Markii uu ahaa lix sano jir, Dean Miller wuxuu horey u ogaa inuu doonayo inuu noqdo bayoolajiga badda. Waqtigaas, oo ku koray Australia, adduunka bayoolajiga badda wuxuu u muuqday mid cajiib ah oo aan xaddidnayn labadaba, ayuu yidhi.
"Waxaan rabay in aan barto mucjisooyinka Great Barrier Reef, isku xirnaanta adag iyo isku xirnaanta udhaxeysa kumanaan nooc oo nololeed oo kala duwan kuwaas oo matalaya nidaamka deegaanka ee ugu kala duwan ee meeraha," Miller ayaa u sheegay Truthout.
Laakiin labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay, waxaas oo dhan isagay isku beddeleen.
"Hadda waxaan u eegayaa reef sidii hab-nololeed deegaan oo ka cabanaya falalkeenna, waxaanan dareemaa dambi ka baxsan rumaysad in tani ay ka dhacayso daaradayda dambe, iyadoo la ilaalinayo jiilkayada," ayuu yidhi. "Mar dambe kuma riyoonayo kaleidoscope-ka nolosha, midabka iyo dhaq-dhaqaaqa ee ka dhigan shacaab-badeedka adduunka. Taa baddalkeeda, waxaan ka walwalsanahay oo aan u dagaallamayaa jiritaanka dhabta ah ee reefs coral sida aan u naqaanno iyaga, maaddaama isbeddellada aan arko ay si dhakhso ah u dhacaan - aad uga dhaqso badan inta uu la qabsan karo.
Tani waa sababta oo ah labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay, Great Barrier Reef, oo aad u jecel Miller iyo kuwa kale oo aan la tirin karin oo ku faraxsan quruxda iyo qarsoodiga badaha, ayaa ahaa. u dhimanaya heer aan hore loo arag ugu horrayn waxaa sabab u ah kulaylka biyaha badda.
Warankiinta shacaabku waxa ay dhacdaa marka shacaabku ay werweraan biyo ka diirran oo ka badan kuwa caadiga ah, taas oo ku keenta in ay eryaan algae-ga ku dhex nool unugyadooda, kuwaas oo ay ka helaan tamartooda. Coral gebi ahaanba wuu caddaa marka ay biliijto. Haddii ay ku sii jirto biliij ku filan, way dhimataa.
Mid ka mid ah saynisyahano ayaa horay u tagay ilaa hadda in lagu dhawaaqo Great Barrier Reef hadda wuxuu ku jiraa "marxaladda dhamaadka." Inta badan dadka baranaya badda ayaa isku raacay in waxa dhacaya ay yihiin wax aan horay loo arag. Tani waa sababta oo ah, ugu yaraan, saddex-meelood laba meel 1,400-mayl dheer ee reef-ka ayaa soo baxay sannadkii hore, taasoo keentay in 22 boqolkiiba ay dhimato. Hadda dhacdo kale oo bleaching ayaa keentay in ugu yaraan saddex-meelood laba meel biyo-biyoodka ay mar kale dilaan.
Biyo-yaqaanka badda David Burdick, oo wax ka baranayay hareeraha Guam in ka badan 10, ayaa u sheegay Truthout inta jeer ee dhacdooyinka biliijka ee uu arko "dhammaanteen waa nagu cusub yihiin." (Sawirka: Lahaanshaha sawirka David Burdick)
"bleaching sanadkan waxa uu aad uga sii fogaaday koonfurta waxana uu saynis yahanada ka yaabiyay darnaantiisa iyo baaxadiisaba,โ Miller ayaa yidhi. Oo wuxuu ka baqayaa in xaaladda reef-ku ay ka sii xumaan karto sida ay saynis-yahannadu ogaadaan, maaddaama kaliya sahaminta hawada la sameeyay si loo qiimeeyo waxyeelada mana jirto markab cilmi-baaris ah oo hadda ku firfircoon qulqulka si uu u bixiyo faahfaahin fiican.
