Hazvisi zvose zvinotarisana zvinogona kuchinjwa. Asi hapana chinogona kuchinjwa kusvika chatarisana. Nhoroondo haisi yekare. Ndiyo yazvino. Tinotakura nhoroondo yedu nesu. Isu tiri nhoroondo yedu. Kana tikanyepedzera kuita zvakasiyana, tiri matsotsi chaiwo.
- James Baldwin
Mumvuri wakareba wefascism yemumba, unotsanangurwa sechirongwa chekucheneswa kwemadzinza netsika, unesu zvakare. Vanhu vekuAmerica vakaona zvipoko zvefascism zvisati zvaitika muzviito zvehutsinye hwekukoloni uye kudzingwa, munguva yeuranda yakaratidzwa nehutsinye hwekurova nesimbi dzemitsipa, uye muzera reJim Crow zviri pachena mukutyisa kunoshamisa kwemhondi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura takaona zviito zvechifascist zvehugandanga mune zvematongerwo enyika zvekunyangarika uye kudzima kwerudzi pasi pehudzvanyiriri hwaAdolf Hitler, Augusto Pinochet muChile, nevamwe. Uye muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, nhau yakatipa rumbonera rweizvo mugumo worudzi rwomunhu ungaratidzika.[1]
Iyo yakakwidziridzwa fomu yefascism ine hukasha nativism uye ruvengo rwekusanganiswa kwemarudzi parizvino iri pakati pezvematongerwo enyika muUnited States. Tsika dzechivanhu dzakasununguka dzekuenzana, kururamisira mumagariro, kupokana, uye rusununguko zvino zvave kuonekwa sekutyisidzira kuRepublican Party inotsigira huwandu hunoshamisa hwekusaenzana, urudzi hwevachena hwechiKristu, uye kuchena kwemarudzi. Zvakadaro zvidzidzo zvenhoroondo nemisasa yerufu, michina yekurwadzisa, uye kumbundikira mhirizhonga yemhondi sechombo chezvematongerwo enyika zvinowanzo furatirwa-kunyangwe kuunganidza zvishuwo zvefascist zvave pedyo zvakare.[2] Matongerwe enyika aya ekushaya chiveve nekuramba haasi echokwadi chete kumapepanhau makuru asi anoshandawo kune vakawanda vakasununguka uye vakasiya dzidziso.[3]
Kutsvedza kweAmerica mune zvematongerwo enyika efascist kunoda kuhwirudzurwa kunzwisiswa kwenguva yenhoroondo yatinozviwana tiri mairi, pamwe nehurongwa hwekutsoropodza hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika hunoratidza nguva ino. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya sezvo neoliberalism isingachakwanise kuzvidzivirira. Mamiriro ezvinhu anokanganisa epasi rose capitalism nemusanganiswa wayo wekusaenzana uye nzira dzekuwedzera dzekutonga uye kudzvanyirira kunongedza kune zvese zviri pamutemo dambudziko uye kutendeukira kune yakakwidziridzwa fomu yefascism. Kumukazve kweneo-fascist uku chikamu chekurwisana nekumukira kwakaitwa nevadzidzi vemakore makumi matanhatu, bato rekodzero dzevanhu, bato revakadzi, uye ruzhinji rwekumukirana kwakawana simba mumakore makumi matanhatu apfuura.[4]
Kutarisana nesangano refascist rinopesana nerevolutionary rinoda kuumba mutauro mutsva uye kuvaka kweboka revanhu vakawanda kuitira kuvaka nzvimbo dzinopa simba dzedzidzo, zvematongerwo enyika, kururamisira, tsika, uye simba zvinopokana nehurongwa huripo hwehutongi hwevachena, nyika yevachena, kusaziva kwakagadzirwa. , uye kudzvinyirirwa kweupfumi.
Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha sezvo avo vanoshorwa nekirasi, dzinza, dzinza, uye chitendero vanowedzera kuziva kuti vakatadza sei kutonga pamusoro pehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, dzidziso, uye magariro mamiriro ayo anokanganisa hupenyu hwavo munguva itsva yezvematongerwo enyika efascist. . Vision yave dystopian, ichipinda mumanzwiro ekusiiwa, kusiiwa, uye pasi pekuwedzera masisitimu ekutya nechisimba. Imwe mhedzisiro inguva yekudzidzisa yekushushikana, kusava nechokwadi uye kusajeka kunoratidzwa nehunhu hwakadzikiswa uye runyararo rusingaperi rwekutaura kweruvengo. Isu tinorarama muzera rekutsemuka, kushaya pfungwa, kuderera kwemabasa akakosha, uye kurasikirwa kwenhoroondo yekurangarira, izvo zvese zvinobvumira kuchengetwa kwemumba kwezvisingafungidzirwe.
Nyaya idzi hadzichagoni kuonekwa sematambudziko ega kana ega. Iwo maratidziro ekutadza kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika, kana kusiri fungidziro yeruzhinji. Pamusoro pazvo, chinodiwa haizi nhevedzano yegadziridzo dzekumira dzakaganhurirwa kune mamwe masangano kana mapoka asi kubviswa kwehurongwa hwe capitalist sekutanga kune mamwe mabasa epasi rose ekupikisa.
