Dhawaan Laatiin Ameerika "dagaalladii wasakhda ahaa" ee 1960-meeyadii-80-meeyadii ayaa dib u soo noolaaday doodaha warbaahinta caadiga ah. Hal sabab ayaa ah tijaabooyinka ka dhacay Argentina, Chile, Guatemala, Haiti, Peru, iyo Uruguay ee ka dhanka ah qaar ka mid ah dambiilayaasha ugu foosha xumaa ee qarnigii labaatanaad, kuwaas oo si wada jir ah mas'uul uga ah dilka boqolaal kun oo mucaarad siyaasadeed ah iyo taageerayaashooda la tuhunsan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah eedaysanayaasha ugu caansan waa kaligii taliyihii Guatemala General Efraín Ríos Montt (1982-83), kaligii taliye Haitian Jean-Claude Duvalier (1971-86), iyo saraakiil kala duwan oo ka tirsan kalitaliskii militariga Argentina (1976-83). Daraasiin ka mid ah saraakiishii hore ee militariga Argentine ayaa la xukumay tan iyo 2008, halka dacwadaha ka dhanka ah Ríos Montt iyo saraakiisha kale ee Guatemala iyo Haiti's Duvalier la isku dayay tan iyo 2011.
In kasta oo ay u hibeeyeen daboolitaan la taaban karo dhacdooyinkan, xarumaha wararka ee Maraykanku waxay inta badan iska indhotireen doorka dawladda Maraykanku ku taageerto maamullada garabka midig ee dilaaga ah iyada oo loo marayo gargaar milatari iyo taageero diblomaasiyadeed. Habkani waxa kale oo uu khuseeyaa baahinta wararka ee "dagaalada wasakhaysan" ee uu Maraykanku taageerayo Honduras iyo meelo kale. [1].
Mareykanka iyo Dagaalada Wasaqda ah: Aragtida Amnesiac
Diiwaanka dukumentiga ahi shaki kuma jiro taageerada Maraykanka ee argagixisada dawladda ee dagaalladii wasakhda ahaa ee Latin America. Inkasta oo taariikhyahanadu ay ka doodaan in taageerada Maraykanku ay tahay go'aamiye gaar ahaan, dhammaan aqoonyahannada halista ah waxay isku raaceen in Washington ay ciyaartay ugu yaraan door karti-siineed oo muhiim ah [2]. Argentina, Guatemala, iyo Haiti waa tusaale wanaagsan.
Nidaamka militariga ee Argentina wuxuu dilay, jirdilay, oo kufsaday tobanaan kun oo qof, oo u badan kuwa bidixda, kuwaas oo dhaleeceeyay siyaasadda dowladda. Intii lagu guda jiray cadaadiska, dawladda Maraykanku waxay siisay milatariga in ka badan 35 milyan oo doolar oo gargaar milatari ah waxayna ka iibisay $43 milyan oo kale oo sahay ciidan ah. [3]. Waxay si fiican uga warhaysay argagaxisada dawladda ee ay taageerayso. Saddex bilood ka dib afgambigii 1976, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Henry Kissinger si gaar ah ayaa sheegay Wasiirka Arimaha Dibada ee Argentine César Guzzetti in "waxaan si dhow ula soconay dhacdooyinka Argentina" iyo "waxaan u rajeyneynaa dowladda cusub si wanaagsan. Waxaan rajaynaynaa inay guulaysato...Haddii ay jiraan waxyaabo ay tahay in la qabto, waa inaad si degdeg ah u qabataa. [4].
