Ballanqaadyadii badnaa ee ololihii doorashada ee Barack Obama 2008 waxaa ka mid ahaa dib u habeyn dhammaystiran oo lagu sameeyay daryeelka caafimaadka Mareykanka. Waxqabad la'aanta xagjirka ah ee nidaamka jira ayaa ahaa mid cad: in kasta oo kharashka daryeelka caafimaad ee qofkasta uu ka badnaa laba jeer marka loo eego wadamada kale ee warshadaha leh, ugu yaraan 46 milyan oo qof ayaa wali la'aan caymis caafimaad iyo 45,000 ayaa u dhintay sanad kasta [1].
Xeerka Ilaalinta Bukaanka iyo Sharciga Daryeelka La Bixin Karo ee 2010 ("Obamacare") ma xallin doono dhibaatooyinkan. Dib-u-habaynta waxa ku jira waxyaabo wanaagsan, gaar ahaan kabidda ay siiso shakhsiyaadka dakhligoodu hooseeyo, kordhinta caymiska carruurta ilaa da'da 26 (iyaga oo u malaynaya in waalidkood horeba caymis u galeen), iyo mamnuucidda shirkadaha caymiska oo diidaya caymiska ku salaysan xaalado hore u jiray. Laakin hagaajintan waxay ku qotontaa qaab-dhismeed ilaalinaya oo xoojinaya nidaamka cilladaysan ee ay maamulaan shirkadaha caymiska gaarka ah oo ay ku nool yihiin bixiyeyaasha faa'iido doonka ah ee aan sharciyeysnayn.
Nuxurka dib-u-habaynta ayaa ah โwaajibaad shaqsiโ oo u baahan qof kasta inuu ka iibsado caymis shirkado gaar loo leeyahay ama uu bixiyo ganaax, qaab ka fog nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka caalamiga ah ee dhabta ah kaas oo cashuuraha horumarka leh lagu maalgeliyo caymis ay dawladdu maamusho, oo bixiye keliya ah. qorshe. Doorashadan dambe, oo inta badan loo yaqaan "Medicare for All," marna xitaa Congress-ka ama maamulka ma tixgalin, in kasta oo ay aad uga waxtar iyo bini'aadantinimo ka badan tahay beddelka [2]. Xitaa barnaamijka caymiska aan khasabka ahayn ee dawladdu maamusho ("ikhtiraacida dadweynaha") waligiis si dhab ah looguma maaweelin Guurtida.
Halkan waxaan ku falanqeyneynaa dib-u-habeynta daryeelka caafimaadka tusaale ahaan isku-xidhka shirkadaha waaweyn ee siyaasad-dejinta Mareykanka. Warshadihii ay saamaysay bilawgiiba waxay qayb dhexe ka ahaayeen geeddi-socodkii, iyagoo dammaanad qaadayay in danahooda ay heli doonaan mudnaan, halka ra'yul caamka iyo tixgelinta xuquuqul insaanku ay yar yihiin. Abuuritaanka Obamacare wuxuu bixiyaa muraayad si loo fahmo sida iyo sababta ay dawladdu u aqbashay danaha fasalka ee dadka caanka ah ee shirkadaha [3]. Haddana dawladu maaha qalab xukun oo kaliya; sidoo kale waa goob halganka. Ka dib markaan dib u eegis ku samayno habka dib u habaynta, waxaanu bixinaa qaar ka mid ah soo jeedinta istiraatijiyadeed ee Medicare for All movement.
Fikradda Dadweynaha
Inta badan daboolida saxaafada ee Obamacare waxay soo jeedisay mugdi qoto dheer oo ka dhex jira dadweynaha Maraykanka. Haddana faallooyinku waxay u janjeersadeen inay iska indhatiraan sababaha xamaasad la'aanta shacabka. Bishii Janaayo 2010 ra'yi ururin CBS, tusaale ahaan, 54 boqolkiiba ayaa diiday "wax ka qabashada dib-u-habaynta daryeelka caafimaadka" Obama, laakiin dhinacyo badan ayaa sheegay in sharcigu "aan aad ugu filnayn" "daboolinta Maraykanka" (35 boqolkiiba), "xakamaynta kharashka "(39 boqolkiiba), iyo "xakamaynta shirkadaha caymiska caafimaadka" (43 boqolkiiba). In ka yar (32, 24, iyo 27 boqolkiiba, siday u kala horreeyaan) waxay u maleeyeen in dib-u-habayntu ay aad u fogaatay. Qiimaynta ansixinta ee Congress-ka Kongareeska, kuwaas oo aan qarin quursigooda dadka shaqeeya iyo kuwa aan caymiska lahayn, ayaa xitaa ka hooseeya Obama iyo Dimuqraadiyiinta [4].
Dad badan oo ka werwersan sharciga Obama ayaa taageeri lahaa hal-bixiye, barnaamijka caymiska caafimaadka caalamiga ah, gaar ahaan haddii loo soo bandhigay sida "Medicare for All." Doorashooyinkii socday tobanaan sano, badi dadweynaha Maraykanka ayaa si joogto ah u muujiyay doorbidida barnaamijkan oo kale, baaxad weyn Inta badan waxay ku heshiiyeen in dawladdu ay dammaanad qaaddo helitaanka daryeel caafimaad qof kasta oo dalka ku nool [5]. Ra'yi ururin wax yar ka hor doorashadii 2008, 77 boqolkiiba dadka oo dhan (iyo xitaa 57 boqolkiiba dadkii qorsheeyay inay u codeeyaan Jamhuuriga John McCain) waxay isku raaceen in dawladdu "ay tahay inay mas'uul ka noqoto xaqiijinta" in qof walba "baahida aasaasiga ah ee daryeelka caafimaadka" ay tahay la kulmay [6]. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, inta badan dadweynuhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad uga horumarsan xisbiga Jamhuuriga iyo kan guud ee Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga.
Tirooyinkani waxay beeninayaan sheegashada guud ee ah in dadweynuhu ay wadi doonaan siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka [7]. Halka ra'yiga dadweynuhu laga yaabo inay door ka ciyaareen sidii dib-u-habaynta daryeelka caafimaadka loogu samayn lahaa siyaasadda ajandaha, waxay ahayd mid aad u liidata habka siyaasad-dejinta lafteeda [8].
Qaabaynta Dib u Habaynta
Dhowr arrimood ayaa laga yaabaa inay gacan ka geystaan โโโโgo'aanka maamulka Obama ee ku aaddan dib-u-habeynta daryeelka caafimaadka horraantii 2009: walaaca qaybaha ganacsiga ee kharashka daryeelka caafimaadka ee sii kordhaya, ceymiska caafimaadka ee ku saabsan xiisadda dhaqaale ee ballaaran, welwelka xooggan ee dadweynaha ee ku saabsan daryeelka caafimaadka, iyo rabitaanka Obama ka soo baxo ballan-qaadkii ololaha ee muhiimka ahaa (oo sidaas darteed loo xoojiyo fursadaha dib-u-doorashada iyo dhaxalka) [9]. Miisaanka saxda ah ee mid kasta oo ka mid ah arrimahan ee go'aanka bilowga ah ee maamulka gabi ahaanba ma cadda.
