Ka Mmesa 2002, kamora seteraeke se akaretsang se neng se etelletsoe pele ke batsamaisi ba khamphani ea oli le baetapele ba mekhatlo ea basebetsi ba sebelisanang Venezuela, likarolo tsa sesole sa Venezuela li ile tsa qala phetohelo ho tlosa Mopresidente ea khethiloeng ka demokrasi Hugo Chavez Frias setulong. Kamora ho tlosa Chavez ka 'mele ntlong ea bopresidente ea Caracas, Miraflores, hlooho ea mokhatlo oa naha oa khoebo, FEDECAMARAS, Pedro Carmona, o ile a hlapanyetsoa mosebetsing.1
Ho arabela, ha e le hantle batho ba limilione ba Venezuela ba ile ba phallela Miraflores, ba pota-potile ntlo ea borena, ba ipelaetsa ka phetohelo. Ha re tobane le khanyetso e atileng ea sechaba, e ferekantsoeng ke mabotho a sesole a tšepahalang a neng a tšehetsa Mopresidente Chavez, ’me a nyatsuoa ke lihlooho tsa linaha ho pholletsa le Latin America, boiteko ba ho ketola ’muso bo ile ba putlama. Chavez o ile a khutlisetsoa Miraflores, a sa tsoa kotsi, moo a ileng a tsosolosa mesebetsi ea hae e le hlooho ea naha2 (Ellner le Rosen, 2002).
Ka lebaka la kamano e totobetseng pakeng tsa mokhatlo oa basebetsi ba oli-mokhatlo oa bohlokoa oa setsi sa basebetsi Confederation of Venezuelan Workers (CTV ka Sepanishe) le eo moetapele oa eona, Carlos Ortega, e neng e le mopresidente oa CTV-le boiteko ba ho ketola puso, le nako e telele. - likamano tse ntseng li le teng lipakeng tsa CTV le setsi sa basebetsi sa US, AFL-CIO, ho hlahile lipotso mabapi le ho kenya letsoho ha AFL-CIO tekong ea ho phethola 'muso.
Sengoliloeng sena se bua ka potso ea hore na AFL-CIO e ka ba le seabo tekong ea ho phethola 'muso, e leka ho tiisa kapa ho hana ho ameha ho hong ho ka bang teng. Ho etsa sena, pampiri e tsoela pele ka litsela tse latelang: (A) e tšohla lenaneo la AFL-CIO la maano a kantle ho naha le nalane ea eona ea ho kenella kantle ho naha; (B) e shebana le bopaki ba mesebetsi ea basebetsi ba Setsi sa Solidarity sa AFL-CIO naheng ea Venezuela pele ho teko ea bofetoheli, le teko ea ho phethola 'muso ka boeona; (C) e tlaleha lipolelo tsa AFL-CIO hammoho le tse ling mabapi le boiteko ba ho ketola puso bo ileng ba latela, le litlhahlobo tse latelang tsa phetohelo le ho kenya letsoho ha US; 'me (D) e araba potso ea hore na AFL-CIO, ka Setsi sa eona sa Solidarity, e kentse letsoho tekong ea ho phethola 'muso ea 2002. Bakeng sa mosebetsi ona, joale re retelehela.
Lenaneo la Leano la Kantle ho Naha la A. AFL-CIO
Pele re ka nahana ka ho kenya letsoho ha AFL-CIO tekong ea bofetoheli ea Venezuela ea 2002, re tlameha ho qala ka ho nahana ka pholisi efe kapa efe ea kantle ho naha eo e ka 'nang eaba e thehile: haeba AFL-CIO e se na nalane ea ho kenya letsoho kantle ho naha, ho hlakile hore e ne e ke ke ea ameha. . Leha ho le joalo, haeba e e-na le lenaneo le joalo la pholisi ea linaha tse ling, joale monyetla oa ho kenya letsoho joalo ho ka etsahala hore o be le bopaki.
Le hoja ka kakaretso e sa tsejoe ke litho tsa mekhatlo ea basebetsi kaha e patiloe ka hloko ke baeta-pele ba eona, AFL-CIO ha e le hantle e na le lenaneo la nako e telele la leano la linaha tse ling le khutlelang mehleng ea American Federation of Labor (AFL) nakong ea 19-teens. tlas'a mopresidente oa nako eo, Samuel Gompers. ’Me, ha e le hantle, boholo ba lenaneo lena la leano la linaha tse ling—nakong ea Bo-Gompers empa hape ho tloha ka 1962—le ’nile la etsoa Latin America [har’a tse ling, bona Morris, 1967; Hirsch, 1974, nd; Scott, 1978; Spaulding, 1984; Scipes, 1989; Andrews, 1991; Sims, 1992; Scipes, 2000, 2004a, 2005a, b).
Lenaneo lena la maano a kantle ho naha le qaliloe le ho etsoa ka morao ho basebetsi ba Amerika, le hoja 'ka lebitso la rona.' AFL-CIO ke khale e tsebahala ka ho etsa lenaneo la boipelaetso lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho netefalitsoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng hore ba sebelitse ho liha mebuso e khethiloeng ka demokrasi, ba sebelisana 'moho le bahatelli khahlanong le mekhatlo e tsoelang pele ea basebetsi,' me ba tšehetse mekhatlo ea basebetsi khahlanong le mebuso e tsoelang pele (Scipes, 2000: 12; Shorrock, 2002, 2003; bona, har'a ba bang, 1964 Morris, 1967 Scott, 1969; , 1978, 1984 Carew, 1986;
'Me le hoja mokhatlo oa sebaka sa AFL-CIO, AIFLD (American Institute for Free Labor Development), o ne o tsebahala haholo ka ho kenya letsoho liketsahalong tse lebisang phetohelong ea 1973 Chile (Hirsch, 1974, nd; Scipes, 2000; Shorrock, 2003), se sa tsejoeng haholo ke maqhama a nako e telele le CTV ea Venezuela. Ha e le hantle, ho ea ka moqolotsi oa litaba oa basebetsi Lee Sustar,
Venezuela-e leng sepheo sa mantlha sa leano la kantle ho naha ea US ho tloha ha oli e ntse e phahama lilemong tsa bo-1920-e ile ea fetoha mohatelli oa Washington ho Phetohelo ea Cuba ea 1959. Ntlo-kholo ea Mokhatlo oa Basebetsi ba Amerika oa AFL-CIO o qalileng oa AFL-CIO (ORIT) o ile oa fallisetsoa Caracas. . Ka 1962, Venezuela e ne e le setsi sa setsi sa AFL-CIO se sa tsoa thakholoa sa American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD); boto ea AIFLD e ne e kenyelletsa moetapele oa AD Betancourt le mphato oa hae oa COPEI, Rafael Caldera. Ka mor'a moo, bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1960, AFL-CIO e bile ea fana ka lichelete bakeng sa banka ea CTV. Mookameli oa AIFLD Serafino Romualdi, eo hamorao ho thoeng e ne e le moemeli oa CIA, o ile a bitsa kamano ea hae le Betancourt 'tšebelisano e ntle ka ho fetisisa ea lipolotiki bophelong ba ka.' Romualdi o thusitse moenjiniere oa ho lelekoa ha Mokha oa Makomonisi le litho tse ling tse setseng ho tloha ho CTV; libakeng tse ling, AIFLD e ile ea sebelisana le CIA le Lefapha la Naha ho nyenyefatsa kapa ho liha mebuso ea Latin America e hanyetsanang le US (Sustar, 2005; 3 bona le Hirsch, 2005). Ka mantsoe a mang, ha se feela hore AFL-CIO e bile le lenaneo la nako e telele la maano a kantle ho naha, e bile nako e telele e sebetsa Latin America, haholo-holo Venezuela.
B. Solidarity Center Activities in Venezuela, le Boiteko ba ho Coup
Ka khetho ea 1995 ea John Sweeney setulong sa mopresidente oa AFL-CIO, setsi sa basebetsi se ile sa bonahala se fetotse leano la eona la kantle ho naha 'methapo.' E 'ngoe ea lintho tseo Sweeny a ileng a li etsa ke ho qhala mekhatlo ea libaka tse ikemetseng tse Afrika, Asia, Latin America le Western Europe, 'me a li beha tlas'a taolo ea 'Solidarity Center' e sa tsoa thehoa le e laoloang bohareng (e tsejoang ka molao e le Setsi sa Amerika). bakeng sa International Labor Solidarity kapa ACILS) (Scipes, 2000). E ne e bonahala e fetotse litloaelo tsa eona tsa machaba ho tloha ho 'khahlanong le bokomonisi' ho ea ho 'tšebelisano ea machaba ea mosebetsi,' le hoja bahlahlobisisi ba kang Judy Ancel (2000), Peter Rachelff (2000); le Kim Scipes (2000: 6-7), kaofela ba hlokometse mathata a itseng a ileng a tsoela pele tlas'a Tsamaiso ea Sweeney.
