba neng ba sebetsa likoporasi tseo ba seng ba se na mesebetsi. Ho hlakile hore ho khutlisa mesebetsi femeng e tšoanang, neng le neng ha ho khoneha, ho ka ba molemo ka ho fetisisa.[23] Leha ho le joalo, ’nete ke hore ba bangata ba lahlehetsoeng ke mesebetsi ba ke ke ba hlola ba e fumana hape; 'me ba ntseng ba sebetsa ba lula ba tobana le boemo bo tšoanang. Ntho e 'ngoe, haholo-holo haeba tahlehelo ea mosebetsi e le sebakeng sa heno, ke hore ba lahlehetsoeng ke mesebetsi ba thehe maqhama le basebetsi ba bang ba khaotsoeng / ba lelekiloeng; haeba ho se letho le leng, ts'ehetso ea sechaba bakeng sa ho thunya-haholo-holo haeba boima eseng ka lebaka la "screw-up" ea motho ka mong - ke ea bohlokoa ho batho ba ntseng ba eketseha le ho boloka bophelo bo botle ba bona, 'meleng le kelellong.
Leha ho le joalo, ho lula hammoho ke habohlokoa ho feta boiketlo ba motho ka mong, joalokaha seo e le sa bohlokoa ho motho ka mong. Re tlameha ho qala ho bua ka bokamoso.
'Me 'nete -' me ke bua sena ka mor'a ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho nahana ka litaba tsena ho latela pono ea mosebeletsi ka lilemo tse fetang 40 (sheba Scipes, 1984, 2023a) - ke hore tsamaiso ena ea moruo ea bokapitale e ke ke ea hlola e fana ka mesebetsi le maemo a bophelo ao Maamerika a Leboea a bileng le ’ona pakeng tsa 1947-1973. Nako.
E, kea tseba, bo-ralipolotiki ba setso ba kena ka lebokoseng la sesepa 'me ba bolela hore na ba tla khutlisetsa tlhahiso joang, moo mesebetsi e mengata e betere bakeng sa basebetsi e neng e tsepame ka moetlo, hammoho le mesebetsi ea kaho. Pele ho tsohle, ho na le moeli oa hore na ke bokae bo ka rekisoang ke likoporasi, 'me ba ke ke ba ipeha kotsing ea ho feta moo ka tlhahiso e ngata haholo, ekaba ea lehae kapa mose ho maoatle. Ea bobeli, leha ba rera ho tsetela hape linaheng tsa borena, ba tla sebelisa mechini, liroboto le likhomphutha tse ngata kamoo ho ka khonehang ho fokotsa tlhoko ea mosebetsi oa batho (bona Harris, 2020). Kahoo, ho haha limela tse ncha ha ho bolele hore mosebetsi o eketsa ntho leha e le efe e kang ea nakong e fetileng. Mme boradipolotiki ba ke ke ba o bolella sena, empa ke tla o bolella! Ke bomenemene ho etsa hore basebetsi ba lule ba khutsitse lieseleng tsa bona—ho tlohella bo-ralipolotiki ba re tšoarele eona—ha mekhatlo e sebelisa bo-ralipolotiki bakeng sa khefutso ea lekhetho, lipehelo tse ntle tsa tšebeliso ea mobu, bokhoni bo ntlafetseng ba lipalangoang, joalo-joalo, tsohle tse tla tsoa ho balefi e ipata ho thusa ho ntlafatsa phaello bakeng sa k'hamphani ka 'ngoe. 'Me sena se etsa hore basebetsi ba qhekelle.
Hang ha re hlokomela sena-'me ke tla tiisa sena-joale re tlameha ho qala ho nahana ka mofuta oa lefatše leo re le batlang bakeng sa rona le bana ba rona. Hona joale, sena se boetse se tlameha ho etsahala ka har'a 'nete ea phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo le timetso ea tikoloho (bona, har'a ba bang, Angus, 2016; Aron, 2023; Cox, 2020; Hickel, 2020; Scipes, 2017a, 2022b). Re tlameha ho qala ho buisana le basebetsi-’moho, metsoalle, baahisani, joalo-joalo, ebe re nahana kamoo re ka hlophisang hammoho kateng ho qala ho loanela lefatše le molemonyana.
