The kutaura muChikamu IX, Chikamu 1, chebumbiro remitemo reMontana hachigoni kujeka: “Nyika uye munhu mumwe nomumwe achachengeta nekuvandudza nharaunda yakachena uye ine utano muMontana nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvazvino nezvichauya.” Saizvozvo, muna Kubvumbi, mutongi wedare redunhu muYellowstone County voided mvumo yekugadzira magetsi egasi ari kuvakwa ipapo. Mukati meupenyu hwayo, ingadai yakaburitsa anofungidzirwa kuva matani ane mamiriyoni 23 epasi-anogocha carbon dioxide uye kuti, akatonga mutongi, akanga asingawirirani ne“mhoteredzo yakachena uye ine utano” muMontana kana, nokuda kwenhau iyoyo, kupi nokupi.
Mukati mevhiki, paramende yenyika yakanga yavhota kusimbisa 2011 mutemo kurambidza kutariswa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze mukugadzira mitemo nekudaro kubvumidza kuvakwa kwegwenya remagetsi kutangisa. Asi kwakanga kusiri kuguma kwenyaya yacho. Mwedzi wapera, vamiriri vemitemo vakarohwa kechipiri apo mumwe mutongi wedunhu akapa mutongo achitsigira boka revechidiki gumi nevatanhatu veMontanans musutu yakamhan'arwa muna 16 vachida kudonhedza mutemo iwoyo wa2020 unopesana nemamiriro ekunze.
Mukutonga kwake, Mutongi Kathy Seeley akanyora, “Mamiriro okunze, mhoteredzo, uye zviwanikwa zveMontana zviri kushatiswa zvisiri pamutemo uye zvinopera nemhaka yokuwanda kwe[magasi e<em>greenhouse] uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze.” Akawedzera kuti "tani imwe neimwe yekuwedzera gasi regreenhouse inowedzera kukuvara kweVamhan'ari uye nenjodzi yekuvharika mukukuvara kwemamiriro ekunze kusingagadzirike." Nyika, yaakataura zvakajeka, inosungirwa kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.
Vamhan'ari, avo vese vaive vachiri kuyaruka kana vadiki panguva yavo sutu, Hold v. Montana, yakakwidzwa makore matatu apfuura, inomiririrwa neboka risingabatsiri, Yedu Vana Trust. Kubva 2011, yanga ichitsvaga mamiriro ekunze ichimiririra vechidiki venyika ino kumatare edzimhosva. ese makumi mashanu anoti. Mhosva yeMontana yakangove yekutanga kupinda mudare. Yechipiri, nyaya yemamiriro ekunze inopesana neHawaii Dhipatimendi rekutakura, yakarongwa kutanga zhizha rinotevera.
Matt Rosendale, Montana Republican anoshanda muImba yeVamiriri, Akapindura ari Hold v. Montana sarudzo ine yakaipisisa mhando yekuzvidzikisira bluster. “Ichi hachisi chirongwa chechikoro,” akaomerera kudaro. “Imba yedare… Mutongi Seeley akaita zvakaipa zvikuru kumatare uye kune vechidiki ava nekuvabvumira kushandiswa sezvidhoma muchirongwa cheKuruboshwe chisina kunyatsofungwa chekuparadza grid yedu yemagetsi uye kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwenyika yedu muzita reGreen yavo. Nyowani Fantasy. "
Kufungidzira bedzi, zvisinei, kwakanga kuri chimiro chaRosendale chenhau yacho. Mhosva yevamhan'ari yainyengerera zvakanyanya, nehumbowo hwakakura kubva kumamiriro ekunze uye nyanzvi dzehutano hwevana zvichiratidza kuti vanhu vari pasi pemakore makumi maviri neshanu vaizonyanya kushungurudzwa nekukanganisa kwakawanda kuchaita hutano hwepanyama nepfungwa. Mukutonga kwake, Seeley muchidimbu kumwe kukuvadza kwakange kwapupurwa nevamhan’ari.