Guatemala, ugu yaraan 200,000 oo qof (iyo laga yaabee in ka badan) waxaa gawracay maamuladii militariga ee Maraykanku taageeray ee daba socday afgambigii CIA-du soo qabanqaabisay ee 1954 ka dhanka ahaa madaxweynihii la doortay ee Jacobo Arbenz. Heerka sare ee rabshadaha dawladu waxay ahayd ololihii "dhul gubtay" xasuuqii horraantii 1980-meeyadii, oo ay fuliyeen — inta badan hubka Mareykanka - waxaa qoray General Ríos Montt iyo kii ka horreeyay Romeo Lucas García. Ololahan ayaa si gaar ah loogu bartilmaameedsaday Mayan-ga asaliga ah, kuwaas oo loo arkayay inay la dhacsan yihiin jabhadda bidix ee dalka. Bishii Disembar 1982, inkasta oo maamulkiisu uu si gaar ah u aqoonsaday millatariga "dilka ballaaran ee ragga, haweenka, iyo carruurta Hindida," Reagan wuxuu booqday Guatemala wuxuuna si cad u sheegay in Ríos Montt uu helay "kuf xun" oo uu "gebi ahaanba u heellan yahay dimuqraadiyadda. .” Maalintii xigtay ciidamada Guatemala waxay bilaabeen halkoodii ugu xumaa xasuuq Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, oo lagu dilay ku dhawaad 200 oo rag, dumar, iyo carruur ah tuulada Laas Dos Erres. Kaalmada milatari ee Maraykanku way sii socotay intaa ka dib, in kasta oo inta badan ay si qarsoodi ah u ahayd [5]. Ríos Montt qudhiisa ayaa markii dambe xusay muhiimadda ay leedahay taageerada militariga Mareykanka iyo diblomaasiyadda, sheegidda saxafi ah "waa in la isku dayo oo kaliya haddii Mareykanka," oo uu ku jiro Ronald Reagan, "la isku dayo sidoo kale." (Maajo 10keedii Ríos Montt waxaa lagu xukumay xasuuq iyo dambiyo ka dhan ah aadanaha, laakiin xukunku wuxuu ahaa la buriyey Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah ee dalka ka dib olole xoog leh oo ay sameeyeen ganacsatada Guatemala iyo saraakiisha millatariga. Bishii Abriil sarkaal hore oo ka tirsan ciidamada iyo madaxweynaha hadda ee Guatemala Otto Pérez Molina ayaa lahaa wuxuu isku dayay inuu joojiyo dacwada, isagoo ka baqaya in marqaatiyadu ay ku lug yeeshaan xasuuqii shacabka; mid baa hore u yeelay [6].)
U leexashada Kariibiyaanka, Haiti's Jean-Claude Duvalier maaha mid caan ka ah naxariistiisa. Isaga iyo aabihiis François waxay dileen oo jirdileen tobanaan kun oo Haiti ah. Hase yeeshee muddo soddon sano ah ayaa boqortooyadii Duvalier waxay ku naaloonaysay taageerada xooggan ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan tababbarka milatariga iyo iibinta malaayiin doolar oo hub ah iyo diyaaradaha milatariga. Kali-talisnimadu waxay ahayd "saaxiib la isku halleyn karo, oo wanaagsan oo Mareykanka ah." sida ay sheegtay safaaradda Maraykanku rasmiga ah in 1973 [7]. Taageerada Mareykanka waxaa kaliya lagala noqday markii kacdoon dadweyne uu qarka u saarnaa in xilka laga tuuro Jean-Claude 1986kii.
Argentina, Guatemala, iyo Haiti waa seddex tusaale oo kaliya ee taageerada Mareykanka ee cadaadiska. Saynis yahanka siyaasadda Lars Schoultz ayaa cabbiray xidhiidhka xisaabeed ee u dhexeeya gargaarka Maraykanka iyo cabudhinta dawladaha Latin America ee sannadihii 1975-77, isaga oo helay qaab cad: "Xiriirka ka dhexeeya heerka saxda ah ee kaalmada Maraykanka ee Latin America iyo xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee dawladaha qaataha " waxay ahaayeen "si aan caadi ahayn oo togan, taas oo muujinaysa in gargaarku u janjeero inuu si aan xad lahayn ugu qulqulo dawladaha Latin America kuwaas oo jirdilaya muwaadiniintooda" [8]. Caqligu maaha wax qarsoon: Washington had iyo jeer waxay door bidday oligarchs-ka saaxiibka la ah Maraykanka iyo gacankudhiiglayaasha marka ay la kulmaan hanjabaadaha dimoqraadiyadda la taaban karo, dib-u-qaybinta dhaqaalaha, iyo qarannimada madax-bannaan.