Habka soo socda ee dib-u-habaynta lagu sameeyay ayaa aad u cad: maamulku wuxuu ku martiqaaday awood-bixiyeyaasha muhiimka ah ee geeddi-socodka siyaasad-dejinta laga bilaabo bilowgii. Erayada agaasimaha isgaarsiinta ee Aqalka Cad Dan Pfeiffer, istaraatiijiyadda Obama waxay ahayd "in la keeno daneeyayaal kasta miiska" [10]. Suxufiga Ryan Lizza ayaa caddeeyey in "daneeyayaasha" ay tixraaceen danaha hanti-wadaaga ee aysan ahayn dadweynaha guud, isagoo xusay, tusaale ahaan, in Obama "u diray hawl-wadeenadiisa siyaasadeed ee ugu adag - sida Rahm Emanuel iyo Jim Messina - si ay u gooyaan heshiisyada warshadaha dawooyinka iyo isbitaallada" [11]
Hal heshiis oo weyn oo ka soo baxay habkan gorgortanka ayaa u ballanqaaday warshadaha caymiska caafimaadka tobanaan milyan oo macaamiil cusub ah, kuwaas oo sharcigu ku qasbi doono inay ka iibsadaan qorshayaasha caymisyada gaarka ah. Beddelka, warshaduhu waxay ogolaadeen inay bixiyaan caymiska bukaanka qaba xaalado hore u jiray [12]. Wada xaajood kale oo weyn, hawl-wadeennada maamulka iyo Senator-ka Dimuqraadiga Max Baucus (Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Maaliyadda ee Senate-ka) ayaa oggolaanshaha ka helay Cilmi-baarista Farmashiyaha iyo Soo-saareyaasha Mareykanka (PhRMA) sharciga la soo jeediyay iyagoo ka tanaasulay awoodda dowladda ee ah inay ka gorgortanto qiimaha daroogada iyo soo dejinta hoose- daawooyinka qiimaha leh [13].
Shayga kama dambaysta ah waxaa guud ahaan loo arkaa "heshiis wanaagsan" by gudaha warshadaha (fikirka madaxweyne ku xigeenka sare ee PhRMA, kaas oo dhab ahaantii iibsaday xayeysiis taageeraya biilka) [14]. Marka laga reebo shanta caymis ee gaarka ah ee ugu waaweyn (Aetna, Cigna, Humana, UnitedHealth, iyo WellPoint), inta badan ciyaartoyda ugu waaweyn warshadaha daryeelka caafimaadka ayaa taageeray dib-u-habaynta ama ugu yaraan si firfircoon ugamay soo horjeedin. Oggolaanshahan ka yimid warshadaha - dib u noqoshada tobanaan sano oo mucaarad xoog leh - waxay ka dhalatay qaabeynta dib u habeynta qaab caan ah oo daryeelka shirkadaha: "duritaanka weyn ee kabka dadweynaha si loo ballaariyo cabbirka guud ee suuqa daryeelka caafimaadka Mareykanka," sida ah Financial Times xusay [15].
Dhinaca daryeelka shirkadda ee biilka waxaa si cad loogu arki karaa gorgortanka lala yeesho Qorshayaasha Caymiska Caafimaadka ee Ameerika (AHIP), ururka u ololeeya caymisyada caafimaadka ee ugu weyn. Inkastoo AHIP aysan waligeed si rasmi ah u ansixin sharciga, waxay ogolaatay qaabka aasaasiga ah mana aysan kicin miisaankeeda sharci ee ka dhanka ah. Qaybta dhexe ee sharciga - xilka shakhsiga ah ee lagu beddelayo "wax shuruudo hore u jiray oo ka reeban" waxay ahayd si sax ah waxa AHIP iyo Heritage Foundation ee garabka midig ay hore u soo jeediyeen, oo laga soo saaray (oggolaanshaha iyaga) Massachusetts ee hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Jamhuuriga. Mitt Romney [16]. Bixintan, oo la socota kabka dawladda ee macaamiisha dakhligoodu yar yahay, waxay xaqiijinaysaa fa'iido badan oo ku biirta warshadaha caymiska caafimaadka, gaar ahaan maadaama macaamiisha aan la siinin "doorasho dadweyne" adag. Si loo beddelo ikhtiyaarka dadweynaha, haddana kaalmo kale oo dawladeed ayaa lagu daray sharciga: abuurista is-weydaarsiga ay dawladdu maalgeliso ee macaamiisha u hagaya caymiska gaarka ah, iyada oo aan caymisyadu bixin kharashka adeegga [17].
Warshadaha caymisku waxay kaloo qaabeeyeen tafaasiil badan oo dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan sharciga. Isticmaalka saamaynta ay ku leeyihiin guddiga maaliyadda ee Senate-ka, caymisyadu waxay si weyn u yareeyeen saamiga kharashka caafimaadka ee looga baahnaa inay daboolaan soo jeedintii hore [18]. Muuqaalka kama dambaysta ah ee Obamacare ee ay ka gorgortameen AHIP waxay ahayd ka tegista tooska ah ee sharciyeynta sicirka dawladda, kaas oo caadi ahaan ka mid ah adeegyada ay dawladdu kabto. Xeerarka qiimaha dabacsan ee sharciga kama dambaysta ah - haynta qiimaha waxay noqon doontaa asal ahaan "mutadawacnimo" - waxay ahayd natiijo kale oo ka timid habka loo keeno " daneeyayaasha [shirkad kasta] miiska" [19].
