Kune rimwe divi kune nyika dzakaita seVenezuela, Bolivia neEcuador, uko vavhoti vakapa masimba makuru kuvatungamiriri vavo vane mukurumbira, pamwe nekuvabvumira kuwedzera nguva yavo muhofisi uye dzimwe nguva kukanganisa basa reCongress neDare Repamusorosoro, masangano anoratidzwa se vanobatana nevekare oligarchy. Kune rimwe divi kune nyika dzine mafungiro akasiyana, kusanganisira Brazil, iyo Latin America iri kusimukira masimba, uko masangano akasimba akabvumira kuti kuve nekupinda mune zvematongerwo enyika kwakasiyana-siyana, vachibvisa iyo inonzi demokrasi yekutora chikamu iyo VaChavez, mutungamiri weVenezuela, vaita. wanga uchishuvira kusimudzira mudunhu.
โSimon Romero muNew York Times, Chikumi 2009 [1]
Mumakore gumi apfuura Latin America yakaona kusarudzwa kwevatungamiri vangangosvika gumi nevaviri vakatsamira kuruboshwe vane mafungiro akasiyana uye masitayipi ehutungamiriri, vakasimudzirwa musimba nekumwe kusanganiswa kwemafambiro evagari vepasi uye kusagutsikana kwakadzama kwemukurumbira nehurongwa hwemauneoliberal hwekare. pro-US vatungamiriri. Yakatarisana nedambudziko iri rekuratidzira vachipokana nevatungamiriri veUS neUS-vanobatana neUS, hurumende yeUS yakaedza kudzikamisa kurasikirwa kwayo kwekutonga pamusoro pehemisphere. Imwe nzira yekuita izvi yaisanganisira kusimudzira zvainoti "zvakanaka," zvine mutoro Kuruboshwe uye kuparadzanisa vanopokana nedemocratic, "vakaipa" Kuruboshwe. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton akatsanangura mutsauko panguva yekushanya kuBrazil munaKurume wapfuura, paakashoropodza Mutungamiriri weVenezuelan Hugo Chรกvez nekudzikisira democracy uye akamudaidza kuti "adzorere zvivakwa zvake" uye "kudzokera kuhupfumi hwemusika wakasununguka." Clinton akasiyanisa Venezuela neyakanaka Kuruboshwe, achiti "[w]e dai Venezuela yaitarisa zvakanyanya kumaodzanyemba kwayo uye ichitarisa kuBrazil uye ichitarisa kuChile" [2].
Iwo makuru enhau enhau muUS, kusanganisira ayo akasununguka, akadzokorora chimiro ichi, kazhinji achikwevera mutsauko zvakanyanya. Zvinyorwa zvenhau nezvinyorwa muNew York Times zvakasiyanisa pakati peavo โvanosundidzira zvine utsinye gadziriro yokusiya kuruboshweโ uye โnzira yeBrazil ine mwero, yekuruboshwe,โ nepo vachiomerera pakudikanwa kweโcounterweightโ kuna โChavez [sic] neprotรฉgรฉ yake. , Mutungamiri weBolivia, Evo Morales" [3]. The Washington Post yasiyanisa vatungamiriri vedunhu "vanopokana neAmerica" โโne "democracy Brazil" [4]. The Christian Science Monitor yaisa pachena "nzvimbo yakaoma-kuruboshwe, Chavez inotungamirwa neBroc, iyo inosanganisirawo Ecuador, Nicaragua, neCuba," neBrazil, Argentina, nedzimwe [5]. The New York Daily News nguva pfupi yadarika yakaratidza kushatirwa kuti yedemocracy Brazil yakanga yabatana ne "Venezuela's revolutionary strongman and narcoterrorist Hugo Chavez" uye "Bolivian dictator-in-the-making Evo Morales" mukutsvaga hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika nekutengeserana neIran (kuedza uko, mukuratidzira kwavo. kunzwisisa uye kugona mukusimudzira runyararo, mira wakashinga kusiyana nevazhinji vezvematongerwo enyika vekuMadokero vachipopota pamusoro pechirongwa chenyukireya cheIran)[6].
Anehasha, ane masimba Kuruboshwe anomiririrwa naHugo Chรกvez, uyo ane mhosva yekuchinja kwedunhu rese kuruboshwe; kusarudzwa kwevatungamiriri vakarerekera kuruboshwe hakuna chekuita nenyaya yekuti Latin America ndiyo inzvimbo isina kuenzana pasi rose, kuti yagara ichitongwa neUS uye maoligarchies epamba, uye kuti vanhu vazhinji vekuLatin America havabvumirani neiyo neoliberal economic policy. inosimudzirwa neWashington nemasangano ezvemari epasi rose. Nerubatsiro rwe "mapoodle" mashoma saEvo Morales, Chรกvez akanyengedza makumi emamiriyoni evanhu kuti atsigire chirongwa chake ne "kutenga rutsigiro" pakati pevanhu vasina njere "vasingaoni mhedzisiro," achitumira chero munhu asingabvumirani naye. iyo Gulag [7]. Kupidigurwa kwemauto eHonduran muna 2009 kwaMutungamiriri weHonduran Manuel Zelaya kwakaitika muchidimbu nekuti "mutungamiri weHonduran achangodonha pasi pehupenzi hweMutungamiriri weVenezuelan Hugo Chรกvez," uyo angangove akanyengedza Zelaya kuti akwidze muhoro wepasirese uye kuita mamwe matanho anobatsira kuvashandi veHonduran. varombo [8]. Nhau dzenhau dzakatevera kuvhota hadzina kukundikana kusimbisa hukama hwehushamwari hwaZelaya naChรกvez, asi kazhinji dzaisiya nhaurirano dzese dzemitemo yemagariro nehupfumi yaZelaya [9].
Nhaurirano dzenhau dzemitemo yehupfumi yeLatin America zvakare inosiyanisa "kushandiswa kwehupfumi hwenyika" uye "kuita nyika maindasitiri" pasi peKuruboshwe kwakashata ne "pakati-ye-nzira-mitemo" yevakanaka Kuruboshwe muUruguay, Brazil, uye kumwewo. Chรกvez's "pathological mismanagement yakapinza hupfumi muvhu," nepo Kuruboshwe kwakanaka (uye maLatin akanaka, kazhinji) "vakagashira [d] kudyidzana kwepasi rose" uye nekudaro vanotarisira kukura kwakasimba muhupfumi hwavo gore rino [10].
Iyi misiyano yakapinza yemabhinari pakati pechakanaka nechakaipa Kuruboshwe ine chinhu chechokwadi: Chavez wekuVenezuela neMorales yeBolivia vanga vachinyanya kurwisa maimperialist uye vakaedzawo kusatya kusiya dzidziso yehupfumi neoliberal nekudzora kana kuita nyika bhizinesi hombe nekuwedzera magariro. kushandisa. Asi nenzira dzakawanda mapepanhau eUS anowedzera mutsauko uye kukanganisa chokwadi chaicho. Chekutanga, vagari veVenezuelan neBolivia havatarise hurumende dzavo zvine hutsinye kupfuura vazhinji vekuLatin America vanoyera hurumende dzavo - uye kutaura zvazviri, nematanho mazhinji vanoona nyika dzavo sedzine hutongi hwejekerere, uye dzinoremekedza kodzero dzevanhu kupfuura avhareji yedunhu. Chero chinangwa chekuenzanisa marekodhi ekodzero dzevanhu eshamwari nevavengi veUS zvingakanganisa vanobatana neUS Colombia neMexico zvakanyanya kupfuura Venezuela neBolivia [11]. Chechipiri, mumamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, musiyano chaiwo hausi pakati pe "socialist" ne "pakati pe-nzira," asi pakati pezvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvehutungamiri; Venezuela neBolivia zvichiri kukoshesa capitalist, kunyangwe vakawana nzira dzekudzikisira zvimwe zvinonyanya kukonzeresa capitalism (uye sezvineiwo, iwowo marongero akaburitsa hupfumi hwakasimba zvakare) [12]. Uye pakupedzisira, mutori wenhau weUS anowedzera dhigirii rekuparadzaniswa kwevamiriri pakati peVenezuela neBolivia, kune rumwe rutivi, nenyika dzakaita seBrazil, kune rumwe rutivi. Semuyenzaniso, mukati mematambudziko akati wandei achangoburwa, kusanganisira kumukira kweHonduran uye mhirizhonga yebapiro rekurudyi muBolivia mukupera kwa2008, hurumende dzeLatin America dzakabatana kushora kukanganiswa kwerunyararo uye democracy (apo Washington yakazununguka) [13]. Lula wekuBrazil achangobva kushora US nekupikisa zvirango zvakatemerwa Iran uye nekubatsira kutaurirana chibvumirano chekufambisa uranium.
Saka, zvikonzero chaizvo zvekusiyanisa kwakapinza pakati pechakanaka nechakaipa Kuruboshwe kunofanirwa kuve kune imwe nzvimbo. Hazvina basa chishuwo chevagadziri vemitemo veUS kuchengetedza yakanyanya kusaenzana hemispheric chimiro umo hurumende yeUS inonakidzwa nekutonga kwegeopolitical uye makambani ayo uye zvido zvemari zvinokohwa purofiti yakakura. Hurukuro yeMedia inoita diki asi yakakosha mupiro mukuedza uku.
Kupatsanura Imwe: Mazuvano Race-Kufunga
Munhau yose yazvino uno yokuonana kwoumambo navanhu vakaberekerwamo, bedzi vanyanduri vakanyanyisa verusaruraganda vakaramba vose verudzi Vamwe sevane ngozi zvakaenzana uye vakaderera. Zvichakadaro, akangwara colonizer, agara achisiyanisa pakati pe "vakanaka" uye "vakaipa" nhengo dzeboka riri pasi riri mubvunzo. Columbus paakasvika muCaribbean muma1490s, akasiyanisa maArawak ane runyararo eCuba kune vane hukasha, vanonzi-vanodya vanhu veCarib kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Masimba eEurope akashandisa nzira yakafanana yekukakavadzana mumazana emakore akatevera, sezvakaitwa nevakuru vezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe munyika dzichangozvimiririra dzeUS neLatin America pavakarwa hondo dzemukati mekolonialism kurwisa vatema, maIndia, vabvakure, vashandi nevakadzi [14] . Woodrow Wilson, musarungu asingapfidzi uyo anochengeta mukurumbira wake we "pfungwa" pakati pevazhinji vevanyanzvi vepfungwa dzeUS, akasiyanisa vana vasingatarisi veLatin America neCaribbean ne "varume vakanaka" avo "aizodzidzisa marepublic eSouth America. kusarudzaโ [15]. "Mafungiro emarudzi" emazuva ano akafanana, asi akafara uye akanyanya kuomarara kupfuura, classic rusaruraganda; kunyange zvazvo kazhinji yakavakirwa zvakajeka kana kuti zvakajeka pamapoka emarudzi, inosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekusiyanisa [16].
Misiyano mimwecheteyo iri pachena mupepanhau reUS zvakare iri pachena mukutaura kwevazhinji vemazuva ano veLatin America elite. Somuenzaniso, mumakumi emakore achangopfuura chimwe chiitiko chakanzi nedzimwe nyanzvi โneoliberal multiculturalismโ chakatsvaira Latin America. Hurumende zhinji dzeLatin America pari zvino dzagamuchira imwe nzira yekucherekedza nyika dzadzo dzisiri dzevachena, dzisiri dzeEuropean tsika nenhoroondo. Asi kazhinji kucherechedzwa uku kwaisanganisira mutsauko wakajeka pakati pezvinonzi naCharles Hale el indio permitido โ muIndia anogamuchirwa โ nemuIndia asingagamuchirwe kana Mumwe. MuIndia anogamuchirika anokumbira hurumende yake kuti izivikanwe netsika nemitauro, nepo muIndia akashata achida zviwanikwa zvehupfumi uye simba rezvematongerwo enyika mukuwedzera kune chiratidzo chekuzivikanwa kwetsika nemutauro wake [17]. Muna 1994, somuenzaniso, hurumende yakanga ichangobva kuzivisa Mexico nyika โyetsikaโ yakabva yashora kumukira kweZapatista, ichiti โ[w]e hatisi kutarisana nemhirizhonga yeko,โ asi neโboka revapambi vane zvombo,โ uye. akatora matanho akakurumidza kutsakatisa vapanduki pamberi pekumanikidzwa kukuru kwepasirese uye kwemumba kwakaganhurira kugona kwayo kuzviita [18]. Zvichakadaro, Hurumende yeColombia yeAlvaro Uribe yakataura zvakajeka nezvekuedza kupatsanura masangano ezvizvarwa zvenyika iyi nekupa chiokomuhomwe maIndia akanaka kuitira kuti zvizvarwa zvemo โvazopedzisira vatengesana,โ uye โvapandukiโ vanoda minda nezvimwe zviwanikwa โvapera. yaputsikaโ [19].
Kune rumwe rutivi, muno muUS kwave nenhaurirano huru pamusoro pezvinoreva kusarudzwa kwaVaObama pahukama hwemarudzi, uye kunyanya kuti US yave nzanga โyekupokana kwemarudziโ here. Chero ani anotevera zvematongerwo enyika eUS anoziva kuti rudzi nerusaruraganda zvichiri kuita basa rakakosha mukudyara kutya, kuvenga, uye kupatsanurana pakati pehuwandu, uye mukupembedza kusaenzana kunoshamisa kwekirasi, hupfumi, uye kuwana zviwanikwa zvisingabatike senge hurongwa hwekutonga. Asi kurwiswa kwerusarura kwaVaObama kwakabva kune vashoma vevanhu, uye hakuna kubva kune vane masimba makuru munharaunda yeUS - kutaura zvazviri, vekupedzisira vakafarira chaizvo kutsigira kwavo Obama, vachiwedzera mari dzemakambani. kwaari kupfuura kuna McCain muna 2008. Obama, kutopfuura "muIndia akanaka," akaonekwa seane mutoro Mumwe, uyo vazhinji vevachena vepamusoro vanotora mumwe wavo. Akarega kuva "mutema," nezvose zvinorehwa nengozi iyo izwi rinotakura. Anogona kuvimbwa naye kuti asimudzire zvinofarirwa nevanhu vanokosha. Uye akaunza, semitemo yehutongi hwake-yakasiyana nekutaura-kuLatin America pamwe nehondo dzekunze, mari yemauto, inishuwarenzi yehutano yakazvimirira, oiri, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, nezvimwe zvakawanda zvinosimbisa.
Akanaka, Akashata, uye Ane Benevolent Interventionist
Mucherechedzo wakajeka wekurerutsa mutsauko pakati pe "chakanaka" ne "chakaipa" ndechekuti chero kupindira kwesimba repamusoro, kungave pasirese kana mukati menyika, kunogona kururamiswa muzita re "kudzivirira" vakanaka kubva kune vamwe vakaipa. Nokudaro Columbus nevarume vake vakadzivirira vaArawak vane rugare kubva kumaCarib ane utsinye, hurumende yeMexico inodzivirira maIndia akanaka okumaodzanyemba kweMexico kubva kuZapatistas, hurumende yeColombia inodzivirira maIndia akapfava paโvapanduki,โ uye hurumende yeUnited States inosimudzira demokrasi kupfurikidza noukama hwayo. ne "Kuruboshwe kuri pakati nepakati," kudzivirira nyika idzodzo nedzimwe kubva kune "yakaoma-kuruboshwe, inotungamirwa neChรกvez bloc." Netsanangudzo, kupindira kwose kwakadaro kunoitwa nechinangwa chakanaka uye chevanhu [20]. Munzira dzakawanda nhaurirano yeumambo yakaramba ichinyatsoenderana nekufamba kwenguva, zvisinei nemadhimoni matsva ekutaura uye zvirevo munguva dzakatevedzana: uori uye kupindira kweEurope muzuva raWilson; Communism panguva yeHondo Yemashoko; uye ugandanga, vatengesi vezvinodhaka, vatongi vehurumende, uye โboka rakaoma-kuruboshwe, rinotungamirirwa neChรกvezโ kubvira pakuparara kweSoviet Union.
Zviito zvehutongi hwaObama zvinopa mienzaniso yakati wandei, kubva pakuwedzera rubatsiro rwemauto kuenda kuMexico muzita re "hondo yezvinodhaka," kusvika pakubviswa kwezvido zvekutengeserana zveBolivia, kusvika pakuwanda kwemauto eUS munyika dzakaita seColombia, Panama, uye izvozvi. Kosta Rica [21]. Iko June 2009 mauto ehondo muHonduras muenzaniso unonyanya kufadza. Mukati menhamburiko dzakatevera dzokuyananisa dzaibatanidza hurumende dzeUnited States neLatin America, Washington Post zvikurukuru yakakurudzira chiito chakasimba cheUnited States chokudzivisa โboka, rinotungamirirwa nomuperekedzi waVaZelaya, Hugo Chรกvez, riri kuedza kupidigura masangano outongi hwezvido zvevanhu munharaunda yose.โ Chรกvez, vapepeti vePost vakanyevera, โzviroto zveputsch muTegucigalpa zvaizobudisa humwe utongi husina mutemo hwakafanana nohwake.โ Chinyorwa chenhau nguva pfupi yadarika yakapokana kuti Chรกvez nekambani "vaizoshandisa zviitiko kusundira chiono chavo chedunhu." Asi masvondo akati kuti gare gare, vapepeti vepepanhau nevanyori vepepanhau vakatanga kuombera mhinduro yaVaObama, vachiti VaObama naClinton "vaive padhuze nekubudirira kwavo pachavo muHonduras uye kusimudzira zvido zveAmerica nehungwaru husina kuonekwa kubva kuWashington mumakore mazhinji" ( pano kuva pachena zvinoshamisa-kazhinji zviito zveUnited States zvinodzivirirwa mumashoko evanhu). Kutora rutivi kweUnited States mukuedza kuyananisira โkwakava mukana wokukunda chiremera chehurumende chinomirirwa naVaChรกvez naVaZelaya,โ nokudaro chichidzivirira vaLatin vakanaka, vasina mhaka pakutyisidzirwa kwoutano hwakanaka, dzidzo, uye hukuru hwezvamatongerwe enyika. simba [22].
Yakatarisana nemafambiro epasirese ehutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi uye kuwedzera kukwikwidza kwekutengeserana kubva kuChina, US mumakore gumi apfuura yakatsvaga kudzikisa kurasikirwa kwayo nekupa mubairo wekutevedzera zvinangwa zveUS uye kuranga avo vanoramba zviri pachena zvinangwa izvozvo. Kunyangwe marongero nemaitiro ehurongwa hwehurumende zvichishanduka mukupindura kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, zvinhu zvakawanda zvenhaurwa dzeimperiyasi hazvishanduke, asi kuti zvinodzokororwa uye kushandiswa zvakare. Uye kusvika pamwero unoshamisa, simba rehumambo uye zvido zvekambani zvinoritsigira zvichine mauto enhau anoteerera ari kuda kupembedza zviito zvehurumende kune veruzhinji.
Notes:
[1] Romero,"Rare Hemisphere Kubatana Mukurwisa Honduran Coup,โ NYT, 29 June 2009, sec. A, p. 6.
[2] Chile yabva yadzokera kuhutongi hwebapiro rekurudyi nekugadzwa kwebhirioni Sebastiรกn Piรฑera. Yakatorwa mu "Clinton: US "Kunyanya Kunetseka" nezveVenezuela" (musoro wenyaya), Democracy Now! 4 Kurume 2010.
[3] Alexei Barrionuevo, "Brazil Inoona Munda WeOiri Inogona Kuva Chishandiso Chezvematongerwo enyika," NYT, 19 Mbudzi 2007, chikamu. A, p. 3. Izwi rokuti "counterweight" rakabva kune muvengi mukuru weChรกvez, asi Barrionuevo airatidza kubvumirana nemubvunzurudzo wake mumutsara unotevera.
[4] Juan Forero, "Ahmadinejad Inosimudzira Latin America Ties; Kushanya Kunosanganisira Kwete Kungopikisa US Marudzi, Asi NeDemocratic Brazil,โ Washington Post, 28 Mbudzi 2009, sec. A, p. 8; cf. Edward Schumacher-Matos, "Ruoko Rwakavhurika Runonetesa Chavez" (op-ed), Post, 21 Nyamavhuvhu 2009, sec. A, p. 25.
[5] Sara Shahriari naSara Miller Llana, "Nei Bolivia Yakatorazve Evo Morales," Christian Science Monitor, 7 Zvita 2009, p. 6.
[6] "Nzungu kuBrazil" (mupepeti), Daily News, 28 Mbudzi 2009, p. 18.
[7] Mashoko ekutangaโโPoodle yaChรกvezโโakashandiswa naEdward Schumacher-Matos kunyomba Josรฉ Miguel Insulza weOAS nokuda kwokukundikana kushora Chรกvez, asi vatungamiriri vakaita saMorales weBolivia naZelaya weHonduras vanobatwa zvakafanana; ona โA Coup for Democracy?โ (op-ed), Washington Post, 3 Chikunguru 2009, sec. A, p. 27. Mazwi ekupedzisira anobva kuna Jackson Diehl, โBuying Support in Latin Americaโ (op-ed), Post, 26 September 2005, sec. A, p. 23. Pakuenzanisa naStalin, Hitler, nevamwe, ona zvangu "Kuedza Iyo Propaganda Model: US Press Coverage yeVenezuela neColombia, 1998-2008," ZNet, 19 Zvita 2008.
[8] "Defender Democracy: MuHonduras, Izvo Zvinofanira Kureva Zvakawanda Kupfuura Kudzoreredza Mutungamiri Muhofisi" (mupepeti), Washington Post, 30 Chikumi 2009, sec. A, p. 12.
[9] Mumwedzi miviri yekutanga chete mushure mekupidigura hurumende, Washington Post yakataura nezvehukama hwepedyo hwaZelaya naChรกvez kanokwana kagumi nenhatu, uye yakaburitsa zvidimbu zvakati wandei zvainyanya kutarisana nehukama ihwohwo.
[10] Juan Forero, "Venezuela Yakapfuma-Mafuta Yakabatwa Nematambudziko Ehupfumi," Washington Post, 29 Kubvumbi 2010, sec. A, p. 7; Marifeli Pรฉrez-Stable, "Chรกvez Snubs Colombia" (op-ed), Miami Herald, 23 Chivabvu 2010.
[11] Ona yangu "US Policy uye Democracy muLatin America: Iyo Latinobarรณmetro Poll," ZNet, 26 Chivabvu 2009, uye pfupiso yangu ye "The 2009 Latinobarรณmetro Poll" (blog), ZNet, 15 Zvita 2009.
[12] Mark Weisbrot, "Kupora kweVenezuela kunoenderana neEconomic Policy," Le Monde Diplomatique, rakanyorwa zvakare paZNet, 17 Kubvumbi 2010; Weisbrot, "Venezuela Haisi Girisi," The Guardian, 6 Chivabvu 2010; Federico Fuentes, "Matambudziko Ehupfumi eVenezuela?" ZNet, 23 Chivabvu 2010.
[13] Munyori wenhoroondo Greg Grandin anotaura pfungwa imwechete iyi mubvunzurudzo yaChikunguru 2009: "Zelaya Anopika Kudzokera kuHonduras Pasinei Nekutyisidzirwa Kusungwa neVatungamiriri veCoup, " Democracy Now! 2 Chikunguru 2009.
[14] PaArawaks neCaribs ona Peter Hulme, "Tales of Distinction: European Ethnography neCaribbean," muKunzwisisa Kwakajeka: Kucherekedza, Kuzivisa uye Kufunga nezveKusangana pakati pevaEurope nevamwe vanhu muKutanga Kwemazuvano Era, ed. Stuart B. Schwartz (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994), 169-71, 190. Cf. Ranajit Guha, "The Prose of Counter-Insurgency," muSelected Subaltern Studies, ed. Ranajit Guha naGayatri Chakravorty Spivak (New York: Oxford UP, 1988), 58-59, 63, 66.
[15] Wilson's yakakurumbira "vakasarudzwa varume vakanaka" inotsanangurwa nguva dzakasiyana muG. John Ikenberry, et al., The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008), 14, 35, 59 Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvaWilson zvisati zvazivikanwa zvakanyanya-kusanganisira kutsigira kweKKK nechisimba uye kupindira kwakawanda kwenyika dzeLatin America-ona James W. Loewen, Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, chinyorwa chechipiri (New York: Touchstone , 2007), 12-24; Michael Dennis, "Race uye Southern Imagination: Woodrow Wilson Akafungazve," Canadian Ongororo yeAmerican Studies 29, nhamba. 3 (1999). Kuti uwane yakananga sampling yemaonero aWilson ega parudzi ona yake 1901 A History of the American People (New York: Harper naBros.), vol. 5.
[16] Irene Silverblatt anoshandisa izwi rimwechete, asi nechirevo chakati siyanei, muInquisitions Yemazuva Ano: Peru uye Mavambo eColonial of the Civilized World (Durham: Duke UP, 2004).
[17] Wona kunyanya Charles R. Hale, "Kufungazve Zvematongerwo enyika dzeMarudzi munguva ye'Indio Permitido," NACLA Chirevo pamusoro peAmerica 38, kwete. 2 (September-October 2004): 16-21; uye Hale, Mรกs Que Un Indio = Kupfuura muIndia: Racial Ambivalence uye Neoliberal Multiculturalism muGuatemala. (Santa Fe: Chikoro cheAmerican Research Press, 2006).
[18] Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Extractos de la intervenciรณn del Presidente Carlos Salinas de Gortari durante el desayuno con integrantes de los gabinetes legal y ampliado, legisladores, asambleรญstas y gobernadores de la repรบblica: Los Pinos, 27 Dinare Mexico City de Comunicaciรณn Social, 1994), 1994, 4.
[19] Ona zvakataurwa naUribe mu "Diรกlogo Decisorio en el Consejo de Latifundistas de Popayรกnโ (chinyorwa), Indymedia Colombia, Centro de Medios Independientes de Colombia, 22 Kurume 2008.
[20] Pazvisingadzivisike "zvinangwa zvakanaka" zvehurumende yeUS ona Edward S. Herman naNoam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: Sangano rezvematongerwe enyika reMisa Media (New York: Pantheon, 2002 [1988]), lxi; uye Noam Chomsky, Inodiwa Illusions: Kudzora Kufunga muDemocratic Societies (Boston: South End Press, 1989), 49-50, 162.
[21] Maona, mukuwedzera kune zvimwe zvinyorwa zvichangoburwa pamusoro www.nacla.org, zvangu "Obama neLatin America: Mwedzi Mitanhatu Yokutanga," NACLA nhau (pamhepo), 23 Chikunguru 2009.
[22] Edward Schumacher-Matos, โA Dose of Realism in Hondurasโ (op-ed), Post, 12 Chikunguru 2009, sec. A, p. 11; "Mukana weHonduras: Nzira Yakanakisa yekukunda Mutungamiriri Akabviswa pachigaro Manuel Zelaya Nhema muKubvumira Kudzoka Kwake" (mupepeti), Post, 9 Chikunguru 2009, sec. A, p. 18; William Booth naJuan Forero, "New Honduran Leadership Flouts Worldwide Censure," Post, 30 June 2009, sec. A, p. 5. Cf. William Booth, "Vaviri veHonduran Vakananga Kurwisa; Rival Mhiko dzeKusunga Zelaya paKudzoka Kwake,โ Post, 1 Chikunguru 2009, sec. A, p. 8.
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