Inonzwisiswa nemazvo, neoliberal capitalism imhando ye necropolitics, kana zvakanyanya, rudzi rwe gangster capitalism iri criminogenic. Gangster capitalism inobudirira pakunyarara kwevanodzvinyirirwa uye kubatana kweavo vanonyengerwa nesimba rayo. Imatongerwo enyika ekudzora nekuramba. Sepurojekiti yekudzidzisa, inotengeserana nehupofu hwetsika, amnesia yenhoroondo, uye ruvengo rwemarudzi nekirasi. Imwe mhedzisiro ndeyokuti sezvo misika yepfungwa uye tsika dzinosimbisa kubata kwavo pazvinhu zvese munharaunda, masangano edemocracy nenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji zviri kudzikiswa, kana zvisiri kunyangarika zvachose, pamwe nevagari vakadzidza, pasina izvo pasina democracy. Kutyisidzirwa kwedemocracy munguva yazvino yenhoroondo kunoonekwawo mukubatana kwemafascist ari kubuda akasiyana mumagariro evanhu-kubva kune vanozvitsanangura neo-Nazis uye Oath Keepers kuenda kuChristian nationalists uye Proud Boys-nesimba rekuita rehurumende dzeGOP. akadai seFlorida, Texas, Idaho, Tennessee, pakati pevamwe.[5]
Hutongi hwezviremera hunotengeserana nekutya nekudzvinyirirwa kwevanopikisa. VaFascist vakadai saGavhuna Ron DeSantis, sokutaura kunoita Judith Butler, “vanotya simba rokutaura, rokutsoropodza, rokubvunza zviri pachena.”[6] Kana pfungwa dzakatsoropodza dzichienderana nesimba rezvematongerwo enyika, mafascist anovhara masangano uye vanhu vanopa izwi rekuita kuti simba rizvidavirire. Ndeipi imwe nzira yekutsanangura kudzingwa kwevamiriri vaviri veBlack Democratic muTennessee state house nekuda kwekuratidzira murunyararo mukamuri remba vachipokana nemhirizhonga yepfuti?
Hondo yedemocracy nevana yakatora shanduko yakaipa muTennessee sezvo vamiriri vaviri veVatema, Vamiriri Justin Jones naJustin Pearson, vakadzingwa nekuda kwekuratidzira vachifarira mitemo yekudzora pfuti. Murungu wavo haana kudzingwa. Mhosva yekuti vamiriri vemitemo vatatu vari kuratidzira vakatyora tsika inoshamisa ichibva kune vezvematongerwo enyika veRepublican avo "vanoramba kudzora hupenyu pazvombo zvinouraya" uye vachidzokorodza mitemo inomisa gakava.[7] Sevapepeti vebhodhi re Los Angeles Times akati, "vanga vari maRepublicans, mumakore ehutungamiriri hwaTrump, vari kuzadzisa hunyanzvi hwerima hwekunyaradza vanhu vekuAmerica…. Zvinosiririsa kuti zvave tsika yeRepublican kumisa gakava. Usati ngochani, usati kutonga kwepfuti, usataure rusaruraganda, usarega vana vachiverenga mabhuku “asina kururama” kana kuti kuverengerwa nevanhu “vasina kururama,” usabvumira vana kudzidza nezvavo. masangano kana kodzero dzavo.”[8] Kukwidzwa kwekushongedza kwakaitwa nevamiriri vebato reTennessee Republican ingori dziviriro yakachipa yekuramba rusununguko rwakakoshera uku ichibvumidza hukuru hwevachena uye zvematongerwo enyika zvefascist semidziyo yekutonga.
Rusaruraganda rwuri kuseri kwekudzingwa rwuri pachena asi izvo zvisiri kukurukurwa munhepfenyuro inodzorwa nemakambani ipurofiti inogadzirwa nemaindasitiri epfuti nevaya vezvematongerwo enyika muTennessee vanogamuchira mari yeropa kubva kune vatengesi verufu. Vezvenhau vemazuva ano vanoti kurwiswa kwedemocracy uku kune GOP iri kuda kutsigira gadziridzo yechipiri. Icho chingori chifukidziro chekuramba kubvuma kubatana pakati pehutongi hwehupfumi nevezvematongerwo enyika vane uori vangada kupinza purofiti pane kutora matanho ekudzivisa vana vane makore mapfumbamwe kubvarurwa nezvombo zvekurova.
Mumwe mutauriri weGOP akati kuratidzira kwevatema mutemo kwakafanana nekumukira kwaNdira 6. Chete mufascist anogona kupokana kuti kurwisa kwemhomho dzekurudyi kuCapitol inotsigirwa naTrump nevamwe vake kuitira kupidigura sarudzo kunofananidzwa nekuratidzira kwevamiriri vemitemo vakashinga kuchengetedza vana vadiki kuti vasaurawe nepfuti yeAK 15. . Matauriro akadai anoratidza kuti tiri kurarama zera rehupambi-rimwe rinoenderana nekare umo mitumbi yevatema yaibayiwa, mabhuku aipiswa, vatsoropodzi vaipinzwa mujeri, uye vanhu vachipedzisira vaiswa mudzimba dzerufu.
