Marxist economist Michael A Lebowitz akashaya pamba musi waApril 19. Nekufa kwake, nyika yose yakasara yakarasikirwa nemumwe wevanonyanya kunzwisisa uye vepakutanga vanofunga, avo vane mipiro yekumutsiridza maonero aKarl Marx ezvemagariro evanhu zvakakosha kuverenga kune vashandi.
Lebowitz akavakira pabasa rake guru, Beyond Capital: Marx's Zvematongerwo enyika upfumi of ari Kirasi Yekushanda, kuti vaunganidze muunganidzwa unokosha wezvinyorwa zvevesocialist muzana remakore rechi21, mazhinji acho akashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda. Izvi zvakabva mumabhuku edzidziso akatsaurirwa kunyatsofunga zvakare zvikanganiso zvemakumi maviri emakore esocialism, senge. The Kudzora of zvechokwadi Socialism: The kondakita uye The Kuitiswa, kuburikidza nemabhuku edzidzo mapfupi anonangana nevatsvagiridzi vatsva, senge ziva dzako Muvengi: sei to kukunda capitalist.
Girinhi Ruboshwe vaverengi vaizoziva Lebowitz kubva muzvinyorwa zvake uye kubvunzurudza kwakabuda mubepa uye nekudhindwa kwayo nehanzvadzi, LINKS pasi rose Nyaya of Socialist Renewal. Vanogonawo kuziva Mike kubva kushanya kwake kaviri kuAustralia kuti ataure paNyika ye2009 pamusangano weCrossroads uye 2016 Socialism mumusangano we21st Century, zvose zvakabatanidzwa. GL.
Mike aibva kubasa. Mubvunzurudzo naMark Fischer, ichangobva kuburitswa pa LINKS, akaonesa kuti zvinoitika zvoupenyu hwapakuvamba zvakanyandura sei fariro yake muchiMarx: “Kufanana navanhu vazhinji vanoshanda, ndakanga ndakatsunga kuita mari apo ndakanga ndiri muduku. Ndakaenda kuchikoro chebhizimisi [mukupera kwema1950]—kunyange zvazvo kushaya mari kwaireva kuti ndaifanira kushanda masikati uye kupinda chikoro usiku.
“Ini ndaidzidzira zvehupfumi ndichitarisa tsvakiridzo yekushambadzira, saka ndakazopedzisira ndava mukambani yekugadzira magetsi ndichiita tsvakiridzo yemusika nguva dzose. Pandakaita izvi, ndakaona kupesana kwakawanda… Ipapo ndakanga ndiri, ndichitora zvidzidzo zvehupfumi husiku, ndichidzidza neo-classical orthodoxy pamusoro pekuti mitengo inoiswa sei kuburikidza nemakwikwi akakwana uye zvese izvo. Asi mukati mezuva ndaishanda mumubatanidzwa waibatanidzwa mukugadzirisa mitengo...
“Chiitiko ichocho chose chakaita kuti ndifunge kuti ndainyeperwa… ndakatanga kuverenga Marx. Ndakanga ndisati ndava mushiviriri, zvisinei: kwakanga kuri kurambwa kwoungwaru kweidi rokuti ndakanga ndichiudzwa nhema pamusoro penzira iyo nyika inoshanda nayo.”
Anyoresa paUniversity yeWisconsin muna 1960, Mike akatanga kuravira kuratidzira neWisconsin Socialist Club, Cuba danidziro dzekubatana pamwe nekutora chikamu mukuvambwa kweStudents for a Democratic Society. Akashandawo neNew Left jenari Zvidzidzo Kuruboshwe. Kufanana nevazhinji vanoita zvekuratidzira muUnited States, Mike akapedza makore ekutanga '60s achirwisa Hondo yeVietnam uye nekutsigira bato rekodzero dzevanhu.
“Kubva muruzivo rwangu rwokushanda nemasangano evadzidzi nemimwe mishandirapamwe,” akaudza Fischer, “ndakaona chokwadi chinokosha chokuti vanhu vanozvishandura vamene nokutamburira kwavo. Pfungwa iyoyo yakava iyo inonyanya kunetseka yemaonero angu ezvematongerwo enyika - unoita sei kuti vanhu vafambe; unokudziridza sei kugona kwavo kuzvishandura?"
Muna 1965, Mike akatamira kuBritish Columbia, Canada, kwaakatanga basa rokudzidzisa upfumi uye nhoroondo yezvoupfumi paSimon Fraser University, akagara ikoko kusvikira azorega basa muna 2000. Ikoko, akatanga kushingaira mukuronga nharaunda pamwe chete neboka rekuruboshwe re Bato reSocial Democratic New Democratic Party (NDP).