E tlamahane le tsena tsohle, ke ho hlokomela hore ho na le batho ba bangata ba ntseng ba etsa lipatlisiso, ba sekasekang le ho buisana ka se etsahalang lefatšeng ka bophara har'a basebetsi le mekhatlo ea bona. Mme re ka bona sena ho tsoa liphuputsong tse hatisitsoeng, tseo tse ling tsa tsona ke li thathamisang ka tlase. Taba ke hore re ntse re ithuta haholoanyane ka lintho tse etsahalang lefatšeng, le karolo eo linaha tsa rona li e phethang lefatšeng lena la ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše, ’me re lokela ho nka monyetla ka hona. Mosebetsi o motle ka ho fetisisa ke oa hore na re aha joang lefats'e ka bophara kutloisiso le kutloisiso, empa hape le ho utloisisa hore na re ka hlola joang boiteko ba ho thefula boiteko ba rona.
Lintlafatso tsa bohlokoa nakong ena ea bobeli, ho tloha 2011 (le hoja tse ling li tla pele ho selemo seo) li kenyelletsa:
- Mosebetsi oa Peter Waterman (1988a) mabapi le likhokahano tsa lefats'e tsa basebetsi.
- Buka ea Beverly Silver ea 2003 e buang ka basebetsi le ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše.
- Phuputso ea 2008 ea indasteri ea lefats'e ea "thepa e tšoeu" ka Edward Webster, Rob Lambert, le Andries Bezuidenhout.
- Libuka tse 'maloa tse shebileng mosebetsi ho tsoa tikolohong (Latin America) kapa ponong ea lefats'e li kenyelletsa Anner (2011), Bacon (2004), Hathaway (2000), Kay (2011), Luce (2014), le Taylor and Rioux (2018). ). Mme bona dissertation tsa PhD tsa Thomas Collombat (2011) tse sa phatlalatswang, tse bapisang mekgatlo ya basebetsi Mexico le Brazil.
- Lingoliloeng tse 'maloa tse nahanang ka basebetsi ho tsoa tikolohong (Latin America/Africa/Asian) kapa maemo a lefats'e li kenyelletsa Anner (2015), Bacon (2016), Burawoy (2009), Brookes and McCallum (2017), Dobrusin (2014; 2016), Evans (2010, 2014), Heroda (2003), Johns (1998), Jungehülsing (2016), McElroy and Croucher (2013), McQuinn (2020), Munck (2010), Scipes (2020d), 2003 Stillerman (2008). ), le Waterman (XNUMX).
- Lipokello tse 'maloa tse hlophisitsoeng tse hlahisang lithuto tsa liketsahalo le ho buisana ka ntšetso-pele boemong ba tikoloho kapa kapa lefatšeng ka bophara li kenyelletsa Alimahomed-Wilson le Ness, ed. (2018), Bieler le Lundberg, ed. (2011), Bieler, Lundberg, and Pillay, ed. (2008), Bronfenbrenner, ed., (2007); Hale le Wills, ed. (2007), Hutchinson and Brown, ed., (2001), Nowak, Dutta, and Birke, ed. (2018), Ovetz, ed. (2020), le Scipes, mohl. (2014, 2016).
- Tlaleho ea kamoo Komiti ea Tšebelisano ea Basebetsi ho Basebetsi e hahileng tlhokomeliso ea hore na AFL-CIO e 'nile ea sebetsa joang lefatšeng ka bophara (Scipes, 2012a).
- Pokello ea 2013 ea Robert Waters, Jr., le Gert van Goethem e lekile ho theha kutloisiso e ncha ea mesebetsi ea AFL-CIO mose ho maoatle; leha ho le joalo, bona tlhahlobo ea Scipes (2014a), e phephetsang boiteko ba bona.
- Kim Scipes o ntlafalitse mosebetsi oa hae ho pholletsa le nako ena: mabapi le ts'ebetso ea kantle ho naha ea AFL-CIO (2012a, 2012b, 2014a, 2016a, 2018c, 2020c, 2022a, 2022c); mabapi le ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara (2012a, 2014b, 2015, 2019, 2020a, 2020c, 2021); Setsing sa Basebetsi sa KMU sa Philippines (2018a, 2018b); mabapi le ho fana ka maikutlo a bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara (2014c, 2016b, 2016c); mme a qala ho ngola ka phello ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo (2017a, 2022b). Scipes e boetse e hlophisitse karolo e mabapi le bonngoe ba basebetsi ba lefats'e ho sebetsa USA ka 2014 (Scipes, ed., 2014), le pokello ea libuka e hlophisitsoeng ka 2016, e neng e kenyelletsa litlhahlobo tse ngata tsa ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi ba lefats'e (Scipes, ed., 2016).[24]
- Peter Dicken (2015) o ile a tsoela pele ka tlhahlobo ea hae ea likamano tse fetohang kapa tsa tlhahiso moruong oa lefatše.
- Buka ea Immanuel Ness ea 2016 e buang ka basebetsi e ile ea hlahloba boiteko ba basebetsi Chaena, India le Afrika Boroa, ha 2016 Encyclopedia on Imperialism le Anti-imperialism, e hlophisitsoeng hammoho le Zak Cope, e hlahlobile litaba tseo ka botebo. Ness o boetse a hlophisitse buka le Jake Alimahomed-Wilson (2018) mabapi le lintlha tsa ho bipetsa marang-rang a lefats'e a thepa.
- Re bone mesebetsi e mengata ho basebetsi ba Machaena le mathata a bona; har'a ba bang bona Bieler and Lee (2017a, 2017b); Chan (2014); Chan, Selden, and Ngai (2020); Friedman, (2014); Lambert and Webster (2017), Lee (2007); Pringle (2011), Pun (2005), Pun, et. al., 2016); Ren, ed. (2016), Zhang (2014); mme bona Ness, 2016: 107-147.
- Mosebetsi oa Katharine Nastovski o tsepamisitse maikutlo ho aheng bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara; Phatlalatso ea hae ea PhD ea 2016 e ile ea hlahloba puso ea basebetsi ea mokhatlo oa basebetsi oa Canada, 'me esale a leka ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea "transnational" ea bonngoe ba basebetsi (Nastovski, 2014, 2016a, 2016b, 2019, 2020).[25]
- Phatlalatso ea PhD ea Katy Fox-Hodess ea 2018 e ile ea hlahloba bonngoe ba basebetsi ba lefats'e har'a basebetsi ba likepe. O ntse a tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele lipatlisiso tsa hae mabapi le basebetsi ba likepe lefatšeng ka bophara (Fox-Hodess, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020).
- Ronaldo Munck o phatlalalitse mesebetsi e khahlisang ka 2010, le 2018a, 2018b, haholo-holo a shebane le Latin America lefats'eng la lefatše la lefatše.
- Ron Cox (2019) o phatlalalitse buka e buang ka tlhokahalo ea mokhatlo o kopaneng oa basebetsi ho phephetsa mekhatlo ea lefats'e ea lefatše.
- Rob O'Brien o phatlalalitse buka e buang ka SIGTUR (Southern Initiative on Globalisation and Trade Union Rights), marangrang a mekhatlo ea basebetsi haholo Global South, ka 2019. Sheba tlhahlobo ea Scipes' 2019, hammoho le ea Framil Filho (2021) .
- Jeff Schuhrke (2019, 2020) o ntse a tsoela pele ho hlahloba likarolo tsa leano la kantle ho naha la AFL-CIO mme o na le buka e tlang ka eona ka 2024.
- Jörg Novak (2019) o entse boithuto bo bocha ba papiso lipakeng tsa mathata a basebetsi naheng ea Brazil le India. Sheba tlhahlobo ea Scipes' 2020b.
- Edward Webster le Robert O'Brien ba ile ba nahana ka lilemo tse 10 tsa pele tsa Global Labor Journal.[26]
- Ka 2021, Scipes e phatlalalitse pokello ea lingoliloeng tse 'maloa tseo a li ngotseng ho theosa le lilemo, tse kopantsoeng sebakeng se le seng, tseo ka bobeli li ileng tsa nahana ka mosebetsi nakong e fetileng ha li ntse li rala motheo bakeng sa ea morao-rao (Scipes, 2021).