Kwete chete kupokana uye miviri inonyangarika muzera rino reupologetic fascism. Kuwedzera, masangano akadai sedzidzo ari kukombwa muTennessee, Florida, Texas, nedzimwe nyika dzakadzorwa neGOP. Ivowo vari kudzingwa kubva mugwaro redemocracy, nekuti izvo vezvematongerwo enyika veGOP vanotya nezvedzidzo ndezvekuti ndiyo saiti iyo vechidiki vanogona kudzidza mabasa ekuva vagari vanotsoropodza uye vanobatikana. Sekupokana kwaMoira Donegan, dzidzo pamatanho ese "ndiyo hwaro kudemokrasi uye ichi ndicho chikonzero nei DeSantis nekurudyi vari kurwisa dzidzo." Anonyora kuti:
Zvikoro nemayunivhesiti marabhoritari echishuvo, nzvimbo umo vechidiki vanokudziridza hunyanzvi hwavo, vanozviratidza kune zvakaitika uye maonero enyika evamwe, uye kudzidza izvo zvichadikanwa kwavari kuti vararame hupenyu hwakavimbika, hwekushivirira munharaunda yeruzhinji. Muchikoro ndipo pavanodzidza kuti magariro evanhu haangoenderani nekukodzera kwake; muchikoro umo vanowana zvikanganiso zvekare, uye kwavanowana maturusi okusazvidzokorora. Hazvishamisi kodzero yeDeSantis, nekutya kwayo kushoropodza uye kuzvipira kudzoreredza nzira dzekutonga, inoratidzika kunge ine hutsinye kurega vana vadzidze: dzidzo ndiyo nzira iyo vana vanokura nayo kuva marudzi evakuru avasingakwanisi kudzora.[9]
Chinodiwa mukupindura kurwiswa uku idemocracy yesocialist inotsanangurwa nezviono, zvinangwa, masangano, hukama hwemagariro, uye dzidziso dzekupokana. Chakakosha pakudanwa kwakadai kuumbwa kwezvematongerwo enyika zvinoita kuti veruzhinji vafunge hupenyu hunopfuura nzanga yemacapitalist umo mhirizhonga yemarudzi-uye-vakadzi-inokonzeresa kurwiswa kusingagumi kuruzhinji uye fungidziro yevagari, inoyananiswa kuburikidza nekukwirira. zvehondo, zvechiuto, zvechisimba zvechirume, uye zvematongerwo enyika zvekuraswa kusvika pamasimba epamusoro-soro. Neoliberal capitalism muchina unotungamirwa nerufu unobatisa vana, kushandisa, nekudzikisira hupenyu hwevanhu, uye nepasi pacharo.
Chero dzidziso inogoneka yekuramba inoda kugadzira zviono zvedzidzo uye zvekudzidzisa uye maturusi kuburitsa shanduko huru mukuziva; inofanira kunge ichikwanisa kuziva zvose zvakatsva pasi mitemo yeneoliberalism uye yakamonyoroka yefascist ideologies inotsigira. Kuchinja kwekuziva uku hakugone kuitika pasina kupindira kwedzidziso kunotaura nevanhu nenzira dzavanogona kuzviziva nadzo, kuona nezvenyaya dziri kutariswa, uye kuisa hupfumi hwematambudziko avo munzvimbo yakakura yehurongwa.
Isu tinorarama panguva iyo denda refascism rinobuda kubva munhandare yezvematongerwo enyika uye ine simba rekurudyi media, seFox News. Zvematongerwo enyika zveFascist zvinobudirira pamichina yekumisa hukama inogadzirisa hukama hwemasimba, inoitisa vanhu pwere, uye inobereka pfungwa dzinodzvinyirira dzichivanza sehungwaru. Sezvo C. Wright Mills akajekesa, apo nzanga inonyangarika uye zvinhu zvose zvinotengeswa uye zvinotengeswa, zvakaoma kuti vanhu vashandure matambudziko ega ega mumatambudziko evanhu uye vazvione sechikamu cheboka guru rinokwanisa kutsigirana uye kurambana. Kuparara kwehurukuro dzevanhu uye kurwiswa kwetsika yekusaziva kwakagadzirwa kunogonesa kupindira kwehutsotsi mune zvematongerwo enyika. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kana dzidzo ikaitika kwete muzvikoro chete asiwo mune dzakasiyana siyana zvetsika zvinosanganisira social media, internet, uye mamwe mapuratifomu epamhepo.