Iyada oo la iska daayey kharashka dhabta ah, murankii intii lagu jiray nidaamka sharci-dejinta ayaa dhexda u galay cidda bixinaysa kharashka korodhka ah (kuwaas oo inta badan ah faa'iido waxay kordhisaa warshadaha daryeelka caafimaadka). Xaaladdan oo kale ayay ahayd markii hawlwadeennada siyaasadda ee maamulka Obama ay doonayeen inay ka jawaabaan baahida loo shaqeeyayaasha shirkadaha waaweyn ee lagu xakameynayo kharashaadka caymiska caafimaadka. Laba walxood oo sharciga ka mid ah ayaa loo qorsheeyay in lagu wareejiyo kharashaadka loo shaqeeyaha shaqaalahooda. Marka hore, qorshooyinka caymiska aan faa'iido doonka ahayn, ee loo-shaqeeyayaasha badan ee hadda daboolaya 20 milyan oo shaqaale urur ah (badankoodu waa ku meel gaar ama xilliyeed) ayaa loo diidi doonaa helitaanka kabida ay heli karaan loo-shaqeeyayaasha aan ururrada ahayn ee is-weydaarsiga daryeelka caafimaadka cusub; Obamacare wuxuu markaa u abuuraa dhiirigelin loo-shaqeeyayaasha inay ka baxaan qorshayaashan aan faa'iido doonka ahayn oo ay ku qasbaan shaqaalahooda qorshayaal faa'iido doon ah oo ay maamulaan shirkadaha caymiska gaarka ah, kuwaas oo kabitaannada. waa la heli karo. Qorshayaasha aan faa'iido doonka ahayn ee laga yaabo in loo kordhiyo si loo daboolo dadka oo dhan waxaa sidaas u wiiqay Obamacare [20]. Marka labaad, sharcigu wuxuu canshuur gaar ah ka saarayaa qorshayaasha caymiska sare-sare (iyo inta badan tayada sare leh) ee lagu xanto sida qorshooyinka "Cadillac" ee siyaasiyiinta. Laga bilaabo sanadka 2018, cashuurta la kordhiyey waxay siin doontaa loo shaqeeyaha cudurdaar " dhimis [caymiska] ay rabeen inay si kasta u fuliyaan" iyo sidoo kale dhiirigelin xooggan "in lagu daadiyo kharashyo badan shaqaalaha iyadoo la siinayo qiimo hoose, laga jari karo sare" (iyo qorshayaasha wada-bixinta sare, ayay qortay saxafiga shaqada Jenny Brown [21]. Obama ayaa si shaqsi ah u farageliyay si uu u ilaaliyo canshuurtan Janaayo 2010, isaga oo u arkayay beddelka kordhinta canshuurta dadka hodanka ah [22].
Inta lagu jiro qaabaynta sharciga, maamulka Obama iyo hogaamiyayaasha Congress-ka waxay doonayeen inay dhisaan sharci ka jawaabaya baahiyaha muhiimka ah "daneeyaasha", taasoo la micno ah danaha shirkadaha ee ku lug leh ama khuseeya daryeelka caafimaadka. Iyadoo ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo waaweyn oo u dhexeeya caymisyada caafimaadka, dawooyinka, isbitaallada, warshadaha aan caafimaadka ahayn, iyo ciyaartoy kale oo muhiim ah, maamulka Obama wuxuu doonayey inuu ka jawaabo welwelka adag ee mid kasta, isagoo yimid, ugu dambeyntii, sharci u adeegaya danaha guud ee caasimadda. fasalka.
Hirgelinta Halgan Heerka Sare ah
Wejiga fulinta ee siyaasad-dejinta ayaa inta badan muhiim u ah sida marxaladda sharci-dejinta. Doorashooyinka laanta fulinta (iyo xaaladaha qaarkood Congress) ayaa go'aamin doona shaqada gudaha ee sharciga waxayna gacan ka geysan doontaa go'aaminta cidda bixinaysa kharashyada sii kordhaya ee daryeelka caafimaadka. Tan iyo 2010-kii adduunka shirkaduhu waxay awoodeen inay ka faa'iidaystaan โโisku-xidhka dawladda dhexdeeda si ay ugu guuleystaan โโinta badan dagaalladan [23]. Tixgeli, tusaale ahaan, guul-darrida ka ololaynta shaqada habaysan iyo hawl-wadeennada kale ee ka-noqoshada ku-meel-gaadhka ah ee ciqaabta Obamacare, taas oo si weyn uga soo horjeedda mowqifka habboon ee ku wajahan codsiyada madaxda shirkadaha. Tusaalooyinka muhiimka ah ee eexda fasalkan waxaa ka mid ah bixinta dib u dhac hal sano ah loo shaqeeyayaasha waaweyn si ay u caymiyaan dhammaan shaqaalahooda - lacag dhimis qiimihiisu yahay $10 bilyan shirkadaha ay dhibaatadu saameysey - iyo dib u dhac laba sano ah ka hor inta aan dawada sifeynta Sensipar lagu soo celin Medicare. kontaroolada qiimaha, kaas oo ku wareejin doona ilaa $500 milyan giant bayotechnoolajiyada Amgen [24].
Hannaanka hoyga waxa uu muujinayaa muhiimadda ay leedahay marxaladda hirgelinta siyaasad-dejinta oo ah fagaaraha halganka dabaqadda ah ee aan dhammaanayn, iyada oo "daneyaal" awood leh ay inta badan ku guuleystaan โโdagaallada ku aaddan ku-dhaqanka sharciyada uu ansixiyay Congress-ka. Daneeyayaashaasi waxay inta badan ahaayeen madax sare oo shirkadeed, laakiin dadka caadiga ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan daneeyayaal-bar aan hoos ku noqonno.
Hababka Saamaynta Shirkadaha
Tusaalaha dib-u-habaynta daryeelka caafimaadku waxay caqabad ku tahay aragtiyaha ku nuuxnuuxsaday jawaabta dawladda Maraykanku u leedahay muwaadiniinteeda [25] iyo sidoo kale doodaha su'aalo weydiinaya awoodda shirkadaha shirkadaha si ay u wada shaqeeyaan si ay u saameeyaan siyaasadda [26]. Nidaamku wuxuu iftiiminayaa siyaabaha ay jilayaasha shirkadaha xoogga leh u qaabeeyaan siyaasadda gobolka. Saamaynta shirkadu waxay ka timaadaa habab badan, kuwaas oo intooda badan la yaqaan:
- Maalgelinta ololaha: Ciyaartoyda muhiimka ah ee samaynta Obamacare waxay si weyn ugu tiirsanaayeen shirkadaha warshadaha caafimaadka doorashada iyo dib-u-doorashada. Barack Obama wuxuu helay $22.4 milyan sanadkii 2008, waaxda caafimaadkuna waxay ahayd isha saddexaad ee ugu muhiimsan ee deeq-bixiyayaasha shirkadaha (ku-deeqaha warshadaha caafimaadka oo keliya ayaa 32 jeer ka badan oo dhan tabarucaadka ururka shaqaalaha ee Obama). Xubnaha 23 ee Guddiga Maaliyadda ee Guurtida (SFC) waxay heleen ku dhawaad โโ$ 16 milyan 2008 iyo $ 20 milyan ee 2010. Ilaa 2003 Guddoomiyaha Guddiga, Max Baucus, wuxuu helay $ 3.4 milyan, ama 23 boqolkiiba wadarta deeqaha ololaha; Hogaamiyaha laga tirada badan yahay, Jamhuuriga Charles Grassley, wuxuu helay $2 milyan. Mucaaradka xubnaha guddiga ee "doorashada dadweynaha" ee la tartami doonta caymisyada gaarka ah waxay u janjeersadeen inay la xiriiraan deeqaha ka yimaada warshadaha caafimaadka labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay [27]. Qaab dhismeedka habka doorashada ayaa sidaas dammaanad qaaday joogitaanka daacadayaasha warshadaha caafimaadka ee xafiisyada muhiimka ah ee Congress-ka.
- Lobbying: Warshadaha daryeelka caafimaadku waxay ku bixiyaan lacag ka badan kuwa kale, oo ay ku jiraan ku dhawaad โโhal milyan oo doollar maalintii ololaynta iyo tabarucaadka ololaha inta lagu jiro doodda 2009 [28]. Waxyaabo badan oo sharciga ka mid ah waxaa si toos ah u qoray dad u ololeeya.
- Hantida saamiyada siyaasiyiinta: Marka loo eego warbixintii 2009-kii, "Ku dhawaad โโ30 sharci-dajiyayaal muhiim ah" oo ku lug leh diyaarinta sharciga "waxay leeyihiin hanti maaliyadeed oo warshadaha ah, oo ku dhawaad โโโโ$ 11 milyan oo doolar oo maalgashi shakhsi ah." Kadib xubin ka tirsan SFC John Kerry (D-MA) iyo xaaskiisa waxay qabteen "ugu yaraan $ 5.2 milyan shirkadaha sida Merck iyo Eli Lilly" [29]. Danta gaarka ah ee siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha muhiimka ah ayaa sidaas darteed u jiifa ilaalinta iyo kordhinta faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha daryeelka caafimaadka.
- Wareejinta shaqaalaha: SFC, iyo xafiiska Max Baucus gaar ahaan, ayaa tusaale u ah wareejinta shaqaalaha ama "albaabka wareega" ee u dhexeeya dawladda iyo warshadaha (Shaxda 1). Tusaalaha ugu cad-cad waxa uu ahaa Elizabeth Fowler-kaas oo, La-taliyaha Sare ee Guddiga, ahaa xirfad-yaqaanka ugu muhiimsan ee ku lug lahaa dhinaca dawladda. Fowler wuxuu hore u ahaa madaxweyne ku xigeenka WellPoint, mid ka mid ah shirkadaha caymiska caafimaadka gaarka ah ee ugu weyn qaranka. Ka dib markii dib-u-habeyntu ay noqotay sharci, waxaa u magacaabay madaxweyne Obama inay kormeerto dhaqangelintiisa. Xirfadda Fowler - iyo ciyaartoy kale oo badan oo muhiim ah - waxay ku lug lahaayeen dib u socod iyo hor u socod u dhexeeya adeegga dawladda iyo warshadaha daryeelka caafimaadka.
Marka laga soo tago hababkan la yaqaan ee saamaynta shirkadda, waxa kale oo jira hadal-hoosaadyo ku saabsan qaabdhismeed sababta ay dawladu ugu hogaansanto danaha raasamaal. Saamaynta shirkadu uma baahna gumaysi toos ah oo dawladeed ama laaluush qaawan sida wax ku biirinta ololaha; Hanti-wadaaga waxa kale oo ay awood u adeegsadaan iyaga oo ka duulaya in ay gacanta ku hayaan qaab-dhismeedkooda dhaqaalaha uu qaranku ku tiirsan yahay iyo caqabadaha qaab-dhismeed ee ay ku soo rogeen hayโadaha dawladda laftooda, kuwaas oo ay u qaabeeyeen saamayn shirkadeed hore oo siyaabo xaddidaya xorriyadda siyaasiga gaarka ah. Oo ka kooban 18 boqolkiiba GDP qaranka, oo ku xidhan warshado kale oo badan iyada oo loo marayo guddiyada agaasimayaasha iyo xidhiidhada kale ee isku xidhan, shirkadaha warshadaha caafimaadka ayaa qayb weyn ka qaata saldhiga cashuuraha ee ay dawladdu ku tiirsan tahay dakhligeeda. Waxa kale oo ay shaqaalaysiiyaan qaybo badan oo ka mid ah oo ay cashuurta ka qaadaan shaqaalahooda iyaga oo ka wakiil ah dawladda. Dhab ahaantii, markaa, qaranku wuxuu ku tiirsan yahay heerarka faa'iidada iyo jihada dhaqaale ee adduunka shirkadaha. Siyaasiyiintu waa inay raacaan siyaasado dammaanad qaadaya faa'iidada, xitaa marka siyaasadahaasi ay wiiqayaan fayo-qabka guud ee dadweynaha ama guud ahaan dhaqaalaha. Shirkadaha daryeelka caafimaadka ee Maraykanku waxay wataan awood cajiib ah marka laga reebo hababka saamaynta muuqda ee kor lagu sheegay [30].
Dhammaan arrimahan ayaa gacan ka geystay habka is-waafajinta ( danaha shirkadaha) ee maamulka Obama iyo Dimuqraadiyiinta Koongareeska. Siyaasigu waxa uu leeyahay goโaan shaqsi iyo mid guud, inta badana waa danahooda gaarka ah iyo ballan-qaadkooda waxa u horseeda in ay danahooda hanti-wadaag noqdaan. Xataa marka ay shakhsi ahaan ay ka go'an tahay siyaasadaha horusocod ama ka-hortagga shirkadaha, si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaab-dhismeedka siyaasadeed iyo geeddi-socodka ayaa laga yaabaa inay diidaan hindisayaashaas. Lahaanshaha siyaasiyiin kala duwan oo Congress ka ah ama haysashada dagaal badan, madaxweyne horuumar badan oo Aqalka Cad ah ayaa sameyn kara isbeddel, laakiin xitaa Ralph Nader ayaa la kulmi lahaa caqabado badan oo isku mid ah.
Medicare ee Dhammaan: Maxay qaadan doontaa?
Inta ay le'eg tahay ku-xidhnaanta shirkadu ee habka siyaasad-dejinta ayaa saamayn muhiim ah ku leh istiraatijiyadda dhaqdhaqaaqa. Mar haddii siyaasiyiintu aanay ahayn qorayaasha ugu muhiimsan ee siyaasadda, beegsiga siyaasiyiinta waxa laga yaabaa inaanay ahayn habka ugu waxtarka badan ee lagu beddelo siyaasadda dawladda. Waxaan taa beddelkeeda soo jeedinaynaa, marka la eego awoodda siyaasadeed ee shirkadaha, istaraatiijiyadda ugu waxtarka badan ee saameyn ku leh siyaasadda gobolka waa in si toos ah loogu hanjabo shirkadahaas. Samaynta sidaas waxay yareyn kartaa mucaaradkooda dib u habeynta, ama xitaa - haddii khatartu ku filan tahay - waxay ku qasbi karaan inay taageeraan [31].