Haddana diiwaanka dokumentiga ah iyo is-afgaradka cilmigu kuma jiraan daboolida saxaafadda Mareykanka. Sida shaxda hoose ku cad, xitaa warbaahinta xorta ah ee hormuudka ka ah qaranka waxay ku dhowdahay waligood inay qirtaan taageerada Maraykanka ee kalitalisyada Argentina, Guatemala, iyo Haiti. Kaliya 13 jeer shantii sano ee la soo dhaafay ayaa wax tilmaamaya taageeradaas ka soo muuqday caymiska New York Times, Washington Post, iyo Raadiyaha Guud ee Qaranka (NPR), inkastoo 222 wadar warar iyo fikrado ah oo lagu sheegay saraakiishii hore ee kalitalisnimada ee dalalkaas. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, warbaahintani waxay qireen taageerada Maraykanka 6 boqolkiiba wakhtiga.
Qaybaha Wararka/Ra'yiga Sheegaya Taageerada Maraykanka ee Kali-talisyada, Sida Qayb ka mid ah Dhammaan Qaybaha Sheega kalitalisyada (Abriil 2008-Abriil 2013) [9]
New York Times | Washington Post | Raadiyaha Dadweynaha Qaranka | WADARTA | |
Argentina | 1/22 (5%) | 0/16 (0%) | 0/3 (0%) | 1/41 (2%) |
Guatemala | 2/23 (9%) | 1/5 (20%) | 2/5 (40%) | 5/33 (15%) |
Haiti | 3/74 (4%) | 1/39 (3%) | 3/35 (9%) | 7/148 (5%) |
WADARTA | 6/119 (5%) | 2/60 (3%) | 5/43 (12%) | 13/222 (6%) |
Dhowaan saxaafadda Mareykanka ayaa si adag u cambaareysay kali-talisyada Argentine, Guatemalan, iyo Haitian, iyaga oo ka deyriyay tusaale ahaan Duvalier's "dhaxalka qallafsan ee waayida, jirdilka iyo dilka" iyo wareysiga dhibbanayaasha jirdilka Argentine iyo carruurta laga soo xaday waalidkood markii ay dhasheen militariga [10]. Dhibaatadu waxay tahay in dembiilayaasha ay si fudud ugu muuqdaan dembiilayaal arxan daran dhulal fog, oo aan wax xidhiidh ah la lahayn Maraykanka.
Daboolida sheegta doorka Maraykanka ayaa inta badan ku rida Maraykanka sidii u doodaha dimuqraadiyadda iyo xuquuqda aadanaha. Mid ka mid ah 2011 Times Warbixin ku saabsan Duvalier ayaa sheegaysa kaliya in Maraykanku uu ka caawiyay diyaarinta "ka bixitaankiisa Haiti" 1986. A 2012 Times Warbixin ku saabsan eedeymaha ka dhanka ah Efraín Ríos Montt ayaa sheegay in "Washington ay dalbatay in Guatemala ay dacwad ku soo oogaan xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka iyadoo shuruud looga dhigay helitaanka gargaarka milatari," isagoo aan waxba ka sheegin taageerada Mareykanka ee la soo dhaafay ninka la maxkamadeynayo ama xaqiiqda ah in madaxweynaha Guatemalan hadda, Xulafada Mareykanka, ayaa sidoo kale ku lug lahaa xasuuqii rayidka ahaa ee dalka ka dhacayay [11].
Dagaaladii Wasaqda ahaa ee Maanta
Sheegitaanka saxafada ee cadaadiska Maraykanku taageerayo hadda waxay raacdaa isbeddel la mid ah laakiin aan isku mid ahayn. Farqiga u dhexeeya ayaa ah in xarumaha wararka ay aad uga yar yihiin argagixsada uu Maraykanku taageero ee hadda jirta marka loo eego sida ay u yihiin argagixisada uu Maraykanku taageero ee laga sii fogeeyay hadda. Marmar dhif ah marka ay u soo bandhigaan nidaamyada hadda jira ee Maraykanku taageero si xun, waxay caadi ahaan raacaan qaabka la yaqaan ee dayac-tirka doorka Washington ee awood-siinta nidaamyadan.
Honduras waa hal tusaale. Tan iyo bishii Juun 2009 afgambigii militariga ee ka dhanka ahaa madaxweyne Manuel Zelaya, dowladihii Roberto Micheletti iyo Porfirio Lobo ayaa hogaaminayay wareeg qarow rabshadaha ka dhanka ah shaqaalaha, beeralayda, dadka LGBT, suxufiyiinta, iyo difaacayaasha xuquuqda aadanaha, ku lug leh boqolaal dil siyaasadeed iyo isla xisaabtan la'aan. [12]. In kasta oo ay dhaleecayntii hore ee afgambiga qalbi-jabku ahayd (kaas oo safiirkii Maraykanka ee xilligaas si gaar ah loo xusay si ay u noqoto "ficil sharci darro ah"), maamulka Obama wuxuu si degdeg ah u muujiyay taageeradiisa joogtada ah ee taliskii Micheletti waxayna gacan ka geysteen sharciyeynta Noofambar 2009 "doorashada" Lobo iyada oo ay jirto cabsigelin ballaaran oo dawladeed iyo cadaadis. [13]. Waxay kordhisay kaalmada milatari ee Honduras tan iyo afgambigii, iyadoo siisay tobanaan milyan oo doolar sannadkii oo gargaar milatari ah iyo qandaraasyo iib ah. [14]. Waxa kale oo ay u muuqataa in ay leedahay been ku saabsan kaalmada ay siiso taliyaha booliiska qaranka Honduras si uu uga gudbo xannibaadaha gargaarka ee ku xad-gudbiyaasha xuquuqda aadanaha [15].
Wargeysyada Mareykanka ayaa inta badan iska indhatiray xaqiiqooyinkan. Waxay leeyihiin marar badan ku tilmaamay in inqilaabku sabab u ahaa daandaansiga Saylac ee la sheegayo. Dhibanayaasha rabshadaha dawladeed waxay heleen qayb yar oo ka mid ah dareenka la siiyay dhibanayaasha dawladda Iran iyo maamullada kale ee Washington ay u aqoonsan tahay cadowgooda. [16].
Marka warbaahinta Maraykanku ay ka warbixiso cadaadiska Honduras, waxay hoos u dhigaan taageerada maamulka Obama. Maraykanka waxa lagu tilmaamaa inuu yahay u doodaha dimoqraadiyada. Daboolashadu waxay inta badan ku nuuxnuuxsataa "muranka u dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha afgambiga" wuxuuna ku sifeeyaa maamulka Obama inuu yahay "hoggaanka taageerada doorashada dimoqraadiga ah" [17]. Laba jeer oo kaliya tan iyo bishii Juun 2009 ayaa dhacay New York Times, Washington Post, iyo NPR waxay xustay doorka Mareykanka ee tababarka General Romeo Vásquez iyo hogaamiyayaasha kale ee afgambiga ee Iskuulka caanka ah ee Ameerika ee Georgia. (Muddada shanta sano ah ee kor lagu soo qaaday, wariyeyaasha, tifaftirayaasha, iyo tifatirayaasha saddexdan xarumood weligood ma sheegin tababbarka Mareykanka ee Efraín Ríos Montt iyo dambiilayaasha kale ee wajahaya maxkamadeynta Argentina iyo Guatemala [18].)
Daboolista Honduras waxay muujineysaa waxa Edward Herman iyo Noam Chomsky ugu yeeraan habka dacaayadda: dambiyada xulafada Mareykanka waa la iska indhatiraa, rabshada iyo silica waxay mudan yihiin in fiiro gaar ah loo yeesho kaliya marka cadawga Mareykanka lagu eedeyn karo (ama marka dambiyadu ay si badbaado leh u ahaan jireen waqti hore iyo diiwaanka taageerada Mareykanka ee iyaga waa la iloobi karaa). Caymiskii u dambeeyay ee Colombia, Mexico, iyo wadamo kale oo badan ayaa raacaya qaabkan [19]. Xataa marka saxaafaddu ay qirato caburinta xulafada Mareykanka, waxay inta badan meesha ka saartaa doorka dowladda Mareykanka ama waxay u soo bandhigtaa xoog dimoqraadiyad iyo xuquuqul insaanka.
Doorka Mareykanka ee adduunka waa inuu ahaadaa diiradda ugu weyn ee muwaadiniinta Mareykanka marka laga hadlayo doodaha arrimaha caalamiga ah, laakiin marar dhif ah ayaa si daacad ah loogu sifeeyaa saxaafadda. [20]. Inta badan dadweynuhu waxay jecel yihiin siyaasad dibadeed oo ku salaysan sharciga caalamiga ah iyo xuquuqul insaanka caalamiga ah laakiin aqoon yar ayay u leeyihiin waxa dawladda iyo shirkadaha Maraykanku ka sameeyaan dibadda. Haddii ay dadweynuhu ogaan lahaayeen, waxa aad ugu adkaan lahayd madaxda Maraykanka iyo xulafadooda inay sii wadaan ku xad-gudbida xuquuqda aadanaha ee dibadda. Warbaahintu guud ahaan waxay si nidaamsan ugu fashilantay inay bixiso macluumaadka aasaasiga ah ee ku saabsan taariikhda iyo xaqiiqooyinka siyaasadeed ee hadda jira, taasoo muujinaysa muhiimada warbaahin kale oo aan ku tiirsanayn shirkadaha ama dawladda.
Notes
[1] Ereyga "dagaal wasakh ah" ayaa inta badan lala xiriiriyaa Argentina, laakiin hababka la midka ah ee argagixisada dawladda ayaa laga shaqeeyay dalal badan.
[2] Eeg tusaale ahaan Michael T. Klare iyo Cynthia Arnson, Bixinta Cadaadiska: Taageerada Maraykanka ee Nidaamyada kali-taliska ah ee dibadda (Machadka Daraasaadka Siyaasadda, 1981); Michael McClintock, Qalabka Dawladnimo: Dagaalka Guerrilla ee Maraykanka, La-dagaalanka Kacdoonka, iyo La-dagaalanka Argagaxisada, 1940-1990 (Pantheon, 1992); Greg Grandin, Aqoon-is-weydaarsiga Boqortooyada: Laatiin Ameerika, Mareykanka, iyo kor u kaca Imperialism-ka cusub (Magaalo, 2006). Wixii hore u soo maray eeg David F. Schmitz, Ilaah baa mahad leh inay garabkeena joogaan: Maraykanka iyo kalitalisyada garabka midig, 1921-1965 (UNC Press, 1999).
[3] In kasta oo Koongarasku qayb ahaan dhimay kaalmada milatari ee qaar ka mid ah dawladaha argagixisada dabayaaqadii 1970-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1980-meeyadii, waxay ku sii socotay waddooyin kala duwan oo dadweyne iyo kuwo qarsoonba. Dhanka Argentina, arag Klare iyo Arnson, Bixinta Cadaadiska, 5; Waaxda Difaaca (DoD), Iibka Milatariga Shisheeye, Iibka Dhismayaasha Milatariga Shisheeye iyo Xaqiiqooyinka Kaalmada Military (DSAA, 1984), 12-13, 42.
[4] Xusuus-qorka Wadahadalka, Juun 6, 1976, bogga 3, 9.
[5] Ilaha maamulka ayaa laga soo xigtay Grandin, Aqoon-is-weydaarsiga Boqortooyada, 109-10; Reagan wuxuu ka soo xigtay Steven R. Weisman, "Reagan wuxuu dhaleeceeyay hanjabaadaha nabadda ee Latin America," New York Times, Diseembar 5, 1982. Gargaarka milatariga/iibka eeg DoD, Iibka Militariga Shisheeye, 14-15; Allan Nairn, "Xiriirka Guatemala," Horumarka (Maajo 1986): 20-22.
[6] Weli waxaa jirta fursad ah in Ríos Montt iyo la-dacwayne Mauricio Rodríguez Sánchez (kaas oo lagu sii daayay maxkamaddii ugu horreysay) ay xabsiga geli karaan, laakiin xukunka maxkamadda sare ayaa dib u dhac weyn ku ahaa kuwa caddaaladda raadinaya. Wixii ku soo kordha tijaabada eeg http://www.riosmontt-trial.org. Ríos Montt wuxuu ku qeexay Allan Nairn, “C.I.A. Kooxda Dhimashada,” Nation The (Abriil 17, 1995): 513. Diiwaanka Pérez Molina iyo cambaarayntiisa dadweynaha ee maxkamadaynta eeg waraysiyada Nairn Democracy Now!, April 19 iyo 13 karaa, 2013, iyo Louisa Reynolds, "Allan Nairn: Markhaatigii eedayn lahaa Maraykanka iyo Pérez Molina," fagaaraha dadweynaha,May 22, 2013. Falanqayn dheeri ah eeg Jo-Marie Burt, "Xukunka Taariikhiga ah ee Kiiskii Xasuuqa ee Guatemala waxaa afgambiyey Xoogaga Isla xisaabtan la'aanta," NACLA Warbixin ku saabsan Ameerika 46, maya. 2 (Xagaaga 2013): 1-3.
[7] Waxaa lagu soo xigtay Kim Ives, "Wikileaks Cables la soo saaray ayaa muujinaya: Sida Maraykanku dib ugu bilaabay Kaalmada Milatari ee Duvalier," Haïti Liberté (Abriil 10-16, 2013): 9. Sidoo kale eeg Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti, State Against National: Asalka iyo Dhaxalka Duvalierism (New York: Review Monthly, 1990), 202-08; Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, Haiti: Dhismaha la jebiyey, Rev. ed. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 2004 [1990]), 128-42; Laurent Dubois, Haiti: Dhulgariirkii Taariikhda (New York: Picador, 2012), 320-59, esp. 334-35 iyo 348-50.
[8] Schoultz, "U.S. Siyaasadda Dibadda iyo Xadgudubyada Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Latin America: Falanqaynta Isbarbardhigga Qaybinta Kaalmada Dibadda," Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga 13, ma. 2 (1981): 155.
[9] Iyada oo ku saleysan xogta LexisNexis raadinta Times iyo Post maqaallada (daabac ama online) iyo raadinta on www.npr.org idaacadaha idaacadaha oo xusaya masuuliyiintii hore ee Argentine Jorge Videla, Emilio Massera, Reynaldo Bignone, Alfredo Astiz, Julio Poch, iyo/ama Luciano Menéndez; Guatemalans Efraín Ríos Montt, Mauricio Rodríguez, Oscar Mejía, Héctor López, Jorge Sosa, Pedro Pimentel, iyo/ama Gilberto Jordan; iyo Haitian Jean-Claude Duvalier. Waxaan akhriyey gabal kasta oo ka kooban hal ama in ka badan oo magacyadan ah si aan u eego haddii ay sheegtay taageerada Maraykanka; Tirada saddex iyo tobanka ah waa deeqsinimo, oo ay ku jiraan xitaa tilmaamo aan toos ahayn oo ku saabsan taageerada Mareykanka. Shaxda kuma jiraan wararka sheegaya baadari cusub, Jorge Bergoglio. Qaybo badan ayaa kiciyay su'aasha ku saabsan ku lug lahaanshaha Bergoglio ee kaligii taliska Argentine, laakiin hal kaliya (a Times blog) ayaa sheegay taageerada Mareykanka ee.
[10] "Waxa ugu dambeeya ee Haiti u baahan tahay," New York Times tifaftirka, Janaayo 20, 2011; Juan Forero, "Ilmaha 'la waayay' ayaa is helay," Washington Post, Febraayo 11, 2010.