Dzidzo yagara iri hwaro kune zvematongerwo enyika, asi haiwanzo kunzwisiswa senzvimbo yekunetsekana pamusoro pekuti zvitupa zvakaumbwa sei, hunhu huri pamutemo, uye ramangwana rinotsanangurwa. Kusiyana nechikoro, dzidzo inopinda mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemidziyo inodzorwa nemakambani inotambanuka kubva kudhijitari nzira dzemhepo kusvika pakudhinda tsika. Pasi pekutonga kweGOP kwehugandanga, midziyo iyi yave nzvimbo dzakagadziridzwa dzedzidziso yerusaruraganda. Izvo zvakasiyana nezvedzidzo nhasi hazvisi chete zvakasiyana-siyana zvenzvimbo iyo inoitika, asiwo dhigirii iyo yave chinhu chekusatarisira kwakarongeka uye prop yehukuru hwevachena, kupwanya kwevanopokana, uye huwori hwetsika uye huwori. hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi zviri pachena mumitemo yaGavhuna weFlorida Ron DeSantis nevamwe vane kurwisa kwavo veruzhinji nedzidzo yepamusoro zvinorangira kusagona kuverenga nekunyora kweveruzhinji, zvinoburitsa kuchena chishandiso chekutonga, uye kuongorora zvakapfuura kuti vapedze remangwana zvakare.
Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wedzidzo unoyeuchidza zvakaitika muReich yechitatu. Kudzokororwa kwenhoroondo kuri kushanda munguva yazvino yenhoroondo umo kutsva kwebhuku, kuongororwa, kupfurwa kwehunyanzvi, uye kucheneswa kwenhoroondo kwemarudzi pamwe nekuedza kwevanonyanyisa GOP kushandura veruzhinji uye dzidzo yepamusoro kuita bapiro rekurudyi, chena supremacist yakakurudzira dzidziso. nzvimbo dzinoshanda pasi pesimba rekutonga kwehurumende. Mitemo inombundira censorship uye nhoroondo amnesia inomanikidza vadzidzi kupinda mukati memhute yezvino isina zvakapfuura, kusaziva kwakagadzirwa kwakafukidzwa mukutaura kuri pachena kunopokana nenjere kuti vanhu vagadzikane. Munharaunda yegutsaruzhinji, chinangwa chedzidzo hachisi chekuti vanhu vanzwe vakasununguka, asi kuvagonesa kufunga zvakadzama, kupikisa fungidziro dzepfungwa, kutora njodzi, kuita mitongo ine ruzivo, kushandisa fungidziro dzavo, uye kuwirirana nesimba ravo se. munhu uye vamiririri vemagariro evanhu. Dzidzo inofanira kukanganisa, kupa simba, kukurudzira, uye kudzidzisa vanhu kubvunza uye kufunga zvakadzama pamusoro pavo, hukama hwavo nevamwe, uye nenyika yakavapoteredza.
Dzidzo sechimiro chokusaziva kwakawanda inooneka mukudzingwa basa kwemukuru wechikoro chechata cheFlorida nokuda kwokuratidza vadzidzi vekirasi yechitanhatu yekirasi yemitambo yekirasi mufananidzo wa“David” waMichelangelo. Mumwe wevabereki vatatu vakanyunyuta pamusoro pechidzidzo chacho akadana mufananidzo wacho wakanaka kuti “zvinonyadzisira.”[10] Mune chimwe chiitiko, mumwe mutarisiri wechikoro cheSouthlake, Texas akapa vadzidzisi zano “kuti kana vaine bhuku rinotaura nezvokuuraya Kukuru mudzimba dzavo dzokudzidza, vanofanirawo kupa vadzidzi mukana wokuwana bhuku nemaonero ‘anopesana’.”[11] Mumwe mudzidzisi akabvunza kuti aifanira kupikisa sei kuurayiwa kweHolocaust. Mutariri akazvipira kupararira kwekusaziva kwakatemerwa nyika, kana kusiri kutiza kubva pahunhu nemagariro, akapindura, "Nditende. Izvo zvasvika. "[12] Mukuedza kutevedzera mutemo waGov. Ron DeSantis unonzi Stop WOKE act, mutsikisi wemabhuku, Studies Weekly, akachenesa chiito cheRosa Park chekuramba rusaruraganda paakaramba kupa chigaro chake kumurungu mubhazi reMontgomery, Alabama. muna 1955. Pane kuti ataure kuti akaudzwa kuti atame pamusana po“mutemo waiti vanhu vomuAfrica vokuAmerica vaifanira kusiya zvigaro zvavo mubhazi kana murungu achida kugara pasi,” bhuku racho rakadzokororwa rakati, “Iye. akaudzwa kuti aende kune imwe chigaro."[13]
Yese iyi mienzaniso inoratidza fascist modhi yedzidzo iyo inoburitsa kusaziva kwakamisikidzwa, systemic rusaruraganda, uye inodzvanya nhoroondo inoita kuti vachena vepamusoro uye hwaro hwavo vanzwe kusagadzikana. Sezvakataurwa naMichael Datcher, hazvishamise kuti apo "Mutongi weDunhu reUS Mark Walker akapa chirevo chekutanga kuStop WOKE yekutyora Chekutanga uye 14th Amendments, [akadana] kuti 'zvakanaka dystopian'."[14] Zvakadaro pane zvakawanda zviri kushanda pano kupfuura mutauro weOrwellian wekuongororwa uye kusaziva kwakagadzirwa nevazhinji, kune zvakare maecho echirongwa chekuurayana kwetsika kwakagara kwakakosha kumutauro wefascism.