Natiijooyinka xun ee dib-u-habaynta daryeelka caafimaadku waxay muujinayaan in dhammaan geeddi-socodka sharci-dejinta iyo hirgelinta uu u baahan yahay dib-u-habayn kacaan ah. Laakin maqnaanshaha isbeddelka qaabdhismeedkan oo kale, qaybo badan oo ka mid ah hoggaanka shirkadu waa inay yimaadaan fikradda lacag-bixiye keliya ka hor intaysan dhicin. Xaaladda hadda jirta ee Maraykanka, dib-u-habayn kasta oo horumarsan oo u taagan inay si xun u saamayso daneeyayaasha ganacsiga muhiimka ah way guul-darraysaa ilaa ay u doodayaashu heli karaan hab ay ku qasbaan taageerada dib-u-habaynta qaybaha waaweyn ee sarsare ee shirkadaha, ha noqoto warshadaha ay saamaysay ama meelo kale. Aragtidayada, tamarta dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa sidaas ugu wanaagsan lagu kharash gareeyaa bartilmaameedka maaha siyaasiyiinta, laakiin waa kuwa awoodda dhabta ah ee geeddi-socodka siyaasadda: madaxda shirkadaha, ama - si ballaaran - dabaqa hanti-wadaaga. Hadafka dhaqdhaqaaqa hal-bixiye waa inuu noqdaa inuu kordhiyo cadaadiska dhaqaale ee shirkadaha ilaa heer ay u tagaan siyaasiyiinta iyo baahida kali bixiye.
Jidkan aan tooska ahayn ee isbeddelka siyaasadda dawladda ayaa lama huraan u ahaa qaar ka mid ah halgannada isbeddelka ee ugu muhiimsan taariikhda Mareykanka. Sharciga Wagner ee 1935 ee dammaanad qaadaya shaqaalaha gaarka loo leeyahay xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay midoobaan ayaa la hirgeliyay oo kaliya ka dib markii ay kacdoonka shaqaaluhu u hanjabeen loo-shaqeeyayaasha ilaa heer ay u aqbaleen matalaadda ururka sida "xun yar" marka loo eego carqaladaynta goobta shaqada. Sidoo kale, waxyeelada dhaqaale ee ay u gaysteen dadka madowga ah ee u dhaqdhaqaaqa ganacsiyada kala soocida ahi waxa ay ahayd mid lagu doodi karo in ay shardi u ahayd dhaqangelinta iyo hirgelinta dib-u-habaynta xuquuqda madaniga ah 1960kii. Labada xaaladoodba, dhaqdhaqaaqayaashu waxay beddeleen siyaasadda gobolka oo aan si aad ah u beegsanayn siyaasiyiinta, laakiin waxay beegsanayaan awood-bixiyeyaasha dhaqaalaha, kuwaas oo si aan raali ahayn u aqbalay isbeddelka ay rabaan dhaqdhaqaaqayaashu inay yihiin doorasho yar oo xun, ka dibna waxay ku amreen wakiiladooda siyaasadeed inay sidaas oo kale sameeyaan [32].
Marka la eego daryeelka caafimaadka ma hayno istiraatiijiyad sixir-xasaasiyad ah oo aan bixinno, laakiin waxaan soo jeedineynaa in dhaqdhaqaaqa hal-bixiyeha uu diiradda saaro dhisidda isbaheysiga bulshada-shaqaale taas oo ku qasbi karta shirkadaha inay nuugaan kharashyo badan oo daryeelka caafimaadka ah. Haddii lagu qasbo inay qaataan kharashyadan, loo-shaqeeyayaasha ka baxsan warshadaha daryeelka caafimaadka waxay go'aansan karaan inay adeegsadaan saameyntooda siyaasadeed iyagoo ka wakiil ah lacag-bixiye keliya. Waxaa jira dhowr sababood oo ah sababta maamulayaasha aan caafimaadka ahayn ee warshadaha aysan horey u aqbalin hal-bixiye: xiriirkooda warshadaha daryeelka caafimaadka, rabitaanka ah inay sii wadaan gorgortan xoog leh oo ku saabsan shaqaalahooda, rabitaanka ka faa'iidaysiga shaqo la'aanta. , lagana yaabo mararka qaarkood jaahilnimo ama aragti la'aan. Laakiin mararka qaarkood loo-shaqeeyayaasha-haddii kharashkooda daryeelka caafimaadku sii socdo kor u kaca-waxay go'aansan karaan in faa'iidooyinka bixiyaha kali ahi ay ka miisaan badan yihiin kharashka. Loo-shaqeeyayaashu maanta waxay aad uga walaacsan yihiin qiimaha daryeelka caafimaadka, taasoo la micno ah in dhaqdhaqaaq adag oo ku qasbaya inay qaadaan kharashaadkaas in ka badan ay gacan ka geysan karto in ay qiimeeyaan miisaankooda faa'iidada kharashka ee xulashada hal-bixiye [33]. Shaqaalaha gudaha warshadaha daryeelka caafimaadka-kuwaaso weli leh heerar sare oo urur-ururineed-waxay sidoo kale ciyaari karaan door muhiim ah. Markay u beddelaan kharashyo badan loo-shaqeeyayaashooda (cisbitaallada, rugaha caafimaadka, guryaha dadka lagu xanaaneeyo, iwm.), waxa laga yaabaa inay awood u yeeshaan inay qaybahan warshadaha ka soo horjeedaan caymisyada caafimaadka.
Taariikh ahaan waxaa jira xiriir togan oo xoog leh oo u dhexeeya xoogga shaqada ee waddan la siiyay iyo waddankaas aasaaska caymiska caafimaadka qaranka iyo tallaabooyinka kale ee daryeelka bulshada [34]. In kasta oo ay ka daciifsan yihiin inta badan waddamada warshadaha leh, ururrada shaqaalaha ee Maraykanku waxay ahaayeen xoog weyn oo horumariya danaha dhammaan shaqaalaha, ma aha oo keliya xubnahooda. Mararka qaarkood waxay caawiyaan fasalka ballaadhan ee shaqada xitaa iyagoon isku dayin, iyagoo kordhinaya mushaharka iyo faa'iidooyinka dhaqaalaha oo dhan waxayna ku dhiirigeliyaan loo-shaqeeyayaasha inay qaataan barnaamijyada bulshada ee dawladda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu waxtarka badan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, markii ay si ula kac ah ugu dagaalameen magaca guud ee shaqada iyo dadyowga kale ee dulman [35].