- Ka 2022, Rob McKenzie o ile a hatisa buka ea hae, El Golpe: Mokhatlo oa Basebetsi ba US, CIA, le Coup ho Ford Mexico, e hlalosang tšebetso ea AFL-CIO, CIA, le mekhatlo e nepahetseng ea basebetsi Mexico, e lebisang ho fokotseng mosebetsi o tsoelang pele oa Mexico mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990. Ena ke nyeoe e qaqileng ka ho fetesisa eo re nang le eona ho fihlela joale ea phello ea ts'ebetso ea kantle ho naha ea AFL-CIO ho basebetsi ba linaheng tse ling, ho feta tlaleho ea Scipes' (1996: 116-125) e tsoang Philippines. (Sheba tlhahlobo ea Scipes '2022 ea buka ea McKenzie).
- Selemong sa 2022: baitseki ba nako e telele ho tsoa mekhatlong e mengata ea basebetsi ho pholletsa le US le Canada le batšehetsi ba bona ba ile ba ikopanya ho qala LEPAIO (Labor Education Project on the AFL-CIO's International Operations) (Scipes, 2022c). Websaete ea LEPAIO ke https://aflcio-int.education. Ba ile ba hlahisa seboka sa thuto Washington, DC ka April 2022, 'me sa lateloa ke seboka se seng sa thuto le ho hlahisa Seboka sa Sechaba sa AFL-CIO se Philadelphia ka June 2022. Ba hlahisitse webinar bakeng sa litho tsa UAW ka April 2023 bukeng ea Rob McKenzie ka liketsahalo tsa 1990. femeng ea kopano ea Ford kantle ho Mexico City. E sebelisana le basebetsi ba Chile le balekane ba bona, LEPAIO e ile ea fana ka kopano e 'ngoe ea thuto Washington, DC ka la 10 Loetse 2023, mme ea tšoara boipelaetso kantle ho ntlo-kholo ea AFL-CIO, ho ikhopotsa tahlehelo ea bophelo le litlamorao ho Chile ea phetohelo ea 1973. tse 50th sehopotso sa phetohelo naheng ea Chile, ha a ntse a nyatsa karolo ea bohlokoa ea AFL-CIO phetohelong. (Seboka sa thuto sa Loetse 2023 se fumaneha inthaneteng ho https://youtu.be/eL7Z2uhxaFc.) LEPAIO e boetse e tšehelitse ka lichelete ka la 27 Pherekhong 2024, webinar e buang ka “Zionism, the Histadrut, AFL-CIO, and South Africa” (LEPAIO, 2024).
- Lintlha tsa Basebetsi (https://www.labornotes.org/), koranta e shebaneng le baitseki ho pholletsa le Amerika Leboea, e tšoere seboka sa baitseki, se tla tšoareloa Chicago ka la 19-21 Mmesa, 2024. Sengoli sena se sa tsoa fumana lethathamo la lithupelo tse shebaneng le machaba le lipuo tse lokiselitsoeng seboka sena: lethathamo lena la mananeo a tsepamisitseng maikutlo a machaba le a lefats'e le feta hole likopano tse ling tse fetileng tsa Lintlha tsa Basebetsi, tseo mongoli enoa a kileng a ba teng ho ba bangata. Leha ba bang ba rona re qetile lilemo re sebeletsa sena, ho bonahala eka litlhaselo tsa Iseraele tse bolaeang Palestina le Palestina li khothalelitse kutloisiso e ncha ea bonngoe ba lefats'e har'a basebetsi.
Seo re se bonang lethathamong lena ke hore palo ea lingoloa tse ngotsoeng, letoto le pharaletseng la litaba le mekhatlo ea basebetsi e tsepamisitsoeng ho tsona, le ka pokello e pharalletseng ea bangoli ke hore phetoho e lebisang bonngoeng ba lefats'e ha ea bolokoa feela empa e ntse e ata. The Lintlha tsa Basebetsi seboka—se seholo hoo ngoliso e ileng ea tlameha ho khaotsoa khoeli pele ho kopano—ke pontšo ea hore khatiso ena ea bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara e ke ke ea tsoela pele ho nama feela, empa e hlile e potlakile ho pholletsa le Amerika Leboea.