Tsika sesimba rekudzidzisa rakaiswa muchetura uye rinoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa zvematongerwo enyika zvefascist muAmerica nepasirese. Zvinobudisa nhau zvachinja kuva murazvo wokukanda ruvengo norusaruro, zvinoratidzirwa sechishamisiko. Kubvisa nhamo, magariro atomization, kufa kwechibvumirano chemagariro, kurwiswa kwenzvimbo yeruzhinji, kuwanda kwehupfumi nesimba mumaoko evezvemari uye vanotonga vepamusoro, zvese zvinopisa zvematongerwo enyika zvefascist. Zviratidzo zvefascism hazvisisiri kuvanda mumumvuri. Izvi zvinonyanya kujeka sezvo zvematongerwo enyika emazuva ano efascist anotora simba rayo kubva kune tsika yekutya, kutsamwa, kutenda mapofu, uye chimiro chepfungwa umo kusiyana kwechokwadi nenhema kunowira kune dzimwe nzira dzechokwadi.
Kupokana nevezvematongerwo enyika, pundits, uye vadzidzi vanonyepa kuti fascism yakagara zvachose munguva yakapfuura, zvakakosha kuziva kuti fascism inogara iripo munhoroondo uye inogona kupenya nenzira dzakasiyana. Kana kuti sokutaura kunoita wezvenhau Jason Stanley, “chiFascism [inzira] yezvamatongerwe enyika” inogona kuoneka panguva ipi neipi, kupi nokupi, kana migariro yakarurama.”[15] Nhoroondo ye arc yefascism haina kuoma munhoroondo; hunhu hwayo hunovanda mumhando dzakasiyana munharaunda dzakasiyana, ichimirira kujairana nenguva dzakanakira kubuda kwayo. Sezvakataurwa naPaul Gilroy, "zvinotyisa [zvefascism] zvinogara zviri pedyo nesu kupfuura zvatinoda kufungidzira," uye basa redu hakusi kutarisa kure asi kuita kuti zvionekwe.[16] Kuramba kunoitwa neruzhinji rwevezvematongerwo enyika, nyanzvi, uye vezvenhau kubvuma kukura kwekutyisidzira kwechifascist kunowira nzanga yeAmerica kunopfuura chiito chekuramba, chiito chekubatana.
Panguva ino, zvingava kuchenjera kuti vadzidzisi nevamwe vateerere mashoko emupukunyuki weHolocaust uye munyori Primo Levi uyo mubhuku rake. Iyo Black Hole yeAuschwitz anonyora kuti:
Zera rega rega rine fascism yaro, uye tinoona zviratidzo zvekunyevera pese uko kuwanda kwesimba kunoramba vagari mukana uye nzira dzekutaura nekuita nekuzvidira kwavo. Pane nzira dzakawanda dzekusvika padanho iri, uye kwete chete nekutya kwekutyisidzirwa nemapurisa, asi nekuramba nekukanganisa ruzivo, nekukanganisa masisitimu eutongi, nekuremadza hurongwa hwedzidzo, uye nekuparadzira munzira dzakawanda dzemanomano kushuvira kwemunhu. nyika umo kurongeka kwaitonga, uye uko chengeteko yavashomanene yakakomborerwa inotsamira pakushanda kwokumanikidzirwa uye kunyarara kwokumanikidzirwa kwavazhinji.[17]
Mashoko aRevhi anotiyeuchidza kukosha kwedzidzo yakakosha, ndangariro dzenhoroondo, kuverenga kwevanhu, uye kurambana pamwe chete seanopikisa kumutauro wezvino wenativism, ultra-nationalism, rusarura, uye mhirizhonga. Kudanwa kwekukurumidzira kuramba kudzimwa kwenhoroondo. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha panguva iyo America inoswedera pedyo negomba rakadzika-dzika sezvo kufunga kunova nengozi, mutauro unobviswa mune chero chinhu, zvematongerwo enyika zvinotungamirirwa nevezvemari, uye masangano anoshandira veruzhinji anotanga kuparara.
Pasi pehutongi hwazvino hwezvematongerwo enyika echiFascist, dzidzo iri kuramba ichitsanangurwa senzvimbo inorarama yemhirizhonga, kutsiva, kutsamwa, uye kushungurudzwa senzira yakasarudzika yekuzivikanwa kwevachena vechiKristu. Vamiriri vebato rekurudyi vari kushandisa dzidzo nekudaidzira kupfurwa kwevadzidzisi vanongoreva dzidziso yerudzi rwakanyanya, vanobatana zvine mutsindo nenhoroondo yeAfrica America, vanodzidzisa zvidzidzo zvevakadzi uye kuramba "anti-trans mutemo unotsvaga kurongedza mabasa echikadzi."[18] Bapiro refascist reGOP rinoda kuti nyika itarise maonero evadzidzisi, kubereka dzidziso dzehudzvanyiriri, kubvisa nguva yekugara, uye kutsanangura patsva basa redzidzo yepamusoro mumashoko ehumwari. Muchiitiko ichi, tinoyeuchidzwa nezvezvakataurwa naJames Baldwin mukati Hapana Zita muMugwagwa kuti apo kusaziva kunobatana nesimba, “dzidzo ishoko rakafanana nerekudzidzisa, kana uri muchena, uye kuzviisa pasi, kana uri mutema.”
Nguva yemazuva ano yebarbarism inoratidza kukosha kwekusimbisa kuti nzvimbo yetsika uye pedagogies yekuvhara inoshanda sei sechidzidzo uye chezvematongerwo enyika mubasa rezvematongerwo enyika efascist. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai, vadzidzisi nevamwe havafanire kusava nechokwadi chete izvo vanhu vanodzidza munharaunda yakati asi izvo zvavanofanira kurega kudzidza, uye masangano api anovapa mamiriro ekuti vadaro. Tichipesana nedzidziso dzerusaruraganda dzekudzvinyirirwa uye kuenderana — dzakadzika midzi mukudzorwa, rusaruraganda, uye kuuraya fungidziro — pane kudikanwa kwetsika dzekudzidzisa dzinokoshesa tsika yekubvunzana, kuona hurongwa hwekutsoropodza sechinhu chakakosha chehupenyu hweveruzhinji, uye kuramba dzidziso. mukuda kutsvaga kwekururamisira mukati menzvimbo dzedzidzo uye masangano anoshanda semadunhu eruzhinji rwedemokrasi.
Panguva iyo kudzidza kwakabatana nedzidziso yekudzvinyirirwa uye kuva mugari wenyika kunofanana nekuva chena kwechiKristu chenyika, zvakakosha kuti vanhu vave vagari vanotsoropodza uye vanozvimiririra vanokwanisa kubvunzurudza manyepo nemanyepo anoparadzirwa nevezvematongerwo enyika, vatsigiri vebato rekurudyi, vanopikisa- veruzhinji vakangwara, uye kurudyi-bapiro pasocial media mapuratifomu uku uchikwanisa kutamburira ramangwana regutsaruzhinji uye rakarurama. Asi pane zvakawanda zviri kushanda pano kupfuura kudzidza kuzvifungira; kunewo hunyanzvi hwekudzidza maitiro ekushandura chiyeuchidzo nekushoropodza kuita chimiro chekurambana, kunyanya neruremekedzo rwekugadzira ruzhinji rwemarudzi anoshanda-kirasi kufamba.
Kurwisa zvipoko zvekare sezvazvinobuda mumhando itsva, zvakakosha kuti udzidze kubva munhoroondo. Sokupokana kunoita Stuart Jeffries, zvakakosha kuti vane ruzivo rwakadzama vafukure izvo "zvakaregedzerwa nevakakunda….kuwana vakakanganwa, vasakara [uye] vanonzi havana basa."[19] Chero nzira ipi zvayo yekupikisa inoda kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwevanhu pamusoro pesimba rezvakaitika kare, uchapupu hwetsika, uye simba rechibvumirano chemagariro evanhu umo kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzemunhu dzinobatanidzwa nekodzero dzehupfumi. Kuyeuka kwekudzikinura kunotibvumira kutarisana nechokwadi chakasviba chenhoroondo uye kuramba kuremara kwehunhu hwekuziva uye mamiriro ekusateerera ezvematongerwo enyika ayo anobereka zvinotyisa uye kugadzira zvikara. Pamusoro pezvo, mushandirapamwe mukuru wedzidziso unodiwawo kugadzirisa pfungwa dzekudzoreredza dzerusununguko uye kuzvida pamwoyo weideology yeneoliberal. Panguva imwecheteyo, hutiziro hune chepfu hwerusaruraganda uye kusaenzana kwehupfumi hunofanirwa kutarisana munzvimbo dzakawanda sehondo yakapindirana yezvematongerwo enyika neyedzidzo.
Nyaya dzedzidzo dzakakosha pakuvandudza chiono chedemocratic socialist. Dzidzo inzvimbo iyo vanhu vanofanirwa kukwanisa kuzvifungidzira sevamiriri vanotsoropodza uye mune zvematongerwo enyika. Munguva yehudzvanyiriri, dzidzo inotova yakakosha kune zvematongerwo enyika. Vadzidzisi, vazivi veveruzhinji, maartist, vashandi, nhengo dzemubatanidzwa uye vamwe vashandi vetsika vanofanirwa kuita kuti dzidzo ive yakakosha mukushanduka kwevanhu uye, mukuita izvi, vadzore basa rakaitwa nedzidzo mukuvandudza kugona kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kugona veruzhinji, izvo zvese zvakakosha. zvinodiwa pakuvandudza democracy yesocialist.
