Bato reYellow Vest rakashamisa kwete chete vatongi veFrance vepamusoro, asiwo nekuruboshwe vakangwara muEurope yose. Izvi, kutaura chokwadi, ndizvo zvagara zvakadaro nesangano rese rekuchinja shanduko mumakore zana apfuura. Hapana chimurenga chimwe chakabudirira chakambova "chakarurama" maererano nekuruboshwe vakangwara uye vezvematongerwo enyika. Icho chokwadi chekuti "Yellow Vests" inobatwa nenzira yakafanana inogona kutorwa sehumbowo hwekukosha kwezviitiko zvatiri kuona, uye kugona kwavo kutanga shanduko yakakomba muhupenyu hwenzanga yeFrance uye mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. .
Vakangwara vakabata "Yellow Vests" nekunzwira tsitsi, asi panguva imwe chete nekusava nechokwadi kwebaba kana kunyange kuzvidza kuseka. Senge: vagari, hongu, vane kodzero yekuratidzira, asi zvavanoda uye maonero avo zvinopesana, nepo kugona kwavo kukunda muhondo iyi kusiri pachena. Uyezve, vanenge vaongorori vose vakazivisa kuti chirongwa ichi, icho chakaiswa pamwe chete nesangano repasi, hachikwanisi kuitwa.
Mumwe muenzaniso wehunhu hwekutsoropodza uku kutaridzika kwaSlavoj Žižek paRussia Nhasi.
Žižek anoona kuratidzira kwakawanda muFrance sechiratidzo chisingarambiki chedambudziko rehurongwa, asi anozoparura pfungwa dzeboka rinotonga mukushora kwavo chirongwa chesangano. Inyanzvi yeSlovenia inoona kugadziriswa kwezvinetso mukubuda kweimwe rudzi rwehutungamiri hwemagariro evanhu (hazvina kujeka kana hurumende inofanira kuva yeSoviet kana yeScandinavian type), iyo yaizochengetedza zuva. Zvisinei, hazvina kujeka kuti ndiani aizogadzira hurumende iyi, sei, uye nei yaizoratidza zvido zvevanhu nevashandi.
Zvinova pachena pakarepo kuti paanenge achipomera "Yellow Vests" yekusawirirana, muzivi anozvipikisa pachake nhanho imwe neimwe yenzira. Mafungiro pamusoro pezvinodiwa nevaratidziri izvo zvisingagoneke kusangana "mukati mehurongwa huripo" ndeyekubvisa, izvo zvinowanzoitika kune vane njere. Ivo vanoona hurongwa sechinhu chakazara uye chisingachinji, uye nekudaro chero zvikumbiro zvinopokana nemamiriro ayo aripo zvinonzi hazvigoneke. Žižek anoshora populism, asi mukuita izvi anopokana ani zvido zvakakurumbira uye zvido zvinoratidzwa nemhomho.
Kunyangwe tikabvuma thesis ya Žižek pamusoro pekusakwanisa kuita zvinodiwa nevaratidziri "mukati mehurongwa huripo", mubvunzo unoramba uripo: ndiani uye sei achachinja hurongwa uhu? Hutongi humwe chetehwo hwakajekeswa, uhwo, nokubvuma kwomuzivi pachake, huripo bedzi mufungidziro yake?
The thesis pamusoro pechido chekuchinja hurongwa zvachose uye pakarepo inonzwika zvakanyanya, asi haina hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Chero shanduko muhurongwa inoumbwa nemakumi, uye inogona kunge iri mazana ematanho ekongiri uye zviyero zvisingagone kuitwa panguva imwe chete uye kamwechete. Uyezve, dzinenge shanduko dzakakomba dzese dzinosanganisira zvikamu zvakawanda. Shanduko kubva kune chimwe chikamu kuenda kune chinotevera inogona kuitika munguva pfupi pfupi yakapihwa mamiriro ekuchinja, asi nhanho inotevera haigoneke pasina yekutanga. Semuenzaniso, kusikwa kwehurongwa hwakakwana hwekuronga kwedemocracy hazvigoneke pasina kutora masimba epamusoro ehupfumi. Saizvozvowo, kuita chirongwa chakakura chekudyara munharaunda kunoda shanduko yemasangano ehurumende uye shanduko mumitemo yezvemari. Ehe, mamwe nhanho munzira iyi anogona kutorwa, asi isu tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti haazonyanyi kushanda kusvika imwe misala yakakosha yeshanduko yemasangano yaunganidzwa. Ichi ndicho chikonzero shanduko dzipi nedzipi, kunyangwe zvikazoita kuti nzanga ienderere mberi, kutanga kunoperekedzwa nemhedzisiro isina kujeka, uye kazhinji nekuipa kwemamiriro ezvinhu. Chinonyanya kukosha, ani nhanho dzekushandura, chero matanho ekuchinja nzanga uye nyika inogona (uye yaizo) kutorwa seyakasarura, isina kukwana, shanduko, zvichingodaro. Kunzwisisa kwechokwadi kwekukosha kwavo kunogoneka chete mumamiriro ezvinhu ehurongwa hwakazara.
Asi ngatidzokere kuhurukuro ye "Yellow Vests". Neiko zvavanoda zvisingagoni kuitwa? Ehe, Žižek inoita hunhu hwakakosha: izvo zvinodikanwa hazvigone kuzadzikiswa "mukati meiyo iripo system". Asi nyangwe pano akarasika zvachose. Zvizhinji zvezvinodiwa zvakazadzikiswa kare neWestern capitalism, asi mushure mekukunda kweneoliberalism uku kufambira mberi kwevanhu kwakabviswa. Mune mamwe mazwi, varatidziri vari kungoedza kudzosera zvakawanikwa zvevashandi, izvo zvavakarasikirwa nazvo mumakore makumi matatu apfuura. Zvechokwadi, hazvibviri kudzoka muma30 uye 1960s. Basa rinoshanda pakudzorerwa kwehurumende yehutano raizobudirira chete kana richigadzira mafomu matsva nemikana mitsva yekuvandudzwa kwayo. Nekudaro, isu tiri kutaura pano nezve chimwe chinhu: iyo thesis yekuti shanduko yemagariro haigoneke mukati me capitalist system haisi yechokwadi. Iri imwewo nyaya kuti shanduko idzi hadzibvi kubva mukuda kwakanaka kweboka rinotonga, asi kuti zvinohwinwa kuburikidza nekurwisana kwevashandi.
Kuti atsigire tsananguro yake pamusoro pezvinopokana zvinodiwa zve "Yellow Vests" Žižek anonongedza kuti hazvibviri kudzikisa mitero kune vanhu vanoshanda uye panguva imwe chete kuwedzera mari yedzidzo, hutano, nharaunda, nezvimwe. kutaura chaizvo kuti iyi thesis yakakweretwa kubva kune neoliberal nyanzvi. Iyo ine mukurumbira muRussia seyambiro yakapihwa Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, uyo akabatwa kamera achitaura nevaCrimea vakasiya basa: "Mari ishoma, asi sungirira ipapo".
Kutaura zvazviri, kune nzira dzakawanda dzekuti hurumende dziwane mari inodiwa pakushandisa munzanga. Hapana chikonzero chekudzvanya vashandi nemitero yakawandisa. Mumwe anogona kugadzira mabhizinesi ehurumende anoshanda, uye kushandisa purofiti kune zvinodiwa munharaunda. Mumwe anogona kuwedzera mutero kumakambani makuru, kana kuti kutora imwe yemutero inobatsira iyo transnational inonakidzwa munenge nyika dzese mumakore gumi apfuura. Munhu anogona kuderedza mabhenefiti ezvikamu zvepamusoro zvehurumende, uye orega kutambisa zviwanikwa pazvirongwa “zvine mukurumbira” zvisina zvazvinoreva, munhu anogona kuderedza mari pamidziyo inodzvinyirira, kana kuti anogona kurwisa huori zvinobudirira. Mumwe anogona kukurudzira kukura kwehupfumi uye kuwedzera mubairo, kuitira kuti kunyange kana mitero inotemwa, iyo yose bhajeti yemari inowedzera. Mumwe anogona kutopa mari zvirongwa zvemagariro nemutengo wekushaikwa kwebhajeti: zvinopesana nemaonero evanoongorora vane rusununguko, kuwedzera kwemari yehurumende hakungokonzerese kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kweinflation (ikozvino, zvikwereti zvinopihwa nemabhanga ega zvinokurudzira inflation kusvika pamwero mukuru. kupfuura mari yehurumende).
Ndichiri kudzokorora manyepo evamiriri veboka rinotonga pamusoro pekusakwanisa kuita zvinodiwa nevaratidziri, Žižek haaone kuti njodzi yevakuru kubva mukuratidzira kwe "Yellow Vest" inouya chaizvo kubva pakuti izvi zvinodikanwa zvinogona kuzadzikiswa zviri nyore kunyangwe. nhasi, kunyangwe mukati mehupfumi huripo hwecapitalist. Zvakadaro, izvi zvinodiwa zvinongopesana nezvido zvevakuru vari kutonga. Nemamwe mashoko, zvisingabviri zvinodiwa haisiriyo nyaya; dambudziko ndere kupesana kwekirasi kunowanikwa kune capitalism. Kungomanikidzira kubva kuvanhu vazhinji pamusoro pevatongi vanotonga, avo nguva nenguva vakamanikidzwa kuita zvibvumirano kune vanhu vakatsamwa, vakabvumira chero kufambira mberi kwevanhu mukati mehurongwa huripo.
Izvo zvinoshandawo kune yakakurumbira "kusawirirana" kwepurogiramu ye "Yellow Vests". Chokwadi, zvinodiwa zvacho zvinopokana. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi hazvirevi chete kuti hazvibviri kusangana, asi, pane zvinopesana, zvinoratidza zvinopesana. Chirongwa chakanyatsoenderana uye chisingapesani zvachose chezvemagariro nehupfumi uye chezvematongerwo enyika chinogona kuvapo chete mupfungwa dzemunhu ane pfungwa, uye kunyangwe zvakadaro, kana chete asingazivi kuvepo kwekupokana kwechinangwa mukati memagariro enhoroondo kana chimiro chemagariro. Kufamba kwevanhu vakawanda chete, kunobatanidza mapoka akasiyana-siyana emagariro evanhu uye neimwe nzira inofunga nezvezvido zvavo zvakasiyana-siyana, inokwanisa kukwezva uye kuunganidza ruzhinji rwevanhu. Mafambiro ese, ayo akakwanisa kushandura nzanga, aive mafambiro evanhu. Sirogani yeBolshevik "Nyika kune varimi", iyo yakakurudzira boka raLenin kutora masimba uye kukunda muhondo yevagari vemo, haina kutanga mudzidziso yesocialist, asi yairatidza zvaidiwa chaizvo nevarimi ve "petty-bourgeois". Pasina kubatanidzwa kwavo, chimurenga hachina kuwana mukana.
Chirongwa chisina mhosva "chinowirirana" hachimbofa chakaitwa netsanangudzo nekuti hachizombounganidza rutsigiro rweruzhinji. Kunyange kana "mudzvinyiriri akachenjera" aizoedza kuimanikidza kubva kumusoro, chaizvoizvo, angadai achiri kufanira kuita zvibvumirano, zvichipiwa kusawirirana kwezvido zvevanhu uye kudiwa kwekuchengetedza kutsigirwa kwehuwandu hwakakwana hwevadzorwi vake.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kusawirirana kwezvido zve "Yellow Vests" kunowedzerawo nemaune nepropaganda yemasimba ari. Kubva pakuona kwekuruboshwe, kudiwa kwekuputsika kwemabhangi anotungamira kunotaridzika kusava nechokwadi. Marxist kana left-Keynesian economists vachataura kuti kugadzwa kwemasangano makuru emari uye kuzviisa pasi pekutonga neruzhinji kune musoro zvakanyanya kubva pakuona kwezvido zvevanhu. Asi chekutanga, ichi chinodiwa hachingogoneki chete, asi hachipikisane nemafungiro ehupfumi hwemusika. Uye chechipiri, kunyangwe ikaitwa, hapana chinotyisa chingaitika. Uyezve, mamiriro acho angadai achiri nani kupfuura zvaari iye zvino, sezvo kuputsa mabhanga kwaizoderedza simba ravo rezvematongerwe enyika uye kukanganisa kutonga kwemitemo yehurumende nemari yemari.
Zvese zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvinoreva here kuti Žižek haina kururama nezve systemic dambudziko? Kwete. Kufamba kwe "Yellow Vests" kunoratidza chokwadi chekuti hurongwa hwasvika kune imwe nzvimbo yakaoma. Zvisinei, kuchinja kwevanhu kune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana kunoitika chaizvo kuburikidza ne "kupokana" kumukira kwevanhu, izvo vanyori vezvakaitika kare vave vachidana marevolutions kwemakore mazana matatu. Kana "Yellow Vests" ikakunda, kana zvavanoda zvikazadzikiswa mune zvese (uye hapana kana chirongwa chimwe chete chakaitwa zvachose, zvirokwazvo, kwete kamwechete), hazvizotungamira mukubviswa kwe capitalism.
Izvi, kune rumwe rutivi, zvichachinja zvakanyanya kuenzana kwemauto ekirasi munharaunda, uye kune rumwe rutivi, zvinopa kusimuka kune zvitsva zvemagariro zvido uye zvinodiwa zvinokura kubva mumamiriro matsva nemikana mitsva yainobvumira.
Muchokwadi, isu tiri kubata pano nemhando ye "chirongwa cheshanduko" (uchishandisa izwi rekuti Leon Trotsky), nemusiyano chete wekuti inogadzirwa kwete nevakangwara uye vezvematongerwo enyika, asi zvakangoerekana zvaitwa nevazhinji pachavo.
Tinogona kutsoropodza mafambiro epasi echisikigo anoperekedzwa nekuwedzeredza kusingadzivisiki uye kukanganisa zvakanyanya sezvatinoda, asi isu tinofanirwa kubvuma kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu ekubhuroka kwakazara kwevekuruboshwe vezvematongerwo enyika nehungwaru nharaunda, veruzhinji havana sarudzo kunze kwekutora magumo avo. mumaoko avo. Nemamwe manzwi, zvematongerwo enyika zvevazhinji zviri nani pane kutora mukana kwevezvematongerwo enyika uye kunyomba kwevazivi.
Hazvishamisi kuti kune vakasiya vakangwara, kusanganisira zvakanakisisa (Slavoj Žižek ndeimwe yavo), kutendeuka kwakadaro kwezviitiko hazvitarisirwi uye zvisingafadzi. Vakangwara vanogona kutsoropodza vezvematongerwo enyika sezvavanoda, vachizviisa pamusoro pemitambo yezvematongerwo enyika, asi pane imwe nguva vanogona kuona kuti kuvimbika kwavo uye kudzika kwekutaura kwavo hazvivapi chero makadhi ehwamanda mumaziso evanhu vakawanda. Pamusoro pazvo, mamiriro acho akatonyanya kuipa kune vazivi veveruzhinji kupfuura zvaari kune vezvidzidzo. Vekupedzisira, zvirinani, havatarisiri kuti vanhu, vaona chiedza, vachavadaidza sevatungamiriri vatsva. Mukupesana, vazivi veruzhinji vanonyonganisa zvechokwadi kubudirira kwavo munhepfenyuro uye mukurumbira wavo nepesvedzero yeruzhinji. Izvi hazvisi zvakasiyana chete, asi, mune dzimwe nguva, zvinhu zvinopesana.
Chero kufamba kwevazhinji kunofambira mberi kunoda vane njere. Iwo "Yellow Vests" anoidawo, asi kwete sevadzidzisi vanozvikudza uye varairidzi, kwete sevatongi vakasarudzika vanoongorora zviito zvevamwe vanhu, asi semakomuredhi akaenzana uye anobatsira.
Kodzero yekukodzera kuva hutungamiriri muboka revanhu vakawanda inofanirwa kuwanikwa nekuvapo kunoshanda mubato iri. Kwete nekubudirira kwakapfuura uye nezvinyorwa zvakangwara, asi nekuita nguva dzose, kutora chikamu muzviitiko uye kuda kugovana nevanhu kwete chete mutoro wemhedzisiro yekurwira kwavo, asiwo njodzi (kusanganisira tsika) uye kukundikana. Zvakakosha kutarisa kwete pane abstract theoretical correctness, asi pamusoro pekushanda kwezvematongerwe enyika uye kubudirira kunoshanda pano uye ikozvino, pamusoro pekubudirira mune zvido zvekufamba uku uye chivharo chemagariro evanhu sangano iri rinomiririra. Mumwe haafanire kutonga kana kuongorora, asi kutora chikamu, kurwa, kukanganisa, kugadzirisa kukanganisa uye kukunda.
Boris Kagarlitsky PhD munyori wenhoroondo uye wezvemagariro evanhu anogara muMoscow. Ndiye munyori ane hunyanzvi hwemabhuku enhoroondo nezvematongerwo enyika zvazvino zveSoviet Union neRussia uye wemabhuku pamusoro pekusimuka kwehupfumi hwenyika. Mabhuku ake gumi nemana akaturikirwa muchiRungu. Iri bhuku richangoburwa muChirungu ndere 'Kubva kuEmpires kuenda kuImperialism: Iyo State uye Rise yeBourgeois Civilisation' (Routledge, 2014). Kagarlitsky ndiye mupepeti mukuru wepepanhau repamhepo remutauro weRussia Rabkor.ru (Mushandi). Ndiye mutungamiriri weInstitute for Globalization and Social Movements, iri muMoscow.
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