Boqolaal ka mid ah dadka deegaanka ee ururka Maraykanka, laba iyo labaatan caalami ah, iyo xataa AFL-CIO ayaa taageeray hal bixiye. Si kastaba ha noqotee, heerka ka go'naanta sababta ayaa si weyn ugu kala duwan dhexdooda, qaar badan oo ka mid ah ururadaas ayaa sidoo kale ahaa dhiirrigeliyeyaal xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan sharciga Obamacare [36]. Kala-soocidaani waxay ka tarjumaysaa aragti la'aanta, oo ay sii xoojisay shaki la'aan ururo badan oo la qabsaday qorshahooda caafimaad ee ku salaysan loo-shaqeeyaha. Waxa kale oo ay ka tarjumaysaa ku xidhnaanshiyaha joogtada ah ee ururrada shaqaalaha ee istaraatijiyad dhisidda xidhiidhada siyaasiyiinta Dimuqraadiga iyo ka fogaanshaha iska hor imaadka loo shaqeeyayaasha. Laakiin ururadu way isbeddeli karaan, labadaba dib-u-nooleynta gudaha iyo saamaynta caafimaadka leh ee dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee ballaaran [37]. Ururada aan midawga ahayn, ee bulshada ku dhisani waxa ay door muhiim ah ka ciyaari karaan halgankan iyaga oo abaabulaya shaqaale aan midayn oo ay sheegaan ajande geesinimo leh, horumar leh oo ururrada u jiidaya bidixda. Kooxaha aasaasiga ah ee firfircoon sida Xarunta Shaqaalaha ee Vermont iyo Daryeelka Caafimaadka-HADA! Waxay hormuud ka ahaayeen arrintan, gaar ahaan Vermont laakiin gobollo kale oo badan sidoo kale.
Marka lagu daro kordhinta cadaadiska maaliyadeed ee loo-shaqeeyayaasha, dhaqdhaqaaqa dib-u-soo-nooleynta shaqadu wuxuu isku mar kaa caawin karaa in la abaabulo dadweynaha ballaaran ee ku saabsan ajendaha hal-bixinta. Ururada ay ka midka yihiin Kalkaaliyeyaasha Qaranka ee United iyo ururada xirfadlayaasha ah sida Dhakhaatiirta loogu talagalay Barnaamijka Caafimaadka Qaranka ayaa safka hore kaga jiray dhaq-dhaqaaqa hal-bixinta, iyagoo gacan ka geysanaya in la baro ururka shaqaalaha iyo shaqaalaha aan ururrada ahayn si isku mid ah faa'iidooyinka bixiyaha kelida ah. Horusocod horusocod ah oo ka-horjeeda sheeko-wadaaga iyo wadajirka bulshada-shaqaale labaduba waa muhiim, waayo bartilmaameedyada sare ee kacdoonku waxay si lama-huraan ah uga jawaabi doonaan cadaadiska dhaqaale ee kordhay iyagoo eedaynaya shaqaalaha iyo dadka saboolka ah oo doonaya inay iska horkeenaan kuwa aan midow ahayn iyo kuwa midowga.
Xeeladda guusha leh ee kiiskan waxay ku xiran tahay dhisidda awoodda asaasiga ah iyadoo laga faa'iideysanayo dayacanka iyo qaybaha gudaha ee madaxda shirkadaha. Dhaqdhaqaaq iska hor imaad ah oo loo qaabeeyey isbahaysiga shaqada iyo bulshada oo ku jihaysan baahiyaha dhammaan fasalka shaqada (qaran ahaan iyo caalami ahaanba) wuxuu si weyn u dardargelin karaa soo jeedinta miisaanka faa'iidada faa'iidada hoggaamiyeyaasha shirkadaha iyo, kordhinta, guusha nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka ilbaxnimada.
Kevin Young wuxuu dhawaan dhammaystay Ph.D. taariikhda ee Jaamacadda Stony Brook. Waxa uu ka shaqeeyay qabanqaabiye siyaasadeed dhinacyo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqada iyo hal-bixinta.
Michael Schwartz waa borofisar cilmiga bulshada ka dhiga Jaamacadda Stony Brook. Waxbarashadiisa waxay diiradda saartaa dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada, hababka siyaasadda iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaalaha. Buuggiisii โโugu dambeeyay, Dagaal La'aan, wuxuu falanqeeyay saameynta 10-kii sano ee qabsashadii Mareykanka ee Ciraaq ku yeelatay hannaanka siyaasadeed, dhaqaale, iyo bulsho ee bulshada Ciraaq, iyo isbeddellada isbeddelka ee iska caabinta asaliga ah.
Fadlan toos warqadaha [emailka waa la ilaaliyay].
Notes:
[1] Andrew P. Wilper, Steffie Woolhandler, Karen E. Lasser, Danny McCormick, David H. Bohr, iyo David U. Himmelstein, "Caymiska Caafimaadka iyo Dhimashada ee Dadka Waaweyn ee Maraykanka," Somali Journal of Public Health 99, maya. 12 (2009): 2289-95. Kharashka eeg Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Dhaqaalaha iyo Siyaasadda Xisaabiyaha Miisaaniyadda Miisaaniyadda ee Xarunta http://www.cepr.net/calculators/hc/hc-calculator.html.
[2] Steffie Woolhandler, iyo al., "Qiimaha Maamulka Daryeelka Caafimaadka ee Maraykanka iyo Kanada," New England Journal of Medicine 349, maya. 8 (2003): 768-75.
[3] Siyaasadda gobolka waxaa sidoo kale saameyn ku leh macquulnimada kale ee xukunka (cunsuriyadda, heterosexism, iwm.), sida taariikhda siyaasadda bulshada ee Maraykanku si cad u caddeeyo. Diiradayada halkan waxay ku saabsan tahay saamaynta fasalka hanti-wadaaga, laakiin falanqaynta buuxda ee Obamacare waa inay qiimeeyaan siyaabaha ay kuwan kale, caqli-galyada isku dhafan ay sidoo kale gacan ka geystaan โโgo'aaminta siyaasadda iyo saameynta dadweynaha. Muhiimadda taariikhiga ah ee jinsiga iyo jinsiga ee qaabaynta siyaasadda caafimaadka Maraykanka iyo doodaha arag Colin Gordon, Dhintay Imaanshaha: Siyaasadda Daryeelka Caafimaadka ee Ameerika-qarnigii labaatanaad (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), esp. 78-82, 153-57, 172-209.
[4] CBS News, "Madaxweynaha, Daryeelka Caafimaadka iyo Argagaxisada," Janaayo 11, 2010, oo laga heli karo at http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/poll_obama_011110.pdf?tag=contentMain;contentBody.
[5] Eeg http://www.wpasinglepayer.org/PollResults.html; Benjamin I. Page iyo Lawrence R. Jacobs, Dagaalka Heerka? Waxa ay dhab ahaantii Ameerikaanku ka aaminsan yihiin sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaalaha (Chicago: Jaamacadda Chicago Press, 2009), 65-67, 83.
[6] WorldPublicOpinion.org, "Obama, McCain Tageerayaasha Waxay Ku Heshiiyeen Dawlada Mas'uuliyadda Xaqiijinta Baahiyaha Caafimaadka, Cuntada, iyo Waxbarashada," Oktoobar 13, 2008, oo laga heli karo at http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/brunitedstatescanadara/553.php?lb=brusc&pnt=553&nid=&id=.