Bothata bo boholo e ne e le kamano e tsoelang pele ea AFL-CIO le National Endowment for Democracy kapa NED. NED e thehiloe ke Tsamaiso ea Reagan ho 1983 ho etsa ka mokhoa o hlakileng seo CIA e neng e kile ea leka ho se etsa ka lekunutu. Leha NED e ipitsa mokhatlo oa 'poraefete'-e seng mokhatlo o ikemetseng (NGO)-ha e le hantle, e ne e le 'Muso oa US o qalileng ka mekhoa ea molao ea' Muso oa US, o ile oa tekenoa hore e be molao ke Mopresidente oa United States Ronald Reagan, litho tsa Boto ea eona e kenyelelitse palo ea batho ba sebelelitseng maemong a phahameng ka ho fetesisa a lisebelisoa tsa maano a kantle ho naha tsa 'Muso oa US tlasa Tsamaiso ea Democratic le Rephabliki (ho kenyeletsoa Bangoli ba mehleng ba Naha Henry Kissinger le Madeleine Albright, Mongoli oa mehleng oa Ts'ireletso Frank Carlucci, le Molula-setulo oa mehleng oa Lekhotla la Ts'ireletso ea Naha Zbigniew. Brezezinski), 'me e tšehelitsoe haholo ka lichelete tsa selemo le selemo ke US Congress (Robinson, 1996; Blum, 2000: 179-183; Golinger, 2005; Scipes, 2005b).
NED e thehiloe ka 'litsi tsa mantlha' tse 'ne: International Republican Institute (lepheo la machaba la US Republican Party); Setsi sa Naha sa Demokrasi bakeng sa Litaba tsa Machabeng (lepheo la machaba la US Democratic Party); Setsi sa Khoebo ea Machaba ea Sechaba (lepheo la machaba la Lekhotla la Khoebo la U.S); le Free Trade Union Institute (e etelletsoeng pele ke Solidarity Center) ea AFL-CIO (Lowe, 2004). Ho fihlela hajoale, ha ho motho ea boletseng phatlalatsa hore na "setheo sa mantlha" se boleloang hantle ntle le hore mocha ka mong o fumana chelete ho tsoa ho NED (e e fumanang ho tsoa ho US Congress ka US Information Agency) ho ea ho mekhatlo eo e seng ea mmuso linaheng tse fapaneng. lefatshe. Ke khothalelitse pele hore tsena e kanna ea ba mekhatlo e etsang maano bakeng sa NED ka boeona (Scipes, 2005b). Harry Kelber o tlaleha hore ho feta 90% ea lichelete tsa Solidarity Center li tla ka Lefapha la Naha la US (Kelber, 2005a, b).
Setsi sa Solidarity se 'nile sa sebetsa Venezuela ho tloha 1997. Ho ea ka Mookameli oa Motlatsi oa Lefapha la Litaba tsa Machaba tsa AFL-CIO, Stan Gacek, Setsi sa Solidarity se ne se sebetsa ho thusa demokrasi ea CTV le mekhatlo ea litho tsa eona (Gacek, 2004, 2005).
Leha seo e kanna ea ba 'nete, ha se sohle seo Setsi sa Solidarity se neng se se etsa. Mathoasong a 2002, baetapele ba CTV ba ile ba etela Washington, DC, ho ea kopana le liofisiri tse phahameng tsa AFL-CIO le Bush Administration. Katherine Hoyt, oa Komiti ea Kopano ea Nicaragua, o tlalehile hore baeta-pele ba CTV ba etetse Otto Reich, Motlatsi oa Mongoli oa Naha bakeng sa Litaba tsa Lefatše la Bophirimela (Hoyt, 2002; bona le Golinger, 2005: 85-86) .4
Nakoana pele ho maeto ana-ho ea ka tlaleho ea kotara ea January-March 2002 ho tloha Setsing sa Solidarity ho NED e ileng ea fumanoa ka FOIA (Tokoloho ea Molao oa Boitsebiso) kopo ea baqolotsi ba litaba Jeremy Bigwood le Eva Golinger (Bigwood le Golinger, nd)5-Solidarity. Basebeletsi ba Setsi ba bile le seabo letotong la likopano tse neng li etselitsoe ho kopanya baetapele ba CTV le FEDECAMARAS (mokhatlo oa naha oa khoebo). Likopano tsena, tse tšeletseng ka kakaretso, li ile tsa tšoaroa ho potoloha le naha ’me tsa fella ka seboka sa naha ka la 5 March, 2002. Sebokeng seo, CTV le FEDECAMARAS, tse tšehelitsoeng ke sehlopha se phahameng sa Kereke e K’hatholike, li ile tsa kopana ho buisana ka lintho tseo ba amehileng ka tsona, maikutlo a bona. le dintho tse tlang pele mabapi le ntshetsopele ya naha le ho hlwaya maikemisetso a tshwanang mmoho le dibaka tsa tshebedisano-mmoho. Kopanong ena, CTV le FEDECAMARAS li ile tsa tlotsoa 'mekhatlo ea lifolakha' ntoeng e khahlano le Mopresidente Chavez (Bigwood le Golinger, nd).
Ho ea ka litokomane tsa Setsi sa Solidarity tse epolotsoeng ke Bigwood le Golinger, seboka sena sa naha e bile ketsahalo ea sehlohlolo sa likhoeli tse ka bang peli tsa likopano le moralo pakeng tsa FEDECAMARAS le CTV. Ketso ena e kopanetsoeng e ne e reretsoe ho hlahisa 'Tumellano ea Sechaba' ho qoba 'bothata bo tebileng ba lipolotiki le moruo.'
Tlaleho e tsoela pele: 'Setsi sa Solidarity se thusitse ho tšehetsa ketsahalo ka mekhahlelo ea moralo, ho hlophisa liboka tsa pele le 'musisi oa naha ea Miranda le mokhatlo oa khoebo, FEDECAMAS, ho buisana le ho theha lenaneo la tšebelisano e joalo bohareng ba January. Tlaleho e tsoetse pele ho qaqisa boiteko ba bona, e phethela ka maikutlo a hore, 'Kopano ea naha ea la 5 Hlakubele ka boeona e tšehelitsoe ke lichelete tsa balekane' (Bigwood le Golinger, nd)6
Matsatsi a fetang 30 ka mor'a kopano ea la 5 Hlakubele, CTV le FEDECAMARAS li ile tsa qala seteraeke se akaretsang sa naha ka la 9 Mmesa ho ipelaetsa ka ho lelekoa ha botsamaisi ba k'hamphani ea oli ka la 7 Mmesa, 7, le liketsahalo tse lebisang tekong ea bofetoheli eo ho eona CTV le FEDECAMAS. e bapetse likarolo tse bohareng-a qala. Ka la 11 Mmesa, ho ile ha tšoaroa leeto le leholo la boipelaetso ho tšehetsa mokhatlo. 'Hoo e ka bang motšehare oa la 11 Mmesa, libui kopanong ea bohanyetsi, ho kenyeletsoa Carmona le Ortega, li ile tsa qala ho bitsa batšehetsi ho ea Ntlong ea Mopresidente, Miraflores, ho batla ho itokolla ha Chavez' (Golinger, 2005: 96). Haeba ho ne ho e-na le lipelaelo mabapi le karolo ea baeta-pele ba CTV liketsahalong, Lee Sustar o ngotse, 'Se ke keng sa hanyetsoa, leha ho le joalo, ke hore Ortega o ile a ikopanya le FEDECAMAS ho letsetsa seteraeke le mohoanto o ileng oa rala motheo oa phetohelo' (Sustar, 2005 ).
Ha baetapele ba sesole ba phetohelo ba nka qeto ea ho nka Chavez le ho theola Chavez, FEDECAMARAS 'Carmona o ile a khethoa ke baetapele ba boipelaetso hore e be mopresidente e mocha. Carmona o hlapanyelitsoe ka la 12 Mmesa, mme hang-hang a qhala "mekhatlo eohle ea demokrasi ea Venezuela, ho kenyeletsoa Seboka sa Naha, Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo, Ofisi ea Mosireletsi oa Sechaba, Attorney General, Molao oa Motheo le melao e 49 eo Chavez a neng a e laetse ka December" (Golinger). , 2005: 105).
Phetoho ena e ile ea nyatsuoa ka kakaretso lefats'eng lohle (Golinger, 2005: 105, fn. 23), ntle le mekhelo e 'meli e hlokomelehang. Mopresidente oa Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Rephabliki, George A. Folsom, o ile a fana ka polelo e rorisang baeta-pele ba 'muso phatlalatsa ka phetohelo ea bona (Marquis, 2002) . 8-2005).103
E le ho arabela tekong ena ea ho phethola 'muso, batho ba ile ba bokana ka limilione, sesole sa arohana 'me boiteko ba ho ketola 'muso bo ile ba hlōleha. Chavez o ile a khutlisetsoa Miraflores ka la 14 Mmesa, moo a ileng a qalella mesebetsi ea hae e le Mopresidente.
