Kunobva: Nyowani Kuruboshwe Ongororo
Kudonha kweKabul kuenda kumaTaliban musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu 2021 ndiko kukundwa kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kwepfungwa kweAmerican Empire. Zvikopokopo zvakazara zvakatakura vashandi veEmbassy yeUS kuenda kunhandare yendege yeKabul zvakashamisa kurangarira zviitiko muSaigon - ikozvino Ho Chi Minh City - muna Kubvumbi 1975. Kumhanya kwakaitwa nemauto eTaliban munyika kwaishamisa; unyanzvi hwavo hunoshamisa. Kushungurudza kwevhiki rese kwakapera nekukunda muKabul. Mauto eAfghan ane simba mazana matatu ezviuru akapunzika. Vazhinji vakaramba kurwa. Muchokwadi, zviuru zvavo zvakaenda kune veTaliban, avo vakabva vada kuzvipira kusingaverengeki kwehurumende yezvidhori. Mutungamiri Ashraf Ghani, anofarirwa nevezvenhau vekuUS, vakatiza nyika ndokunopotera kuOman. Mureza weEmirate wakamutsiridzwa wave kubhururuka pamusoro pemuzinda wake wePresident. Mune mamwe maitiro, fananidzo yepedyo haisi Saigon asi yeSudan yezana ramakore regumi nemapfumbamwe, apo mauto eMahdi akatsvaira muKhartoum uye akafira kutenda General Gordon. William Morris akapemberera kukunda kwaMahdi sekudzosera kumashure Humambo hweBritish. Asi apo vapanduki veSudan vakauraya boka rose revarwi, Kabul akachinja maoko nekudeura ropa kushoma. MaTaliban haana kana kumboedza kutora mumiriri weUS, ndoda kunanga vashandi vekuAmerica.
Zuva remakumi maviri rekurangarira 'Hondo Yekutyisa' saka rakapera mukufungidzirwa uye kufanotaura kukundwa kweUS, NATO nevamwe vakakwira pabandwagon. Zvakadaro mumwe ane chekuita nehurongwa hweTaliban - ndanga ndiri mushoropodzi akasimba kwemakore mazhinji - kubudirira kwavo hakugone kurambwa. Munguva iyo US yakaparadza nyika imwe yeArabu mushure meimwe, hapana kupokana kunogona kupikisa vagari vakambobuda. Kukundwa uku kunogona kuita shanduko. Ndosaka vezvematongerwo enyika vekuEurope vachizeya. Vakatsigira US zvisina magumo muAfghanistan, uye ivowo vakanyadziswa - hakuna zvakadaro kupfuura Britain.
Biden akasiiwa asina sarudzo. United States yakanga yazivisa kuti yaizobva kuAfghanistan munaGunyana 2021 isina kuzadzisa chero chinangwa chayo che "rusununguko": rusununguko uye democracy, kodzero dzakaenzana dzevakadzi, uye kuparadzwa kweTaliban. Kunyange zvazvo ingave isingakundwi muhondo, misodzi iri kudonhedzwa navakuru vakashatirwa inosimbisa ukuru hwakadzama hwokurasikirwa kwayo. Vazhinji vavo - Frederick Kagan mune NYT, Gidheoni Rakimani pakati FT - tenda kuti kudhirowa kwaifanira kunge kwakanonoka kuchengetedza maTaliban kure. Asi Biden aingobvumidza runyararo rwakatangwa naTrump, vachitsigirwa nePentagon, iyo yakaona chibvumirano chakaitwa muna Kukadzi 2020 pamberi peUS, Taliban, India, China nePakistan. Sangano rekuchengetedza reAmerica rakaziva kuti kupindira kwacho kwakundikana: maTaliban aisakwanisa kukundwa kunyangwe vakagara kwenguva yakareba sei. Pfungwa yekuti kukurumidza kubuda kwaBiden kwakasimbisa varwi ipoppycock.