Iyada oo heerkulka baddu kor u kaco adduunka oo dhan iyadoo khalkhalgelinta cimilada anthropogenic (ACD) ay sii wado inay kor u qaaddo xawaaraha, Great Barrier Reef, oo ah deegaanka ugu weyn ee deegaanka, ayaa laga yaabaa inay tusaale u tahay waxa ku dhacaya dhammaan shacaabyada meeraha.
"Tani way nagu cusub tahay dhammaanteen"
Biyo-yaqaanka badda David Burdick waxa uu isku duba-riyaa barnaamijka la socodka biyaha badda ee NOAA oo ay maalgeliso muddada-dheer ee Jaamacadda Guam ee Shaybaadhka Marinnada, waxana uu samaynayey daraasado gudaha ah oo ku saabsan reefs-ka Guam in ka badan toban sano.
"Sannadkii 2013, waxaan helnay dhacdo biliij ah oo dhexdhexaad ah ama daran oo ka soo baxday meel aan jirin oo socotay muddo saddex bilood ah, waxaana luminay rubuc ka mid ah shacaabkii ay saameeyeen 80 boqolkiiba noocyada shacaab ee bleached," Burdick ayaa u sheegay Truthout inta lagu guda jiro. wareysi dhawaan ku saabsan Guam.
Dabadeed, in ka yar toddobo bilood ka dib, waxa uu ugu yeedhay "kulka sare ee dusha sare ee badda" ayaa sababay dhacdo kale oo dhexdhexaad ah ama mid daran. "Corals kuwaas oo horeyba u wiiqay dhacdadii 2013 - qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa dhintay," ayuu sharaxay. "Dhacdadu waxay ahayd mid si cadaalad ah u baahsan, iyo shacaab ka badbaaday dhacdadii 2013 ma aysan ka badbaadin tan."
Boqolkiiba 2014 ka mid ah shacaabkii bleed intii lagu jiray dhacdada XNUMX ayaa dhimatay.
Dean Miller, oo ah saynis yahan ku takhasusay badda Dhaxalka Reef Barrier Great, urur deegaan oo aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo ka shaqeeya si kor loogu qaado maamulida ka wanaagsan ee reef iyadoo siinaya helitaanka lacag la'aan ah saynisyahano. (Sawirka:Dahr Jamal)
"Ka dib, inta aan wali falanqaynay dhammaan xogtayada dhacdadaas, waxaan helnay dhacdo kale oo bleaching 2016," Burdick ayaa yidhi. "Marka waxaan helnay saddex dhacdo oo warankiilo ah, oo asal ahaan lahaan jiray hal sannadkii, taas oo hadda ah qaab, sida muuqata."
Dhacdooyinkan ka hor, weligood ma ay arkin wax Guam ah oo loo kala saari doono wixii ka dambeeya dhacdo โdhexdhexaad ahโ oo ah dhacdo bleaching coral.
"Tani waa wax nagu cusub," Burdick ayaa yidhi.
Miller waxa uu si la mid ah ula yaabay waxa uu ku arkayo hareeraha Great Barrier Reef, kaas oo si aad ah ula mid ah waxa uu Burdick ku arkayo Guam.
"Qeybo ka mid ah cawska aan bleach ka soo saarin sannadkii hore ayaa hadda waxaa saaran cadaadis aad u weyn, tanina gabi ahaanba way ka duwan tahay sababtoo ah tani waa dib-u-baxa bleaching," Miller ayaa sharraxay. "Nidaamku mar hore buu culays saaray, tanina waa dhacdo walaac cusub. Waxaan aragnaa dhimasho badan oo ku saabsan reefyada aaggayagaโฆ. Wixii aan dhiman sanadkii hore ayaa dhimanaya sanadkan.โ
Marka lagu daro biliijka cusub ee dhacdada sanadkan, qaybaha koonfureed ee reef-ka ee sida caadiga ah ku jira biyaha qabow ayaa sidoo kale soo baxaya.