Vese vechidiki vaive musutu vaive neallergies uye asima (zvitatu zvakanyanya zvakanyanya) uye vaive nedambudziko reutano nekuda kwekufemerwa kusingadzivisiki kwehutsi kubva kumoto wemusango unoramba uchiwedzera kuNorth America. Zvakawanda zvekukuvara uku kwakaitika munguva yemoto inotyisa yeMontana ye2017 (apo moto unodarika zviuru zviviri nemazana mana wakapisa mhiri. mamiriyoni 1.4 maeka ehurumende) uye 2021 (apo moto unodarika zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu mamiriyoni 1 zvakawanda), zvichiteverwa, hongu, nehutsi kubva kumoto unoparadza uye unoenderera mberi weCanada weizvi chitubu uye chirimo.
Vamhan'ari vatatu veMarudzi vakapupura kuti kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze kwakatoona kuti nzvimbo dzavo dzechikafu nechikafu nemishonga yemishonga zvicharamba zvichishomeka. Somugumisiro, zviri kuvadzivisa kutora rutivi mutsika dzavo dzenguva dzose, kubatanidza idzo dzinobatanidza sinou inowedzera kushomeka. Sokutaura kwakaita dare redzimhosva, kuchinja kwepasi kwaka“vhiringidza miitiro yomudzimu yedzinza uye mutinhimira wenguva refu woupenyu hwemadzinza kupfurikidza nokuchinja nguva yezvinoitika zvomusikirwo zvakadai sokutama kweshiri.”
Uchapupu hwakaratidzawo kuti kupisa kwakanyanya kwemazhizha ezhizha, zvinongotarisirwa kukura zvakanyanya mumakore anotevera, kuri kutyisidzira hutano hwevamhan'ari, vose vanoita basa rakawanda rekunze kana kutandara. Avo vanotora chikamu mumitambo yemakwikwi vakaona kudzidziswa kwavo kuderedzwa zvakanyanya nekupisa kwezhizha (uye kune mumwe wavo, Nordic skier, nekushayikwa kwechando chechando). Kugona kwevamhan'ari kuvhima nehove, kunyanya kukosha muMontana, kuri kudzikiswa zvakanyanya nekusanaya kwemvura uye moto wesango.
Vamwe vevamhan’ari vakatsinhira kuti kukuvadzwa kunowedzera kunobva mumadutu, mafashamo, moto womusango, uye kusanaya kwemvura kuchaita kuti zvinyanye kuoma, kana kuti kusingabviri, kuchengeta pfuma yemhuri yavo yakachena nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinouya. Uye vachitsigirwa nehuchapupu hwenyanzvi dzakati wandei, vamhan'ari vadiki vakatsanangura kuti mhirizhonga iri kuwedzera yakaunzwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwakavasiya nemanzwiro ekushungurudzika kukuru, kupererwa, uye kurasikirwa.
Congressman Rosendale pasina mubvunzo haana kuverenga chimwe cheuchapupu hwavo, izvo zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kwazvo kwaari kuti arambe dambudziko ravo, nepo achivapomera mhosva yekusaziva "mapawn" emasimba makuru kwazvo. Sei, shure kwezvose, chero munhu angave akasiyiwa asina kukanganiswa nehupupuriro hunofadza hwaOlivia Vesovich ane makore makumi maviri? Iye akaudza dare kuti, kana tichifunga nezvokuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakakomba uye kuri kuramba kuchiipa, “haaizoda kuita kuti mwana atsungirire izvozvo. Ndechimwe chekusuwa kukuru kwehupenyu hwangu - uye mhuri yangu ndeimwe yezvikamu zvakakosha zvehupenyu hwangu - kuti ndirege kunge ndisiri kutanga mhuri yangu. Zvinorwadza mwoyo wangu, ndizvo chaizvo.”
Vamhan'ari kubva kuRamangwana
Kubva kuma1990 kusvika kumakumi maviri emakore ekutanga ezana rino, dzidzo hurukuro ye “intergenerational climate justice” yaiyera zvido zve“chizvarwa chiripo” icho chingaite kana kusaita zvinodiwa kupedza kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa mhepo kune “zvizvarwa zvichauya” kushaya chekutaura panyaya iyi. Kunyange zvakadaro vachatambura nemigumisiro yaro iri kuwedzera yakaoma. (Ehe, isu isu tiri munharaunda dzine rombo takafuratira zvakanyanya mabhiriyoni evanhu pasi rose vasina chekureva panyaya iyi uye saka zvakafanana zvinoshanda zve "zvizvarwa zvichauya.")
Ikozvino, nemafungu ekupisa, megafire, madutu ari kuwedzera anotyisa, uye mafashamo ari kuramba achirova nguva zhinji, zvizvarwa zviri panjodzi zviri munjodzi zvinozopedzisira zvatanga kuoneka, pamberi pehurongwa. Izvo, shure kwezvose, ndizvo chete izvo Hold v. Montana vamhan'ari vari, sezvakaita vadiki Global South activists avo vakazunungusa misangano yemamiriro ekunze enyika ichangopfuura nokuramba kubvuma kutengeswa kweramangwana ravo.
Kunyangwe ichitaurwa kakawanda maererano nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, hapana mashiripiti pamusoro pegore ra2050. Ingori nhamba yakanaka, yakatenderera, yepakati pezana. Ndicho chikonzero nei vari kutaurirana nezvemamiriro ekunze pasi rose vakarisarudza segore rinotarisirwa kuti nyika iite zvisungo zvekutyaira gasi regreenhouse kusvika pazero.
Huya 2050, vamhan'ari veMontana vanongove mumakore avo makumi matatu nemakumi mana. Panguva iyoyo, ivo vanofanirwa kuziva kana nyika yakaita nehushingi hwakakwana muma2020s kushandura mamiriro ekunze.
Mudare, vamhan'ari vadiki vakaratidza kushushikana kwakadzama kwete chete nezvehutano hwavo uye kugara zvakanaka asi kune avo vangangove vana nevazukuru. Ivo nevana vavo vachasangana neramangwana rakaita sei? Chimwe chinhu, avo vachiri kugara muMontana muna 2050 vanogona kutarisira kutarisana nemoto wesango uye njodzi dzehutsi dzakaipisisa kudarika dzakatsungirira muna 2017, 2021, kana 2023. Zvakafanotaurwa ndezvekuti, pasina chiito chakasimba, pakati pe2041 ne2070, yakawanda yeMontana. uchaona a 600% kuwedzera kwezviitiko zve "moto wesango wakakura kwazvo" - iwo anofukidza 20 square mamaira kana kupfuura.
Ngozi yemoto ichave yakasimudzwa zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kupisa kwepasirese. Funga izvi nyevero kubva kumasayendisiti ehurumende yeUS, hupfumi hwenyika hunofanirwa kuenderera mberi nebhizinesi-semazuva ese mumakumi emakore anotevera:
"[A] achiri kuyaruka kumabvazuva kweMontana muna 2075 anogona kuwana tembiricha yakanyanya yezhizha iyo sekuru nasekuru vake vangadai vakafamba kuenda kuMojave Desert kunoona, [uku] mwana akaberekerwa kumaodzanyemba kweTexas muna 2060 angangosangana nemavhiki matanhatu. pachirimo apo tembiricha yepamusoro ichipisa kupfuura yakaitwa nasekuru vake kamwe chete pagore. Uye munguva yemberi imwe cheteyo, mwana ari kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUnited States anogona kukarira kupedza inopfuura hafu yechirimo chake achitarisana namafungu okupisa ayo angadai akaitika mazuva matatu bedzi pagore nokuda kwasekuru vake.”
Kunze kwekunge paine kudzikiswa kwakanyanya mukubuda kwekabhoni pasi rose, Montana ichange ichitsva nekusingaperi, nepo nyika zhinji kumaodzanyemba nekumabvazuva ichiwedzera kupisa uye kunyorova zvisingaite. Saka, vechidiki veMontanans vanofanira kutamira kuchamhembe kuenda kuCanada here? Pane imwe nguva, izvozvo zvaiita senzira inobvira yokupukunyuka nayo mamiriro okunze. Asi muna 2023, nechikamu chikuru chehuwandu hweUS vanofema utsi kubva kune moto wesango wakakura zvisingaite kupisa munyika iyoyo, mwedzi nemwedzi, kutamira kuchamhembe kungangove kusvetuka kubva pani yekubikisa kupinda mumoto chaiwo.
Kodzero yeBumbiro reM itemo yeKuva Neramangwana
Kufembera kwakashata kwakadaro kunobva pane zvakaipisisa-zvinoitika "bhizinesi-semazuva ese", uye izvo zvakakosha. Pashure pezvose, njodzi haisi zvisingadzivisiki. Kana vechidiki vanhasi vakazviwana vatarisana nehope dzakaipa kudaro muma2050s, zvichave nekuti nyika yedu nepasirese havana kuita nenzira inodiwa mumakore gumi aya. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro anogona zvechokwadi kudziviswa, asi chete kana kurwisana kwemamiriro ekunze kunowedzera.
Montana 16 pavakaisa sutu yavo muna 2020, vaviri chete ndivo vaive vakura zvekukwanisa kuvhota musarudzo dzekudonha uku. Asi sekutonga kwaita Mutongi Seeley, vese vaive vakamira kupikisa fossil-fuel juggernaut mudare remutemo. Uye kusvika ikozvino, vari kukunda.
Amber Polk, mubatsiri purofesa wezvemutemo paFlorida International University, anotarisisa zvidzidzo zvake pazvichemo zvitsva zvemutemo nesangano rekodzero dzezvakatipoteredza. Achangonyora a nhoroondo pfupi ye "green amendments" - zvisungo zvebumbiro sechikamu cheChisungo IX pazviri Hold v. Montana relied. Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Montana, nePennsylvania zvese zvakawedzera zviga zvakadaro kubumbiro renyika yavo muma1970, sezvo kusimba kwezvakatipoteredza kwaiwedzera. Asi muma1980 nema1990, nyaya dzepamutemo dzakavakirwa pagirinhi zvigadziriso zvakavambwa kusvika, muna 1999, Dare Repamusorosoro re- wazvifungidzira! - Montana yakadzika mitemo yaibvumidza kusvibiswa kwemvura, zvichibva pasarudzo yavo pa "kodzero" yebumbiro revagari vehurumende "kunzvimbo yakachena uye ine hutano."
Makore gumi nemana gare gare, Dare Repamusorosoro rePennsylvania rakavimba neshanduko yegirini yakafanana kuti irove pasi mutemo unobvumidza hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) mudunhu rese. Kusvikira Hold v. Montana, zvisinei, zvigadziriso zvakasvibirira zvakange zvisati zvashandiswa kupikisa mitemo inobata zviri pachena mutemo wemamiriro ekunze. Verenga pachinhu chimwe chete, zvisinei: ivo vachayedzwa zvakanyanya mumakore anotevera (kunyangwe anochengetedza, chero-asi-environmentalist Supreme Court inogona. ratidza dambudziko mukuvabata).
Nyaya yeMontana, anonyora Polk,
"inoisa muenzaniso wekuda kukwidzwa kwemamiriro ekunze uye inoratidza nzira itsva iyo magadzirirwo egirinhi anogona kukumbirwa kuunza shanduko yezvakatipoteredza. Zvinoratidza kuti mune dzimwe nyika dzine magadzirirwo egreen, mitemo yenyika haikwanise kurambidza kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse pamwe nekukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze panguva yekuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza… mitemo inokurudzira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Uye tarisira mamwe matambudziko munzvimbo dzine girinhi dzakagadziriswa. New York yakapfuura rimwe gore rapfuura uye dzimwe nyika gumi nenhatu - dzimwe dzakatsvuka seMontana, dzimwe bhuruu, dzimwe dzepepuru - dziri kufunga nezvazvo, maererano naPolk.
Nehurombo, kudzikisira kushoma kwemagasi egreenhouse kunogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nehurumende-ne-nyika matambudziko kumitemo yakaipa. Chiito cheCongressional chaizodiwa kuti, semuenzaniso, uwane iyo inonyanya kukosha mutemo wezvese: nekukurumidza, kusungirwa chikamu-kubuda kwemafuta, gasi rechisikigo, uye marasha munyika yose. Iwe, zvakadaro, unoda Congress yakasiyana kwazvo kuti uve netariro mugehena yekupasa bhiri rakadaro. Zvakadaro, danho rekubuda rakadaro chinangwa che Juliana v. United States, imwe mhosva yevechidiki, yakambomhan'arwa mudare remubatanidzwa muna 2015 uye ichiri kumirira mushure memakore masere.
Muchiitiko ichocho, 21 vamhan'ari, vane makore manomwe kusvika gumi nemapfumbamwe (panguva yekumhan'ara) uye vachitsigirwa neVana Vedu Trust, vakati kuti hurumende yemubatanidzwa yakabvumidza kuenderera mberi kwekuchera nekupiswa kwemafuta ezvicherwa kunyangwe vachiziva kuti vakonzeresa "ngozi yekuisa CO.2 mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi nemamiriro ekunze ane ngozi, uye kuvadziko isingachinjiki kugadziriro dzomusikirwo dzinokosha kukodzero dzeVamhan’ari dzoupenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma.” Zviito izvi, rinowedzera kuti, “zvisingaenderani nebumbiro remutemo zvinotsigira zvikomborero zvenguva pfupi zvehupfumi zvevamwe vagari venyika, kunyanya makambani, pamusoro pekodzero dzeVamhan’ari dzeupenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma.”
In Juliana, vamhan'ari vechidiki vari kukumbira matare kuti araire hurumende yemubatanidzwa kuti itore danho rakakura, rine chishuvo chemamiriro ekunze, kusanganisira "kugadzirira nekuita hurongwa hwekugadzirisa nyika hwekubvisa kuburitswa kwemafuta uye kudhiza yakawandisa mumhepo CO.2. "
Matatu manejimendi - aObama, aTrump, uye zvino aBiden - ane kurwa nesimba kudzoka pamhosva yevechidiki uye, muna 2021, zvakaratidzika kunge zvakarasika apo dare redzimhosva rakatonga kuti vamhan'ari havana kumira. Zvisinei, muzhizha rino, Juliana vakadzoka kubva kuvakafa apo mutongi wemubatanidzwa muOregon akatonga kuti vamhan'ari vaenderere mberi nekutongwa mushure mekugadzirisa mafaera avo. Izvo zvinoramba zviri mu limbo, zvakadaro, nekuda kwekuenderera mberi nekupikiswa kwakasimba kubva kuMutungamiri Biden Dhipatimendi reJustice. Sezvo CNN Zvinonzi, iyo DOJ "yakapokana kuti hapana dzidziso yehurumende yekuvimba neruzhinji inogadzira kodzero yemamiriro ekunze akagadzikana evagari vemuUS."
Kuramba kwakadai kutora kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze zvakanyanya kwakauya kunyangwe mutungamiri wenyika aitenderera nenyika uye kuzvitutumadza nezvezvirongwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze mumutemo wegore rapfuura weInflation Reduction Act. Biden, zvinoita sekunge, anofara kutora mbiri nekuda kwemaitiro mashoma egirinhi, asi haana kunyatsogadzirira kuronga kubvisa mafuta efossil zvechokwadi uye kuchengetedza nyika kurarama muzana rino ramakore uye kupfuura. Saka, ipai rukudzo kune vadiki vari kumusundidzira, matare, uye Congress kuti vaone kuti vane ramangwana rakakodzera kurarama. Muchokwadi, hapana chakakosha kupfuura izvozvo.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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