Achitaura nezvenguva iyi saSachigaro weNDP Party Policy, Mike akati: “Ini ndaiva sachigaro wepolicy munguva yayo yehurumende muBritish Columbia, ndichigara ndichikurudzira mitemo yaizoita kuti vanhu vanzwisise basa rematambudziko avo.
“Nokudaro, handina kungoti, ‘Ngatiisei indasitiri yemasango munyika yose.’ Ndakarwira kuti mabhuku eindasitiri yemasango avhurwe kuhurumende uye kuti aongororwe neboka revashandi, nokuda kwezvimiro zvokudzora kwavashandi mukati meindasitiri. Nemamwe mashoko, miitiro yehondo yandakaona yaizobvumira vanhu kukudziridza kunzwisisa kukuru kwemashandiro anoita nzanga uye kuita zvimwe zvinodiwa, pane kungoshevedzera sirogani yokuti, ‘Ita kuti zvinhu zvose zvidzorwe nevashandi,’ pavari.”
Mike akazosiya NDP, achigumisa kuti "waingova mumwe muchina wesarudzo kwete nzira yekuzvisunungura yevashandi". Akagadzira zvimwe zvezvidzidzo zvaakadzidza kubva panguva yake ari muNDP muchitsauko chakanangana negutsaruzhinji mubhuku rake ra2006, Vakai It ikozvino: Socialist nokuti ari Makumi maviri-Chekutanga Makore.
Pane kudaro, Mike akasarudza kuzvipira kumutsiridza pfungwa dzaMarx dzekushanda-boka rekuzvisunungura, kukura kwevanhu uye maitiro ekuchinja. Muna 2009 indavhiyu naChristopher Kerr GL, Lebowitz akatsanangura kutenda kwake mukudiwa kwe "kuvandudzwa kweMarxism", imwe yakavakirwa pakuenda "kudzokera kumagariro uye chinangwa cheMarx, iyo yaiva pfungwa yekukura kwevanhu".
"Haisi njodzi kuti Communist Manifesto, yakanyorwa muna 1848 naFrederick Engels, yakataura nezvekuti budiriro yemahara yemumwe nemumwe inotsamira pakukura kwemahara kwevose. Nekusimudzirwa kwemahara, vaireva kuvandudzwa kwekugona kwevanhu uye kugona. Muzvinyorwa zvaMarx kubva muna 1844 kusvika muna 1858, uye muna guta, airamba achitaura nezvekukudziridza munhu akapfuma uye vanhu vakapfuma. Akataura kuti capitalism yakashatisa budiriro yavanhu, nepo socialism yaidikanwa nokuda kwayo.
“Takarasikirwa nazvo muzana remakore rechi20. Marxism yakadudzirwa seine chekuita nenzira yekuvandudza masimba anobereka, umo mubvunzo wekusimudzira hupfumi wakava chinhu chose. Mubvunzo wemhando yehukama pakati pevanhu mukugadzirwa kwehupfumi, mamiriro emamiriro ezvinhu atinoita, yakakanganwika kana kufuratirwa.
"Chimwe chezvikamu zvakakosha zvekusimbisa kwaMarx pakukura kwevanhu ndechekuti zvinongoitika kuburikidza nekuita. Ndiyo pfungwa yekuchinja maitiro - kuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu panguva imwe chete uye kuzvishandura. "
Muna 1973, Lebowitz akatanga basa rekunyora pasi pfungwa dzake uye kubata musoro-pane izvo zvaaidaidza kuti "rumwe rutivi rweMarxism". Mugumisiro wacho waiva Beyond Capital, yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1992 uye iyo yakakunda 2004 Deutscher Memorial Prize kwechinyorwa chayo chechipiri.
Mubasa iri seminamato, Lebowitz akatora chinangwa cheMarxism yaingotarisana nemaitiro emari uye aiona vashandi sevashandiwo zvavo muhoro - chinhu chiri mukati mekutenderera kwekuberekana kwemari - kwete vanhu vane zvavanoda. Mukupesana neiyi-divi reMarxism, Lebowitz akanyora mu "Hondo uye varume: Marx yakashata symmetry”, “Marx ainyatsonzwisisa kuti mari haingori kugadzirwa chete mukati me [basa revashandi] asi kuti kune chimwe chigadzirwa chechipiri, chigadzirwa chevanhu chakaremara.”