C. Tsoelo-pele Ka mor'a Boiteko ba Bofetoheli
Hang ha boiteko ba ho phethola 'muso bo putlama 'me taelo ea molao-motheo e khutlisetsoa, matsapa a mangata a ile a etsoa ho 'hlalosa' tsoelo-pele. Ka bobeli CTV le AFL-CIO li fane ka maikutlo a bona, joalo ka ba bang.
Ka la 25 Mmesa, 2002, New York Times e ile ea hatisa sengoathoana sa Christopher Marquis se neng se bua ka ho kenya letsoho ha US tekong ea ho ketola 'muso. Le hoja Marquis a sa ka a fana ka lintlha tse tobileng mabapi le mosebetsi oa Setsi sa Solidarity, o ile a fana ka boitsebiso bo bongata mabapi le boiteko ba NED Venezuela ka selemo pele ho phetohelo, joalo ka ho fana ka lidolara tse makholo a likete ho lihlopha tsa bohanyetsi tsa Venezuela 'ho kenyeletsoa le basebetsi. sehlopha seo boipelaetso bo entseng hore mopresidente oa Venezuela a lelekoe hakhutšoanyane pejana khoeling ena.' Leha ho le joalo, Marquis o boletse,
Ntho e tšoenyang haholo ke $154,377 e fanoeng ke [NED] ho Setsi sa Amerika sa Tšebelisano ea Machaba ea Basebetsi, lepheo la machaba la AFL-CIO, ho thusa mokhatlo o moholo oa basebetsi oa Venezuela ho ntšetsa pele litokelo tsa basebetsi.
Mokhatlo oa Venezuela, Confederation of Venezuelan Workers [CTV], o ile oa etella pele ho emisa mosebetsi o ileng oa matlafatsa khanyetso ho Monghali Chavez. Moeta-pele oa mokhatlo, Carlos Ortega, o sebelitse haufi-ufi le Pedro Carmona Estanga, mohoebi ea ileng a nka nakoana ho tloha ho Monghali Chavez, ka ho phephetsa 'muso (ho hatisitsoe) (Marquis, 2002).
Marquis o boetse a hlokometse hore NED e ekelitse tekanyetso ea eona ea selemo le selemo ho bareki ba eona ba Venezuela ho $877,000 ka selemo pele ho teko ea phetohelo. Ho phaella ho $154,377 e fuoeng Setsi sa Solidarity, NED e boetse e fane ka National Democratic Institute for International Affairs $210,000 'ho ntšetsa pele boikarabelo ba puso ea libaka': $399,998 ho International Republican Institute bakeng sa 'mohaho oa mokha oa lipolotiki'; le ho bonahala chelete e setseng ho Center of International Private Enterprise (Marquis, 2002).
Ka la 27 April, 2002, AFL-CIO e ile ea fana ka polelo e reng, 'AFL-CIO le Litokelo tsa Basebetsi Venezuela.' Polelong ena, AFL-CIO e ngotse ha e arabela phetohelo, '¦ ha ho na bopaki ba hore CTV kapa baetapele ba eona ba ile ba feta lipolelo tsa demokrasi tsa ho hanyetsa.' Polelong ena, AFL-CIO e hlalositse mosebetsi oa eona Venezuela:
'¦ CTV e tsamaisitse tšebetso e khahlang ea demokrasi ea ka hare ka thuso ea AFL-CIO le Solidarity Center. Thuso e ne e kenyelletsa: khatiso ea thepa ea likhetho, koetliso ea likomiti tsa likhetho tsa CTV, le ho tšehetsa liforamu tse kopantseng basebetsi, likhoebo, litokelo tsa botho le baetapele ba bolumeli hammoho ho sireletsa tokoloho ea ho kopana. Lithuso tsohle tsa AFL-CIO-Solidarity Center bakeng sa Venezuela li tsamaile molemong ona' (e qotsitsoeng ho Scipes, 2002).
Ka la 2 Mots'eanong 2002, sengoli sena se ile sa hatisa sengoliloeng ho Z Net, moo a hlokometseng ho tšoana ho makatsang lipakeng tsa phetohelo ea puso ea Chile ka la 11 Loetse 1973, le teko ea bofetoheli ea Mmesa 2002 Venezuela. Mongoli enoa o hlokometse hore o ne a se na bopaki ba liqoso tsa hae, empa hore mekhoa e ne e tšoana ka mokhoa o tsotehang, 'me lipelaelo tsa hae li ne li tsositsoe. Kamora ho kenyelletsa polelo ea 'AFL-CIO le Litokelo tsa Basebetsi' naheng ea Venezuela' sengolong sa hae se lekileng ho utloisisa se etsahalang Venezuela, mongoli enoa o ne a ikemiselitse ho nahana ka monyetla oa hore AFL-CIO e ne e sa kenelle tekong ea ho phethola 'muso. Leha ho le joalo, o ile a tsoela pele ka lipotso tse tharo-(1) Hobaneng ha AFL-CIO e etsa letho Venezuela?; (2) Ke hobane'ng ha AFL-CIO e na le kamano leha e le efe le National Endowment for Democracy [NED]?; le (3) Ke hobane'ng ha AFL-CIO e e-s'o fane ka tlaleho e qaqileng le e tšepahalang ea mesebetsi ea eona ea nakong e fetileng le ea hona joale ho litho tsa eona? Ho ea kamoo ho ka tsejoang kateng, ha ho likarabo tsa lipotso tsena tse kileng tsa fanoa phatlalatsa.
Khatisong ea Selemo sa 2004 ea Foramo e Ncha ea Basebetsi, Stan Gacek o boetse o tšohla mosebetsi oa AFL-CIO le CTV. O ngotse, '¦ lenaneo la rona kaofela la bonngoe le CTV le fihletse chelete e ka tlase ho $20,000 ho tšehetsa lenaneo la Confederation le atlehileng haholo la demokrasi' (Gacek, 2004).
Leha ho le joalo, Gacek o boetse o fana ka maikutlo a AFL-CIO mabapi le teko ea ho phethola 'muso ea 2002, e hlakisang CTV ho nka karolo tekong ea ho phethola 'muso. Gacek o re 'The CTV e ile ea nyatsa phatlalatsa phetohelo ea April 2002, ha ho mohla e kileng ea amohela puso ea nakoana ea Carmona,' me, ho fapana le Kereke e K'hatholike, e hanne ho lumellana le lengolo la Carmona le qhala Seboka sa Sechaba' (Gacek, 2004).10
Moqolotsi oa litaba Robert Collier, ea nang le phihlelo ea lilemo tse ngata ea ho tlaleha Latin America bakeng sa San Francisco Chronicle, o ile a hanyetsa ka ho toba polelo ea Gacek tokollong e latelang ea New Labor Forum. Collier o ngotse hore CTV e sebelitse le FEDECAMARAS eseng feela tekong ea Mmesa 2002, empa hape le ts'ebetsong ea pele ea ho koala ka Tšitoe 2001, le seteraeke sa oli sa matsatsi a 63 ka Tšitoe 2002-Hlakola 2003. Collier o tlaleha ho latela litlaleho tse ngata tse hatisitsoeng le lipuisano tseo a ileng a li etsa Venezuela, '¦ CTV e ne e ameha ka kotloloho morerong le mokhatlong oa [April 2002] oa phetolo.' Ho feta moo, Collier o tlalehile, 'Ka likhoeli tse ngata pele, Mongoli-Kakaretso oa CTV Carlos Ortega o thehile selekane se tiileng sa lipolotiki le moeta-pele oa FEDECAMARAS Pedro Carmona,' me ba atisa ho batla ho lihuoa ha Chavez' (Collier, 2004; bona le Ellner, 2004).
Ka March 2004, Alberto Ruiz, ha a ngola a le ka har'a mokhatlo oa basebetsi, o ile a botsa, 'AFL-CIO e Etsa'ng Venezuela?' Sengoliloeng sena, o bua ka taba ea hore na AFL-CIO e tseba ka karolo ea CTV phetohelong:
Ho khelosa ho nyatsuoa mabapi le thuso ho CTV, AFL-CIO e boletse phatlalatsa hore CTV ha e amane letho le phetohelo khahlanong le Chavez. Leha ho le joalo, joalokaha Boston Globe e tlalehile '¦ [August 18, 2002], 'mecha ea litaba ea Venezuela e ile ea phatlalatsa puisano ea mohala e rekotiloeng pakeng tsa [mopresidente oa mehleng Carlos Andres] Perez le Carlos Ortega, mopresidente oa Confederation of Venezuelan Workers, eo ho eona o rerile khahlanong le Chavez.' Ho feta moo, AFL-CIO e lumetse ka lekunutu hore boetapele ba CTV bo bile le seabo phetohelong e khahlano le Chavez' (Ruiz, 2004).
Khatisong ea April 2004 ea Labor Notes, mongoli enoa o ile a boela a khutlela lipuisanong, lekhetlong lena ka bopaki. O tsepamisitse maikutlo litabeng tse amanang le ho kenya letsoho ha CTV boitekong ba ho ketola 'muso, ho kenya letsoho ha basebetsi ba Setsi sa Solidarity mesebetsing e fetang e tloaelehileng ea mekhatlo ea basebetsi, le ka ntle (ea mokhatlo oa basebetsi) lichelete tsa mesebetsi ea Solidarity Center ea Venezuela.
(1) CTV e bile le seabo tekong ea ho ketola 'muso. Sengoli sena se ile sa ikopanya le litlaleho tsa Times' Christopher Marquis le Chronicle's Collier le ea Moprofesa Hector Lucena, moshebelli e mong oa basebetsi Venezuela, 'me hamorao ka tlaleho ea phetohelo ea Moprofesa Steve Ellner le setsebi sa nako e telele sa Latin America Fred Rosen, e hlahisitse bopaki ba ho kenya letsoho ha CTV boitekong ba ho ketola ’muso, le hore boetapele ba CTV bo bile le karolo e ka sehloohong. Tlaleho ea Ellner le Rosen e thehiloeng Lipuisanong tsa Khomishene e Khethehileng ea Lipolotiki ea Seboka sa Naha tse ileng tsa phatlalatsoa thelevisheneng ea Venezuela ka la 10 Motšeanong, 2002-hore '[Moetapele oa CTV] Ortega o ne a kopile phatlalatsa hore Seboka sa [National] se qhaloe hang-hang. La 12 Mmesa, pele ho phatlalatso ea taelo ea Carmona' (ho hatisitsoe) (Ellner and Rosen, 2002). Ho feta moo, puisanong le sengoli sena ka la 6 Hlakubele 2004, Steve Ellner o hlalositse ka liketsahalo:
'CTV e ile ea khothalletsa leeto le neng le reretsoe ho liha puso ea Chavez 'me bohle ba ne ba tseba ka nako eo hore khopolo e ne e le ho baka moferefere e le hore sesole se kenelle.' Ha a tsoela pele, o ile a hlalosa hore 'baeta-pele ba bohanyetsi ba ile ba letsetsa sesole ho liha Chavez, le baeta-pele ba seteraeke-eseng Ortega feela empa bao ho thoeng ke' ba itekanetseng 'joaloka Manuel Cova, Alfredo Ramos, Pablo Castro, Rodrigo Penson, Froilan Barrios-ha ho le ea mong oa bona. ba ile ba bolela bonyane phatlalatsa hore ba ne ba le khahlanong le phetohelo ea sesole' (e qotsitsoeng ho Scipes, 2004a).
Empa ho thoe'ng ka tseko ea Gacek ea hore CTV e nyatsa phetohelo eo? Ee, o nepile, empa baetapele ba CTV ba ile ba e nyatsa kamora hore ba ekoe ke Carmona le batho ba habo. Ho ea ka Ellner le Rosen, leha CTV le Ortega e ne e le libapali tsa bohlokoa boitekong ba bofetoheli, ha a fihla setulong sa bopresidente nakong ea phetohelo, Carmona o ile a iphapanyetsa lepheo la basebetsi la bohanyetsi, a khetha lekhotla la baetapele ba khoebo, banna ba sesole le bo-ralipolotiki ba tsitsitseng (Ellner). le Rosen, 2002).
E bile feela ka mor'a ho eka hona moo CTV e ileng ea nyatsa phetohelo, ho latela Robert Collier (2004). Mme David Corn, ha a ngola tokollong ea Phato 5, 2002 ea The Nation, o netefalitse sena: 'CTV e ile ea nyatsa Carmona-empa eseng ho fihlela Carmona, thapama ea la 12 Mmesa, a phatlalatsa taelo ea hae ea ho koala Seboka sa Naha le Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo. ' (Corn, 2002).
'Me Eva Golinger, ha a ngola bukeng ea hae ka litlhaselo tsa US ho Chavez, The Chavez Code, e eketsa lintlha tse eketsehileng ho karolo ea CTV. O hlahisa mesebetsi ea CTV pele le nakong ea seteraeke se akaretsang ho ts'ehetsa batsamaisi ba oli ba lelekiloeng. O tlaleha hore Ortega, hammoho le Carmona, ba kopile hore seteraeke se akaretsang se be "se sa feleng" ka la 10 Mmesa. Mme o hatisa mohala o mocha oa Hlakubele 2002 ho tsoa ho Embassy ea Amerika e Caracas ho Mongoli oa Naha, moo a tlalehang lets'oao la Ortega la 'muso o mocha oa bonngoe ba demokrasi' (Golinger, 2005). Ho ka se be le pelaelo efe kapa efe ka seabo sa boetapele ba CTV diketsahalong tse etellang pele le ho kenyeletsa phetohelo, ho sa natswe matsapa a AFL-CIO a ho e hana.
(2) Basebetsi ba Setsi sa Solidarity ba ne ba kentse letsoho ho hong ho fetang mesebetsi e tloaelehileng ea mokhatlo oa basebetsi. Litlaleho tsa Solidarity Center tse hlahisitsoeng ke Bigwood le Golinger (nd) li bohlokoa. Basebetsi ba Setsi sa Solidarity ba ne ba qaqisa boiteko ba bona litlalehong tsa kotara ho National Endowment for Democracy (NED).11.
Ha se feela hore boteng ba bona bo paka ka botlalo hore basebetsi ba Setsi sa Solidarity ba kentse letsoho ho bokelleng lihlopha tse fapaneng - CTV le FEDECAMARAS, haholo-holo - empa hape ba hlophisitse kopano ea pele le 'musisi oa setereke sa Miranda. Ho phaella moo, joalokaha ba boletse, 'Kopano ea naha ea March 5 [2002] ka boeona e ile ea tšehetsoa ka lichelete tsa balekane.' Le hoja ba sa qaqise seo ba se bolelang, kaha ba bua ka taba ena ka tsela e fapaneng ho feta chelete leha e le efe e 'ngoe, ho hlakile hore ha e tsoe ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng, empa e tsoa ho ntho e 'ngoe e ka ntle.'12
Ka mantsoe a mang, ho hlakile hore ba sebetsa 'tšimong' e pharaletseng ho feta mokhatlo oa basebetsi (Hirsch, 2005). Ba sebelisa maemo a bona 'ka har'a' mokhatlo oa basebetsi oa US molemong oa merero e meng ntle le ho ntšetsa pele boiketlo ba basebetsi le mekhatlo ea bona, e leng karolo ea mokhatlo ofe kapa ofe oa basebetsi. Hobane NED ke karolo ea lisebelisoa tsa 'Muso oa US oa maano a kantle ho naha-ho sa natse likopo tsa bona ho seng joalo, le boemo ba bona boo ho thoeng ke ba 'poraefete' (sheba Robinson, 1996; Agee, 2005; Golinger, 2005; Jones and Tayler, 2005; Scipes, 2005b)- ho hlakile hore Setsi sa Solidarity se Venezuela se ntse se thusa ho phethahatsa leano la US naheng eo.
E bolela hore lithuso tsa NED hangata li fana ka chelete e lekanang ho Setsi sa Solidarity le litsi tsa bomphato tse tsamaisoang ke mekha le khoebo ea Rephabliki le Democratic. Sena se lumella mekhatlo ea basebetsi ea US ho hlahisa boima ba lipolotiki kantle ho naha boo ba neng ba qala ho ba le bona hae, esita le matsatsing a khale a 'Big Labor'. 'Nete ke hore matla a Setsi sa Solidarity ha aa thehoa holim'a matla a mekhatlo ea basebetsi ea US, empa licheleteng tsa' muso tse tsoang ho matla a maholohali a lefats'e (ho hatisitsoe) (Sustar, 2005).
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le se ileng sa etsahala Chile pele ho phetohelo ea September 11, 1973 khahlanong le 'muso oa Salvador Allende (sheba Hirsch, 1974, nd, Scipes, 2000; Shorrock, 2003), boiteko bona ba 'basebetsi' ke karolo ea ntho e kholoanyane. Joalokaha Scipes a ngotse,
Boiteko bona ba ho hlokisa botsitso Venezuela ha bo bonngoeng, empa ke karolo e le 'ngoe ea boiteko bo bongata bo kenyeletsang ho tšehetsa mokhatlo oa batho ba futsanehileng o hanyetsang phetoho ea mobu; mokhatlo oa thuto o khothalelitseng hore ho se be le liphetoho tsa thuto; mokhatlo o batlang ho hlohlelletsa borabele ba sesole; mokhatlo oa sechaba o sebelitseng ho bokella baahisani ba maemo a mahareng ho 'itšireletsa' ho tsoa ho mafutsana; sehlopha sa toka ea sechaba se hanyetsanang le mekhatlo ea sechaba e tlase hobane e tšehetsa 'muso oa Chavez; 'sehlopha sa boetapele' se tšehetsang mapolesa a Caracas a litoropong tse kholo, ao boitšoaro ba bona bo fetohileng bo hatellang haholo selemong se fetileng; le mekhatlo e meng e mengata e khahlanong le Chavez, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fumane chelete ho tsoa ho NED (Scipes, 2004a).
(3) Tšehetso ea lichelete e tsoang ka ntle ho mokhatlo oa basebetsi. Sengoli sena se khonne ho fumana chelete ea NED bakeng sa Venezuela:
NED esale e sebetsa ka nako e telele ho pholletsa le Latin America. E 'nile ea sebetsa Venezuela, ea bohlano e kholo ka ho fetisisa e hlahisang oli lefatšeng ho tloha ka 1992. Ho ea ka litlaleho tse bokelitsoeng ho NED ka boeona, NED e fane ka $4,039,331 ho mekhatlo ea Venezuela le ea Amerika e sebetsang Venezuela pakeng tsa 1992-2001; Karolo ea 60.4 lekholong ea seo, kapa $2,439,489 e ile ea fuoa pakeng tsa 1997-2001. Ho seo, $2.4-plus milione ho tloha 1997, $587,926 (kapa hoo e ka bang kotara) e ile ea ea ho ACILS bakeng sa mosebetsi oa eona le Confederation of Venezuelan Workers (CTV ka Sepanishe). Ka 2002, selemong sa ho qetela seo lintlha li leng teng, NED e ile ea pompa $1,099,352 e 'ngoe, eo ACILS e ileng ea fumana $116,001 bakeng sa mosebetsi oa eona le CTV. Ka kakaretso, ACILS e amohetse $ 703,927 pakeng tsa 1997-2002 bakeng sa mosebetsi oa eona Venezuela feela (Scipes, 2004a).
Bukeng ea hae, Eva Golinger (2005) o fana ka litlaleho tse ngata tsa lichelete ho tloha ho NED ho ea ho mekhatlo ea eona e fapaneng ea lithuso naheng. Boholo ba litlaleho tsena-eseng tsohle-leha ho le joalo, li lumellana le lipalo tsa ka. Ka bokhuts'oanyane, ha ke kopanya liphuputso tsa ka le tsa ba bang, mongoli enoa o bonts'a hore boetapele ba CTV bo bile le seabo pherekanong eo, hore basebetsi ba Solidarity Centre ba ne ba ameha ka nģ'ane ho lefapha la mesebetsi e hlophisitsoeng, 'me mesebetsi ena kaofela e ne e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ho tsoa kantle ho naha. mokhatlo oa basebetsi oa US.
Ho khahlisang, leha ho phatlalalitsoe litaba tse ngata ke bangoli ba bangata, AFL-CIO e ntse e tšoarelletse boemong ba eona ba pele: CTV ha ea ka ea ameha phetohelong ena:
Motsamaisi oa CTV o hanne ho saena taelo e mpe ea puso ea Carmona ea nakoana e ileng ea qhala Seboka sa Naha. CTV e hanne boitlamo bofe kapa bofe ba ho sebeletsa mmusong o kentsoeng ke phetolo, mme ea etsa bonnete ba ho se be teng ha ho khakoloa khabinete ea Carmona (Gacek, 2005).
Leha ho le joalo, Gacek ha e le hantle o ile a etsa tleleime e bontšang bohata; ha a bua ka letoto la liboka tse lebisitseng sebokeng sa naha sa 5 March, o ngotse, 'Liketsahalo tse hlano tse tšehetsoeng ke Setsi sa Solidarity li ne li kenyelletsa ho kenya letsoho ha mosebetsi o hlophisitsoeng feela, eseng mokhatlo oa naha oa khoebo.' Haeba seo se nepahetse, ke hobaneng ha basebetsi ba Solidarity Center ba ile ba tlaleha hore bona ka bobona ba kentse letsoho letotong la likopano tse neng li reretsoe ho kopanya baetapele ba CTV le FEDECAMARAS (mokhatlo oa naha oa khoebo)? (Bigwood le Golinger, nd)
(4) Kakaretso. Leha ho bile le boipelaetso le boipelaetso bo fapaneng le (eo hona joale e kileng ea e-ba) Motsamaisi oa Motlatsi oa Lefapha la Litaba tsa Machabeng la AFL-CIO, Stanley Gacek-'me, ho khahlisang, ho ea kamoo ho ka netefatsoang, e sa tšehetsoeng ke mohlahlobisisi a le mong ea ikemetseng-bopaki bo matla haholo. AFL-CIO haholo-holo Setsi sa eona sa Solidarity se ne se ameha ka boomo liketsahalong tse etellang pele boiteko ba bofetoheli khahlanong le Mopresidente oa Venezuela ea khethiloeng ka demokrasi, Hugo Chavez Frias; hore ba sebelitse e le karolo ea tlhaselo e matla ea 'Muso oa Amerika le Matlafatso ea Naha ea Demokerasi e mabapi le demokrasi naheng ea Venezuela, haholo-holo tsamaiso ea Mopresidente Chavez; hore li ne li tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke Lekgotla la United States ka National Endowment for Democracy; mme ba bua leshano mme ba leka ho pata seabo sa bona le ho kenya letsoho ha baetapele ba motlatsi wa bona wa nako e telele, CTV.
QETELLO
Pampiring ena, sengoli sena se shebisisitse ka botlalo monyetla oa ho kenya letsoho ha AFL-CIO phetohelong ea 'Mesa ea 2002 khahlano le mopresidente ea khethiloeng ka demokrasi oa Venezuela, Hugo Chavez Frias. O hlokometse hore AFL-CIO e na le leano la nako e telele la kantle ho naha, le neng le ameha pele ho Latin America ka kakaretso, haholo-holo Venezuela. Mongoli enoa o kile a bontša matšoenyeho mabapi le boemo bo ts'oanang le ba Chile pele ho phetohelo ea September 11, 1973, hore o boetse a fana ka maikutlo a hore monyetla oa Venezuela, leha a phatlalalitse ho hana ha AFL-CIO ka lebaka la monyetla oa hore polelo ea eona e ka 'na ea nepahala. . Leha ho le joalo, ka ho sibolla litlaleho le litlhahlobo tse ngata tse entsoeng ka boikemelo-le ka mor'a ho nahanisisa ka botebo phetolelo ea AFL-CIO ea se etsahetseng, e fetisitsoe ka lingoliloeng tsa Stanley Gacek - o ile a fihlela qeto ea hore AFL-CIO, haholo-holo Solidarity ea eona. Center-e bapetse karolo e matla le e hlokolosi ho thusa ho theha maemo a lebisitseng tekong ea 'muso ea April 2002, hape ba bapala karolo e ts'oanang ho leka ho hana seabo se seng se theiloe sa boetapele ba CTV morerong le ho nka karolo bonyaneng. matsapa a pele a ileng a lebisa phetohelong.
Kahoo, kutloisiso efe kapa efe ea lenaneo la maano a kantle ho naha a AFL-CIO ka mor'a lilemo tsa 1995 e tlameha ho kenyelletsa ka ho khetheha mesebetsi ea eona Venezuela, le ho tšoana ha tsona le ts'ebetso ea pele ea 1995, ea bohlokoa haholo Chile.
Resources
Ee, Philip. 2005. 'Tšebeliso ea Sebopeho sa K'hamphani e Ikemetseng ea US ho Pata Lenaneo la 'Muso-Venezuela: Mehlala e Meng ea Kenahano ea Hona Joale ea US Khahlanong le Phetohelo ea Bolivarian.' Z Net, September 10. Inthaneteng ho www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?sectionID=45&itemID=8709.
Ancel, Judy. 2000. 'Ka ho Aha Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Tšebelisano: Karabo ho Kim Scipes.' Labor Studies Journal, Moq. 25, No. 2, Lehlabula: 26-35. [E ngotsoe ka Senyesemane ho LabourNet Germany ho www.labournet.de/diskussion/gewerkschaft/ancel1.html.]
Andrews, Gregg. 1991. Mahetla ho Mahetla? Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Basebetsi, United States, le Phetohelo ea Mexican, 1910-1924. Berkeley le Los Angeles: Univesithi ea California Press.