Chokwadi ndechekuti pamusoro pemakore makumi maviri, US yakatadza kuvaka chero chinhu chingadzikinura basa rayo. Iyo inopenya yakajeka Green Zone yaigara yakakomberedzwa nerima iro maZoner aisakwanisa kunzwisisa. Mune imwe yenyika dzine hurombo pasi rose, Mabhiriyoni aipedzwa gore rega rega pakugadzirisa mhepo mumabharaki aigara masoja nevakuru veUS, ukuwo chikafu nezvipfeko zvaigara zvichiuya zvichibva kumabhesi eQatar, Saudi Arabia neKuwait. Zvakanga zvisingamboshamisi kuti nzvimbo huru yezvitangwena yakakura pamucheto weKabul, apo varombo vakaungana kuti vatsvage matangi mumabhini. Iyo mibairo yakaderera yaibhadharwa kune masevhisi ekuchengetedza eAfghan haina kukwanisa kuvanyengetedza kurwisa vanhu vekunyika yavo. Uto, rakavakwa kwemakumi maviri emakore, rakanga rave kupinda mukati panguva yekutanga nevatsigiri veTaliban, vakadzidziswa mahara mukushandiswa kwemidziyo yemazuva ano yemauto uye vakaita sevasori vekurwisa kweAfghan.
Ichi chaiva chokwadi chinosiririsa cheโkupindira kwevanhuโ. Kunyangwe chikwereti chinofanirwa kukweretwa: nyika yaona kuwedzera kukuru kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika. Munguva yemakore eTaliban, kugadzirwa kweopium kwainyatsotariswa. Kubva pakurwiswa kweUS yakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye ikozvino inoverengera 90% yemusika wepasi rose weheroin - zvichiita kuti munhu azvishamise kana kupokana uku kwakareba kunofanirwa kuonekwa, zvishoma, sehondo itsva yeopium. Mabhirioni akaitwa mupurofiti uye akagovaniswa pakati pezvikamu zveAfghan zvaishandira basa racho. Vakuru vakuru vekuMadokero vakabhadharwa zvakanaka kuti vagone kutengeserana. Mumwe mugumi vechidiki veAfghan zvino vakapindwa muropa neopium. Nhamba dzemauto eNATO hadzipo.
Kana iri chimiro chevakadzi, hapana chakachinja. Kwave kushoma kufambira mberi munharaunda kunze kweNGO-yakazara Green Zone. Mumwe wevanotungamira vakadzi munyika muhutapwa akataura kuti vakadzi veAfghan vaive nevavengi vatatu: kutorwa kweWestern, Taliban uye Northern Alliance. Nekuenda kweUnited States, akadaro, vachange vaine maviri. (Panguva yekunyora izvi zvinogona kugadziridzwa kune imwe, sezvo kufambira mberi kweTaliban kuchamhembe kwakaona mapoka akakosha eMubatanidzwa Kabul isati yatorwa). Kunyangwe zvikumbiro zvakadzokororwa kubva kuvatori venhau nevaratidziri, hapana nhamba dzakavimbika dzakaburitswa muindasitiri yezvepabonde iyo yakakura kushanda mauto. Uye hakuna nhamba dzekubatwa chibharo dzinovimbika - kunyangwe masoja eUS aigara akashandisa mhirizhonga yepabonde 'vanofungirwa nemagandanga', akabata chibharo Afghan civilians uye kushungurudzwa kwevana kwegreen-lighted by mauto akabatana. Munguva yehondo yevagari vomuYugoslavia, chipfambi chakawedzera uye nzvimbo yacho yakava musimboti wokutengesa pabonde. Kubatanidzwa kweUN mune iri bhizinesi rinopa mari kwakanyatso kunyorwa. MuAfghanistan, ruzivo ruzere rwuchiri kubuda.
