Kubva paKurume 18, 2011, mharidzo kuStony Brook University musangano “Kutsanangura Ramangwana Redzidzo Yepamusoro Yeruzhinji”
Munyika yose, chikamu chakapfuma kwazvo chevanhu chiri kushandisa matambudziko emari yenyika kuitira kuderedza mari yemabasa ezvemagariro evanhu sedzidzo uye kuderedza simba rezvematongerwo enyika rasara revashandi. Ndine zvibodzwa zvitatu pano: kuratidza kushanda kwepfungwa yaNaomi Klein ye "Shock Doctrine" kuhondo iripo muNew York State (uye nekuwedzera, dzimwe nyika zhinji), kupa vaverengi ruoko nerumwe ruzivo rwekutanga kuvabatsira kutaura. counter-hurukuro, uye kutaura pfungwa shanu dzekutaura dzandinofunga kuti tinofanira kusimbisa kuenda kumberi.
Imwe yemakakatanwa angu epakati ndeyekuti kunyangwe paine yakakura bipartisan propaganda yekurwisa mibatanidzwa uye gutsaruzhinji, veruzhinji veUS "vakagadzirira" meseji ine hunyanzvi. Sarudzo dzepfungwa dzeveruzhinji mumwedzi ichangopfuura - pamwe nesarudzo dzakadzokera kumashure makumi emakore akawanda - dzinoratidza kuti chirongwa chedzidzo chinoronga gakava nenzira yakatsanangurwa muchikamu chechipiri pazasi chichasangana nemhinduro yakanaka pakati peveruzhinji. Kutaura idi, nguva yazvino yezvamatongerwe enyika ingangove yakafanira zvikuru kuronga sangano rinofambira mberi kupfuura panguva ipi neipi mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura.
Iyo Shock Dzidziso Inouya kuNew York
Milton Friedman, gamba riya rekambani yakapfuma munyika yose, akambotaura kuti “dambudziko bedzi, chairoiro kana kuti rinorangarirwa, rinoparira chinjo chaiyoiyo. Kana dambudziko iroro rikaitika, zviito zvinotorwa zvinoenderana nepfungwa dzakarasika. ” Friedman ndiye aive piyona anotungamira weinonzi naNaomi Klein "dzidziso inovhundutsa." Bhuku raKlein ra2007 rinoteedzera nhoroondo yehungwaru yekugadziridzwa kweneoliberal muNyika yeTatu kubva kuma1970s, zvichiratidza kuti nyika dzakapfuma, masangano ezvemari epasi rose seWorld Bank neIMF, uye Third World elites vakashandisa sei matambudziko ehupfumi, "chaiwo kana anoonekwa," kumanikidza. Zvirongwa zvakakasharara zve “structural adjustment” muNyika Yese yechitatu, kutanga muChile muna 1975. Zvirongwa izvi zvakaburitsa hupfumi hwenyika, zvakaderedza mari yehurumende, zvakaita kuti misika yemunyika ivhurwe kune zvinotengwa kunze kwenyika zvakachipa, uye kumisa mabhizimisi makuru nemari. Matanho akadai anopesana nemirawu iyo nyika dzemazuva ano dzakabudirira dzakashandisa kusimudzira hupfumi hwadzo, asi kusimukira kwehupfumi handicho chaicho chinangwa uye chinongoitika zvega kana zvamboitika; ivo vanofanofungidzira vanozowana varidzi vekunze uye makambani uye kapu diki yevakuru vepamba [1].
Vacherechedzi vazhinji vakaona maitiro akafanana pano muUnited States kubva mukupera kwema1970: nepo mihoro chaiyo yakamira kana kudonha uye hurumende dzinotevedzana pamatanho ese dzakabvisa mambure ekuchengetedza magariro, mari yemauto uye purofiti yemakambani yakakwira, zvichiunza kuwedzera kunoshamisa kusaenzana kwemagariro nehupfumi. United States yave nenguva yakareba yakabatana nechirevo che "nhangemutange kusvika pasi," kutenderera kwakashata uko nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi "dzinokwikwidza" kune mumwe nemumwe kupa mamiriro ekunze akanaka ekudyara bhizinesi [2]. Kunyangwe hutongi hwese neCongress kubvira kuma1970s zvakakonzera izvi, nguva dzekufungidzirwa kwedambudziko remari dzinopa mikana yakanaka kune avo vanoda kudzoreredza demokrasi yesocial. MaRepublicans nemaDemocrats vese vanga vari vanachiremba vanokatyamadza. Mushure mekunge maReaganites atora chikamu chekutanga chemubatanidzwa kubva Hondo Yenyika I nekupa zororo rakakura remutero kune vapfumi uye nekuwedzera mari yePentagon, maClintonites akanangana nehurongwa hwehupfumi sechinhu chakakosha chekushomeka uye vakashanda kupedzisa "rubatsiro sezvatinoziva. ” Mushure meClinton- naBush-era kudzikiswa, mauto, uye kuderedzwa kwemitero kune vapfumi kwakaburitsa dambudziko riripo, hutongi hwaObama hwave kupinda muCongress mukupomera "kunze kwekutonga" kushandiswa kwemagariro - uku vachitsvaga kukwidza bhajeti rePentagon ne3. -5 muzana kune rekodhi nyowani-yakakwirira uye inowedzera Bush-era mutero wekucheka izvo zvinodhura mazana emabhiriyoni emadhora [3]. Kuti mabatiro aObama emari akaderera zvishoma uye anopindura pane maRepublicans 'haapokane kuvapo kwekubvumirana kwekutanga bipartisan.
Zano iri rakareruka, uye rinoratidza zvakadanwa nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi Edward Herman naRobin Hahnel nenzira kwayo kuti "yakaenzana-bhajeti zano": kupa mutero unorema uye rubatsiro kune vakapfuma chikamu chenharaunda uye kutambisa hafu yebhajeti remubatanidzwa muhondo nemauto. , zvino vachipomera kushomeka kwakakonzerwa nedzidzo yeruzhinji, Medicaid, Medicare, Social Security, masangano evashandi vehurumende, rubatsiro kumhuri dzine mari shoma, nezvimwe zvakadaro, vachisimbirira kuti zvese zvekupedzisira zvinofanirwa "kudzoserwa" mukufarira kwenyika. kupona. (Iyi gakava risinganzwisisike rinoenda pamwe chete neimwe: pfungwa yekuti kuderedza defisiti kunofanirwa kuve chinhu chakakosha pamberi nekukurumidza. Sezvakayambira vazhinji vezvehupfumi, uye sezvakaratidzwa neKuderera Kukuru kwekare kare, chete bold federal stimulus spending-yakanyanya kushinga kupfuura yaObama. Kurudziro ya2009-ichabatsira hupfumi kusimuka.Kuwedzera kushomeka kwenguva pfupi kwakakosha, uye hazvikuvadze sezviri kutaurwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda zvichinzi hurumende yeUS inokwanisa kuwana mitengo yakaderera yekare [ona chikamu chinotevera, poindi. #4] [4].)
Hurumende dzenyika dzakatenderedza nyika dzava kutsvaga kushandisa shanduro dzadzo dzeShock Doctrine. Muchikamu chenguva pfupi yapfuura chine musoro unoti “Shock Doctrine, U.S.A.,” nyanzvi yezveupfumi yakahwina mubairo weNobel Paul Krugman. anoona kuti zviito zveRepublican muWisconsin "kutora simba-kuedza kushandisa dambudziko rezvemari kuparadza yekupedzisira huru yekupikisa kune simba rezvematongerwo enyika remakambani nevapfumi." Uyezve, Krugman anoti, "kubvuta simba kunodarika mubatanidzwa": mutemo unobvumirawo Gavhuna nevaanogadzwa kuti vaparadze hutano hwemhuri dzine mari shoma uye kubiridzira zvishandiso zveveruzhinji kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvisingabhadhare [5].
Kunyangwe vatsoropodzi vekurwiswa kwazvino kune veruzhinji kazhinji zvinoreva kuti "magavhuna eRepublican" ndivo chete vane mhosva [6], maDemocrat mazhinji ari kutevera imwechete yakakosha ajenda. Hapana kumwe kunowanikwa kubatana kweDemocratic kunooneka kupfuura muNew York, uko Gavhuna achangosarudzwa Andrew Cuomo ari kutsvaga kuderedzwa kukuru kudzidzo yeruzhinji, mabasa ehutano hweveruzhinji, uye mihoro yemubatanidzwa wevashandi vehurumende vachivimbisa kudzikisa mitero kune vapfumi vashanu muzana veNew Yorkers. . Cuomo anoda kucheka dzidzo yepamusoro soro (SUNY neCUNY) nemari inodarika mazana matatu neshanu emamiriyoni emadhora, yekutanga neyechipiri rubatsiro rwechikoro ne $ 1.5 bhiriyoni, iyo Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) ne $200 mamiriyoni, uye Medicaid pavana vana pagumi vanovimba ne$4 miriyoni pamakore maviri [10]. Uye anozviita nehasha, pasina kukumbira ruregerero: munaNovember the New York Times Zvinonzi kuti Cuomo "akatokurudzira vatungamiriri vebhizinesi kuita seanopikisa mibatanidzwa, achivakurudzira, pazvinhu zvese, kuhaya vanomiririra vazhinji" [8]. Meya weguta reNew York, Michael Bloomberg, ari kutevera hurongwa hwakafanana, achityisidzira vangangoita zviuru zvina nemazana manomwe kudzingwa kwevadzidzisi uye kucheka kukuru kuti vachengete vana, vakweguru, uye vasina pekugara. Sezvakataurwa nevanoongorora vane ruzivo, uku kurwiswa kwevashandi pamwe neveruzhinji kunoratidza sarudzo yezvematongerwo enyika nemaune kwete kukosha kwehupfumi (ona pazasi).
Izvo zvikonzero zvinozivikanwawo, uye zvakanyatsoenderana naMilton Friedman: diatribes against “special interests” (zvichireva kunyanya kushanda, vana vechikoro vane mari shoma, vanogamuchira Medicaid, nezvimwewo), hurukuro inokudzwa ye “chibairo chakagoverana,” kugunun'una kwehasha pamusoro pemabatiro ari kuita masangano evashandi muhomwe yehurumende, uye zvichingodaro—zvose zvinotungamirira kumhedziso inochemedza asi isinganzvengeki yokuti “hapana imwe nzira” kune kuomesera kweneoliberal. Kukunda iyi propaganda uye kukunda muhondo yemazano kunoda kugadziridzwa kwakakosha kwegakava nevaya vanoda kumisa Cuomo, vezvemitemo, uye vapfumi vavo vanotsigira uye vanowana rubatsiro kubva kutyaira New York kudzoka mune yezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe dystopia.
Kudzokorora Gakava: Nharo shanu Dzakakurudzirwa Kupikisa
Ndinoda kupa pfungwa dzekutaura shanu dzandinotenda kuti dzinofanira kuva pakati pekuedza kwedu kusimudzira imwe chiono cheNew York nenyika yese. Iyi inopikisa-hurukuro haifaniri kuva, uye haifaniri kuva, inodzivirira chete mukutaura uye hunhu; kunyangwe tichidzivirira kurwiswa nekukasira paruzhinji, isu tinofanirwa kutaura chiratidzo chekongiri chemaitiro ekuita zvinhu. fanira kuva.
Ndichitevera furemu yega yega ndinodonongodza zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha uye zviverengero zvingashandiswa nevaverengi kuzvitsigira.
- There is mari, uye ipapo ndivo dzimwe nzira; sezvo vakapfuma vemuNew York vane mari, kunanga veruzhinji kwete vapfumi isarudzo yezvematongerwo enyika netsika.
- Kucheka mabasa kuitira kuti vapfumi vateme mitero inouraya basa; kubhadharisa vapfumi mari kuti vape mari yehurumende inzira inobudirira zvikuru yekugadzira mabasa uye kukurudzira upfumi pane kuderedza mitero kuvapfumi.
- Mauto eUS anokanganisa zvakanyanya kupora kwehupfumi uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.
- Kuita kwehurumende chete hakuna kukwana; bold federal deficit mari inodiwa kuti hupfumi hwenyika husimukire.
- Kurwiswa kwevashandi vehurumende kurwisa democracy uye musimboti wekuenzana kwemikana
#1:
KUNE mari, uye kune dzakawanda dzimwe nzira dzekucheka mashandisirwo emagariro; kunangana nevashandi, vadzidzi, neveruzhinji kwete vapfumi isarudzo yezvematongerwo enyika neyetsika
Mifungo yokuti “New York State yakaputsika” kana kuti “hakuna kutongova nemari” haina hwaro chaihwoihwo. New York yakazara nemari nemari, asi ndizvo zvakadzama kusvika pamwero usina kuonekwa kubva muNguva Yakaremara. Vapfumi vashanu muzana vanowana 49 muzana yemari yese, kubva pa31 muzana makumi maviri emakore apfuura. Uye kunyange iyo 49 muzana yakanangidzirwa zvakanyanya mumaoko evapfumi mumwe muzana, vanogamuchira 35 muzana yemari yose yavanotambira, kubva pa17 muzana muna 1990 uye 10 muzana muna 1980. Mukupesana, 50 muzana yakaderera inogamuchira bedzi 9 muzana yemari inowanwa muhurumende, yakaderera kubva pa14 muzana muna 1990. New York ndiyo yakawanda zvikurusa. mamiriro asina kuenzana munyika, uye New York City iro rakanyanya kusaenzana guta guru [10].
Vazhinji vevadzidzisi nevamwe vashandi vehurumende vakashoropodzwa neShock Doctrine rhetoric vanowira mukati meiyo pasi pe50 muzana; muhoro wekutanga weavhareji mudzidzisi muUnited States chete $39,000. Uye kuWisconsin, uko "mudyandigere wegoridhe" wevashandi vevashandi vehurumende vanonzi ndivo vane mhosva yedambudziko remari yenyika, penjeni yepakati ndeyechokwadi. asingasviki $ 23,000. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaratidzawo kuti mihoro uye mabhenefiti evashandi vehurumende havasi nani pane avo vevashandi vega [11]. Asi ekunyange kana vashandi vehurumende mune dzimwe nguva vanonakidzwa nezvinobatsira kana zvikomborero izvo vasiri mubatanidzwa, vakazvimirira vega havaiti, mhinduro hakusi kutora mari kubva kune vekare asi kubatanidza uye kuunganidza vekupedzisira (mari nemabhenefiti anotorwa kubva kuvashandi vemubatanidzwa kazhinji. dzokera kuvapfumi, zvakadaro).
Hurongwa hwehurumende yenyika hwakasimbisa maitiro aya kusvika pakuwanda kwemari nehupfumi. MuNew York State, sekune dzimwe nzvimbo, mitero yemitero uye kugoverwa kwebhajeti kunoratidza maitiro akafanana apo vapfumi nevane simba vanogashira zvipo zvevoruzhinji ukuwo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vachicheka mabasa kuvashandi, vadzidzi, uye ruzhinji rwevanhu. Mutero muNew York unoderera zvakanyanya, zvichireva kuti “vakapfuma 1% vemhuri vanobhadhara chikamu chiduku zvikuru chemari yavanotambira mumitero yehurumende neyomunharaunda kupfuura zvinoita vamwe vose vomuNew York, kunyange nokuwedzera kwomutero wenguva pfupi” kwakapfuura muna 2009. Vepamusoro muzana vachiri kubhadhara 8.4 muzana chete. yemari yavo, nhamba inodonha kusvika pa7.2 muzana kana Cuomo akabvumidzwa kurega mutero wenguva pfupi uchipera. Mhuri dzinoita madhora zviuru makumi matatu nezvitatu nemazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu nenhanhatu dzinobhadhara chikamu chikuru chemari yadzinowana kudarika chero ani zvake ari mudunhu (33,000 muzana). Kunyangwe varombo veNew Yorkers-vaviri vepasi pasi quintiles, avo vanoita isingasviki $56,000-vanobhadhara chikamu chepamusoro chemari yavo mumitero (11.6 ne33,000 muzana) kupfuura vakapfuma chikamu chimwe muzana [9.6].
Hurumende yeNew York State inopawo rubatsiro rwakananga kumakambani nevapfumi—izvo vamwe vakadana kuti “pfuma”—nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Mumwe muenzaniso wakanaka ndewenyika Brownfield Kuchenesa Chirongwa, iyo maererano neAlbany Times-Mubatanidzwa "zvakakonzera kuti mazana emamiriyoni emadhora apinde mune imwe shoma yemapurojekiti makuru anodhura ane mini-cleanups" mumakore matatu apfuura. Vanobatsirwa ndivo vagadziri vakazvimiririra, vanotora mukana wekupa mutero wehurumende kiredhiti vachiri kushandisa (kubvira 2009) chete ingangoita 20 muzana yerubatsiro pakuchenesa chaiko. Muna 2008 mutongi wehurumende Tom DiNapoli akafanotaura kuti mari yose yechirongwa ichi inogona kudarika mabhiriyoni matatu emadhora. Sekureva kweFiscal Policy Institute's conservative fungidziro, nyika inogona nyore save anenge mamiriyoni 300 emadhora kuburikidza nekugadzirisa purogiramu yacho; kuenda mberi, uye nekuona kuti rubatsiro rwehurumende runoshandiswa chete pakuchenesa chaiko, zvinogona kuchengetedza mazana emamiriyoni ekuwedzera [13].
Vapfumi veNew Yorkers, kunyanya vemabhanga ekuWall Street nevakuru vemakambani, vari kunakidzwa nemhindu yerekodhi vachirasikirwa nevanhuwo zvavo; vanogona uye vanofanira kutakura mari dzekudzorerwa. Huwandu hwakawanda hwematanho ehurongwa hwemari huripo padanho rehurumende. Mitemo miviri yakajairika ingave 1) kuwedzera kwemutero wenguva pfupi yemutero (iyo "Millionaire's Tax") yakapfuura muna 2009 uye nekuda kwekupera kwekupera kwegore rino (Cuomo akapika kuti achaisiya ichipera), uye 2) kushandiswa kwemutero we-stock-transfer. Yekutanga inoshanda kune avo vane mihoro inodarika mazana maviri emadhora uye mhuri dzinoita mari inodarika madhora mazana matatu ezviuru - vangangove vapfumi vashanu muzana veNew Yorkers. Kuwedzera kwemakore maviri chete kwaizowedzera $ 6 bhiriyoni mune imwe mari yakawedzerwa — ingangoita 60 muzana yekushomeka kwebhajeti renyika, uye nekakapetwa katatu mari iyo Cuomo yaizobvisa kubva kudzidzo yeruzhinji kupuraimari, sekondari, uye post-secondary level [14]. Mutero une mwero pakutengeserana kwemasheya uye fungidziro-mhinduro yakakurudzirwa nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzeNobel dzakaita saPaul Krugman nevamwe vazhinji vasingakodzere sevanosiya vakasindimara — vangadaro. tanga $3.2 bhiriyoni [15].
Zvimwe zvingasarudzwa zvakawanda. Kushandisa NY State's bargaining simba kutaurirana nemitengo yakaderera yezvinodhaka, kuvhara mutero wekambani, kugumisa rubatsiro kumakambani makuru, kudzoreredza muumbozha uye mari maakaundi evamiriri vemitemo muAlbany: matanho akadaro anowedzera mari yenyika nemazana emamiriyoni emadhora gore rega rega [16. ].
#2:
Kucheka kushandiswa kwemagariro evanhu uchicheka mitero kune vapfumi kunouraya mabasa; kubhadharisa vapfumi mari kuti vashandise mari yeruzhinji inzira inonyatso shanda yekugadzira mabasa uye kukurudzira hupfumi pane kuderedza mitero kune vapfumi.
Mhinduro yaChiremba weShock kunharo yekuti tinofanira kuteresa vapfumi ndeyekuti kuita izvi kunomisa kusimukira kwehupfumi nekugadzirwa kwemabasa; chete nekucheka mitero yemakambani uye vane hupfumi hwepamusoro, ivo vanosimbirira, tinogona kurwisa kushaikwa kwemabasa uye kudzoreredza hupfumi mugwara. Ngano iyi ine tsana yechokwadi—kuderedzwa kwemitero kuvapfumi chido kutungamirira pakusikwa kwe vamwe mabasa. Asi mubvunzo wakakosha ndewekuti vachagadzira here zvimwe mabasa pane mamwe matanho sekuwedzera mabhenefiti ekushaikwa kwemabasa, kuwedzera mari kuzvikoro zvehurumende, kana kutema mitero yevashandi nepakati nepakati nemari yakaenzana. Mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu, yakasimbiswa uye yakasimbiswa neakawanda ezvidzidzo zvehupfumi mumakore apfuura, inonzwika NO. Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti vanhu vanoshanda vanopinza chikamu chikuru chemari yavanowana muhupfumi, nokudaro zvichikurudzira kudiwa uye kuwedzera mabasa ekugadzira mabasa kusvika pamwero mukuru kupfuura vapfumi, avo vanowanzochengetedza kana kuunganidza chikamu chikuru chemari yavo. Nokudaro mari inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika mabhiriyoni mazana masere emadhora ekuti kuwedzerwa kweBush-era kuderedzwa kwemitero kuchadhura hurumende yemubatanidzwa kwaizogadzira mamwe mabasa akawanda kana ikashandiswa muzvirongwa zvevanhu; zvimwe chetezvo kumatunhu nematunhu.
Mhedziso iyi yagara yamira kuve nyowani kana kukakavara pakati pevakahwina mubairo weNobel vakaita saJoseph Stiglitz naPaul Krugman, vanga vasina kugadzikana mukutaura izvo zvave zvinonzwisisika pakati penyanzvi dzehupfumi dzakazvimiririra: kuti kubhadharisa vapfumi mutero kuti vawane mari munharaunda ndiko kwakanyanya kunaka. nzira dzekufambisa kudzoreredza kwehupfumi hwese (pamwe nesarudzo yetsika). Stiglitz kunyange akanyora tsamba yega kuvakuru veNew York State vachivakurudzira kuti vatsigire kuwedzera kwemutero kwa2009 pavapfumi vashanu muzana veNew Yorkers seyakanyanya "inodiwa mune zvehupfumi". Muna Zvita 2008, vanopfuura zana vezvehupfumi vekuNew York vakasaina a tsamba kune aimbova Gavhuna Patterson uyo akaratidza manzwiro akafanana: "Simudza Mitero Yepamusoro-soro Kuti Ubatsire Kuvhara Budget Gaps" [17].
Zvinonzi nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi mune zvematongerwo enyika "kukura kunotungamirwa nemuhoro" - kukwidza mibairo yevashandi kukurudzira hupfumi - hakusi kungorurama chete, asiwo ingori nzira inoshanda yekuwedzera kukura kupfuura rudzi rwemitemo yekudonha yakatonga zvakanyanya makore 35 apfuura [18]. Ikozvino kuenderera mberi kweiyo regressive, trickle-down fiscal policy inotarisirwa kuunza pakukura kwehupfumi hushoma, nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi chete.
#3:
Mauto eUS anokanganisa zvakanyanya kupora kwehupfumi nemagariro pano pamusha, pamwe nekukuvadza vanhu pasirese
Zvombo zveUS zvinouraya vanhu vekune dzimwe nyika zuva nezuva-muIraq, Afghanistan, Palestine, Colombia, Mexico, Egypt, uye nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinofarira rubatsiro rukuru rwemauto nemaoko neUnited States. Ichi chokwadi ndicho chikonzero chekukurumidzira nei isu tese tichifanira kurwira kupera kwechiuto cheUS.
Asi mauto eUS anotadzisawo kupora kwehupfumi uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu pano pamba. Inenge hafu (ikozvino 48 muzana) yeUS pagore discretionary yekushandisa, kana $ 1.37 trillion, inoenda kuhondo nemauto [19]. Nekugoverazve mari iyoyo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinobatsira zvinodiwa nevanhu, hurumende yaigona kupa zviri nyore zvinodiwa pamagariro emunhu wese ari muUnited States (uye kuva nezvakawanda zvakasara zverubatsiro rwekunze). Kuisa nhamba yacho mune mamwe maonero enzvimbo, huwandu hwemari iyo hurumende yeUS inoshandisa kumauto sekondi yoga yoga yaizovhara SUNY tuition yevadzidzi vanomwe. A mere maawa gumi nemapfumbamwe yekushandiswa kwechiuto inogona kupa vese 465,000 SUNY vadzidzi vemahara tuition.
Kuisa mari zvakare kwaizogadzirisa dambudziko rekushaikwa kwemabasa uye kubatsira kuisa United States munzira inoenda kune ramangwana rehupfumi. Sekudzikiswa kwemutero kune vapfumi, kushandisa mari muchiuto inzira isina kunyatsoshanda yekukurudzira kusikwa kwemabasa uye kukura kwehupfumi kana ichienzaniswa nekudyara kweveruzhinji muzvivakwa, dzidzo yeveruzhinji, uye hutano. Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi Robert Pollin naHeidi Garrett-Peltier vePolitical Economy Research Institute vakanyatso ongorora mabatiro emabasa esarudzo dzakasiyana siyana dzemari. kuwana kuti
bhiriyoni imwe neimwe yemadhora ekushandiswa kwehurumende kunoderedzwa kuderedzwa kwemitero kuti munhu ashandise anoita mabasa anosvika 15,000 12,000. Kuisa mari yakaenzana mumauto kunoumba anenge 18,000 mabasa. Neimwe nzira, kuisa bhiriyoni imwe mukutarisira utano kunobereka anenge mabasa 25,000 27,700; mudzidzo nezve 18,000 mabasa; mukufamba kukuru, mabasa 20; uye mukuvaka kwemamiriro ekunze epamba uye zvivakwa, XNUMX mabasa. Saka, kanopfuura kaviri nhamba yemabasa inogadzirwa nekushandisa mari yakaenzana padzidzo uye kufambisa kwevanhu vakawanda sepamauto. [XNUMX]
Nezvikonzero zvehupfumi chete, saka, United States haingokwanise kutambisa hafu yebhajeti repagore pamauto uye ichiri kupa izvo zvinodikanwa zvevanhu vayo. Iyi nharo yega inotungamira njodzi yekureva kuti kusashanda kwehupfumi uye kukuvadza kuzvido zvedu ndiwo chete matambudziko neUS militarism, asi chokwadi makumi emamiriyoni evanhu pasi rese akakuvadzwa zvakananga nehondo iyoyo, uye mamwe mabhiriyoni kukuvadzwa zvisina kunanga. Kunyange kudai mauto aiva akachenjera mune zveupfumi, kwaizova kuine mhosva mutsika. Asi kuunza mauto eUS muhurukuro kunopa mukana wekushoropodza unzenza pamwe nekusashanda kwemauto eUS: senge regressive fiscal policy, mauto ndizvo zvose unzenza uye zvisingabatsiri. Avo vasingagamuchiri gakava retsika vanofanira kupesvedzerwa nekakavadzano youdyire—asi kusimudza nhau dzetsika nedzemitemo kunenge kumanikidzira vanhu ivavo kufunga pamusoro padzo.
Bato revashandi reUS, iro rakagara richitsigira mauto eUS uye imperialism (kutsigira "pfuti" mukutsinhana ne "bhota"), ine basa rekukurumidzira rekushoropodza mauto nekuda kwekusashanda uye unzenza. Zvikamu zvidiki zvebasa rakarongeka - kunyanya, US Labor Against the War - zvagara zvakadaro, asi hutungamiriri hwevashandi hwakatadza kusvika parizvino.
#4:
Kuita kwehurumende chete hakuna kukwana; bold federal deficit mari inodiwa kuti hupfumi hwenyika husimukire
Kuita kwehurumende chete hakuna kukwana. Hurumende yemubatanidzwa ine zviwanikwa zvemari zvayainazvo izvo zvisingakwanisi nehurumende dzematunhu. Chinonyanya kukosha, inogona kukwereta mari yakawanda uye haifaniri kupfuudza bhajeti yakaenzana gore negore. Munguva dzekuderera kwehupfumi, zvinonyanya kukosha kuti hurumende yemubatanidzwa ishandise yakashinga kukurudzira, kusanganisira kupa rubatsiro rwemari kuhurumende dzematunhu, kuitira kuti hupfumi hudzokere mugwara. Kusimbisa kwazvino kwevezvamatongerwe enyika nenyanzvi dzezvematongerwe enyika pakudikanwa kwoku“cheka chisaririra”—uye chirevo chokuti kuita kudaro nenzira yakati kuchatungamirira kukumuka kwoupfumi—kunyengedza chaiko, uye kusatendeseka kwamaune kunobvira zvikuru. Iyo 2009 Obama stimulus bill yakanyatso dzikamisa mhedzisiro yekudzikira kwazvino, asi saJoseph Stiglitz. inotsanangura, yakanga iri duku zvikuru zvokusagona kuvimbisa kugadziridza kwoupfumi. SaPaul Krugman akadaro munguva pfupi yapfuura:
Hurumende yemubatanidzwa haina dambudziko kukwidza mari, uye mutengo wemari iyoyo — mubereko wemubereko wekukwereta kwemubatanidzwa — wakadzikira zvakanyanya maererano nezvakaitika kare. Saka hapana chikonzero chekutsvanzvadzira kuderedza kushandisa ikozvino ikozvino; isu tinogona uye tinofanira kuda kushandisa ikozvino kana zvichizoburitsa mari yekuchengeta mukufamba kwenguva.
Dzimwe nyanzvi munyaya dzezvehupfumi dzinobvumirana nazvo. Maererano ne Robin Hahnel, “Nzira bedzi yokuderedza kushaikwa kwemabasa iko zvino ndeyokuti hurumende yomubatanidzwa ibudise kurudziro huru yezvemari. Izvi zvinoreva kushomeka kwakakura kwebhajeti mumakore maviri anotevera ”(kuti uwane tsananguro pfupi uye inowanikwa yemidzi yedambudziko riripo, ona Hahnel's 3-chikamu. indavhiyu neNew Left Project muna 2010) [21]. Iri meseji yakakosha-yekuti tinofanira kuwedzera kushomeka kwemubatanidzwa munguva pfupi kana njodzi inokoka kushushikana kwakadzama-inofanirwa kuperekedza kushevedzera kwematanho emari ekufambira mberi sekubhadharisa vapfumi.
#5:
Kurwiswa kwevashandi vehurumende kurwisa democracy uye musimboti wekuenzana kwemikana
Vatsinhiri vakasiyana-siyana vane chokwadi Ratidza kuti ikozvino, yakazara-yakazara kurwisa mibatanidzwa, kushandiswa kwevanhu, uye kodzero dzevashandi ndiko kurwisa democracy pachayo [22]. Kana hutongi hwejekerere hunoreva zvinopfuura kungobvumidzwa kuvhota makore mana oga-oga, kana zvichireva kuti vanhu vane mukana wekuzadzisa zvavanoda uye kuve nekutaura musarudzo dzine chekuita nebasa ravo nehupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva, ipapo hondo yeruzhinji. chikamu zvirokwazvo ihondo yedemokrasi. Vanhu vanobva kuEgypt kuenda kuWisconsin vanoita sevanonzwisisa kubatana uku, zvinoonekwa kubva mukutaura kunoshamisa kwekubatana kwevashandi veWisconsin vanobva. Egypt, Afuganisitani, uye kumwewo mumavhiki achangopfuura [23].
Pfungwa yekuti vanhu vese vanoshanda nesimba vanonakidzwa nemikana yakaenzana yekurarama hupenyu hwakanaka uye hune budiriro yakakosha kungano yenyika yedu, kunyangwe nhamba kusaenzana uye kufamba kwekirasi (uye kutaura zvazviri, musika logic pachayo) nyore kuramba izvozvo. Kubva kuma1960 kana 1970 kusaenzana kwave kukwira zvishoma nezvishoma, nepo mafambiro emapoka emarudzi ari kuderera [24]. Uyezve, huwandu hwemari inowanikwa uye hupfumi hwese hunoramba huchiratidzira mutsauko unoshamisa maererano nedzinza uye murume kana mukadzi. Somuenzaniso, muna 2010 ripoti neInsight Center for Community Economic Development yakawana kuti “upfumi hwepakati hwevakadzi vechitema vasina varume i$100 chete; kuvakadzi vasina varume veSpanish, $120. Izvi zvinoenzanisa neinodarika $41,000 yevakadzi vachena vasina murume" [25].
Asi zvakadaro pane kuwirirana kwakasimba pakati peveruzhinji kuti ikoko kunge "mukana wakaenzana" kune wese munhu mune yakasununguka democracy. Kuratidza kuti hurongwa hwedu hwazvino hwehurongwa hwehurumende uye hutongi hwemakambani hunotadza kuzadzisa vimbiso iyi yakakosha yengano yenyika inogona kunge iri nzira inoshanda yekukwezva vanhuwo zvavo vemapato ese ezvematongerwo enyika vachiri kubatirira kupfungwa ye "American Dream". Kupwanya kwehurumende mabasa eruzhinji akaita sedzidzo neutano hakungofambisi hupfumi hwakawanda kune vakapfuma kwazvo munharaunda, asi kunoderedza vimbiso yemukana wakaenzana.
(Nokuda kwepfupiso yemapeji maviri yepfungwa dziri pamusoro apa dzinogona kugoverwa sekupa, ona https://znetwork.org/fighting-back-and-looking-forward-by-organization-for-a-free-society).
Vanhu Vanogamuchira
Kuti tikunde hondo yekodzero, tinofanira kutaura mashoko aya zvakajeka uye tichidzokorora kusvikira ava kurova kwemwoyo kwakadzikama muhurukuro yavose, kusvika pakuva pfungwa dzakajairika pakati pevanhu vose. Sezvineiwo, isu tine mukana wakakura weveruzhinji uyo unowanzo gutsaruzhinji uye vanotenda kuti zvinhu zvakaita sedzidzo, hutano, hutano, uye pekugara ikodzero dzevanhu uye dzinofanirwa kukoshesa muhurongwa hwehurumende.
Chekutanga, veruzhinji havagovane hysteria pamusoro pekushomeka kunopedza vazhinji vezvematongerwo enyika padanho remubatanidzwa nehurumende. Gumiguru wapfuura, mushure mekuongorora sarudzo dzakasiyana siyana, Christopher Howard naRick Valelly vakawana “kuti veruzhinji vane hanya zvikuru nekugadzirisa hupfumi nemabasa. Kudzikamisa kushomeka kunenge kwakaderera pakati pezvinetswa zvaro. " Iyo pateni inobata chokwadi kuburikidza neazvino CBS/New York Times chisarudzo yakaitwa pakati paNdira, apo vakapindura vakanyanya kufarira Congress ichitarisa mukusikwa kwemabasa kwete kuderedza kushomeka [26]. Manzwiro aya anobata kunyange pakati pevazhinji vanobatana neTea Party. Semuenzaniso, Howard naValelly vanonongedza kuti CBS/Times poll kubva muna Kubvumbi apfuura "wakawana kuti kunyangwe pakati pevatsigiri veTea Party, kutarisa nezvehupfumi / mabasa (44 muzana) kwaive kwakakosha zvakanyanya pane kutarisa kushomeka kana chikwereti (10 muzana)" [27].
Imwe ichangopfuura chisarudzo neWorldPublicOpinion.org inoremekedzwa inokarakadza kuti avo vanonzwira tsitsi Bato reTea—inenge hafu yevagari vomuUnited States—havaiti nemhaka yokuti vanotya “hurumende huru,” asi nemhaka yokuti vanofunga kuti hurumende “haisi kutevera kuda kwevanhu” ( 81 muzana yezvemuchadenga yeruzhinji rweUS vanofunga kuti hurumende yavo "inotungamirwa nezvido zvishoma") [28] .Past musarudzo vakaratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda vanotya “hurumende huru” chete kana hurumende iyoyo ikarwisana nezvavanoda. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vanotsigira zvakasimba mitemo pamabhizimisi makuru pazvinenge zvakakodzera kudzivirira kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kana kuchengetedza kodzero dzevashandi, uye funga kuti hurumende inofanira kuona kuti vanhu vose vawana mukana zvinodiwa zvinokosha sekuchengetedza hutano, chikafu, uye dzidzo [29].
Kusiyana neizvi, vanhu vanofunga kuti makambani nevapfumi havafaniri kuva nepesvedzero shoma pahurumende. Vanopikisa "hurumende huru" inofarira zvikamu zvepamusoro-soro pamutengo wevamwe vose. Nzira mbiri dzakakosha dzinoshandiswa nehurumende yeUS kupa vapfumi—mari yakawanda yePentagon uye mutero wakaderera- vakakwevera kutsamwa kweveruzhinji kunyangwe vachigamuchira kushomeka kushoma (uye kazhinji kurumbidzwa) kubva kumapepanhau anopihwa mari nekambani uye punditry [30].
Humbowo hwekupokana neruzhinji hunombobuda, zvisinei, kunyangwe mumapepanhau emakambani. Panguva yazvino chisarudzo by 60 Minutes uye Vanity Fair akapa vakapindura runyoro rwezvasarudzo zvekudzikisa kushomeka, ruzhinji rwakawanda rwakati vaizotanga "kuwedzera mitero kune vapfumi" (61 muzana) kana "kucheka mari yekudzivirira" (20 muzana) sedanho rekutanga; 4 muzana chete yaizocheka Medicare, uye 3 muzana yaizocheka Social Security [31]. Dzimwe dzakawanda, sarudzo dzakadzama dzakasimbisa manzwiro aya: a chisarudzo neChirongwa chePublic Consultation uye Knowledge Networks chakaburitswa muna Kukadzi apfuura vakawana kuti vanopindura vaizodzikisa mari yegore rose muhondo uye "kuzvidzivirira" neavhareji yemadhora 122 bhiriyoni. Kusiyana neizvi, mapurogiramu epamusoro ayo vakapindura vaizowedzera kushandiswa kwemari kwaiva kudzidzisa basa, dzidzo yepamusoro, kuchengetedza uye simba rinodzorerwa, uye mari yechikoro chepuraimari nesekondari [32].
Sarudzo dzichangoburwa dzakatarisa kushomeka kwebhajeti rehurumende uye masangano evashandi vehurumende akawana mhedzisiro yakafanana. A New York Times/CBS Nhau chisarudzo mwedzi wapera vakawana kuti "avo vakavhoterwa vanowedzera mutero pamusoro pekuderedzwa kwevashandi vehurumende nevanoda kusvika vaviri kusvika mumwe." Pavakapiwa rudungwe rwezvisarudzo zvokuderedza kushomeka kwebhajeti rehurumende, “40 muzana vakati vaizowedzera mitero” (chisarudzo chakakurumbira), nepo “vatatu muzana vakati vaizoderedza mari yedzidzo.” Uye "3 muzana yeavo vakabvunzurudzwa-kusanganisira inopfuura hafu yeRepublicans-vaiti vaifunga kuti mihoro uye mabhenefiti evazhinji vashandi vehurumende angave 'zvekurudyi' kana 'akaderera zvakanyanya' pabasa ravanoita" [61]. Nyika yose vakapindura tsigira Mibatanidzwa yeWisconsin pamusoro peGavhuna Walker, uye chiyero chemvumo chaWalker mukati meWisconsin chine akadonha zvakanyanya mumwedzi wapfuura, kusvika ku43 muzana [34]. Mafungiro eNew Yorkers anowanzo kuratidza zvakakoshesesa zvakafanana. Vakapindura musarudzo dzenyika yose zvakasimba akatsigira Mutero weMillionaire pawakapasa muna 2009, uye nezve zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu tsigira kuvandudzwa kwayo gore rino [35].
Zvese izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoshamisa zvakapihwa kuenderera kunoramba kuripo kweanopikisa mubatanidzwa, anti-public-sector, Shock-Doctrine propaganda iyo vanopindura poll vanoverenga mapepa kana kuona terevhizheni vanoitiswa zuva nezuva. Maonero eruzhinji muNew York, seaya kazhinji, haana kupokana, uye ane maitiro akasiyana-siyana anonetsa ayo bato rinofambira mberi rinofanira kurwisa (semuenzaniso, rusaruraganda, rusaruraganda, rusaruraganda, uye tsitsi dzakazara kuna Gavhuna Cuomo kunyangwe paine kusawirirana kwake. sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika [36]). Zvakadaro, panoratidzika kunge paine hwaro hwakasimba hwehunhu hwekuvakira.
Notes:
[1] Klein, Iyo Shock Dzidziso: Kusimuka kweNjodzi Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan, 2007), 6 (Friedman quote); paChile, ona mapeji 70-87, pamwe chete naGreg Grandin, Empire's Workshop: Latin America, United States, uye Rise yeNew Imperialism (New York: Metropolitan, 2006), 163-75. Panhoroondo yekuvimba nenyika dzakabudirira pakupindira kwenyika, ona Ha-Joon Chang, VaSamaria Vakaipa: Iyo Ngano Yemahara Yekutengeserana uye Yakavanzika Nhoroondo yeCapitalism (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), uye Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy mu Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2002), uye Noam Chomsky, Gore 501: Kukunda Kunoenderera (Boston: South End Press, 1993), 99-117.
[2] Jack Rasmus, Hondo Pamba: Iyo Corporate Inogumbura kubva kuna Ronald Reagan kuenda kuGeorge W. Bush (San Ramon, CA: Kyklos, 2006); James Parrott, "Sezvo Gap Yemari Inowedzera, New York Inokura Yakaparadzana," Gotham Gazette (Ndira 2011).
[3] United States inoshandisa 48 muzana yemari yese yemubatanidzwa muhondo nemauto, zvakada kufanana nenyika dzese dzakasanganiswa: ona yakakosha "Pie Chart" inogadzirwa gore rega neWar Resisters League, pa www.warresisters.org/federalpiechart. Iyo yazvino vhezheni, yakaburitswa muna Kukadzi 2011, yakavakirwa pabhajeti raObama's FY 2012. Kutsoropodza kwevatauriri ve "hurumende huru" nguva dzose kunonyanya kusarudza; chete kana kupindira kwehurumende kuchibatsira vanhu vepakati ndiko kunoita kuti vashorwe. Kupindira kwakakura kwehurumende pachinzvimbo chevapfumi nevane simba nenzira yekutyora mutero, rubatsiro, zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika, kutonga kwekutama, uye mamwe matanho akawanda anopfuura pasina kutaura.
[4] Sezvakataurwa naHahnel, "Budget kuenzanisa vezvematongerwo enyika kubva kuRepublican neDemocratic Parties zvino vanozviputira mumureza wekuda nyika wekudzikisa kushomeka." Hahnel, Iwo maABC ehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika: Nzira yemazuva ano (London: Pluto, 2002), 155, ichirevera chinyorwa chaEdward S. Herman chaFebruary 1996 mu. Z Magazine; cf. Herman, "Economics yeVapfumi," Z Magazine (Chikunguru 1997).
Kupomera dambudziko riripo pamashandisirwo emari munharaunda uye masangano evashandi vehurumende kunonyanya kusemesa nekuti midzi yedambudziko iri inozivikanwa zvikuru: achibatsirwa nekupokana kwehurumende yemubatanidzwa muma1980 nema1990, mabhanga akaita mamirioni ezvikwereti zvine njodzi mukutsvaga. purofiti yenguva pfupi-kunyanya muchikamu chedzimba, zvichitungamira ku "bubble" yemitengo yepamba-yepamusoro yakaputika muna 2008, ichitumira hunhu hwepamba huchidzikira. Apo mabhangi akatarisana nekudonha, mazhinji akaburitswa kunze nemari yemutero (apo varidzi vemba vakafungirwa vasina rombo rakanaka).
Midzi yenguva refu yedambudziko inosanganisira kukwira kunoshamisa kwekusaenzana, izvo zvakonzera kudzikira kwekuda kwevatengi mumakumi emakore apfuura (ona Robin Hahnel akabvunzurudzwa naAlex Dougherty, “Nhungamidzo kuburikidza nedambudziko rehupfumi” (Chikamu 1), Chirongwa Chitsva Kuruboshwe, Kukadzi 16, 2010). Sekutaura kunoita Hahnel, "Zvikonzero zvikuru zve 'dutu rehupfumi rakakwana' rakamuka mukupera kwegore ra2008 raive (1) kuwedzera kukuru kwekusaenzana kwehupfumi izvo zvakaita kuti hurongwa huve husina kugadzikana pamwe nekushomeka, uye (2) vasina hanya. kudzikiswa kwechikamu chemari. Maitiro ese ari maviri akatanga nemoyo wese neMutungamiri Reagan muna 1980, akaenderera mberi ari pasi paBush I naClinton, uye akakurumidza munguva yeBush II. Aya maitiro aive mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwakasimba kwesimba remakambani, uye simba remakambani makuru emari kunyanya, uye kuderera kunoshamisa kwesimba rinopikisa revashandi, vatengi, uye hurumende. " Cf. zvikamu 2 uye 3 zvebvunzurudzo yeHahnel, "Matambudziko Ehupfumi uye Kukundikana kwaObama" (Kukadzi 23, 2010) uye “Dambudziko Reupfumi uye Kuruboshwe” (Kurume 1, 2010).
[5] New York Times, Kukadzi 25, 2011, A27.
[6] Ona (zvikasadaro zvakanaka) ongororo yakaitwa naJohn Nichols mu “Wisconsin Governor Launches Attack on Public Sector Employees and Unions; Inotyisidzira Kuendesa National Guard kumisa Kuratidzira Kwevashandi,"Dememocracy Zvino!, February 15, 2011, kana kuti Krugman, “Shock Doctrine, U.S.A.
[7] "Chirevo kubva kuFiscal Policy Institute pamusoro peBudget Yakarongwa Yepamusoro: Budget Austerity Haingadzoreri VaNew York Kubasa," Kukadzi 1, 2011; Teri Weaver, "Tanga Tarisa Budget Yakarongwa naCuomo Inoratidza Kuchekwa, Kubatanidzwa," Post-Standard (Syracuse), February 1, 2011; Michael Gormley, "Cuomo Budget Inokurudzira Kuchekwa Kunorwadza, 10,000 Layoffs," Huffington Post, February 1, 2011; AP, "Kune SUNY Colleges, No Tuition Hike, Some Pain," February 2, 2011; "Medicaid uye NY Budget: Sensible Cuts, uye Little Political Flak" (mupepeti), New York Times, March 13, 2011, WK9; Frank Mauro naJames Parrott, "Cuomo's Austerity Budget Ichauraya NY Mabasa: Sei Usingateresi Yepamusoro 5% Pane Kurova Masevhisi?" Daily News (New York), Kukadzi 24, 2011.
[8] Michael Barbaro, "Cuomo paCollision Course nemaUnion," Mbudzi 3, 2010, P10.
[9] Javier C. Hernández, “Budget’s Bloomberg to Include Teachers Layoffs,” NYT, Kukadzi 17, 2011, A26; Hernández, "Bloomberg Inopa 'Nhau Dzakanaka' pabhajeti reNew York," NYT, Kukadzi 18, 2011, A1.
[10] James Parrott naFrank Mauro, "FPI Inopindura Kubatana kweNew York City: New York Inogona Kutsamira pa 'Mutero weMillionaire' Kugadzirisa Dambudziko reBudget?" (Fiscal Policy Institute, gwaro rakagadziridzwa Kukadzi 14, 2011), 3. Nhamba dzemari dzazvino dzinobva muna 2007; nhamba dzemitero dziri pazasi dzakabva muna 2009, uye dzinoratidza kukanganiswa kwemutero wenguva pfupi wemutero (“Millionaire’s Tax”) wakapfuudzwa muna 2009. Panhamba ya1980 uye kuenzanisa kweNew York nenyika yese ona Parrott, “Semihoro Gap Widens, New York Inokura Yakaparadzana. "
[11] Mihoro yakawanda yeruzhinji yeruzhinji yakakwira zvakanyanya, asi kana kuenzanisa kudzorwa kwedanho redzidzo pane kuenzana kwakashata: ona Tom Juravich, "U.S. Kudzoreredza Kunogona Kuda Public-Sector Unions, " Business Week, February 27, 2011. Muhoro wevadzidzisi wakatorwa muna Nicholas D. Kristof, “Pay Teachers More,” NYT, March 12, 2011, WK10.
[12] Parrott naMauro, "FPI Inopindura," 4. MuWisconsin, Gavhuna Scott Walker asati abudisa chirevo chake chekupikisa mubatanidzwa, akapfuurira kuburikidza ne $ 117 mamiriyoni kuderedzwa kwemitero yekambani— zvichiratidza kuti Walker anorevesa sei nevamwe vake nezve fiscal solvency. Ona Juravich, “U.S. Kudzoreredza Kunogona Kuda Mibatanidzwa yePublic-Sector.
[13] Brian Nearing, "Nyika 'Gadzirisa' Kurasika Chikwereti," Times-Mubatanidzwa, February 7, 2011; Fiscal Policy Institute, "Sarudzo dzeKukwidza uye Kuchengeta Mutengo," Kukadzi 22, 2010, p. 1.
[14] Parrott naMauro, "FPI Inopindura," 2.
[15] Krugman, "Kuteya Vatariri," NYT, November 26, 2009. Mutero wokutamisa masheya wave uri pamabhuku kubvira mukuvamba kwema1900, asi kubvira muna 1981 wakabviswa nezana rezana rerevero yakananga kuvabhadhari vawo. Nhamba ye100 bhiriyoni yemadhora yakavakirwa pane (yakanyanya mwero) kuderedzwa kweiyo rebate kusvika ku3.2 muzana (FPI, "Revenue-Raising uye Cost-Saving Options," 80).
[16] Kuti uwane runyorwa rurefu rwedzimwe nzira dzakaunganidzwa gore rapfuura ona FPI, "Revenue-Raising and Cost-Saving Options."
[17] Stiglitz kuna Gavhuna David Patterson, Mutungamiriri Mukuru weSeneti Joseph Bruno, uye Mutauri weGungano Sheldon Silver, Kurume 27, 2008. Tsamba yemubatanidzwa kubva muna Zvita 13, 2008. Cf. Peter Orszag uye muhwina weNobel-Mubayiro Joseph Stiglitz, "Budget Cuts Verse Tax Kuwedzera paNyika Yenyika: Imwe Imwe Inogadzirisa-Inobereka Kupfuura Imwe panguva yekuderera kwemari?" Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Mbudzi 6, 2001. Onawo angangoita chero azvino aKrugman New York Times zvikamu: semuenzaniso, “Kusiya Vana,” February 27, 2011; “Nzira Yokuuraya Nayo Pakupora,” March 3, 2011; uye "Dumbing Deficits Down," Kurume 10, 2011.
[18] Ona Hahnel, Iwo maABC ehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, 142-47, 152-59, 231-41.
[19] Ona chinyorwa 3 pamusoro.
[20] "The Employment Impact yeU.S. Mauto uye Dzimba Kushandisa Sarudzo," Chengetedzo Kushandisa Primer Chokwadi Sheet #10 (2009), zvichibva papepa ravo "The U.S. Employment Effects of Military and Domestic Spending Priorities," (XNUMX) International Journal of Health Services 39, no. 3 (2009): 443-60.
[21] Joseph Stiglitz akabvunzurudzwa mu "Nobel Economist Joseph Stiglitz paObama's Stimulus Plan, Chikwereti, Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze, uye 'Freefall: America, Free Markets, uye Kunyura kweWorld Economy,'"Dememocracy Zvino! February 18, 2010; Krugman, "Dumbing Deficits Down"; Hahnel, "Sarudzo Redux: Kudzidza Kubva Kusarudzo dzepakati petemu dza2010, Chikamu Chechipiri: Zvidzidzo Zvekuruboshwe," ZNet, November 8, 2010; cf. Mark Weisbrot, "Kutadza Kuita Kukurudzira Kukuru Kwaive Kukanganisa Kwakaipa," Sacramento Bee, November 4, 2010. Ona bvunzurudzo yeHahnel ine zvikamu zvitatu inonongedzerwa pamusoro, chinyorwa chechina.
[22] Semuenzaniso, Noam Chomsky, "The Cairo-Madison Connection," Zvakashata, March 9, 2011.
[23]'Tinomira Nemi Pamakamira Nesu': Chirevo kuVashandi veWisconsin naKamal Abbas weEgypt Center for Trade Unions and Workers Services," Kukadzi 20, 2011;Afghan Youth Peace Volunteers, "Isu maAfghan Tiri Tose Bouazizi," Kukadzi 24, 2011.
[24] Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, naJae Song, "Kufumura Chiroto cheAmerica: Kusaenzana uye Kufamba muSocial Security Earnings Data kubvira 1937," Gunyana 15, 2007 (yakatumirwa paColumbia University. Website); "Zvipingamupinyi Zvekufamba Kwemagariro Zvinoderedza Mikana Yakaenzana uye Kukura Kwehupfumi, inodaro OECD Kudzidza,"Sangano reKudyidzana Kwehupfumi neBudiriro, Kukadzi 10, 2010; 2005 New York Times dzakatevedzana "Class Matters," yakarongedzwa naDavid Leonhardt; Congressional Budget Office, "Maitiro Mukuwana Kusiyana Kwemakore 25 Apfuura," Kubvumbi 17, 2007; G. William Domhoff, “Ndiani Anotonga America? Pfuma, Mari, uye Simba” (Sociology Dept., UC-Santa Cruz, Gunyana 2005 [yakagadziridzwa Ndira 2011]); Rasmus, Hondo Kumba. Pane chikonzero nei pfungwa dzemusika dzichiwanzo tungamira mukusaenzana ona Hahnel, Iwo maABC ehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, 45-70.
[25] Zvakatorwa kubva musumo yebvunzurudzo naMariko Lin Chang naC. Nicole Mason, "Chidzidzo: Pfuma yeMedhia yeVakadzi Vasina Vatema: $100, Vakadzi Vasina VechiHispanic: $120, Vakadzi Vachena Vamwechete: $41,000," Dememocracy Zvino!March 12, 2010.
[26] Megan Thee Brenan, "Poll: Yepamusoro Yepamusoro YeCongress Inofanirwa Kuve Kugadzira Basa," NYT (blog), Ndira 20, 2011.
[27] "Deficit-Attention Disorder: Izvo Vavhoti Vanonyatsofunga NezveKukanganisa, Zvikwereti, uye Kudzoreredza Economic," American Prospect (Gumiguru 11, 2010).
[28] Stephen Kull, “Hurumende Huru Haisi Nyaya,” WorldPublicOpinion.org, Nyamavhuvhu 19, 2010.
[29] Ona muunganidzwa wemibairo yesarudzo yakataurwa mune yangu "Kurera 'Nyucleus Yehutano': Pfungwa dzeMabatiro Ekuita neKirasi Yekushanda Yechena," Z blog, Ndira 22, 2010.
[30] Ibid.
[31] Stephanie Condon, "Poll: Kuderedza Kuderera, Vazhinji vekuAmerica Vanoti Mutero Wakawanda," CBS Nhau (pamhepo), Ndira 3, 2011.
[32] Steven Kull, Clay Ramsay, Evan Lewis, uye Stefan Subias, Kuti Veruzhinji veAmerica Vaizoita Sei Nekushomeka kweBudget, February 3, 2011, mapeji 7-8. Kuti uwane hurukuro inobatsira yekuti mazwi uye mamiriro esarudzo achangoburwa anokanganisa sei zvabuda, ona Carl Conetta naCharles Knight, "Takagadzirira Kucheka Mari Yekudzivirira? Zvinotaurwa nePolls,” Huffington Post, February 8, 2011. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti vanobvunzwa vanoziviswa here kana kuti kwete mari yakawanda inoshandiswa nehurumende yeUnited States pamauto vasati vapindura (zvinonyanya kukoshesa nhamba chaiyo). Cf. Rasmussen Anoshuma, "Vavhoti Vanorerutsa Marii US Inoshandisa Pakudzivirira," February 1, 2011.
[33] Michael Cooper naMegan Thee-Brenan, "Vazhinji muPoll Back Vashandi muPublic Sector Unions," NYT, Kurume 1, 2011, A1.
[34] Pew Research Center, "Zvimwe Side neWisconsin Unions kupfuura Gavhuna," February 28, 2011; Rasmussen Inoshuma, "Wisconsin Gavhuna Walker: 43% Kubvumirwa Rating," Kurume 4, 2011.
[35] Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, "New York Gov. Paterson Anotasva High On Budget Crisis, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; Voters Back Millionaire's Tax 4-1," Nyamavhuvhu 6, 2008; Bobby Cuza, "Poll Inowana Vazhinji veNew Yorkers Vanotsigira 'Millionaire's Tax,' Gavhuna," NY1, Kukadzi 1, 2011 [zvichienderana neNY1/Marist poll].
[36] Ona Cuza, "Poll Inowana Vazhinji veNew Yorkers Vanotsigira 'Millionaire's Tax,' Gavhuna." Musiyano uyu unogona kunge uchikonzerwa nekushaikwa kweruzivo rweveruzhinji nezvegwara chairo raGavhuna kana dzimwe sarudzo dzaainadzo, kunyanya sezvo sarudzo yakaitwa isati yaburitswa Kukadzi 1 kwechikumbiro chake chebhajeti.
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