[7] Mid ka mid ah saxafiga ayaa si aan macquul ahayn u sheegaa in "waajibka ka saaran kuwa aan caymiska lahayn iyo kuwa aan caymiska lahayn aysan si fiican u codeynin" - laakiin "waxay ku miisaantay Obama" (Jonathan Alter, Ballanqaadka: Madaxweyne Obama, Sannadka Koowaad [New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010], 247). Sidoo kale eeg Paul Starr, Daawaynta iyo Falcelinta: Halganka Maraykanka ee Gaarka ah ee Dib-u-habaynta Daryeelka Caafimaadka (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 1-24, 177, 180-81, 220.
[8] Codbixintu waxay ahayd mid muhiim ah inta badan waxay ka caawiyeen siyaasiyiinta inay ka iibiyaan siyaasadahooda ay doorteen deegaanadooda. Joel Benenson, oo ah madaxa codbixiyaha Obama ayaa wax badan ka sheegay faallooyinka 2009 ee doodda daryeelka caafimaadka, isagoo leh "Inta badan oo aan ka ogaanno [qiyamka] hoose iyo dabeecadaha" dadweynaha, "inbadan oo aan hagaajin karno fariinta" gudaha Michael D. Shear, "Codbixintu waxay caawisaa fariinta qaabaynta Obama ee doodda daryeelka caafimaadka," Washington Post, Luuliyo 31, 2009: A10). Sidoo kale eeg Lawrence R. Jacobs iyo Robert Y. Shapiro, Siyaasiyiintu Ma Fiiriyaan: Wax-is-daba-marin Siyaasadeed iyo Luminta Jawaab-celinta Dimuqraadiyadda (Chicago: Jaamacadda Chicago Press, 2000).
[9] Obama ayaa la sheegay inuu ka horyimid la-taliyayaasha qaar ka mid ah raadinta dib u habeynta daryeelka caafimaadka horaantii maamulkiisa (Starr, Daawaynta iyo Falcelinta, 196-201).
[10] Waxaa lagu soo xigtay Peter Baker, "Obama Pushed by Drug Lobby, E-mails Soo jeedin," New York Times, Juun 9, 2012: A1.
[11] "Sida dunidu u gubato," New Yorker The (Oktoobar 11, 2010): 76. Sidoo kale eeg Starr, Daawaynta iyo Falcelinta, 174-238.
[12] Sida aan hoos ku xusno, bixintan dambe, mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha wanaagsan ee Obamacare, laguma qasbin caymisyada; iyaga laftooda ayaa soo jeediyay. Haddii ayan ku heshiin inay qaabilaan bukaanada qaba xaalado hore u jiray, sharcigu waa inuu ku daraa "doorasho dadweyne" si loo dammaanad qaado in bukaannada noocaas ahi ay heli karaan caymis caafimaad, sidaas darteed abuurista tartan dadweyne taasoo siin doonta ugu yaraan macaamiisha qaar aan- ikhtiyaarka caymiska gaarka ah. Haddii ikhtiyaarka dadweynaha uu noqon lahaa beddel macno leh oo la tartamaya shirkadaha gaarka loo leeyahay waxay qayb ahaan ku xirnaan lahayd faahfaahinta naqshadeeda; Waxaa hubaal ah inay suurtogal tahay inay u adeegi lahayd sidii meel loogu talagalay caymisyada gaarka ah si ay u daadiyaan macaamiisha jiran, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid qaali ah oo aan la sii wadi karin (gaar ahaan haddii horeba caymisku aan la siinin doorashada dadweynaha, sida ay u muuqato). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa lama huraan ah inay ka hoosayn lahayd nidaamka lacag-bixiyeyaasha ah. Fiiri Dhakhaatiirta Barnaamijka Caafimaadka Qaranka, "'Doorashada Qorshaha Dadweynaha'; Khuraafaadka iyo Xaqiiqooyinka,โ ayaa laga heli karaa http://www.pnhp.org/change/Public_Option_Myths_and_Facts.pdf.
[13] Edward Luce, "Gloves Off in Health Reform Battle," Financial Times, Oktoobar 13, 2009: 7; Xiddig, Daawaynta iyo Falcelinta, 14, 187, 204-05, 218-19.
[14] Waxaa lagu soo xigtay Baker, "Obama Pushed by Drug Lobby." Sidoo kale eeg "Bayaanka PhRMA ee Dib-u-habaynta Daryeelka Caafimaadka," Maarso 25, 2010, oo laga heli karo at http://www.phrma.org/media/releases/phrma-statement-health-care-reform-1.
[15] Luce, "Gloves Off in Health Reform Battle." Si aad u hesho xisaab taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan doorka warshadaha daryeelka caafimaadka ee xannibista caymiska caafimaadka qaranka eeg Gordon, Dhimasho ku timid.
[16] AHIP Board of Directors, Hadda waa Wakhtiga Dib-u-habaynta Daryeelka Caafimaadka: Soo jeedin lagu Gaarayo Daboolista Caalamiga ah, La awoodi karo, Horumarinta Tayada iyo Dib-u-habaynta Suuqa (Diseembar 2008), 6, laga heli karo at http://www.ahip.org/nowisthetime-hcr.
[17] Iswaydaarsigu wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa muuqaal soo jeedintii hore ee Jamhuuriga, asal ahaan waxaa loo raray inay tahay beddelka saaxiibtinimo ee ganacsiga ee hal-bixiye "Medicare for All." Eeg Starr, Daawaynta iyo Falcelinta, 202-03.
[18] Chad Terhune iyo Keith Epstein, "Waa maxay sababta caymisyada caafimaadku u guulaysanayaan," Ganacsiga (August 17, 2009): 39.
[19] Robert Pear, "Warshadaha Daryeelka Caafimaadka Waxaa La Sheegay Inay Balanqaadaan Inay Si Mutadawac Ah U Hayaan Kharashaadka," New York Times, May 11, 2009: A12; Baker, "Obama waxaa riixay Lobby Drug." Qaadashada soo jeedintan AHIP ee u dambaysay waxay dammaanad qaadaysay korodhka qiimaha joogtada ah ee qaybta daryeelka caafimaadka oo aad uga sarreeya heerka sicir-bararka guud, taasoo ka tarjumaysa ka tagista yoolkii xakamaynta kharashka taas oo loo malaynayo inay ahayd dhiirigelin weyn oo ka dambaysay dib-u-habaynta. Waxa kale oo ay calaamadisay ku biiritaanka dheeraadka ah ee warshadaha caymiska ee maamulka iyo qalabka nidaaminta daryeelka caafimaadka Maraykanka. Dhab ahaantii, shirkadaha caymiska waa Xeer-ilaaliyeyaashu, waayo waxay sii haysanayaan awoodda ay kula gorgortami karaan bixiyeyaasha daryeelka iyo, in kasta oo ay jiraan caqabado yaryar oo cusub, awoodda go'aaminta qiimaha.
[20] Max Fraser, "Weerarka Daryeelka La Awoodi Karo," Golaha Shaqaalaha cusub 23, maya. 1 (2014): 96-98; James McGee, "Qorshayaasha Caafimaadka Ururka waxay ku dhibtoon doonaan Obamacare," Qoraalada Shaqada (Maarso 2013): 14-15.
[21] Jenny Brown, "Obamacare wuxuu u furay ganacsi, wuu xidhay shaqada," Qoraalada Shaqada (Ogosto 2013): 3-4; Reed Abelson, "Qorshayaasha Caafimaadka-Dhammaadka Sare Miisaanka Dib ugu noqoshada Si looga fogaado 'Canshuurta Cadillac,'" New York Times, May 28, 2013: B1.
[22] David M. Herszenhorn, "Obama waxa uu ku booriyay cashuur dhaaf Caymiska Qiimaha Sare," New York Times, Janaayo 7, 2010: A21; Xiddig, Daawaynta iyo Falcelinta, 223.
[23] Qaab la mid ah ayaa tilmaamaya hirgelinta dib-u-habaynta maaliyadeed ee Dodd-Frank ilaa hadda; eeg Robert Pollin, "La Dagaalanka Sharciga Wall Street: Yaa Yiri Way Fudud Tahay?" Golaha Shaqaalaha cusub 22, maya. 2 (2013): 88-91.
[24] Brown, "Obamacare wuxuu u furay ganacsi," 1; Eric Lipton iyo Kevin Sack, "Fiscal Footnote: Gift Big Senate ee Sameeyaha Daroogada," New York Times, Janaayo 20, 2013: A1.
[25] Tusaale ahaan Clem Brooks iyo Jeff Manza, "Ka jawaabista Siyaasadda Bulshada ee Dimuqraadiyada Horumaray," Dib-u-eegista Dakhliga Maraykanka 71, maya. 3 (2006): 474-94.
[26] Tusaale ahaan, Fred Block, "Fasalka Xukunku Ma xukumo: Qoraalada Aragtida Marxist ee Gobolka," Kacaanka Hantiwadaaga 33 (May-June 1977): 6-28; Mark S. Mizruchi, Jajabka Shirkadda American Elite (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013). Mizruchi waxa ay aqoonsan tahay awoodda wadajirka ah ee weyn fashilin dib-u-habayn, inkastoo, liddi ku ah horumarinta tooda.
[27] Xarunta Siyaasadda Waxqabadka, http://www.opensecrets.org; Daniel Ward, "Lacagta Taboo ee Daboolida Dib u Habaynta Caafimaadka," Dheeraad ah! (Noofambar 2009): 7-8.
[28] Ward, "The Money Taboo," 7.
[29] Paul Kane, "Xildhibaannada ayaa shaaca ka qaaday maalgashiga daryeelka-caafimaadka: Ciyaartoyda muhiimka ah ayaa saami ku leh warshadaha," Washington Post, Juun 13, 2009: A1.
[30] Block, "Fasalka Xukunka Ma Taliyo"; Michael Schwartz, ed., Qaab-dhismeedka Awoodda Ameerika: Kooxda Sare ee Shirkadaha sida Fasalka Xukunka (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1987).
[31] Waxaan ku horumarineynaa dooddan aragtiyeed ee Kevin Young iyo Michael Schwartz, "Mechanism A dayacan ee Dhaqdhaqaaqa Siyaasadeed ee Dhaqdhaqaaqa Bulshada: Doorka Ka-hortagga Ganacsiga iyo Ka-hortagga Hay'adaha ee Beddelka Siyaasadda Dowladda," Dhaqdhaqaaqa (soo socda, 2014).
[32] Si aad u hesho falanqayn faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan labadan tusaale fiiri Young iyo Schwartz, "Mechanism A dayacan."
[33] Istaraatiijiyadeena ayaa la isku dayay ka hor, gaar ahaan dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka ka dib markii United Auto Workers (UAW) ay riixday daryeelka caafimaadka ku salaysan loo-shaqeeyaha, iyagoo u maleynaya in warshadaha baabuurta ay ka jawaabi doonaan kharashyada kor u kaca iyagoo riixaya hal-bixiye. Istaraatiijiyadu markaas way fashilantay, iyo ballan qaadkii ururka ee ahaa bixiyaha kali ah iyo tallaabooyinka kale ee daryeelka qaranka ka dib "wuxuu bilaabay inuu calansado" (Nelson Lichtenstein, Ninka ugu Khatarsan Detroit: Walter Reuther iyo Masiirka Shaqaalaha Mareykanka [New York: Buugaagta Aasaasiga ah, 1995], 297). Laakiin waagii sare u kaca kharashaadka daryeelka caafimaadka iyo kororka tartanka caalamiga ah wali ma bilaaban, taasoo la macno ah in shirkaduhu ay si fudud ugu gudbin karaan kharashaadka macaamiisha. Xisaabinta shirkadu way ka duwanaan doontaa maanta.
[34] Vicente Navarro, Siyaasadda Siyaasadda Caafimaadka: Dib-u-habaynta Maraykanka, 1980-1994 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 135-93.
[35] Ururada garabka bidix waxay u janjeersadeen inay ku guuleystaan โโqandaraasyada ugu fiican iyagoo sidoo kale ah kuwa ugu wada-jirsan oo dimuqraadi ah. Eeg Judith Stepan-Norris iyo Maurice Zeitlin, Laga Tagay: Reds iyo American's Industrial Unions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
[36] Taageerayaashu eeg boggaga internetka Ololaha Shaqada ee Bixiyaha Keliya (XNUMX)http://www.laborforsinglepayer.org/) iyo Ururada Daryeelka Caafimaadka Keliya Bixiyahahttp://unionsforsinglepayer.org/). Alan Derickson waxa uu xusay in xilligii dagaalka ka dib taageerada midowga Mareykanka ee bixiye keliya ay si cadaalad ah u fiday balse inta badan aad u qoto dheer; 1950kii inta badan ururada shaqaalaha "waxay bixiyeen caymiska caafimaadka qaranka oo kaliya adeega afka" Journal of American Taariikhda 80, maya. 4 [1994]: 1351).
[37] Kim Voss iyo Rachel Sherman, "Jabinta Sharciga Birta ee Oligarchy: Dib u soo nooleynta Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Shaqaalaha Mareykanka," Somali Journal of Sociology 106, maya. 2 (2000): 303-49; Larry Isaac iyo Lars Christiansen, "Sida Dhaqdhaqaaqa Xuquuqda Madaniga ah u soo nooleeyay Maleeshiyada Shaqaalaha," Dib-u-eegista Dakhliga Maraykanka 67, maya. 5 (2002): 722-46.
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