Pamusoro pe775,000 Mauto eUS akarwa muAfghanistan kubvira 2001. Pakati pavo, 2,448 vakaurayiwa, pamwe chete nevanoda kuita zviuru zvina zvevashandi vekuUS. Vanosvika 4,000 vakakuvadzwa muchiito maererano ne Defence Department. Huwandu hwevanhu vafa muAfghan hwakaoma kuverenga, sezvo 'kufa kwevavengi' kunosanganisira vanhuwo zvavo kusingaverengeki. Carl Conetta weProjekti paDziviriro Alternatives Inofungidzirwa kuti vangangoita 4,200-4,500 vanhuwo zvavo vakaurayiwa pakati paNdira 2002 semhedzisiro yekurwiswa kweUS, vese vakaurayiwa nemushandirapamwe webhomba remuchadenga uye zvisina kunanga mudambudziko revanhu rakazoitika. Pakazosvika 2021, iyo Associated Press yaive kubika kuti vanhuwo zvavo 47,245 100,000 vakanga vaparara nokuda kwebasa racho. Varwiri vekodzero dzevanhu veAfghan vakapa huwandu hwepamusoro, vachisimbirira kuti XNUMX Afghans (vazhinji vavo vasiri varwi) vafa, uye katatu nhamba iyoyo yakakuvadzwa.
Mu 2019, the Washington Post yakaburitsa 2,000-peji remukati reshumo yakatumirwa nehurumende yemubatanidzwa yeUS kugadzirisa kutadza kwehondo yayo refu: 'Mapepa eAfghanistan'. Yakanga yakavakirwa panhevedzano yebvunzurudzo nevakuru veUS (vakasiya basa uye vanoshanda), vapangamazano vezvematongerwo enyika, vamiriri, vashandi verubatsiro uye zvichingodaro. Kuongorora kwavo kwakasanganiswa kwaityisa. General Douglas Lute, 'mambo weAfghan war czar' pasi paBush naObama, akareurura kuti 'Takanga tisina kunzwisisa kwakakosha nezveAfghanistan - taisaziva zvataiitaโฆ rekuitaโฆDai vanhu vekuAmerica vaiziva kukura kwekusashanda uku.' Mumwe mufakazi, Jeffrey Eggers, mudyandigere weNavy Seal uye mushandi weWhite House ari pasi paBush naObama, akasimbisa kupambadzwa kwezviwanikwa: 'Takawana chii pa$1 iyi. matiririyoni ekuedza? Yaive yakakosha $1 trillion? ... Mushure mekuurayiwa kwaOsama bin Laden, ndakati Osama angangove achiseka ari muguva rake rine mvura achifunga kuti takashandisa mari yakawanda sei kuAfghanistan.โ Angadai akawedzera kuti: โUye takarasikaโ.
Muvengi aiva ani? MaTaliban, Pakistan, vese maAfghan? Murwi wenguva refu weUS aive nechokwadi chekuti chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemapurisa eAfghan aive akapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka uye imwe chunk yakakura vaive vatsigiri veTaliban. Izvi zvakaunza dambudziko guru kumauto eUS, sekupupura kwaakaitwa neSpecial Forces honcho muna 2017: 'Vaifunga kuti ndaizouya kwavari nemepu kuti ndivaratidze panogara vakomana vakanaka nevakaipa ... Zvakatora hurukuro dzakawanda kwavari. kuti ndinzwisise kuti ndakanga ndisina mashoko iwayo mumaoko angu. Pakutanga, vaingobvunza kuti: โAsi vanhu vakaipa ndivanaani, vari kupi?โโ.
Donald Rumsfeld akaratidza manzwiro akafanana kumashure mu 2003. 'Handina kuonekwa kune avo vakaipa vari muAfghanistan kana Iraq', akanyora. "Ndakaverenga zvese kubva munharaunda, uye zvinoita sekunge tinoziva zvakawanda, asi kutaura zvazviri, paunozvisundira, unoona kuti isu hatina chero chinhu chingaite." Isu tinoperevedza nenzira inosuruvarisa muungwaru hwavanhu.โ Kusakwanisa kusiyanisa shamwari nomuvengi inhau yakakombaโkwete pamwero weSchmittean bedzi, asi paunoshanda. Kana iwe usingakwanise kutaura mutsauko pakati pevabatsiri nevavengi mushure mekurwiswa kweIED mumusika weguta wakazara vanhu, unopindura nekupopotera munhu wese, uye kugadzira vavengi vazhinji mukuita.