Naizvozvo chinodiwa, akaudza Fischer, "kutarisa kune vazhinji-kudivi reboka revashandi. Isu tinofanirwa kuedza kunzwisisa zvese zvayo pasi pe capitalism. Paunoita izvozvo, haungotarise chete kunetsa kwevashandi vemubatanidzwa. Unotarisa pane zvese zvinodiwa uye matambudziko evashandi, nzira dzese dzavanoedza nadzo kugutsa zvavanoda sevanhu munharaunda ino isina hunhu".
Chakanga chiri chishuwo chevashandi kugutsa zvido zvavo zvevanhu, pamwe nekukwanisa kwavo kushandura kuburikidza nekurwa - uye kwete nzvimbo yavo mukugadzirwa kwecapitalist - izvo zvakapa vashandi simba ravo rekuchinja reLebowitz. Mu“chii inoita kuti boka revashandi rive chidzidzo chekuchinja?” iye akanyora, kuti: “Kurwisana muitiro wokugadzira: kunobereka rudzi rwakasiyana rwomushandi, mushandi anozvibudisa amene somumwe munhu ane simba rakura, ane chivimbo chinokura, ane mano okuronga nokubatana anowedzera. Asi nei tichifanira kufunga kuti izvi zvinongogumira kuhondo dzemihoro?
“Kurwira kwese uko vanhu vanozvisimbisa, kurwira kwese kwavanosimudzira kururamisira munharaunda, kurwira kwese kuti vaone zvavanogona uye kuda kwavo kuzvisimudzira, kunovaka hunyanzvi hwevatambi. Uye, iwo matambudziko anotikwidza kuzorwa ne capital. Sei? Nekuti capital ndiyo chipingamupinyi chinomira pakati pedu nebudiriro yedu pachedu. "
Kwaive kutenda kwakagovaniswa mukugona shanduko uye hunyanzvi hwevanhuwo zvavo vari muhondo yakaunza Mike naMarta Harnecker pamwechete muma'90s. Nekufara nekuchinja kuri kuitika muVenezuela, pamwe nekukoka kwavaimbove mutungamiri wenyika Hugo Chavez, vakatamira kuCaracas muna 2004.
Ndakatanga kusangana naMike muCaracas muna 2005, kwaakandigamuchira noushamwari naMarta sokunge kuti takanga tava nemakore akawanda tiri shamwari. Ushamwari uhwu, ndakakurumidza kuziva, hwakatambanudzirwa kuna vose vaisangana, nguva dzose vachida kutanga kurukurirano nokuteerera.
Pakasvika gore rakatevera racho, ndakanga ndichishanda navo paMiranda International Center (CIM), nzvimbo yavakabatsira kumisikidza vazivi veVenezuela nevekunze kwenyika kuti vape pfungwa dzavo kuchimurenga.
Kwemakore matatu akatevera, takagovana zviitiko zvakawanda tichitenderera Venezuela tichisangana nenharaunda dzakarongwa nevashandi kuti vadzidze kubva mumatambudziko avo, uyezve tichivakoka kuti vadzoke kuCIM kunokakavadzana nevakangwara kubva kuVenezuela nekumhiri kwemakungwa. Nguva yese iyi, Mike akaenderera mberi nekunyora pakunyora, kusanganisira mapepa akawanda aChavez nemakurukota ake ayo aipota achishandurwa kuita mapepa emahara, kugovera vanhu vakawanda uye kukurukurwa pachirongwa cheTV chevhiki nevhiki chaChavez.
Vaviri vakadzokera kuCanada muna 2011. Kubva ipapo, vakaramba vachinyora uye vakabatsira kutanga chirongwa cheSocialism che21st Century muCuba. Asi nekufa kwaMarta muna 2019, kutanga kwedenda reCCIDID-19 uye nezvehutano hwaMike, huwandu hwebasa rake hwakadzikira.
Makore ake mashoma ekupedzisira akazvipira kutevera zviitiko zveVancouver Ecosocialists uye nekufamba nemapepa ekare kutsvaga zvinyorwa zvinogona kubatsira kune vatsva vekuratidzira. Nerubatsiro rweshamwari yenguva refu uye komuredhi Bill Burgess, Mike akamisa webhusaiti kwaakaunganidza zvinyorwa izvi, michaelalebowitz.com.
Pamwe chete neiyi muunganidzwa wakakosha wezvinyorwa, Mike anosiya hanzvadzi yake, Gloria, vanasikana vaviri, Jessica naRachel, naCamila Piñeiro Harnecker, mwanasikana waMarta.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta