Jasiiradda Whidbey ee Gobolka Washington waxay horeba u haysataa dhibaatooyin sahayda biyaha oo aan ku filnayn. Waxay ku taal Puget Sound, dadka deegaanka waa inay wajahaan xagaa dheer oo qalalan oo aan lahayn biyo biyo-mareen ah iyo hanjabaado socda oo soo gelitaanka biyaha cusbada ah.
Laakiin hadda waa in ay la tacaalaan ciidamada badda ee Maraykanka oo soo saaraya kiimikooyin sun ah ceelasha dadweynaha iyo kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay ee Whidbey Island, gaar ahaan agagaarka magaalada yar ee Coupeville, halkaas oo ay Ciidanka Badu ku hayaan marin hawo ah oo aad loo isticmaalo si ay ugu celceliyaan taabasho iyo degitaanno. ka mid ah jimicsiyada kale.
Cate Andrews waa xubin ka mid ah Muwaadiniinta Kaydka Ebeys (COER), koox maxalli ah oo ka shaqaynaya inay dhulkooda, guryahooda iyo caafimaadkooda ka ilaaliyaan deegaanka iyo wasakhowga sanqadha ee ciidamada badda ee Maraykanka. Andrews waxa uu sheegay in qaar ka mid ah ceelasha Coupeville ay ku jiraan kiimikooyin sun ah oo ka imanaya laylisyada dab-damiska ee Ciidanka Badda ee heerka 400 boqolkiiba waxa ay Hay'adda Ilaalinta Deegaanka (EPA) u aragto mid la aqbali karo.
"Dadka deegaanka waxa ay siinayaan biyaha caagaga ah ee ciidamada badda, laakiin waxay uga digeen in aanay cabbin, karin ama waraabin beerahooda khudaarta," Andrews ayaa u sheegay Truthout. "Ciidanka badda waxay yiraahdaan, 'Ha ka welwelin qubeyska,' laakiin cilmi-baaris ayaa muujisay in kiimikooyinkan lagu kala qaado maqaarka maqaarka. Guryo lagu qiimeeyay in ka badan 1 milyan oo dollar ayaan la iibsan karin, dadkuna waa ku xayiran yihiin.โ
Kiimikooyinka, Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) iyo Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), waa walxaha perfluoroalkyl (PFASs), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan PFCs, waxayna ka yimaadaan xumbo dab-demiska AFFF oo loo isticmaalo layliga tababarka ee Goobta Soo degista ee Navy's Outlying Landing Field (OLF) ee Coupeville iyo Ault Garoonka Oak Harbor, kan dambe oo ku yaal Saldhigga Hawada Naval ee Whidbey.
"Waxa laga helay biyo mareenka hoose ee garoonka diyaaradaha ee OLF bishii Oktoobar 2016 waxaana la og yahay in ay u guureen meel ka baxsan goobta si ay u wasakheeyaan biyaha la cabbo ee dadweynaha iyo kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay," Rick Abraham, oo ka shaqeeyay arrimaha wasakhowga sunta ah isaga oo u doodaya danta guud 30. sano, ayaa u sheegay Truthout.
Bishii Disembar ee la soo dhaafay, sheekadu waxay samaysay telifishanka gobolka.
Coupeville ceelka aan la ilaalin ee wasakhaysan, ee ag fadhiya OLF, ayaa siinaya biyaha PFAS ee dugsiyada, ganacsiyada, Isbitaalka guud ee Whidbey iyo boqolaal qoys. Tan iyo dabayaaqadii 2016, qoysaska qaar ee ceelasha wasakhaysan ee u dhow OLF ayaa xitaa ku qasbanaaday inay ka tagaan oo ay cabbaan, karsadaan oo ilkahooda ku cadayaan biyaha caagagga ah, sida uu qabo Abraham, oo baaray wasakhda PFAS ee dhowr gobol, isaga oo ka qaaday muunado. la macaamilida saraakiisha sharciyeynta iyo baarista dukumeentiyada shirkadda gudaha ee waxyeelada caafimaad ee la xiriirta PFAS.
Iyada oo ay weheliso carqaladaynta ciidamada badda ee socota ee ku xeeran qalalaasaha, Waaxda Caafimaadka ee Jasiiradda Whidbey - oo ku tilmaantay Ciidanka Badda inay yihiin "la-wadaage" - waxay si firfircoon ula shaqeysay Ciidanka Badda qaabeynta farriinta waaxda caafimaadka ee ku saabsan wasakheynta bulshada. Waaxda caafimaadku waxay sidoo kale dadweynaha ka qarisay qorshe lagu tijaabinayo ceelasha bulshada dhexdeeda - codsigii ciidamada badda - iyo kuwaas oo aan sidoo kale u oggolaan muwaadiniinta inay bixiyaan talooyin ku saabsan waxa la tijaabiyay iyo heerkee.
Tanina maaha arrin cusub.
Waxaa jira tusaalooyin badan guud ahaan dalka ciidamada badda wasakhaysan biyaha saldhigyada hareeraheeda leh kiimikooyin sun ah. Sida sannadkii hore, waxaa jira run ahaantii boqollaal magaalo oo dalka oo dhan ah wax ka qabashada arrimahan ama arrimaha la midka ah.
Dhanka kale, Saldhigga Ciidanka Badda ee Whidbey ayaa dhawaan si weyn u ballaariyay diyaaradahooda "Growler", oo ah diyaaradda keliya ee ugu qaylada badan meeraha, iyo hawlgallada u dhigma sidoo kale way kordhi doonaan.
Muwaadiniinta sida "waxyeello dammaanad ah"
Qaar badan oo ka mid ah dadka deggan agagaarka NAS Whidbey, OLF Coupeville, jasiiradaha kale ee Puget Sound, Jasiiradda Olombikada iyo xitaa dadka Kanadiyaanka ah ee ku nool agagaarka Fiktooriya ee Jaziirada Vancouver waxay caadeysteen inay dhegaha ka daloolaan qaylada jetka ee mashiinnada dagaalka ee Ciidanka Badda.
Ciidanka badda ayaa qorsheynaya in la sameeyo tababar dagaal oo elektromagnetic ah ee Peninsula Olympic, iyo sidoo kale xaqiiqda ah in ay lahaayeen mar horeba sidaas ayay ku samaynaysay waddooyinka waaweyn ee gobolka iyada oo aanay dadka deggan ogayn, iyo wararka ku saabsan in Ciidanka Badda loo oggolaaday inuu dilo ama dhibaateeyo ku dhawaad โโ12 milyan oo nibiriyada, dolphins, porpoises, libaax badeed iyo shaabadood guud ahaan Waqooyiga Badweynta Baasifigga muddo shan sano ah ayaa dadka gobolkan ku nool ay barteen in ay maqlaan deriskooda badda.
Codsiyada dadka deegaanka ee ku saabsan arrimahan (iyo qaar kale oo badan oo ay ka walaacsan yihiin) inta badan waa la iska indhatiray, ama mararka qaar dadka deegaanka ayaa xitaa la caayay, ciidamada badda.
Arrinka kiimikooyinka sunta ah ee ku jira biyaha la cabbo ee la deggan yahay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadku waxay si toos ah u saameeyeen aad uga xanaaqsan yihiin, qaar badanna waxay ka cadhoodaan waxa ay u arkaan in ay qarinayaan.
"Dhammaan 'rasmiga ah' PFAS [ walxaha perfluoroalkyl] ee lagu sameeyay bulshada ayaa kaliya loogu talagalay PFOA [Perfluoroheptanoic acid], PFOS iyo PFBS [Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid]," Abraham ayaa yidhi. "Magaalada Coupeville waxaa si madaxbanaan loo tijaabiyey biyaheeda, laakiin sida baaritaanka ay sameeyeen Ciidanka Badda, PFHxS [Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid] iyo PFHpA [Perfluoroheptanoic acid] waa la iska indhatiray."
Waxa uu sii raaciyay in aan wax tixraac ah oo kiimikooyinkan laga heli karin "boodhadhka midabada leh iyo agabka shirarka dadweynaha ee Guriga Furan ee Ciidanka Badda," sidoo kale laguma xusin bogga macluumaadka ee Ciidanka Badda, ama boggaga internetka ee Island County iyo Coupeville.
"Waxa Ciidanka Badda iyo saraakiil badan oo dadweyne ah ay u diidaan inay yihiin xaddi la aqbali karo oo PFASs ah oo ku jira biyaha la cabbo waxaa u maleynayaa in saynisyahano badan oo cilmi-baaris ah ay khatar ku yihiin caafimaadka aadanaha," Abraham ayaa raaciyay.
PFAS-yadu way dhismaan oo ay jidhka ku jiraan wakhti dheer. Waxay qaadataa sideed ilaa sagaal sano in laga takhaluso kala badh qaddarka PFHxS ee dhiiga ku jira, laba ilaa afar sano PFOA, iyo shan ilaa lix sano oo PFOS ah. Markaad cabto biyo wasakhaysan, waxaad yeelan kartaa PFAS-yo badan oo dhiigaaga ah marka loo eego biyaha ku jira saamaynta bio-accumulative.
Sida laga soo xigtay Wakaaladda Walxaha Sunta ah iyo Diiwangelinta Cudurrada, daraasaduhu waxay muujinayaan PFASs, "ay saameyn karaan uurjiifka iyo ilmaha soo koraya, oo ay ku jiraan isbeddellada suurtagalka ah ee koritaanka, waxbarashada, iyo dhaqanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa laga yaabaa inay yareeyaan bacriminta oo ay farageliyaan hormoonnada dabiiciga ah ee jidhka, waxay kordhiyaan kolestaroolka, waxay saameeyaan habka difaaca, iyo xitaa kordhinta khatarta kansarka."
"Ciidanka badda waxay yaqaaneen ceelal wasakhaysan oo gaar loo leeyahay muddo sanado ah, waxayna hadda qaadayaan tallaabo ka dib hanjabaad soo-gaadhis dadweyne," Andrews ayaa yidhi.
Bishii Janaayo, Andrews wuxuu u sheegay Truthout in ciidamada badda ay tijaabinayeen 100 ceel oo ku yaal Coupeville oo hal mayl u jira raadis OLF ah, laakiin mar kasta oo ceel kale oo wasakhaysan la helay, ciidamada badda waxay dhulka ka saareen eber mayl kale.
"Waxaan rumaysanahay in Whidbey Island ay noqon karto mid deegaan ahaan wax u dhimi karta ka dib soo kabashada, si la mid ah sida ay dhaqan ahaan u baabi'isay danayn la'aanta guud ee Ciidanka Badda iyo xadgudubka kuwa halkan ku nool," ayay tidhi. "Yaa bixinaya kharashka dhammaan nadiifintan? Biyaha iyo hawadu waa la dhimay, caafimaadka muwaadiniinta waa la dhimay, haddana Ciidanka Badda - oo si fudud u tababaran kara jimicsigooda meelo kale oo bilaabi kara nadiifinta dhibka badan hadda - waxay doorteen jaahilnimo ula kac ah iyo isla weyni. "
Waxaa jira saameyno kale oo badan oo caafimaad oo ka yimid kiimikooyinka ay Ciidanka Badu ku kordhiyeen biyaha la cabbo ee Island Whidbey.
Daraasadaha, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa la xiriira soo-gaadhista carruurta, waxay soo jeedinayaan PFAS-yada inay yareyn karaan jawaabta difaaca tallaallada qaarkood oo ay kordhiyaan khatarta caabuqa. Intaa waxaa dheer, carruurta leh heerar dhiig oo sarreeya ee PFHxS ayaa la ogaaday inay leeyihiin fursad kordhaysa oo ah feejignaan-yarida/cilad-xumada (ADHD), iyo xeryahooda wasakhaysan, sida PFHxS, waxay saameeyaan shaqada hormoonnada hormoonnada galmada.
Halka heerka EPA ee โla aqbali karoโ ee PFOA iyo PFOS ee biyaha la cabbo ay yihiin 70 qaybood trillion (ppt), heerkan ayaa si weyn loo dhaleeceeyay inuu yahay mid aan ilaalinayn. Natiijo ahaan, dhowr gobol ayaa dejiyay heerar muxaafid ah oo aad uga fog.
Heerka hanuuninta Biyaha Cabitaanka ee Minnesota waa 35 ppt ee PFOA iyo 27 ee PFOS, halka heerka la-talinta caafimaadka biyaha la cabbo ee Vermont ee PFOA uu yahay 20 ppt.
Vermont xitaa kuma talinayso isticmaalka biyaha leh heer kasta oo PFOA ah xoolaheeda.
Markii ugu dambeyntii ay qirteen in laga helay heerarka kiimikooyinka dhowr ceel, Ciidanka Badda ayaa dadka u fidiyay biyo caagadaha ah.