[11] Randal C. Archibold, "Soo noqoshada Kelitaliyihii hore ee Haiti waxa ay ku hanjabtay in ay ku dari doonto qas," Janaayo 17, 2011; Elisabeth Malkin, "Eedaysanaha gabood-fallada, Guatemala's Ex-Dictator wuxuu doortay aamusnaanta," Janaayo 27, 2012.
[12] Xarunta Xuquuqaha Dastuuriga/Xiriirka Caalamiga ah ee Xuquuqul Insaanka, Ciqaab la'aanta Honduras ee dambiyada ka dhanka ah bini'aadmiga intii u dhaxaysay 28 Juun 2009 iyo 31 Oktoobar 2012 (Noofambar 2012); Waxqabadka Xuquuqda, Xadgudubyada Xuquuqul Insaanka ee loo aanaynayo Ciidamada Milatariga ee Dooxada Bajo Aguán ee Honduras (Febraayo 20, 2013).
[13] Danjire Hugo Llorens, qoraalka Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda iyo kuwa kale ee la siiyay, July 24, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/28/world/20101128-cables-viewer.html?hp#report/cables-09TEGUCIGALPA645 (la helay 4/4/13).
[14] Dana Frank, "Honduras: Dhinacgee ayaan joognaa?" Nation The (June 11, 2012): 11-17; Dana Frank, "Xusuuska Xoghaye Kerry: Jooji maalgelinta Guys-ka xun ee Honduras," Los Angeles Times, Febraayo 12, 2013. Sidoo kale eeg xogta xogta www.justf.org.
[15] Alberto Arce iyo Katherine Corcoran, "Aids US Police Honduras in kasta oo dhimashada kooxda cabsi," AP, March 23, 2013.
[16] Michael Corcoran, "Sheeko Laba Doorasho: Iran iyo Honduras," Warbixinta NACLA ee Mareykanka 43, maya. 1 (2010): 46-48; Kevin Young, "Honduras, Iran, iyo Model Propaganda," ZNet, July 5, 2010; Keane Bhatt, "The New York Times Venezuela iyo Honduras: Kiis Anshax-xumo Saxafiyiin ah, Warbixinta NACLA ee Mareykanka 46, maya. 1 (2013): 67-69.
[17] Mark Landler, “Clinton Waydii O.A.S. si aad u akhrido Honduras," New York Times, Juun 8, 2010; "Xalka Dimuqraadiyada Honduras" Washington Post tifaftirka, November 28, 2009. Inta badan Maraykanka iyo nidaamka su'aasha ah (Honduras iyo Colombia maanta, laakiin Guatemala, El Salvador, iyo kuwa kale ee 1980-meeyadii) ayaa lagu sawiray sida ku xayiran u dhexeeya xagjiriinta bidix iyo midig, halgan ugu jira si ay u xakameeyaan rabshadaha labada. Ama waxaan maqalnaa doodo saameyn ku leh "in yar ayaa gacan nadiif ah ku lahaa dagaalkii Bartamaha Ameerika 1980-meeyadii" - erayada mid lagu martiqaaday kaaliye ilaa dhawaan Times forum online on Guatemala kaas oo si toos ah u suurtageliyay xadgudubyada. Qaab-dhismeedyadani waa marin habaabin weyn: kaliya ma laha maamullada uu Maraykanku taageero ee sida caadiga ah la kaashaday ciidamada milatariga iyo kooxaha dhimashada ee midigta durugsan, laakiin rabshadaha Latin America ee bidix waligeed meel fog uma soo dhowaan rabshadaha midigta, oo ka duwan rabshadaha saxda ah. ayaa ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba lagu jiheeyay bartilmaameedyada militariga (iyada oo laga yaabo in hal weyn laga reebo—Peru's Sendero Luminoso ee 1980-meeyadii). Guatemala, Guddiga Runta ee Qaramada Midoobay kadib heshiisyadii nabadeed ee 1996 helay in 93 boqolkiiba dhammaan "falalka rabshadaha" intii lagu jiray dagaalladii sokeeye ay geysteen taliska milatariga ee Maraykanku kafaalo qaaday, marka la barbar dhigo 3 boqolkiiba jabhadaha garabka bidix.
[18] A New York Times Qoraal ka soo baxay Maajo 17, 2013, si daahsan laakiin si ammaan ah diiradda u saaraya doorka Maraykanka ee Guatemala (Elisabeth Malkin, "Trial on Guatemala Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Gumaatigu wuxuu ka tagayaa Wax ka baxsan: Doorka Mareykanka," A10). Waxaa jira, dabcan, biro qoto dheer oo a Times warbixin dhaleecaysay ka tegidda doorka Maraykanka ee maxkamad (fiiri ciwaanka) adiga oo aan waxba ka sheegayn wax isku mid ah oo ku saabsan tebinta wararka Times iyo goobo kale. Warbixintu waxay weli hoosta ka xariiqday heerka taageerada tooska ah ee Maraykanka ee Ríos Montt iyo ciidamada Guatemala, isagoo soo xiganaya ilo tilmaamaya in dawladda Maraykanku ay gacan ka geysatay abuurista ciidanka, laakiin markii dambe lumiyay xakamaynta: mid ayaa sheegaysa in ciidamada Maraykanku tababaray "tagay in la xasuuqo” ( xooga la saaray); Mid kale ayaa sheegaya in ciidanku "la mid ahaa bahal aan ku abuurnay oo aan awood u lahayn." Oraahda kowaad waxay dayacday taageerada tooska ah ee Maraykanku u leeyahay, iyo aqoonta uu u leeyahay, xasuuqa sidii uu u dhacayay, halka tan labaadna ay si khaldan u tusinayso in maamulka Reagan uu si dhab ah u doonayey inuu ka joojiyo talisku inuu dadka gowraco. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sheekada May 17 ayaa ka dhigan horumar wayn marka loo eego sidii caadiga ahayd Times daboolka xasuuqii Guatemala. Intaa waxaa dheer, ugu yaraan laba "Qol loogu talagalay Doodda" Times forumyada online-ka ah waxay xuseen taageerada Mareykanka ee nidaamka Guatemala, oo xitaa ay ku jiraan qaar aragtiyaha kuwaas oo si adag u dhaleeceeyay maamulka Reagan.
[19] Herman iyo Chomsky, Ruqsadaha Warshadaha: Dhaqaalaha Siyaasadeed ee Warbaahinta Warbaahinta, daabacaadda labaad (Pantheon, 2002); Kevin Young, "Colombia iyo Venezuela: Tijaabinta Qaabka Dacaayadda," Warbixinta NACLA ee Mareykanka 41, maya. 6 (2008): 50-52; Andrew Kennis, "Modelka Ku-tiirsanaanta Warbaahineed: Falanqaynta Waxqabadka iyo Qaab-dhismeedka Wararka Mareykanka iyo Caalamka" (Ph.D. diss., Jaamacadda Illinois, 2010).
[20] Raali-gelinta siyaasadda Mareykanka waxay inta badan ku eedeeyaan kuwa dhaleeceeya inay u maleeyaan in ficillada Mareykanka ay si kali ah u go'aamiyaan inta ay socoto taariikhda, iyagoo ku andacoonaya inay dayaceen ilo kale oo rabshado iyo silica ama in aragtidoodu aysan ahayn "mid khaldan." Haddana waxaa macquul ah oo damiir leh in muwaadiniinta waddan-iyo warbaahintiisa-ba ay diiradda saaraan doorka ay dawladdoodu ku leedahay fal-dambiyeedka iyo caddaalad-darrada, mar haddii ay tahay doorkaas iyaga oo aragti ahaan awood u leh inay saameyn ku yeeshaan. Dad aad u yar oo dhaleeceeya siyaasadda Mareykanka ayaa dayacay xaqiiqda ah in rabshadaha iyo silica ay sidoo kale sababaan jilayaasha aan Mareykanka ahayn, iyadoo xitaa akhrinta ugu xiisaha badan ee ilaha cilmi-baarista iyo saxafiyiinta ee lagu xusay qoraalada hore ayaa marqaati noqon doona.
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