Armstrong, Robert, Hank Frundt, Hobart Spaulding, le Sean Sweeney. 1988. Ho Sebetsa Khahlanong le Rōna: Setsi sa Amerika sa Tsoelo-pele ea Basebetsi ba Mahala (AIFLD) le Leano la Machaba la AFL-CIO. New York: Lekhotla la Amerika Leboea ho Latin America (NACLA).
Barry, Tom le Deb Preusch. 1986. AIFLD Latin America: Baemeli e le Bahlophisi. Albuquerque, NM: The Resource Center.
Bigwood, Jeremy le Eva Golinger. nd Tsena ke litokomane tse epolotsoeng ke likopo tsa FOIA 'me li kenngoa marang-rang ho www.venezuelafoia.info.
Blum, William. 2000. Rogue State: Tataiso ea Matla a Fetisisang a Lefatše. Monroe, ME: Tloaelehileng Courage Press.
Buhle, Paul. 1999. Ho Hlokomela Khoebo: Samuel Gompers, George Meany, Lane Kirkland le Tlokotsi ea Mosebetsi oa Amerika. New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo,
Cantor, Daniel le Juliet Schor. 1987. Pono ea Tunnel: Mosebetsi, Moruo oa Lefatše, le Amerika Bohareng. Boston: South End Press.
Carew, Anthony. 1998. 'Mokhatlo oa Basebetsi oa Amerika Fizzland: Komiti ea Free Trade Union le CIA.' Histori ea Basebetsi, Moq. 39, No. 1:25-42.
Collier, Robert. 2004. 'Likamano tsa khale li shoa ka thata: Karabo ho Tšireletso ea Stan Gacek ea Boemo ba AFL-CIO ho Venezuela.' Foramo e Ncha ea Basebetsi, Moq. 13, No. 2, Lehlabula.
Poone, Davida. 2002. 'Sehlopha sa Rōna sa Litlokotsebe Venezuela?' August 5. Inthaneteng ho www.thenation.com/doc/20020805/corn.
Ellen, Steve. 2004. 'Karabo ea Steve Ellner' (ho Gacek, 2004). Inthaneteng ho www.venezuelanalysis.com/articles.php?artno=1151. (Ho latela sengoloa sa Gacek.)
Ellner, Steve le Fred Rosen. 2002. 'Ho oa ho Hlollang le ho Tsoha ha Hugo Chavez: Ho Coup, Moferefere, Kapa Ho se utloisisane?' Tlaleho ea NACLA ka Amerika, Moq. 36, No. 1, July-August: 9-15. Selelekela inthaneteng ho www.nacla.org/art_display.php?art=2092.
Fleischer, Ari. 2002. 'Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer,' April 12. Marang-rang ho www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/04/20020412-1.html.
Forero, Juan. 2004. 'Litokomane li Bontša CIA e Tseba ka morero oa ho Coup in Venezuela.' New York Times, la 3 Tšitoe.
Gacek, Stan.
- 2004. 'Lula le Chavez: Likarabo tse Fapaneng ho Tumellano ea Washington.' Foramo e Ncha ea Basebetsi, Moq. 13, No. 1, Selemo, 'me e ka fumanoa Inthaneteng ho www.venezuelanalysis.com/articles.php?artno=1151.
— 2004b. 'Stanley Gacek Replies' [ho Robert Collier]. Foramo e Ncha ea Basebetsi, Moq. 13, No. 2, Lehlabula.
— 2005. 'A Rejoinder to 'Revolution and Counter-revolution' ka Lee Sustar. E hatisitsoe marang-rang e le karolo ea 'Karolo ea AFL-CIO naheng ea Venezuela: Tlhahlobo le ngangisano,' e kenyeletsang sengoloa sa Sustar, karabo ea Gacek, le karabo ea Sustar ho Gacek ho www.selfsandothers.org/article10406.html.
Golinger, Eva.
- 2004. 'Bopaki bo ka Litokomaneng: CIA e kentse letsoho Phetohong Khahlanong le Mopresidente oa Venezuela Chavez.' Inthaneteng ho www.venezuelafoia.info/english.html.
- 2005. Khoutu ea Chavez: Ho Hlakola Bokena lipakeng tsa US naheng ea Venezuela. Havana: Mohlophisi Jose Marti.
Hirsch, Fred.
- 1974. Tlhahlobo ea Karolo ea Rōna ea AFL-CIO Latin America, kapa Tlas'a Likoahelo le CIA. San Jose, CA: e hatisitsoeng.
- nd, empa ho bonahala eka ke 1975. 'Lengolo le Bulehileng ho Mokhatlo oa Basebetsi: AIFLD, Bongoli ba Machaba ba Khoebo, le Fascism naheng ea Chile. San Jose, CA: e hatisitsoeng.
— 2004. 'Haha Bonngoe le Tšepo le Basebetsi Lefatšeng Lohle,' ka litlhaloso. Inthaneteng ho www.labournet.net/world/0407/hirsch.html. Khopi ea Qeto ea ho Qetela e fumaneha inthaneteng ho http://www.calaborfed.org/pdfs/Political/FINALResolutions2004.pdf, leq. 4-5.
- 2005. 'Leano la Kantle ho Naha la AFL-CIO naheng ea Venezuela.' Z Net, June 18. Inthaneteng ho www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?sectionID=45&itemID=8107.
Hoyt, Katharine. 2002. 'Matšoenyeho ka ho Kenyelletsoa ha AFL-CIO ho ka Khonehang ho Phethahatso ea Venezuela.' Lintlha tsa Basebetsi, May. (Mo inthaneteng ho www.labornotes.org/archives/2002/05/b.html.)
James, Deborah. 2006. 'Ho kenella ha US Venezuela: Kotsi e Hlakileng le e Hona Joale.' San Francisco: Global Exchange. Inthaneteng ho www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/venezuela/USVZrelations1.pdf.
Jones, Bart. 2004. 'US Funds Aid Chavez Opposition.' National Catholic Reporter, April 2 (inthaneteng ho www.ncronline.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2004b/040204/040204a.php.)
Jones, Bart le Letta Tayler. 2005. 'Venezuela: Tlaleho e Khethehileng ea Newsday.' May 1. E hatisitsoe ke Orlando Sentinel, marang-rang ho http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/lifestyle/ny-wovene034241232may01,0,3643723.story?page=1.
Kelber, Harry.
— 2005a. '90% ea Tekanyetso ea Selemo ea Setsi sa Solidarity e Tsoa ho Melemo ea 'Muso oa US.' Morupeli oa Mosebetsi, 'Labor Talk,' June 29. Inthaneteng ho www.laboreducator.org/solcenter.htm.
— 2005b. 'Ke Bo-mang ba nang le Setsi sa Solidarity: Na AFL-CIO's International Solidarity Centre ke Tšehetso ea Lefapha la Naha la US?' Morupeli oa Mosebetsi, 'Labor Talk,' November 9. Inthaneteng ho http://www.uslaboragainstwar.org/article.php?id=9551.
Lowe, David. 2004. 'Khopolo ho 'Nete: NED ho 20.' [Tlhahlobo ea nalane ea lilemo tse 20 tsa pele tsa Tumello ea Naha ea Demokerasi.] (E beiloe marang-rang ho www.ned.org/about/nedhistory.html.)
Marquis, Christopher. 2002. 'Ho Banka ha US ho Tlameha ho Hlahlobisisoa Bakeng sa Maqhama le Chavez Ouster.' La 25 Mmesa: A-8.
Morris, George. 1967. CIA le Basebetsi ba Amerika: Phetoho ea Leano la Kantle ho Naha la AFL-CIO. New York: Bahoeletsi ba Machaba.
Nack, David. 1998. 'The American Federation of Labor Confronts Revolution Russia le Puso ea Pele ea Soviet Union, 1905 ho 1928: Tšimoloho ea Ntoa ea Cold ea Basebetsi.' Ph.D e sa hatisoang. Dissertation, Lefapha la Nalane, Univesithi ea Rutgers.
Rachleff, Peter. 2000. 'Ho Phahamisa Kapa Tsoela Pele?' Lipolotiki tse Ncha, Moq. 7, No. 4 (New Series), Mariha: 77-82. (Mo inthaneteng ho www.wpunj.edu/~newpol/issue28/rachle28.htm.)
Radosh, Ronald. 1969. Mosebetsi oa Amerika le Leano la Kantle ho Naha la United States. New York: Vintage.
Robinson, William I. 1996. Ho khothalletsa Polyarchy: Globalisation, US Intervention, le Hegemony. Cambridge: Univesithi ea Cambridge Press.
Romauldi, Serafino. 1967. Bapresidente le Peons: Likhopotso tsa Moemeli oa Basebetsi Latin America. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
Ruiz, Alberto. 2004. 'Potso e sala e le: AFL-CIO e Etsa'ng Venezuela?' Z Net, March 2. Inthaneteng ho www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?sectionID=45&itemID=5074.
Scipes, Kim.
- 1989. 'Trade Union Imperialism in the US Maobane: Business Unionism, Samuel Gompers, le AFL Foreign Policy.' Koranta ea Lithuto tsa Machaba tsa Basebetsi (The Hague), No. 40-41, January-April: 4-20.
- 1996. KMU: Ho Aha Mokhatlo oa 'Nete oa Basebetsi Philippines, 1980-1994. Quezon City, Metro Manila: Bahoeletsi ba Letsatsi le Lecha: 116-125.
- 2000. 'Ke Nako ea ho Tloha U Hloekile: Bula AFL-CIO Archives mabapi le Ts'ebetso ea Machaba ea Basebetsi.' Labor Studies Journal, Moq. 25, No. 2, Lehlabula: 4-25. Inthaneteng ka Senyesemane ho www.labournet.de/diskussion/gewerkschaft/scipes2.html.
- 2002. 'AFL-CIO le Venezuela: Ho khutla ha Imperialism ea Basebetsi, Kapa Boitšoaro bo Fosahetseng?' Z Net Labor Watch ho www.zmag.org/content/Labor/sipesaflven.cfm
- 2004. 'AFL-CIO naheng ea Venezuela: Déjà vu Hape.' Litlhaloso tsa Basebetsi, April: 11. (Ho thathamisoa ka har'a koranta e lebisa babali ho websaete ea www.labornotes.org/archives/2004/04/articles/e.html.)
— 2004b. 'California AFL-CIO e Khalemela Baeta-pele ba Leano la Naha la Naha la Basebetsi.' Litlhaloso tsa Basebetsi, September: 14. (Sengoloa se hlahisitsoeng koranteng ea litaba, se fetisitsoe ka botlalo sebakeng sa marang-rang sa www.labornotes.org/archives/2004/09/articles/h.html. Phetolelo e felletseng, e sa lokisoang, ea sengoloa sena e ho www.uslaboragaintwar.org/article.php?id=6394.)
— 2005a. 'Labor Imperialism Redux?: Leano la Kantle ho Naha la AFL-CIO Ho tloha ka 1995' Monthly Review, Moq. Moq. 57, No. 1, May: 23-46. (Mohala ho www.monthlyreview.org/0505scipes.htm.
— 2005b. 'Selekane se sa Hlomphehang: AFL-CIO le National Endowment for Democracy (NED) Venezuela.' Z Net, July 10. Inthaneteng ho www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?sectionID=19&itemID=8268.
— 2005c. 'Leano la Kantle ho Naha la AFL-CIO: Tlaleho ea ho Qetela ho tsoa Kopanong.' Z Net, August 2. Inthaneteng ho www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?sectionID=19&itemID=8421.
Scott, Jack. 1978. Yankee Unions Eya Hae! Kamoo AFL e Thusang US ho Haha 'Muso ho Latin America. Vancouver, BC: New Star Books.
Shorrock, Tim.
- 2002. 'Toeing the Line? Sweeney le US Foreign Policy.' Foramo e Ncha ea Basebetsi, Moq. 11, Hoetla/Mariha: 9-19. [E ngotsoe ho http://forbin.qc.edu/newlaborforum/html/11_article9.html.]
- 2003. 'Ntoa ea Mantsoe a Basebetsi.' Sechaba, May 19. Inthaneteng ho www.thenation.com/doc/20030519/shorrock.
Sims, Beth. 1992. Basebeletsi ba Lefatše ba Senyehile: Karolo ea Mosebetsi oa Amerika ho Leano la Machaba la US. Boston: South End Press.
Lehloa, Sinclair. 1964. Pan-American Federation of Labor. Durham: Khatiso ea Univesithi ea Duke.
Spaulding, Hobart. 1984. 'US Labor Intervention in Latin America: Taba ea American Institute for Free Labor Development' ho LABOUR, Capital and Society, Vol. 17, No. 2, November: 136-172, le ho hatisoa hape ho Roger Southall, ed., 1988, Trade Unions le New Industrialization of the Third World. London: Zed: 259-286.
Sustar, Lee. 2005. 'Revolution le Counter-revolution: Ho Lekola Karolo ea AFL-CIO.' Foramo e Ncha ea Basebetsi, Moq. 14, No. 3, September. E hatisitsoe marang-rang e le karolo ea 'Karolo ea AFL-CIO naheng ea Venezuela: Tlhahlobo le ngangisano,' e kenyeletsang sengoloa sa Sustar, karabo ea Stan Gacek oa AFL-CIO, le karabo ea Sustar ho Gacek ho www.selfsandothers.org/article10406.html.
Weinrub, Al le William Bollinger. 1987. AFL-CIO e Amerika Bohareng: Ho Sheba Setsi sa Amerika sa Tsoelo-pele ea Basebetsi ba mahala (AIFLD). Oakland: Lenaneo la Basebetsi ho Amerika Bohareng.
Weisbrot, Mark. 2004. 'CIA le Venezuela: Litokomane tsa CIA li Hlahisa Leseli le Lecha Karolong ea Washington naheng ea Venezuela.' Z Net, December 12. Inthaneteng ho www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?sectionID=45&itemID=6849.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
* Kim Scipes ke Motlatsi oa Moprofesa oa Sociology Univesithing ea Purdue North Central e Westville, Indiana, USA. Setho sa Mokhatlo oa Naha oa Bangoli, AFL-CIO, a ka fihlelleha ho [imeile e sirelelitsoe]@pnc.edu Aterese ena ea lengolo-tsoibila e sirelelitsoe ho spam bots, o hloka hore Javascript e lumelletsoe ho e sheba. Scipes e na le 'Contemporary Labor Bibliography' inthaneteng eo mohlomong e ka khahlang bohle ba mafolofolo le/kapa ba nang le thahasello mosebetsing, e leng http://faculty.pnc.edu/kscipes/LaborBib.htm.
[1] Le hoja ho sa bonahale eka ’Muso oa United States tlas’a George W. Bush o ile oa hlohlelletsa phetohelo, o ne o sa thabele puso ea Hugo Chavez, ’me o rometse mats’oao a hlakileng ho bohanyetsi ba Venezuela hore e ke ke ea teneha ha ho ka phethola ’muso. khahlanong le Chavez etsahala. Leha ho le joalo, ho hlakile hore Venezuela e ne e amehile ka Tsamaiso ea Bush, eo bonyane e ileng ea tšoara kopano e le 'ngoe ea mekhatlo pakeng tsa Lekhotla la Tšireletso la Sechaba, Pentagon le Lefapha la Naha ka November 2001, moo ba ileng ba bua matsatsi a mabeli ka Venezuela'” Katherine Hoyt ( 2002) e hlokomela hore 'Likopano tse tšoanang li ne li ile tsa tšoaroa pele ho li-coups tse fetileng tse hlophisitsoeng ke US Iran, Guatemala, South Vietnam, Chile le libakeng tse ling.' O boetse a tlaleha hore Mookameli oa CIA George Tenet o boleletse Congress ka February 2002 hore Venezuela ke e 'ngoe ea 'matšoenyeho a maholo' bakeng sa leano la US la linaheng tse ling (Hoyt, 2002). The New York Times e tlalehile ka litokomane tsa CIA tse bonts'itseng hore Tsamaiso ea Bush e na le tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng mabapi le merero ea boipelaetso matsatsing a pele ho phetohelo (Forero, 2004). Bona hape Eva Golinger (2004).
Bukeng ea hae ea 2005, Golinger (2005) o fana ka litokomane tse batsi, tse tebileng le tlhahlobo e tiisang taba ena'”bona haholo-holo Senior Executive Intelligence Brief e hlahisitsoeng ke CIA ea la 6 Mmesa 2002 e hatisitsoeng leqepheng la 209-210. Mabapi le Tsamaiso ea Bush, ea ileng a tšehetsa phetohelo phatlalatsa, Mark Weisbrot (2004) o ngotse, '¦ Tsamaiso ea Bush e ne e sa bue leshano feela ka seo e se tsebang, empa e kene ka mafolofolo baeta-pele ba boipelaetso boitekong ba bona ba nakoana ba ho kholisa mecha ea litaba le lefats'e hore 'muso oa nakoana oa sechaba' o nkile matla ka nepo e le ho sireletsa sechaba ho seo ho thoeng ke tlhekefetso ea naha. 'Me ka nako eohle ba tseba hore sena e ne e le leshano, le hore phetohelo ea sesole e ne e le karolo ea leano leo ba neng ba le tseba esale pele.' Bakeng sa maemo a pubic a Tsamaiso ea Bush mabapi le phetolo, bona 'Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer' ea April 12, 2002 (Fleisher, 2002). Har'a tse ling tse ileng tsa haneloa hamorao, Fleischer o tlaleha hore 'Mopresidente Chavez o itokolla setulong sa mopresidente,' e leng seo a sa kang a se etsa.
Bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa boiteko ba US naheng ea Venezuela ho tloha nakong ea phetohelo, bona Agee, 2005; Golinger, 2004; le Jones and Tayler, 2005. Bakeng sa tlaleho e tebileng ea liketso tse ntseng li tsoela pele tsa US khahlano le Venezuela, ho fihlela Pherekhong 2006, bona James, 2006.
[2] Liketsahalo tse pota-potileng le tse lebisang tekong ea ho phethola 'muso, le boiteko ba 'muso ka boeona, li ile tsa nkoa filiming ke sehlopha sa lifilimi sa Ireland se neng se le Miraflores ka nako ea phetohelo, se nka filimi ea Mopresidente Chavez. Filimi e hlahisitsoeng, 'The Revolution Will Not be Televised,' e ile ea lokolloa ka 2004.
[3] Sustar o qotsa Buhle, 1999: 143 bakeng sa mohloli oa seo ho thoeng ke karolo ea CIA ea Romualdi; le Romauldi, 1967: 417, 434, 486-511, bakeng sa litlaleho tsa Romauldi tsa kamano ea hae le mopresidente oa Venezuela Betancourt. Betancourt le Rafael Caldera hamorao ba ile ba sebeletsa e le Mopresidente oa Venezuela.
[4] Golinger (2005: 85-87) o fana ka lintlha tse molemo tsa morao-rao mabapi le Reich le mosebetsi oa hae. O boetse o qotsa molaetsa oa e-mail o tsoang ho Lourdes Kistler oa ACILS ho Mary Sullivan oa Lefapha la Naha, 'ho tiisa ketelo ea moifo oa Ortega le ho kopana le Otto Reich ka February 11, 2002.' Sena se fumanoe tlas'a FOIA. (Golinger, 2004: 86, leqephe la 2).
[5] Litokomane tse epolotsoeng ke Bigwood le Golinger li behiloe webosaeteng ea Venezuelan Solidarity Committee ho. www.venezuelafoia.info, 'me mona li bitsoa Bigwood le Golinger, nd Ho fumana litlaleho tsena ho tloha ho ACILS ho ea ho NED, e-ea lebokoseng la National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 'me u tobetse ho' ACILS-CTV.' Ha u le moo u tla fumana Litlaleho tsa Quarterly ho tloha Solidarity Centre (ACILS) ho ea NED, ‘me tsena li tloha ka Phupu – Loetse 2000 ho isa Phupu – Loetse 2003. Lintlha tse qotsitsoeng pampiring ena li tsoa ho January-March 2002 Quarterly Report, ‘me li fumaneha ho http://venezuelafoia.info/ctva1.html 'me http://venezuelafoia.info/ctva2.html .
[6] Bukeng ea hae, Golinger o tšohla kopano ena (Golinger, 2005: 90-92) le bohlokoa ba eona. Habohlokoa le ho feta, o hatisa thapo e sa tsejoeng, eo a reng e tsoa ho Hlakubele 2002 (letsatsi la memo ke la 2 Hlakubele, empa ho tsoa ka har'a litaba, ho ka etsahala hore ebe e ngotsoe ka la 12 Hlakubele), ho tloha ho Embassy ea Amerika e Caracas ho isa Mongoli oa Naha, moo ho tlalehoang kopano ena. Ka mohala ona, ho boletsoe se latelang: 'Boteng ba Tumellano ena bo phatlalalitsoe bekeng e fetileng mme ho tloha nakong eo bo hlahisitse maikutlo a mangata mabapi le hore na e ne e reretsoe ho ba motheo oa mmuso oa kamora Chavez kapa boiteko ba ho qetela ba ho khothaletsa lipuisano le mmuso. Puong ea hae ea sehlooho ea ntoa, Mopresidente oa CTV Carlos Ortega o ile a felisa lipelaelo tse setseng: tumellano ena ke 'tumellano bakeng sa rona', o ile a hatisa, ho re tataisa phetohong le ho theha 'muso oa bonngoe ba demokrasi'. Letšoele le ile la lumelisa mantsoe ana ka ho hlabolla lipina tse khahlanong le Chavez'(Golinger, 2005: 203-205; qotsa leq. 204).
[7] Hore seteraeke e ne e le ho ipelaetsa ka ho thunngoa ha batsamaisi, eseng litho tsa mekhatlo ea basebetsi, ho netefalitsoe puisanong ea botho ke sengoli sena le Dick Juanique, Motsamaisi oa Lefapha la Moruo o sa Reroang oa CTV, Caracas, Phuptjane 19, 2006. Tlhaloso ea Juanique e ne e le hore ho hira le ho phahamiswa pele ho ne ho entsoe tsohle ka har'a k'hamphani ea oli ea naha, PDVSA, ka lebaka la boleng, le hore basebetsi ba ile ba qala seteraeke se akaretsang ho boloka boemo bo joalo ka lebaka la ho lelekoa ha Mopresidente Chavez. batsamaisi ba oli bakeng sa bobolu. Golinger (2005: 94) o re 'Basebeletsi [ka 'nete, batsamaisi-KS] ba ile ba lelekoa haholo ka lebaka la tšebeliso e mpe ea indasteri, bosholu ba lichelete le phapang ea leano le' Muso oa Chavez.'
[8] Golinger (2005: 64-65) o ile a hatisa hape Phatlalatso ea Phatlalatso ea IRI e fanoeng ke George Folsom e ileng ea rorisa phetohelo.
[9] Karolo ea boralitaba ba poraefete naheng ea Venezuela boitekong ba bofetoheli e hlalositsoe ka botlalo bukeng ea Golinger ea 2005. Leha ho le joalo, o boetse a bua ka bokhutšoanyane ka tšehetso ea mecha ea litaba ea US bakeng sa phetohelo, ka ho khetheha a reha Chicago Tribune le The New York Times, eo a buang ka eona ka la 14 Mmesa le la 18 Mmesa 2002 mabapi le phetohelo (Golinger, 2005: 110, fn. 29).
[10] Steve Ellner (2004) o ile a arabela litseko tsa Gacek ho Gacek, 2004. Ellner, Moprofesa oa Histori ea Basebetsi Universidad del Oriente Barcelona, Venezuela 'me mohlomong e le molaoli ea ka sehloohong oa basebetsi kajeno Venezuela, o ile a phephetsa tse ngata tsa Gacek mabapi le CTV.
Sehloohong se latelang sa 2005, ha a araba Lee Sustar (2005), Gacek o ile a etsa lipolelo tse tšoanang le tseo a li entseng sehloohong sa hae sa 2004. Sustar, le eena, o ile a arabela Gacek (2005), mme a pheha khang ea hore Gacek, ha e le hantle, o ne a e-s'o ka a bua ka taba e bohareng ea sengoloa sa hae, ha Gacek a iketsa eka o ne a etsa joalo.
[11] Leha baitseki ba Setsi sa Solidarity ba tlalehile khafetsa ho National Endowment for Democracy, ha ho mohla ba kileng ba tlaleha mesebetsi ea bona ho litho tsa mekhatlo e ikopantseng le AFL-CIO, leha e le ho sechaba. Ha e le hantle, ba bile ba hana ho 'phetla libuka tsa bona' tse mabapi le mesebetsi ea bona'” ea nakong e fetileng le ea hona joale'” leha ba botsoa ke qeto e amohetsoeng ka ntsoe-leng ho tsoa Kopanong ea 2004 ea California State AFL-CIO. Bona Hirsch, 2004; Scipes, 2004ab, 2005c. Bakeng sa boikitlaetso bo tsoelang pele ba ho qobella AFL-CIO ho bula libuka tsa eona mabapi le ts'ebetso eohle ea kantle ho naha, nalane le hajoale, le ho khaola maqhama ohle le National Endowment for Democracy, bona webosaete ea Komiti ea Tšebelisano ea Basebetsi ho Worker to Worker Solidarity Committee ho. www.workertoworker.net, 'me bakeng sa pokello ea tse ling tsa lingoliloeng tse ntle ka ho fetisisa mabapi le leano la kantle ho naha la AFL-CIO, etela 'Lihokelo' leqepheng la webosaete. Bakeng sa pokello e felletseng ea mehloli eohle ea lenaneo la maano a kantle ho naha a AFL-CIO, ea ho http://faculty.pnc.edu/kscipes/LaborBib.htm#AFL-CIO_foreign_operations.
[12] Stan Gacek (2005) oa AFL-CIO o boletse ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang, 'Ha rea ka ra tšehetsa ketsahalo ea March 5 ka lichelete.'
ZNetwork e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete feela ka seatla se bulehileng sa babali ba eona.
donate