"Soo jeedintooda biyaha dhalada ah ayaa ilaalinaysa markaad tixgeliso tirada beeraha dabiiciga ah ee ku yaal boqollaal hektar oo jasiiraddan ah kuwaas oo miraha iyo khudaarta ka iibiya qaar ka mid ah makhaayadaha caanka ah ee Seattle," ayuu yiri Andrews.
"Horaantii, waxaa noo sheegay dhowr ka mid ah shaqaalaha Badda in"aannu dhaawac u geysaneyno" dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada," Andrews ayaa ka yiri waxa ay Ciidanka Badda u sheegeen dhowr sano ka hor, markii waxa loogu yeero dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixsada uu kaxeynayo Mareykanka shisheeye. siyaasadda. "In kasta oo aan la rumaysan karin jaleecada hore, hadda waxaan aaminsanahay inay tani run tahay."
Been sheegid by Omission
Karen Sullivan waa baayooloji noolaha khatarta ku jira oo hawlgab ah oo ka shaqaynaysay Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Maraykanka in ka badan 15 sano waana khabiir ku takhasusay habraacyada xafiiseed ee ay Ciidanka Badu tahay inay raacaan, oo ay ku jiraan Bayaanada Saamaynta Deegaanka (EIS). Sullivan wuxuu aasaasay mareegaha West Coast Action Alliance, kaas oo u shaqeeya sidii ilaaliye dhaqdhaqaaqyada badda ee Pacific-ga.
"Tusaale kale oo ka mid ah cilladaha ku jira EIS-kan, wasakheynta biyaha la cabbo ee guryaha la deggan yahay iyo goobaha ganacsiga ee u dhow dariiqyada dayuuradaha ee ciidamada badda oo ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka kiimikooyinka halista ah ayaan wax laga qaban," Sullivan ayaa u sheegay Truthout.
Ciidanka Badda EIS ayaa soo gabagabeeyey, "Ma jiraan wax saameyn ah oo la xiriira qashinka khatarta ah iyo alaabta oo dhici doona sababtoo ah hawlaha dhismaha ama ku kordhinta iyo hawlgalka diyaaradaha Growler ee dheeraadka ah."
Laakin sida uu qabo Sullivan, kiimikooyinkan weligood lama falanqeyn oo waxaa lala isticmaali jiray tababarka Growler iyo hawlgallada sanado badan; sidaas darteed, waa in aan lafo-gurkooda laga saarin.
"Iyadoo duullimaadyada OLF Coupeville ay kordheen min 3,200 sannadkii 2010 ilaa 35,500, qofna ma sheegan karo in boqolkiiba 1,000 ay kordheen toddoba sano oo aan la samaynin wax muhiim ah oo biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah ama ciidda wasakhaysan aan la samayn," ayay tidhi.
Daabacaadda Ciidanka Badda ee EIS-da ay tixraacayso waxay ahayd Noofambar 10, 2016, waxayna aaminsan tahay in Ciidanka Badda "ay si fiican uga warqabeen dhibaatooyinka iman kara ee wasakhaysan biyaha la cabbo ee la deggan yahay sababtoo ah waxa ay ugu yeeraan 'isticmaalka taariikhiga ah' ee dab-demiska hawlaha duulimaadka. โ
Bishii Maajo 2016, EPA waxay soo saartay la-talinta caafimaadka biyaha la cabbo ee laba PFCs, Ciidanka Baddana waxay ku dhawaaqeen Juun 2016 inay ku jirtay habka "aqoonsiga iyo ka saarista iyo burburinta dhammaan dhaxalka perfluorooctane sulfonate (iyo PFOA) oo ka kooban AFFF [filim biyo leh xumbo]."
Haddana, daaran Bogga 3-62, Ciidanka Badda EIS ayaa meesha ka saaray welwelka ku saabsan bayaan ku saabsan falal dhacay ku dhawaad โโ20 sano ka hor: "Dhismaha dib u habeynta waxaa la dhameeyay Sebtembar 1997, soo-gaadhista bini'aadamka iyo soo-gaadhista biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee wasakhaysan ayaa gacanta lagu hayaa, OUs ee Ault Field iyo Seaplane Base waxay diyaar u yihiin isticmaalka la filayo (USEPA) , 2016e).
"Bayaanku waa mid duugoobay, dhacdooyinkii u dambeeyayna way beeninayaan," Sullivan ayaa yidhi. "Saddex maalmood ka hor intaan la daabicin EIS, Noofambar 7, 2016, Ciidanka Badda waxay warqad u direen in ka badan 100 milkiilayaasha ceelasha biyaha ee gaarka loo leeyahay iyo kuwa dadweynaha iyagoo muujinaya walaaca ah in walxaha perfluoroalkyl (PFAS) ee laga helay OLF ay ku faafeen meelo ka baxsan hantida Ciidanka Badda."
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ereyga "perfluoroalkyl" ama "PFAS" laguma xusin hal mar dhammaan 1,600-bog Growler EIS, ama 2005 ama 2012 Qiimaynta Deegaanka.
Sarkaalka Ciidanka Badda Mike Welding ayaa dabayaaqadii 2016 damcay inuu u xaqiijiyo dadweynaha wareysi uu la yeeshay TV maxalli ah: "Ciidanka badda ayaa dadkaas siin doona biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan ilaa inta aan ka ogaanno sida aan wasakhda uga saari lahayn ceelka biyaha, u sifeyn lahayn ama wax la mid ah. Waa arrin weli u baahan in laga shaqeeyo.โ
Nasiib darro, sida laga soo xigtay Sullivan, bayaan ka soo baxay Wasaaradda Difaaca ee barnaamijka "MERIT" ayaa ka soo horjeeda ogaanshaha Navy: "Hadda, ma jiraan tignoolajiyada goobta iyo ikhtiyaarrada goobta aad u xaddidan oo lagu daweeyo ciidda ama biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee wasakhaysan PFCs."
"EIS-du waxay ku koobtay dooda wasakhowga biyaha dhulka hoostiisa si ay u cadaadiso carrada iyo saamaynta isugeynta ee dhismaha cusub, waxayna soo gabagabaysay ma jiri doonto wax saameyn ah oo ku yimaada biyaha dhulka hoostiisa," Sullivan ayaa yidhi. "Ma jiro wax sheegayo ciidda wasakhaysan oo laga helay EIS. Qiimayn ballaadhan oo lagu sameeyay agabyo kala duwan oo halis ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ayaa lagu daray Tababarka iyo Imtixaanka Waqooyi-galbeed ee EIS, haddaba maxaa uga hadhay Growler EIS? Tani waxay la mid tahay dhakhtarka diidaya inuu eego EKG oo si cad u muujinaya wadne qabad, iyo ogaanshaha bukaanka walaaca."
Jawaabta Caadiga ah
"Qaabka ay ciidamada badda u wajahaan dhibaatadan wasakhaysan kama duwana mid kasta oo wasakheeyaha warshadaha ee doonaya in uu ka fogaado dhaleecaynta, yaraynta mas'uuliyadda iyo sii wadida ganacsiga-sidii caadiga ahayd," ayuu yidhi Abraham. "In la dhimo dhibaatada ay leedahay, baaritaanada oo la jiido iyo in shacabka lagu haayo mugdiga ayaa ah waxa ay inta badan sameeyaan."
Wuxuu u sheegay Truthout in ciidamada badda aysan daaha ka qaadin dhammaan wasakhooyinka laga helay biyo-mareenka, qabyo-qoraalka EIS-na ma aysan sheegin arrinta wasakheynta, xitaa ka dib markii ay Ciidanka Badu soo saareen ceelasha oo ay ogaadeen wasakhda oo ay ogeysiiyeen dadka deggan meel u jirta fogaan fog.
COER waxa ay soo jeedinaysaa in dadka u dhow OLF ay si madax banaan u baari karaan biyahooda isla kiimikooyinka ay heleen ciidamada badda, iyo in ciidamada badda la weydiiyo inay bixiyaan kharashka baaritaanka.
"Tijaabada biyahayagu waa inaanay noqon dhacdo hal mar ah, falanqayntuna waa inay caddaysaa inta ugu hoosaysa ee la ogaan karo ee kiimikooyinkaas," Maryon Attwood ee COER's ayaa ku tidhi war-saxaafadeed ku saabsan arrinta. "Waxaan xaq u leenahay inaan ogaano waxa ku jira biyaha aan cabno."
Bruce Saari, oo kale oo muddo dheer deggan jasiiradda Whidbey oo sannado badan ku noolaa meel u dhow saldhigga ciidammada badda ama OLF Coupeville, ayaa aad uga xumaaday dhibkaas.
"Cabsidaas hore ayaa la xaqiiqsaday waxaan filayaa," ayuu u sheegay Truthout, isaga oo tixraacaya wasakhda laga helay saldhigga hawada. "Imikana waa Coupeville kan ku hoos jira daruur isku mid ah. Waxaan 20 sano ku noolaa Whidbey oo ku taal Long Point oo u dhow OLF iyo Oak Harbor oo u dhow saldhigga. Waxaan xiiseeyaa cimrigayga oo dhan aagga, waxaan ka shaqeeyay beeraha kaydka Ebey arday ahaan, waxaanan dareemayaa dareen xun oo ku saabsan horumarkan.
Xalka?
Waxa COER, Abraham iyo dadka kale ee deggan Jasiiradda Whidbey ee aan la tirin karin ee ay saamaysay dhibaatadu waxay rabaan waa biyo nadiif ah oo nadiif ah oo la cabbo, iyo in Ciidanka Badda ay qaadaan mas'uuliyadda dhibaatada ay sababtay.
Ibraahim waxa uu rumaysan yahay in Ciidanka Badda ay tahay in ay si degdeg ah ugu rakibaan nidaamyada sifaynta ku habboon ceelasha gaarka ah iyo kuwa dadweynaha ee wasakhaysan ama khatarta ku jira, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan dhammaan ceelasha Coupeville iyo warshadda biyaha sifaynta. Waxa kale oo uu qabaa inay macno samaynayso oo kaliya in Ciidanka Badda ay siiyaan ilo kale oo biyo nadiif ah dhammaan qaybaha arkay biyahooda wasakhaysan.
"Dad aad u badan ayaa ku noolaa meel ka baxsan biyaha caagadaha ah muddo aad u dheer iyadoo aan la arki karin dhammaadka," ayuu yidhi.
4-tii Maarso, Ciidanka Badda waxay tijaabiyeen 27 ceel oo la socodka oo ay hore ugu rakibeen OLF Coupeville, halkaas oo ay ka heleen xitaa heerar sare oo wasakh ah oo ku jira aquifer-ka ceelasha qaarkood. PFOA waxaa la helay ilaa 1,190 ppt, PFOS ilaa 54.7, iyo PFBS ilaa 473 ppt. โQorshahaโ Ciidanka Badda ee lagu tijaabinayo ceelashan la socodka kuma jiraan baadhista PFHxS ama PFHpA, in kasta oo labadooduba la ogaa inay ku jiraan biyaha sidoo kale.
Andrews, COER iyo Abraham dhamaantood waxay ugu baaqayaan Ciidanka Badda inay dib u tijaabiyaan oo ay la socdaan dhammaan ceelasha dadweynaha iyo kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay ee loo yaqaan inay wasakhaysan yihiin ama "khatar ku jiraan."
Waxay kaloo ku baaqayaan PFHxS, PFHpA iyo PFNA [Perfluorononanoic acid] in lagu daro liiska kiimikooyinka lagala socdo ceelasha la socodka goobta OLF; dhammaan biyaha la cabbo ee dadweynaha iyo kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay ee aagga si loo tijaabiyo loona kormeero dhammaan lixda PFAS ee laga helay OLF; si loo joojiyo tahriibka biyaha wasakhaysan; iyo in PFAS-yada laga saaro aquifer-ka, maadaama tignoolajiyada horeba u jireen samaynta sidaas.
Laakiin kuwani waa amarro dhaadheer marka laga eego xaqiiqda ah in xitaa helitaanka Ciidanka Badda si ay u qirtaan xadka iyo darnaanta dhibaatada ayaa weli ah tallaabada ugu horreysa.
Dahr Jamail, oo ah wariye ka tirsan shaqaalaha Truthout, ayaa ah qoraaga Doonista Doonista: Dagaalyahaniinta Diidmada Ciraaq iyo Ciraaq (Haymarket Books, 2009), iyo Wixii ka dambeeya Aagga Cagaaran: Diritaannada ka imanaya Suxufi Aan Lahayn oo jooga Ciraaq la haysto (Haymarket Books, 2007). Jamail waxa uu ka soo warbixiyey Ciraaq in ka badan hal sano, iyo sidoo kale Lubnaan, Suuriya, Urdun iyo Turkiga 10kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, waxaana uu ku guuleystay Abaalmarinta Martha Gellhorn Award for Investigative Journalism, iyo abaalmarino kale.
ZNetwork waxa lagu maalgeliyaa oo keliya deeqsinimada akhristeyaasheeda.
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