Colonel Christopher Kolenda, chipangamazano kune vatatu vanoshanda veGeneral, vakanongedzera kune rimwe dambudziko nebasa reUS. Huwori hwakanga hwatekeshera kubva pakutanga, akati; hurumende yeKarzai โyakazvironga pachayo kuva kleptocracy.โ Izvozvo zvakakanganisa zano repashure pa2002 rekuvaka nyika yaigona kukurira basa racho. โHuori hudiki hwakafanana negomarara reganda, pane nzira dzekupedza nadzo uye pamwe unenge watonaka. Huori mukati mehushumiri, hwepamusoro, hwakafanana negomarara remudumbu; zvakatonyanya kuipa, asi kana ukazvibata nenguva, unenge wagona. Kleptocracy, zvisinei, yakafanana nekenza yeuropi; kunouraya.โ Chokwadika, nyika yePakistan - uko kleptocracy inomisikidzwa pamwero uri wose - yakararama kwamakumi amakore. Asi zvinhu zvanga zvisiri nyore muAfghanistan, uko kuedza kuvaka nyika kwaitungamirwa nemauto aigara uye hurumende yepakati yakanga isina rutsigiro rwakakurumbira.
Zvakadini nemishumo yenhema yekuti maTaliban akadzingwa, kusazodzoka? Mumwe mukuru muNational Security Council akafunga nezvenhema dzaitepfenyurwa nevamwe vake: โNdidzo dzaive tsananguro dzavo. Semuenzaniso, kurwiswa kwe[Taliban] kuri kuwedzera? "Izvozvo nekuti kune zvakawanda zvavanovavarira kupfura, saka kurwiswa kwakawanda chiratidzo chenhema chekusagadzikana." Zvino, mwedzi mitatu gare gare, kurwiswa kuchiri kuwedzera? โImhaka yekuti maTaliban ari kupererwa, saka chiratidzo chekuti tiri kukundaโโฆ Uye izvi zvakaenderera mberi nezvikonzero zviviri, kuita kuti munhu wese ari kubatanidzwa ataridzike zvakanaka, uye kuita kunge mauto nezviwanikwa zvaive nazvo. rudzi rwemugumisiro apo kuvabvisa kwaizoparira nyika kuipa.'
Zvese izvi chaive chakavanzika chakavhurika mumachanceries uye masevhisi ekudzivirira eNATO Europe. Muna Gumiguru 2014, Secretary of Defense weBritish Michael Fallon akabvuma kuti 'Kukanganisa kwakaitwa muchiuto, zvikanganiso zvakaitwa nevezvematongerwo enyika panguva iyoyo uye izvi zvinodzokera kumashure gumi, makore gumi nematatuโฆHatisi kuzotumira mauto kuAfghanistan, chero mamiriro ezvinhu.' Makore mana gare gare, Mutungamiri Theresa Chivabvu redeployed Mauto eBritish kuenda kuAfghanistan, achipeta varwi vayo 'kuti vabatsire kugadzirisa mamiriro ekuchengetedza asina kusimba'. Ikozvino vezvenhau veUK vari kutsinhira Hofisi Yekune dzimwe nyika uye vachishoropodza Biden nekuita zvisirizvo panguva isiriyo, nemukuru wemauto eBritish Sir Nick Carter. kuratidza kurwiswa kutsva kungave kuri madikanwa. Tory backbenchers, colonial nostalgists, stooge-vatori venhau naBlair-toadies vari kumira kushevedzera kuvepo kweBritish zvachose munyika yasakadzwa nehondo.
Chinoshamisa ndechekuti General Carter kana vadzokeri vake vanoita kunge vabvuma kukura kwedambudziko rakatarisana nehondo yeUS, sezvakarongwa mu 'The Afghanistan Papers'. Nepo varongi vemauto eAmerica vamuka zvishoma nezvishoma kuchokwadi, vamwe vavo vekuBritain vachiri kubatirira pamufananidzo wekufungidzira weAfghanistan. Vamwe vanopokana kuti kubviswa kwacho kuchaisa kuchengetedzeka kweEurope panjodzi, sezvo al-Qaeda inoungana pasi peiyo Islamic Emirate. Asi fungidziro idzi hadzina maturo. IUS neUK vakapedza makore vachibatsirana neAl-Qaeda muSyria, sezvavakaita kuBosnia neLibya. Kutya kwakadaro kunogona kungoshanda mumatope ekusaziva. Kune veruzhinji veBritish, zvirinani, zvinoita kunge zvisina kugura. Nhoroondo dzimwe nguva inotsikirira chokwadi chekukurumidzira pane imwe nyika kuburikidza nekuratidzira kwakajeka kwechokwadi kana kuratidzwa kwevakuru. Ikozvino kubvisa kungangove imwe nguva yakadaro. MaBritons, aitove neruvengo kuHondo Yekutyisa, vaigona kuomesa mukupikisa kwavo kukunda kwemauto mune ramangwana.
Ramangwana rinei? Kudzokorora modhi yakagadziridzwa kuIraq neSyria, US yakazivisa mauto akasarudzika, ane mauto mazana maviri nemazana mashanu, kuti amire panzvimbo yeKuwaiti, akagadzirira kubhururuka kuenda kuAfghanistan uye bhomba, kuuraya nekuremadza kana zvichidikanwa. Zvichakadaro, nhumwa dzeTaliban dzine masimba makuru dzakashanyira China muna Chikunguru apfuura, dzichivimbisa kuti nyika yavo haichazoshandiswa zvakare senzira yekutangisa kurwisa dzimwe nyika. Hurukuro dzakasimba dzakaitwa negurukota rezvekunze reChina, dzinonzi dzaibata nyaya dzekutengeserana nehupfumi. Musangano uyu wakarangarira misangano yakafanana pakati peAfghan mujahideen nevatungamiriri vekuMadokero muma2,500: vaimboonekwa vaine mapfekero avo eWahhabi uye kugerwa ndebvu vachipesana nekumashure kunoshamisa kweWhite House kana 1980 Downing Street. Asi ikozvino, neNATO mukudzokera shure, vatambi vakakosha ndiChina, Russia, Iran nePakistan (iyo pasina mubvunzo yakapa rubatsiro kune veTaliban, uye kune avo uku ndiko kukunda kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika). Hapana kana mumwe wavo anoda hondo nyowani yevagari vemo, mukupesana neUS nevanodyidzana nayo mushure mekubviswa kweSoviet. Hukama hwepedyo hweChina neTehran neMoscow hunogona kuita kuti ishande mukuchengetedza runyararo rusina kusimba kune vagari venyika ino yakashungurudzika, vachibatsirwa nekuenderera mberi kwesimba reRussia kuchamhembe.
Kusimbisa kwakawanda kwakaiswa paavhareji yezera muAfghanistan: gumi nemasere, muhuwandu hwe18 miriyoni. Pachezvayo izvi hazvirevi chinhu. Asi kune tarisiro yekuti vechidiki vekuAfghan vachavavarira hupenyu huri nani mushure mekurwisana kwemakore makumi mana. Kune vakadzi veAfghan kurwa hakusati kwapera, kunyangwe pakangosara muvengi mumwechete. MuBritain nekune dzimwe nzvimbo, vese vanoda kurwira vanofanira kuisa pfungwa dzavo kune vapoteri vachange vachigogodza pamusuwo weNATO. Pazvishoma, utiziro ndiyo inokweretwa neMadokero: kutsiva kudiki kwehondo isingakoshi.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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