Dzidzo sekupa simba inofanirwa kukwanisa kutora basa rekuchinja pfungwa kuitira kuti vanhu vagone kuzvirondedzera, kudzivirira kudzima kwavo, kugadzirisa mamiriro ehupfumi, magariro, uye ezvematongerwo enyika anoumba hupenyu hwavo, uye kudzidza kuti tsika chishandiso chesimba. Kuti izvi zviitike, vanhu vanofanira kuziva chimwe chinhu chavo pachavo uye nemamiriro avo nenzira dzedzidzo dzavanotariswa nadzo. Iyi inyaya yekumutsa zvese pfungwa yekuzivikanwa uye nguva yekuzivikanwa. Sechirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika, dzidzo inofanirwa kumanikidza zvichemo zvehutongi hwehupfumi nemagariro uye kusimbisa kushevedzera kweruzivo rwemagariro evanhu uye chiito chakanaka chekubatana.
Mukutarisana nekutyisidzira kwazvino kwefascist, vanofambira mberi vanofanirwa kupora uye kugadzirisa zvakare hurukuro nechinangwa chedzidzo sechirongwa chinopa simba chezvematongerwo enyika. Malcolm X akanga akarurama paakati, 'Dzidzo ipasipoti yenguva yemberi.' Akavaka pamusoro penzwisiso iyi paakanyora kuti 'Simba mukudzivirira rusununguko iguru kupfuura simba pachinzvimbo cheudzvanyiriri neudzvinyiriri, nokuti simba, simba chairo, rinobva mukutendiswa kwedu kunobereka chiito, chiito chisingachinji.' Mutauro wekutsoropodza, tsitsi, uye tariro unofanirwa kuve wakabatana, uchimbundira kubatana kwedu sevanhu, uye nekuremekedza hukama hwedu hwakadzama hwakabatana nepasi.
A democratic socialist zvematongerwo enyika uye kufamba kunoda mutauro wekubatana. Chero chisimbiso chezvemagariro evanhu chinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa ehurumende uye zvigadziro zvevanhu zvinotisunga pamwechete sevanhu. Capitalism yakaratidza kuti haigone kupindura kune zvinonyanya kukosha zvenzanga kana kugadzirisa matambudziko ayo akakomba emagariro. Zvakare, neoliberalism yakarasikirwa nemvumo uye haichakwanisi kuzadzisa zvivimbiso zvayo zvisina maturo. Iwo muchina werufu wakadzika midzi mupfungwa yekuchena kwerudzi, kusiiwa munharaunda, uye kubviswa kwekupedzisira. Hutsotsi hwayo, hutsinye, hutsinye, uye kurongeka kwayo nezvematongerwo enyika ari kubuda efascist zvave kuratidzwa zvizere mufascism yeRepublican Party. Pane kudikanwa kwevadzidzisi kuti vatorezve nhoroondo dzekusateerera uye kuramba uye kugadzirisa nekudzimisa zvinoenderana nenguva yazvino yenhoroondo. Zvakava pachena muzera remadambudziko nehutsinye kuti chero kufamba kwakabudirira kwekupikisa hakufanirwe kuve kwedemocracy uye anti-capitalist; inofanirawo kuva anti-fascist. Tine chikwereti chakadai kwatiri, kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera, uye kuvimbiso yedemocracy yepasi rose yakamirira kutumbuka.
Fascism nderimwe rematambudziko makuru enguva yedu; kuvapo kwahwo hakugoni kuendeswa kunhambo iri yoga munhau. Memory inofanirwa kunge iri saiti yekumisikidza, saiti inogadzira inorwisa kutadza kurangarira, nhema, uye kusaziva kwakagadzirwa. Kuunganidza zvishuwo zvefascism kunofanirwa kunzwisiswa nekuonekwa kuitira kuti vadzivise kuzadza nzanga nekutyisidzira ramangwana. Vadzidzisi havangofanire kuziva kukosha kwekuyeuka kwenhoroondo uye midzi yefascism nemhando dzayo dzakasiyana asi vanofanirwawo kushanda vari voga uye pamwe chete kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti zvematongerwo enyika zvefascist zana remakumi maviri nerekutanga zvinotadza kuitika.. Uyezve, zvakakosha kuti vadzidzisi vasangodzidza kubva pane zvakaitika kare asiwo kuti vazive zvave zvichiitika vasina kudzidza uye izvo zvave kukanganwa nemaune kana kunyorwa patsva kuitira kuvharidzira uye kuvanza kubuda kwezvematongerwo enyika efascist.
Munharaunda umo utongi hwezvido zvevanhu hwakakombwa, zvakakosha kuti tiyeuke kuti rimwe remangwana rinogoneka uye kuti kuita zvinoenderana nezvitendero izvi chisungo chekuti shanduko huru igoneke. Zviri panjodzi apa ndiko kushinga kutarisana nedenho yenyika yatinoda—inguvai yemberi yatinoda kuvakira vana vedu? Muzivi mukuru, Ernst Bloch, akasimbirira kuti tariro inopinda mukati mezviitiko zvedu zvakadzika uye kuti pasina iyo chikonzero uye kururamisira hazvingatukire. In Moto Unotevera Nguva, James Baldwin anowedzera kudanwa kwetsitsi uye mutoro wemagariro kune iyi pfungwa yetariro, iyo ine mungava kune avo vachatitevera. Anonyora kuti: “Zvizvarwa hazviregi kuberekwa, uye tine mutoro kwazviri . . . [T] kana tikaputsa kutenda mumwe nomumwe, gungwa rinotiputira, uye chiedza chinodzima.”[20] Zvino kupfuura nakare kose vadzidzisi vanofanira kurarama mukuwirirana nedenho yokuchengeta mwoto wokudzivisa uchibvira nokupisa kukuru. Ipapo ndipo patichakwanisa kuchengetedza mwenje uye ramangwana rakavhurika. Ndizvo chete ipapo fascism ichakundwa.