"Waa murugo in la arko," Miller ayaa ku daray. "Toddobaatan kun oo shaqooyin dalxiis oo toos ah iyo $6 bilyan oo warshado dalxiis ah ayaa dhammaantood halis ku jira, gaar ahaan dhaawaca ugu sarreeya ee Duufaanta Debbie."
Sida laga soo xigtay Dean Miller, dhacdadii Great Barrier Reef bleaching ee sanadkan ayaa ka dhigtay saynisyahano "la yaab leh darnaanta iyo baaxadda ay leedahay" waxayna ka dhacaysaa meel aad uga fog koonfurta marka loo eego kii sannadkii hore, kaas oo dilay 22 boqolkiiba reef. (Sawirka: Lahaanshaha ARC Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies)
A daraasad lagu daabacay bishan Maarso joornaalka Nature waxa la ogaaday in bleaching sannadkii hore ee Great Barrier Reef uu ahaa mid aad u daran oo aanay jirin analoog la mid ah kumanaankii sano ee ay saynisyahannadu u isticmaali jireen inay ku daraan cimilo hore.
Daraasad kale oo lagu daabacay Nature Waxa la saadaaliyay in sanadka 2050, in ka badan boqolkiiba 98 ka mid ah reefs-ka shacaabeedka caalamiga ah ay aafayn doonaan " diiqada kulaylka heerka bleaching" sannad kasta.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saadaalintu waxay noqon kartaa mid ka sii daran: The saynisyahano ku lug leh daraasadda laga soo bilaabo March this qiyaasay in xilligii aan dhammaanayn bleaching bleaching laga yaabo in uu hore u yimid, inkastoo dhowr iyo toban sano ka hor sidii la saadaaliyay xitaa kaliya sannadkii hore. Waxay sharxeen in Great Barrier Reef uu u baahan yahay 10 ilaa 15 sano inta u dhaxaysa dhacdooyinka biliijka si uu si buuxda uga soo kabsado, iyo in wakhtiga soo kabashada aanu ahayn "wax run ah hadda."
"Xitaa ma garanayno waxa aan luminayno"
Laurie Raymundo waa khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga deegaanka ee Jaamacadda Guam Marine Lab oo si dhow ula soo shaqeysay Burdick sanado badan. Si la mid ah Miller, waxay ogaatay markay ahayd 11 jir inay rabto inay barato coral. Hadda waxay wax ka dhigtaa Jaamacadda Guam, waxayna dejinaysaa koorsada cilmiga deegaanka iyo maareeynta coral reef kaas oo ay ku jiraan saamaynta ACD. Waxay ku noolayd Guam tan iyo 2004 waxayna tahay qoraaga wax ka qora Heshiiskii Cimilada ee Paris 2016.
Sida saynisyahanada kale ee Truthout la hadashay, Raymundo aad bay uga xumaatay waxa ay arkayso.
Coral Ecologist Laurie Raymundo oo la socota Jaamacadda Guam waa qoraaga wax ka qora Heshiiska Cimilada ee Paris 2016. (Sawirka: Waxaa iska leh Laurie Raymundo)
Haddii aan lumino reefs-ka, Raymundo wuxuu uga digay Truthout, "Waxaan lumin doonaa dhammaan noocyadayada xasaasiga ah, waxaana yeelan doonnaa kala duwanaansho hoose."
Si la mid ah welwelka iyada waa xaqiiqda ah in ay jiraan wax badan oo aynaan garanaynin muhiimada ay leedahay reefs coral.
"Xitaa ma naqaano waxa aan luminayno, mana fahmin waxa luminta noolaha si buuxda uga dhigan yahay, dawooyinka, deegaanka, iyo siyaabo kale oo badan," ayay tiri. "Waxaan lumineynaa waxyaabo ka hor inta aanan si buuxda u ogaanin, waxa aan weyneyno."
Hal shaqo oo muhiim ah oo aan ognahay in aan lumineyno: Halka reefs coral kaliya ay daboolaan 0.0025 boqolkiiba sagxada badda, nuug ku dhawaad โโsaddex meelood meel kaarboon laba ogsaydh oo ka dhashay shidaalka gubanaya.
A Warbixin ay soo saartay Hayโadda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan Cuntada iyo Beeraha waxay muujinaysaa in reefs coral ay mas'uul ka yihiin soo saarista 17 boqolkiiba dhammaan borotiinka adduunka la isticmaalo, iyadoo saamigaas uu yahay 70 boqolkiiba ama ka weyn jasiiradaha iyo dalalka xeebaha sida Micronesia.
Waqtiga qoraalkan, Dhulku wuxuu leeyahay lumay ku dhawaad โโkala badh shacaabkeeda, iyo kulaylka badweynta ayaa kaliya sii wadi doona dardargelinta.
"Waxaan ogaanay in reefs-yada ku hoos nool walaaca anthropogenic ee sanado badan ay horey u lumiyeen noocyadooda shacaab ee xasaasiga ah, kuwa hadda jirana waxay horeyba u ahaayeen kuwa adag," ayuu yiri Raymundo. "Oo marka reefyadu leeyihiin kala duwanaansho hoose, waxaa yaraanaya dib-u-celinta deegaanka; sidaas darteed, waxay u badan tahay inay burburaan."
Mustaqbal La'aan?
A 2012 waxbarasho ayaa daaha ka qaaday in kala badhkii Great Barrier Reef ay mar hore meesha ka baxeen 27-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Laba sano ka dib, khubarada adduunka ugu aqoonta badan reef reef ayaa sii daayay warbixin taas oo muujinaysa in, iyada oo aan la helin faragelin la yaab leh, Great Barrier Reef uu si buuxda u baabi'i doono 2030ka.
Intaa waxaa dheer, a Daraasad ay daabacday oo ay sii daysay NOAA 2011kii ayaa ka digay in, "haddii aan hadda tallaabo laga qaadin si loo yareeyo khataraha," 90 boqolkiiba dhammaan reefs-ka ayaa "hanjabi doona" 2030, iyo dhammaan reefs Earth ee gebi ahaanba laga yaabaa in 2050. โ waxay taxday khalkhal-qabashada cimilada ee bini-aadmiga, heerkulka biyaha kulaylka ah, aashitada badda, maraakiibta, kalluumaysiga xad-dhaafka ah, horumarinta xeebaha iyo qulqulka beeraha inay yihiin arrimaha ka qayb qaadanaya.
In kasta oo ay taasi u muuqan karto mid xad dhaaf ah, Miller wuxuu u sheegay Truthout inuu u maleeyay in warbixintu aysan runtii aad u fogeyn.
"Waxay ila tahay inay aad u muxaafid tahay," ayuu yidhi. "Corals waxay u baahan yihiin sanado badan si ay ula qabsadaan biyaha kulul ee badda, mana haysanno waqti noocaas ah mar dambe. Kulaylka aan hadda aragno waxay u dhacaysaa si degdeg ah si loo oggolaado horumarintaโฆ. Markaa waxa aan aragno hadda waa geeri. Taasi waa waxa ay tahay bleaching.โ
Burdick, oo ku tilmaamay biyo-mareenada Guam in ay yihiin "la xidhxidhay," ayaa ku raacay.
"Arrimo kala duwan ayaa iibsan doona meelaha qaar wakhti, sidaa daraadeed noocyada kooraska qaarkood ayaa laga yaabaa inay xoogaa dheereeyaan, in muddo ah," ayuu yidhi. Laakin dhacdooyinka bleaching shantii ilaa 10kii sanoba mar, ma siin doontid waqti kugu filan oo aad ku soo noqoto meeshuu joogay. Dhammaan waxay ku saabsan tahay heerka isbeddelka. Haddana, heerkaasi wuu sii kordhayaa, oo si degdeg ah taas ayuu u socdaa.โ
Ku soo noqoshada Australia, Miller aad ayuu uga naxay xaqiiqda ah in dowladdiisu ay wax yar qabanayso, haddii ay wax jirto, si ay u yareyso dhibaatada.
Truthout ayaa weydiisay Miller waxa ay tahay tillaabooyinka ay dowladda Australia qaadayso si loo badbaadiyo Great Barrier Reef.
"Waxa aan ka sheegi karo, waxba," ayuu ku jawaabay. "Wax diiradda kuma saarayaan arrintan, laakiin waxay ku riixayaan in macdanta dhuxusha ee Cadaani ay sii socoto. Anagu halkan Australia si dhib leh uma rumaysan karno, si daacad ah. Run ahaantii, dawladdu wax war ah kama soo bixin haba yaraatee.
Miinada dhuxusha ee uu tilmaamay waxay u egtahay inay hore u socoto, taas oo, sida laga soo xigtay Miller, keeni doonta 500 oo maraakiib ah oo dheeraad ah oo dhuxul sida Great Barrier Reef sanad kasta.
Truthout ayaa wareysatay saaxiibkii Miller, John Rumney, maamulaha maamulka Great Barrier Reef Legacy bishii Febraayo, markii ay bilaabatay dhacdada biliijka ee sanadkan.
"Coral-kan waxaa ku jira dhibaato weyn," Rumney wuxuu yiri waqtigaas. Sida Miller, Burdick iyo Raymundo, Rumney wuxuu ka digay luminta xad dhaafka ah ee kala duwanaanshaha noolaha ee la socda waayitaanka reefs.
"Markii ay dhammaan shacaa'irtaasi tagaa, dhammaan kala duwanaanshaha kalluunka ee ku xiran waa ay tagaan," Rumney ayaa sheegay Truthout. "Dhammaan silsiladda cuntada waxay ku jirtaa dhibaato weyn."
Miller wuu aqbalay, isagoo leh, "Waxaa laga yaabaa inaan aragno nidaamka deegaanka oo burburay sidaan u ognahay."
Baahida cilmi-baaris madax-bannaan oo ku saabsan Great Barrier Reef inta lagu guda jiro dhacdadan labaad ee bleaching ayaa loo baahan yahay in ka badan weligeed, sida uu qabo Miller. Isaga iyo ururka Rumney waxay ku dadaalayaan sidii ay saynis yahano badan ugu soo saari lahaayeen biyaha sida ugu dhaqsaha badan.
"Astaanta dabiiciga ah ee ugu weyn adduunka iyo qaab dhismeedka nolosha ugu weyn wuxuu u baahan yahay caawintayada si ka badan sidii hore, haddii aan u dhaqmin sida dad caalami ah oo walaacsan, waxba lama qaban doono," ayuu ku soo gabagabeeyay. โMa ahan goor dambe. Reef-ku wuxuu mudan yahay in la badbaadiyo - oo ficiladeenu hadda waxay go'aamin doonaan masiirka reefs coral in ka yar 5 ilaa 10 sano. Waa inaan tallaabo qaadnaa.โ
Dahr Jamail, wariye ka tirsan shaqaalaha Truthout, waa qoraaga Doonista Doonista: Dagaalyahaniinta Diidmada Ciraaq iyo Ciraaq (Haymarket Books, 2009), iyo Wixii ka dambeeya Aagga Cagaaran: Diritaannada ka imanaya Suxufi Aan Lahayn oo jooga Ciraaq la haysto (Haymarket Books, 2007). Jamail waxa uu ka soo warbixiyey Ciraaq in ka badan hal sano, iyo sidoo kale Lubnaan, Suuriya, Urdun iyo Turkiga 10kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, waxaana uu ku guuleystay Abaalmarinta Martha Gellhorn Award for Investigative Journalism, iyo abaalmarino kale.
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