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— 2020d. "Litakatso tsa Libaka tse nang le Pono ea Lefatše: Lintlafatso Lithutong tsa Mosebetsi oa Asia Bochabela." Filosofi ea Thuto le Khopolo, Moq. 52, No. 11: 1214-1224. Inthaneteng ho https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341719609_Regional_aspirations_with_a_global_perspective_Developments_in_East_Asian_labour_studies.
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— 2022a. "Ha Basebetsi ba Hlōla Litlhōlo Mexico, Ho Bohlokoa ho Hopola Mekhoa e Fetileng Khahlanong le Bona" (tlhahlobo ea Rob McKenzie's El Golpe). Makasine ea Ketso ea Covert, February 28. Inthaneteng ho https://covertactionmagazine.com/2022/02/28/as-workers-win-victories-in-Mexico-its-important-to-remember-past-machinations-against-them .
— 2022b. "Tlhaloso Feela e sa Tloaelehang: Boipelaetso bo Tsoelang Pele ho tloha Bohareng ba bo-1980, ho Kopana ha Lefatše ka Tlase, Tšenyo ea Tikoloho, Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo, le Lipotso ka Tsoelo-pele ea Liindasteri." Sehlopha, morabe le matla a khoebo, Moq. 10, Esa. 1, Article 4 (April). Inthaneteng ho https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol10/iss1/4.
- 2022c. "Batšehetsi ba Basebetsi ba Qala Mokhatlo o Mocha oa ho Phephetsa Leano la Kantle ho AFL-CIO." Countercurrents.org, June 5. Inthaneteng ho https://countercurrents.org/2022/06/labor-activists-launch-new-organization-to-challenge-afl-cio-foreign-policy/.
— 2023a. "Letoto le Khethehileng la Nalane: Lilemo tse 40 tsa United States Lefatšeng (1981-2023)." Z Network, August 22. Inthaneteng ho https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/special-history-series-40-years-of-the-united-states-in-the-world-1981-2023/.
— 2023b. "Adama Aron Mathata a Tlelaemete: Saense, Liphello, Leano, Psychology, Toka, Metsamao ea Sechaba. ” Z Network, December 26. Inthaneteng ho https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/review-of-adam-arons-the-climate-crisis-science-impacts-policy-psychology-justice-social-movements.
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Li-endnotes
[1] "Meeli ea sechaba sa lipolotiki" e ne e le mohopolo o hlahisitsoeng ke Jan Nederveen Pieterse (1989); e ile ea tšohloa ka ho hlaka ke Scipes (2010b). E re lumella ho kenyelletsa tlhalosong ea rona ea matsoalloa a imperialism le lihlopha tse ling tse kenyellelitsoeng ka hare ho linaha tsa boemphera, tse 'nileng tsa hlokomolohuoa haholo ke bahlahlobisisi ba bang.
Joalokaha ho tla bonoa kapele, ke tlaleha haholo ka mosebetsi oa Kim Scipes le ho itšetleha ka oona. Scipes e kentse letsoho ka mokhoa o pharaletseng le ka matla boitekong ba ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara ho tloha ka 1983. E bile sengoli se hloahloa haholo, a hatisa libuka tse 'maloa, lihlooho tse ngata, le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea litlaleho tsa video tsa mosebetsi oo a o entseng, ka boeena le ka. ba bang, US le linaheng tse ling tse ngata. (Bakeng sa lethathamo la lingoliloeng tsa hae inthaneteng, tse ngata tse nang le likhokahano tsa lingoliloeng tsa mantlha, etela ho https://www.pnw.edu/personal-faculty-pages/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications.) Ka kopo, re tšoarele taba ea ho qotsa mosebetsi oa hae ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang, empa boholo ba lingoliloeng tsa hae hammoho le palo e pharaletseng ea tsona ha li bapisoa le tse ling li hloka tlhokomelo ena.
[2] Ke hana mantsoe a reng "naha tse tsoelang pele" le "tse tsoetseng pele" hobane ba pata mekhoa e entseng hore ho be le phapang ena; Ke pheha khang hore liphapang tsena li ne li ipapisitse le bo-imperiya (bona Nederveen Pieterse, 1989). Ka hona, hona joale ke bua ka linaha tse "tsoetseng pele" e le linaha tsa "imperial", ha 'na ke bua ka linaha tse "tsoetseng pele" e le "naha eo pele e neng e le likolone"; ho ea kamoo nka bolelang, linaha tsohle tsa Afrika, Asia, Latin America, le Middle East li ile tsa etsoa kolone ke linaha tsa borena ka 1915, ntle le Ethiopia, Iran (eo pele e neng e le Persia) le Thailand (Siam). ; ba bangata ka mor'a moo ba fumane bonyane boipuso ba bona ba lipolotiki.
[3] Karolo ena e tsoa ho Scipes, 2021: ix-xi. Litlhaloso tse ling tsa tlatsetso le litlhaloso li entsoe phetolelong ena. Bakeng sa lethathamo le pharaletseng la lingoliloeng, tse hlahisitsoeng ka tsela e fapaneng, bona Scipes, 2020a.
[4] Sena ha se bolele hore AFL-CIO le TUC li ne li sa sebetse ka ntle ho linaha tsa bona; ba ne ba. Ba mpa ba sa tsebise boholo ba baeta-pele ba mokhatlo oa basebetsi—ba lebisitse tsebo ena ho ba sebetsang mananeong a bona a melao ea linaha tse ling—kapa ha baa ka ba tsebisa litho tsa litho tsa bona, ka hloko ba boloka mesebetsi ena e le lekunutu. Lebaka la sephiri sena e ne e le hore ba ne ba tšehetsa 'muso oa naha ea habo bona khahlanong basebetsi ba linaheng tseo pele e neng e le likolone, ba nyelisa lithuto tsa mokhatlo oa lefatše oa basebetsi oo ba ileng ba bolela phatlalatsa hore oa o tšehetsa. Bona ka ho khetheha Radosh, 1969; Scipes, 2010a; Sims, 1992; Thomson le Larson, ka 1978.
[5] Qetellong sena se ile sa lebisa ho thehoeng ha CUT (Central Unica dos Trabalhadores) setsi sa basebetsi ka 1983 (sheba Sluyter-Beltrao, 2010).
[6] Hamorao Thomson o ile a phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho theheng koranta e thehiloeng Brithani, Litlaleho tsa Mosebetsi oa Machaba (bona Scipes, 2021: 43-57), e qalileng ka January 1984.
[7] Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e mofuthu ea lefa le tsotehang la Waterman - o hlokahetse ka 2017 - bona Chhachhi, 2019.
[8] FOSATU, e ileng ya hola ho ba setsi se matla, sa demokrasi, hamorao se ile sa phetha karolo ya bohlokwa ho thehoeng ha COSATU (Congress of South African Trade Unions) mafelong a 1985 (sheba Baskin, 1991).
[9] Buka e le 'ngoe feela ho fihlela joale e ithutileng KMU ho pholletsa le naha ke Scipes (1996). Buka ena kaofela e behiloe inthaneteng mahala: e ea ho https://www.pnw.edu/personal-faculty-pages/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/ 'me sehokelo se ka tlase ho libuka tse bontšitsoeng.
[10] Marissa Brookes le Jamie McCallum (2017) ha e le hantle ba pheha khang ea hore lithuto tse ncha tsa mosebetsi oa lefatše ha lia ka tsa qala ho fihlela 2000, ho hlakile-le ka phoso-ho hlokomoloha se hlahisitsoeng ka holimo.
Buka ea Moody ea 1997, leha e le ea bohlokoa haholo US, ka hloko ha ea ka ea kenyelletsa KMU litlalehong tsa hae tsa litsi tse ntseng li hlaha tsa lefats'e. Sena se tšohloa ho Scipes, 2014c, qetellong ea 15.