Notes.
[1] Alberto Toscano, "Mumvuri Wakareba weRacial Fascism," Kuongorora kweBoston. (Gumiguru 27, 2020). Pamhepo http://bostonreview.net/race-politics/alberto-toscano-long-shadow-racial-fascism
[2] Henry A. Giroux, Pedagogy of Resistance (London: Bloomsbury, 2022)
[3] Anthony DiMaggio, "Fascism Denial American Style: Exceptionalism in the Ivory Tower," Counterpunch (Kubvumbi 5,2023, 2023. Pamhepo: https://www.counterpunch.org/04/05/XNUMX/fascism-denial-american-style-exceptionalism-in-the-ivory-tower/
[4] Henry A. Giroux, Kumukira: Dzidzo muZera reKupikisa-Revolutionary Politics (London: Bloomsbury, 2023).
[5] Ona, kunyanya, William Robinson, Iyo Global Police State (London: Pluto Press, 2020).
[6] Judith Butler, "Kupara mhosva kweZivo," Chronicle Yedzidzo yepamusoro, [Chivabvu 27, 2018]. Pamhepo: https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Criminalization-of/243501
[7] Editorial Board, "Editorial: Tennessee Republicans 'kurwiswa kunotyisa pakutaura uye rusununguko," Los Angeles Times (Kubvumbi 7, 2023). Pamhepo: https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-04-07/editorial-tennessee-republicans-appalling-assault-on-speech-and-freedom?utm_id=92895&sfmc_id=5116563
[8] Ibid.
[9] Moira Donegan, "Zvikoro nemayunivhesiti hazvina musoro kuhondo yetsika dzeAmerica." The Guardian [Kukadzi 5, 2023]. Pamhepo: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/05/schools-and-universities-are-ground-zero-for-americas-culture-war
[10] Chris Walker, "Mukuru Akadzingwa Nezvichemo Zvavabereki Pachidzidzo Chinoratidza 'David' waMichelangelo," Zvakashata (Kurume 23, 2023). Pamhepo: https://truthout.org/articles/principal-fired-over-parent-complaints-on-lesson-showing-michelangelos-david/
[11] Mike Hixenbaugh naAntonia Hylton, "mutungamiri wechikoro cheSouthlake anoudza vadzidzisi kuti vaenzanise mabhuku eHolocaust nemaonero" anopikisa," NBC News(Gumiguru 14, 2021). Pamhepo: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/southlake-texas-holocaust-books-schools-rcna2965
[12] Ibid.
[13] Cheyanne M. Daniels, "Bhuku reFlorida rakashandurwa kuti ribvise mareferensi emujaho weRosa Parks: report," The Hill (Kurume 17, 2023). Pamhepo: https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3905312-florida-textbook-altered-to-remove-references-to-rosa-parkss-race-report/
[14] Michael Datcher, "Rega Vakafa Vataure." Truthdig [Ndira 30, 2023]. Pamhepo: https://www.truthdig.com/articles/let-the-dead-speak/
[15] Yakataurwa munaRuth Ben-Ghiat, "Chii Chinonzi Fascism?" Lucid Substack [Zvita 7, 2022]. Pamhepo: https://lucid.substack.com/p/what-is-fascism
[16] Paul Gilroy, "Iyo 2019 Holberg Lecture, naLaureate Paul Gilroy: Usambofa Zvakare: kuramba rudzi uye kuponesa munhu," Holbergprisen, [Mbudzi 11, 2019]. Pamhepo: https://holbergprisen.no/en/news/holberg-prize/2019-holberg-lecture-laureate-paul-gilroy
[17] Primo Levi, Iyo Black Hole yeAuschwitz, rakadudzirwa naSharon Wood, 31–34. (Cambridge: Polity Press. 1974, 2005), p. 34.
[18] Talia Lavin, "Nei Transphobia iri pamwoyo weWhite Power Movement." The Nation [Nyamavhuvhu 18, 2021]. Pamhepo: https://www.thenation.com/article/society/transphobia-white-supremacy/
[19] Stuart Jeffries, Grand Hotel Abyss: Hupenyu hweChikoro cheFrankfurt (New York: Verso, 2017), p. 27.
[20] Yakanyorwa muna Toni Morrison, mupepeti, James Baldwin: Yakaunganidzwa Essays: Zvinyorwa zveMwanakomana Wekuzvarwa / Hapana Anoziva Zita Rangu / Moto Inotevera Nguva / Hapana Zita Mumugwagwa / Dhiyabhorosi Anowana Basa / Imwe Essays (New York: Library of America, 1998), p. 710.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta