David Swanson's Hondo Ndicho Nhema (Charlottesville, VA, 2010) inogona kunge iri chirevo chekurwisa hondo chinowanikwa mumutauro weChirungu.
Iri bhuku rinoramba zvine hungwaru nharo huru dzese dzinowanzo shandiswa kupembedza hondo, nekutarisa zvakanyanya kuUnited States. Kudzidza nhoroondo yehondo dzisina kururama dzeUnited States uye mhosva-iyo yakatanga kare kare George W. Bush-hakugoni kutibatsira chete kuona kuburikidza nekutaura kwepamutemo pamusoro pehondo dzemazuva ano, asi zvakakosha pakudzivirira ramangwana. Nzira yakanakisisa yekudzivirira zvirwere zvakawanda ndeyekupinza, iyo inowanzobatanidza kutarisana nemuviri nekutarisa kwehutachiona kuitira kuti zvidzivirire zviri nani kubva kune chaicho. Saizvozvo, David Swanson anopokana, "chinangwa chedu chinofanira kunge chiri kugadzirira kurwa neimwe pfungwa: isu tinofanira kunge takagadzirira kuramba nhema dzinogona kutanga kana kurebesa hondo" mune ramangwana. Nechinangwa ichocho mupfungwa, Swanson inoputsa "mapoka makuru enhema dzehondo" (pp. 11-12). Idzo nhema dzakaramba dzichienderana munhoroondo yemazuva ano, ingave murwi anga ari United States kana dzimwe nyika dzine simba.
Zvizhinji zvezvitsauko gumi nezvitatu zvinotarisa pakuramba "chikamu" chenhema, zvichitora pamienzaniso yenhoroondo inoshanda kune yega yega. Sampling inosanganisira:
- Hondo hadzidzivisiki. Dzimwe sarudzo dzerunyararo kana nhaurirano dzinogara dziripo, asi dzinowanzorambwa, sezvakaitwa nehurumende yeUS neJapan WWII isati yasvika uye muzhizha 1945, muKorea muna 1950, uye muAfghanistan mu2001 (uye kubvira). Nhema chaidzo dzinowanzo kugadzirwa kuti dzitange hondo (semuenzaniso, 1964 Gulf yeTonkin resolution, kana Iraqi WMDs), uye kana hondo dzatanga, mamwe manyepo anovakwa kuti aenderere mberi (semuenzaniso, kuti Vietnamese kana Iraqis vachaurayana pasina hutongi hweUS. )
- Hondo hadzirwirwi nokuda kwedemocracy uye kodzero dzevanhu. Hurumende dzese dzinodziya dzinoti dzine chinangwa chakanaka, asi hapana humbowo hwakawanda hwekuzvitsigira. Muchitsauko 4 Swanson inototora chinangwa kumombe inoera yehondo dzeUS - Hondo Yenyika II - uye inoratidza kuti dambudziko remaJuda rakaonekwa zvishoma mukuverenga kwevagadziri vemitemo veUS. Nzira yacho inobata kune dzimwe hondo "dzakanaka" zvakare.
- Hondo haiunzi kuchengeteka kana kubudirira mune zvemari. Hondo nekuvaka zvombo, kusanganisira kuwanda kwenyukireya, zvinogara zvichikurudzira humwe mhirizhonga uye kuita zvechiuto. Nezvehupfumi, kushandisa mari muhondo nemauto hakuna kunyatso shanda pane kushandisa pane zvinodiwa nevanhu uye magariro emagariro.
- Hondo inouraya vazhinji vasiri varwi, uye zvikamu zvakakwira muzana remakore rapfuura sezvo vanhu vakawedzera nzira dzokuuraya vanhu vakawanda.
- Hondo hairatidzi pfungwa yomunhu. MuHondo Yenyika II, pasi pe20 muzana yemasoja Omubatanidzwa anofungidzirwa kuti akapfura zvombo zvawo. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder zvichida inobva mukushungurudzika kwekumanikidzwa kukuvadza vamwe vanhu pane kutya kuurayiwa. Sezvakataurwa naSwanson, "Izvo chete kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kwakanyanya uye kwakanyatsogadzirwa kuti vanhu vazhinji vanogona kuunzwa kuti vauraye" (156).
Swanson hainyori vanhuwo zvavo vanotsigira hondo sevanopusa. Pane kudaro, sezvaanojekesa mubhuku rose, tsigiro yeruzhinji yehondo dzeUS inofanirwa kugadzirwa kuburikidza neakazvitsaurira ekunyepedzera danidziro: semuenzaniso, WWI-nguva yeKomiti yeRuzivo Rweruzhinji, kuratidzwa kwerusarura kwevaJapan panguva yeWWII, uye zvakafanana. zvinogara zvichireva vezvenhau kuti kuvepo kweUS muAfghanistan ikozvino kuri kuchengetedza kodzero dzevakadzi (kuda kupindirana kwemakambani enhau mukudziya kweUS kunogamuchira kupomera kwayo kwakadzama muchitsauko 10). Pakati pemashambadziro akadaro haasi manyepo chete, asiwo kubatanidzwa kwerupo rwevanhu uye zvinangwa zvakanaka. "Hondo inounza zvakanakisa kune zvakaipa," kuunganidza "hunhu hwakanakisa hwekuita kuti ushumire magumo akashata" (138-39).
Kunyengedza uye kubatana kwakakosha pakuita kuti varangwe muchiuto. Swanson haitye kutarisana neimwe nguva-inonetsa nyaya yemasoja eUS nebasa ravo muhondo dzeUS (zvitsauko 5, 7). Anoratidza kuburikidza nehumbowo hwakajeka uye humbowo hwekuti Orwellian tsinhiro huru yave sei apo vanopikisa hondo vanonzi "anti-musoja" nepo avo vanovatumira kurufu ndivo vatsigiri vavo vakuru. Swanson, mumaonero angu, haarumbidze kana kunyomba masoja eUS, achiziva kuti kazhinji vanongobatwa nemakaro epamusoro uye vavariro: "Mhinduro ... haisi yekurumbidza kana kuranga varwi, asi kuvaratidza mutsa uchitaura chokwadi. zvinodiwa kuti varege kugadzira zvimwe zvacho” (161). Chandakaona chichibatsira zvikuru pamusoro pehurukuro yake pamusoro pemasoja waiva musiyano pakati ushingi uye heroin. Anobvuma ushingi hwomunhu upi noupi aizopa upenyu hwake nokuda kwechikonzero, asi anocherekedza izvozvo
ushingi husina mufungo hahubatsiri kana kuti hwakatoipisisa, uye zvechokwadi hausi hugamba. Chatinoda chimwe chinhu chakafanana nokukudzwa. Muenzaniso wedu uye munhu akakodzera anofanira kunge ari mumwe munhu anoda kuisa njodzi pazvinenge zvichidikanwa kune izvo zvaakanyatso sarudza kuti ive nzira yakanaka kune magumo akanaka. (138)
Kuvaka sangano rinorwisana nehondo rinobudirira, uye tsika yakasimba yekurwisa mauto, zvinoda kuti tisimudzire imwe pfungwa yehugamba. Swanson inotora mashoko aJohn F. Kennedy ega ega kuti "hondo ichavapo kusvikira zuva riri kure apo [mupikisi wehondo] anonakidzwa nemukurumbira nemukurumbira sezvinoita murwi nhasi" (p. 133). JFK yaitya mukana wakadaro, asi basa redu nderekuita kuti ive chokwadi.
Kamwe kakunetsekana kandaiva nako mushure pakuverenga bhuku kwaiva kuti pfungwa dzaro panhema dzehurumende dzakanga dzakanyanya kutetepa. Nzira dzakawanda dzokuparadzira mashoko hadzisi “nhema,” chaizvoizvo. Zvinotonyanya kukosha ndezvokuti, kubatikana zvisina kudzika nemanyepo ehurumende uye kunyombana kwezvematongerwo enyika dzimwe nguva kunovharidzira hukama huripo uye kunotadzisa kurongwa kwehurongwa hwehurumende. Kutarisa pamanyepo evezvematongerwo enyika ega ega kana ehurumende yese kwave kuri hunhu hwepfungwa dzekurangana kuseri kwevazhinji verudyi-bapiro populist mafambiro, ayo, kana akaratidzira. vamwe mafungiro ane hutano, kazhinji anoregeredza simba rekambani, kusaenzana kwezvimiro, uye kutambura kwevanhu vekunze uku vachisimbisa hurudzi hweUS nekupikisa masangano emutemo epasi rose seUN neWorld Court. Sezvakaitwa naJerry Lembcke akanyeverwa, kune njodzi yeKuruboshwe kutamba mune iyi tsika uye kuregeredza nyaya hombe dzekukonzeresa, kodzero dzevanhu, uye mutemo wepasirese: semuenzaniso, kunyanya kukoshesa kwehutongi hweBush kunyepedzera kwekunyepedzera kupinda muIraq kunotungamira njodzi yekuvanza zvakadzika zvikonzero nemhedzisiro, uye zvakare yekureva kuti kana Iraq aiva vaiva neWMDs saka kupindira kweUS kungadai kwakave kwakarurama.
Asi David Swanson anonzvenga misungo yese iyi. Muchinyorwa pachacho, zita rekuti “manyepo” ishorthand yezvakasiyana-siyana zveparaganda: kusiiwa, kukanganisa, kukudza, pfungwa dzevatorwa, uye kuvanza vavariro, kuwedzera kune nhema chaidzo. Uye Swanson inopa chitsauko 6 kunhaurirano yevavariro dzevanodziya (zvikuru mumashoko avo), umo anoongorora zvimwe zvezvimiro zvehondo dzeUS uye mauto. Zvikonzero zvehupfumi kuseri kwehondo dzeUS zvinosanganisira chishuwo chevakuru vemakambani kune zviwanikwa zvemhiri kwemakungwa uye misika uye kufarira kwevashandi vemauto epamba mukuvaka mauto eUS ane gargantuan. Geopolitical vavariro dzakasanganisira kubatanidzwa kwekutonga pamusoro penzvimbo dzakaita seMiddle East, Southeast Asia, uye Latin America. Swanson inopawo mimwe mienzaniso inoshamisa yenzira iyo tsika yezvematongerwo enyika yechauvinist muWashington yakakonzera kutambura kunoshamisa kwevanhu, sevezvematongerwo enyika vachishuvira kuratidza yavo hyper-masculinity uye hunyoro hweUnited States padanho repasi rose vakashora mazana ezviuru. yevanhu vasina mhosva kusvika pakufa nekutambura. Iyo Machismo-kunyanya, chido chekudzivisa "kunyadziswa" zvachose-Chaive chakakosha mukuenderera mberi kweHondo yeVietnam, uye, kunyangwe Swanson isingaite chinongedzo, ingangove chikamu chechikonzero chekukwira kwaObama muAfghanistan.
Iri bhuku rine mupiro unoshamisa uye rakafanirwa kuverengwa nevazhinji vanobvira vateereri. Kunyangwe zvishoma zvezvakacherechedzwa nebhuku zviri zvitsva zvehunyanzvi, rugwaro irwo rwakanyatsonyorwa mubatanidzwa wenharo dzekurwisa hondo dzakadzika midzi munhoroondo yezvakaitika. Kufanana nezvinyorwa zvevazivi veruzhinji vakaita saHoward Zinn kana Noam Chomsky, bhuku iri harina kuitirwa nyanzvi, asi revanhuwo zvavo. Ichanyanya kukosha seyekutanga-nyore kuverenga nhoroondo kune idzo nhengo dzeveruzhinji avo, neruremekedzo rwezvikoro uye vezvenhau, vakangokwanisa kuwana dzidziso yepamutemo nezvebasa reUS munyika. Zvakaoma kuona kuti chero munhu ane pfungwa dzakavhurika asingabatsiri zvakananga kubva kuhondo dzeUS anogona kutsigira hondo idzodzo mushure mekuverenga bhuku iri.
Iri bhuku rinozove rakakosha kune vaverengi vane pfungwa dzakasununguka avo, vavariro dzakanaka zvisinei, vanoshaya hwaro hwakasimba hwenhoroondo uye kubatana kunonzwisisika kunovamanikidza kugadzira kutsoropodza kwakarongeka kwehondo dzeUS uye mauto. Chekupedzisira, bhuku racho rinofanirwa kushanda seseti yekutaura kwakadzama kwevanoronga hondo uye "vakatotendeuka," muenzaniso wenharo dzinoshanda uye kuronga nyaya.
Hondo Ndicho Nhema inosanganisa hasha dzetsika dzakarurama nehungwaru hwakajeka uye pfungwa dzakajeka, dzisina chokwadi. Iverenge, ikurukure, itaure, ikopi, ipe sechipo, ipe kuzvikoro nemaraibhurari, uye shandisa zvibvumikiso zvayo nemienzaniso yenhau mukurukurirano neshamwari, mhuri, vanhu vausingazivi, uye vashori. Maona www.WarIsALIe.org kuti uwane ruzivo rwekuisa maodha akawanda.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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