[11] Lingoliloeng tsa pele tsa ngangisano ena ea mokhatlo oa mekhatlo ea sechaba e ne e le Lambert le Webster, 1988; Scipes, 1992a, 1992 b; le Waterman, 1988b le 1993. [Sengoloa sa 1992a se ile sa hatisoa hape e le Scipes, 2021: 101-117 (karolo ea khopolo-taba) le 131-142 (karolo ea matla).] Scipes o ile a latela lihlooho tsa hae ka thuto e hlophisitsoeng, ea bolelele ba buka ea KMU. e ntlafalitseng ka matla mabaka a hae a khopolo-taba (Scipes, 1996). Sheba hape Munck, 1988. 'Me joale, ka mor'a pherekano e ngata phehisanong, Scipes o ile a boela a kena moqoqong' me a rarolla phehisano: bona Scipes, 2014c, e ileng ea boela ea hatisoa tlas'a sehlooho se fapaneng ho Scipes, 2021: 231-262.
[12] Ho phea khang ea hore sengoloa sa Scipes' 2014c ke puisano ea bohlokoa haholo ea mohopolo oa mekhatlo ea basebetsi 'me e lokela ho baloa ke bohle ba sebetsang lefapheng lena. Ho tloha ka la 28 Hlakubele 2024, phetolelo ea 2014c e se e kopitsoe ka makhetlo a 4,075 lefatšeng ka bophara!
Sena se felisa karolo ho tsoa ho Scipes, 2021.
[13] Ke nahana hore ho na le lintlafatso tse ling tse 'maloa tseo ke li fositseng; tse ling tsa tsena li ka 'na tsa hlaha libukeng tseo ke ileng ka li hlokomoloha, empa maikutlo a ka ke hore ho na le mathata a mangata a sa kang a ngoloa. Ke lebeletse hore, ha nako e ntse e ea, re tla ithuta haholoanyane. Ke kōpa tšoarelo esale pele bakeng sa leha e le efe eo ke e fositseng. Ke tšepa hore ha ba bang ba ntse ba tlalehoa, ba tla ekeletsoa sehloohong sena ke ba bang.
[14] Scipes e ngotse haholo ka mosebetsi oa machaba oa KMU, a pheha khang ea hore ho na le ho hongata ho ka ithutoang ho basebetsi bana. Bakeng sa tlhaloso e khutšoanyane ea mosebetsi oa bonngoe ba machaba oa KMU, sheba Scipes, 1996: 199-201; bakeng sa puisano ea theory ea mosebetsi ona oa bonngoe ba machaba o tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ISA, bona Scipes, 2000a; bakeng sa tlaleho ea kamoo KMU e ahang bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara, bona Scipes, 2014b; bakeng sa tlaleho ea 2015 ISA, bona Scipes, 2015; bakeng sa puisano e ntlafalitsoeng ea theory, bona Scipes, 2021: 205-229.
ISA e ile ea tsoela pele ho fihlela 2020, ha e emisoa ka lebaka la seoa sa Covid-19; ha e so tla qala bocha. Mongoli enoa o ile a kenya letsoho ho ISA ka 1988 le 2015. Ho ea kamoo ke bonang kateng, lenaneo lena le ikhetha lefatšeng ka bophara; Ke khale ke pheha khang ka hore e tšoanela hore e etsoe hape linaheng tse ling.
[15] Sengoli sena se sebelitse e le moemeli oa eona oa Amerika Leboea ho tloha 1984 ho isa 1989.
[16] Karolo ena e tsoa ho Scipes, 2021: xi-xii, hape e nkiloe ho Scipes, 2020a.
[17] Ho akaretsa kapele: har'a lintho tse ling, AFL e ile ea kenya letsoho ho liha 'muso o khethiloeng ka demokrasi Guatemala (1954),' me AFL-CIO e neng e kopantsoe ka nako eo e ile ea kenya letsoho ho liha mebuso e khethiloeng ka demokrasi Brazil (1964), le Chile (1973) , le ho tšehetsa boiteko ba ho ketola ’muso Venezuela (2002). Ba boetse ba tšehelitse bahatelli lefatšeng ka bophara, ba nyenyefatsa boiteko ba basebetsi ba ho hlophisa le ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba bona le boiketlo ba bona, le letoto la mesebetsi e meng e kotsi ho Global South. Jeff Schuhrke o tla ntlafatsa tsena tsohle bukeng e tla hatisoa ka Loetse 2024.
[18] Karolo ena e mabapi le mosebetsi oa Cox e qalile ho hlaha ho Scipes, 2023a.
[19] O qotsa Prechel (1997: 414), ha a ngola "... joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho theoha ho hoholo ha sekhahla sa phaello nakong ena bakeng sa lifeme tse holimo tsa indasteri tse 500 ho tloha ho liperesente tse 7.7 ho tloha 1973 ho isa 1981 ho ea ho liperesente tse 4.8 ho tloha 1982 ho isa 1986 ..." (Cox , 2012:18).
[20] Polelo e le 'ngoe polelong ea Cox e tšoanela ho eloa hloko: o bua ka linaha tse ntseng li eketseha tsa indasteri tsa Asia. Ho ea ka Scipes, “Pele, ka ho hlakileng, tsoelopele ena e qalile ka le/kapa ea rua molemo Ntoeng ea Mantsoe ea United States khahlanong le bokomonisi, ’me hamorao o pheha khang, “tsoelopele ena ea moruo e ne e etselitsoe ho theha kapa ho tsosolosa puso ea bokapitaliste mefuteng e sa tšoaneng. linaha le matla a borena a US sebakeng seo…” (Scipes, 2020d: 1216). Se makatsang ke hore ka ho fana ka "libaka tsa matsete" ho mekhatlo ea machaba, sena se fane ka libaka tse ngata tse ka khonehang tseo mekhatlo ea US e ka fallang ho tsona ho tloha US, ho senya limilione tsa mesebetsi eo e neng e le US.
[21] Ena ke ntlha ea bohlokoa haholo e lokelang ho kenyeletsoa lits'ebetsong tsa thuto ea basebetsi: e ne e le tlhophiso bocha ea mekhatlo - ka liqeto tse entsoeng ke maemo a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a tsamaiso ea likhoebo - tse senyelitseng limilione tsa mesebetsi e thehiloeng US, eseng basebetsi ba linaha tse ling.
[22] Joalo ka ha United Auto Workers (UAW) e bontšitse ka mokhoa o hlakileng nakong ea seteraeke sa bona sa Fall 2023 khahlano le lik'hamphani tsa likoloi tsa "Big 3" tsa US. (Hara lingoloa tse ngata ho Lintlha tsa Basebetsi nakong ena, mohanyetsi oa nako e telele oa UAW Frank Hammer o ile a beha kakaretso e ntle ea seteraeke sa Marang-rang sa Workers' International Network at. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ivH1q0GE5k.)
[23] Seteraekeng sa Fall 2023, UAW e ile ea khona ho qobella Stilantis, k'hamphani ea motsoali ea Chrysler, ho bula setsi sa eona sa kopano se koetsoeng Belvidere, Illinois.
[24] Sengoliloeng sa hae, "Multiple Fragments" (Scipes, 2016c) bukeng eo e hlophisitsoeng e hlalositse ka botlalo boiteko bo bongata ba ho aha bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara, hape a fana ka maikutlo a bonngoe ba basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara.
[25] Le hoja a leka ho utloisisa ntho e tšoanang, mongoli enoa o nahana hore ho haha bonngoe ba mosebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara ke lentsoe le pharaletseng, le kenyeletsang ho feta ho aha bonngoe ba mosebetsi oa machaba; "Ho fapana" ho ka bolela feela ho tšela meeli ea linaha tse peli ha lefatše le kenyeletsa basebetsi lefatšeng ka bophara.
[26] Le hoja e le habohlokoa ho nahana ka eona Global Labor Journal e le mohloli oa lingoliloeng tse mabapi le mosebetsi oa lefats'e le lithuto tse "ncha" tsa lefats'e tsa mosebetsi, ho bohlokoa hape hore u se ke ua koala monahano oa motho hoo u nahanang hore ke oona feela mohloli o buang ka taba ena, joalo ka ha bangoli bana ba fana ka maikutlo. Joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe bukeng ea ka ea libuka, ho na le tse ling tse ngata tse kenyelletsang Journal of Labor and Society (ka bobeli tlas'a lebitso lena hammoho le le pele ho lona, Ho sebetsa USA), Critical Sociology, 'me Sehlopha, Morabe le Matla a Kopanelo tse hatisang mosebetsi o tsoileng matsoho, ’me ho na le tse ling.
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