Mutori wenhau, munyori, uye mudzidzisi, David Barsamian pamwe anozivikanwa zvakanyanya semuvambi uye director we Alternative Radio, purogiramu yevhiki nevhiki yeawa imwe yenhau dzevanhu yakatanga muna 1986 uye nhasi inosvika mamiriyoni evateereri vari pamusoro pegaraji remukoto muBoulder, Colorado. Kuda Dahr's Dispatches, Alternative Radio inzira yenhau inotsigirwa chete nerutsigiro rwevanhu.
Omar Khan: Wakataura nezvevatori venhau kuti "kuongororwa kuzhinji kunoitika nekusaita, kwete kutumwa." Ungaenzanisira izvi here panyaya yekuburitswa kwenhau dzeUS dzekuIraq?
David Barsamian: Pane hukama hwechimiro pakati penhau uye simba rehurumende. Akanyatsobatanidzwa. Vezvenhau ndivanaani? Kwete muUnited States chete, asi pasi rose, iwo makambani mashoma anotonga zvinoonekwa nevanhu, kunzwa, uye kuverenga. Vakakwanisa kugadzira mvumo, kunyanya muUnited States, yehondo dzehutsinye dzehutsinye. Ndizvo chaizvo zvandinodaidza Iraq - hondo isiri pamutemo, unzenza. Ndichangokupai muenzaniso mumwechete: The New York Times, bepanhau guru rerusununguko iri, rine zvinyorwa makumi manomwe pakati paGunyana 70, 11 uye kurwiswa kweIraq, Kurume 2001, 20. Hapana chimwe chezvinyorwa izvi chaive neUN Charter, iyo Nuremberg Tribunal, kana chero chikamu chemutemo wepasirese wakambotaurwa. Zvino, vakomana ivavo vanoziva kuti zvinhu izvi zviriko, uye ndiwo muenzaniso wakakwana wekuongorora nekusaita. Uye saka dai wanga uchiverenga New York Times panguva iyoyo, panguva yekuvaka kuhondo, ungadai usina kunge uine pfungwa yekuti United States iri kuronga kuita chimwe chinhu chaive kutyora kwakanyanya kwemutemo wenyika, uye mutemo wenyika iyo nyaya.
Kuzivisa nezveIraq kwave kutyisa: vanhu vanotaura nezvekudzikiswa kwarakaitwa munhau. Handifungi kuti yadzikiswa. Ndinofunga yanyangarika. Hazvichaoneki. Kubata uye kusawirirana kwevatapi venhau kwasvika padanho rinotyisa, uye njodzi irikuitika muIraq mhedzisiro yeizvi. Pane mibairo mikuru yekusataura nemazvo. Uye, zvinosuruvarisa, vanhu veIraqi vari kubhadhara muhuwandu hukuru, uye maAmerican kusvika padiki.
ZVAKANAKA: Wadaidza vezvenhau kuti “ibhandi rekufambisa.†Izvi zvinosiyana nemaonero ekusiiwa kwakadaro nekuda kwehutsotsi hwevashandi vezvenhau. Dimikira rako pachinzvimbo rinoita serinopa nzira yekugadzira, pane chero rudzi rwekurangana.
DB: Kutsanangura chinangwa chaicho hachisi chekufungidzira dzidziso yekurangana. “Dzidziso yekurangana†rave izwi rekunyomba rinoshandiswa kupikisa vanhu vanoita ongororo yenyaya yepamutemo. Imwe nzira yekudzinga chero ani anopikisa kududzira zviri pamutemo kwezviitiko kutaura kuti iwe uri muongorori wezano. Mune mamwe mazwi, uri jeki, uri mupengo, unotenda maUFO, vatorwa, masosi anobhururuka. Zvechokwadi pane zvakajeka zvikamu zvemauto-industrial complex anobatsirwa nehondo. Iyi haisi dzidziso yekurangana. Ichi ichokwadi. Tinoziva kuti ndivanaani: Honeywell, General Dynamics, General Electric, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Raytheon. Aya ndiwo makondirakiti makuru emauto akawana mazana emamiriyoni emadhora muzvibvumirano zvezvombo. Ndivo vatengesi vakuru vezvombo. Havasangane parollercoaster, pavhiri referris, kana pacarousel. Vanosangana mumahofisi. Vanogara pasi pamatafura. Vanonwa kofi, vanodya donuts. Zviri pachena, zviri pachena.
United States inogadzira 50% yezvombo zvese zviri kutengeswa pasirese. IUS inoshandisa mari yakawanda pamauto kupfuura nyika gumi neshanu dzakabatanidzwa. Uye mari iyoyo iri kuwedzera zvakanyanya. Mari yemauto yave kusvika hafu yetrillion yemadhora. Saka pane zviri pachena vanokunda uye vakakundwa. Uye kana uine masheya mumakambani aya andabva kutaura, uri kuzvitora, murume. Ipikiniki yako.
ZVAKANAKA: Kuwedzera kwekuteerera kwenhau kwakakanganisa sei izvi?
DB: Muna Ben Bagdikian's Media Monopoly muna 1983, akati kwaiva nemakambani makumi mashanu anodzora zvizhinji zvezvinobudisa nhau. Yakabva yava 50, ikazoita 28, ndokuzoita 23. Ipapo 14. Zvadaro, mubhuku rake richangoburwa, yadzika kusvika ku10. Makambani mashanu anodzora zvinobudisa nhau. Uye nevezvenhau, handirevi TV chete. Ndinoreva mafirimu eHollywood, redhiyo, maDVD, magazini, mapepanhau, mabhuku, mabhuku ari pamatepi, maCD. 5 makambani.
Kubva 1983 kusvika nhasi, 2005, kuwedzera kwekusagadzikana munhau kwakafanana neiyo yesimba rehurumende nekambani, uyezve nekuwedzera kwemaitiro eUnited States kuti atonyanya hukasha uye nemauto: pupurira kupinda kweGrenada, kupinda kwePanama. , Hondo yekutanga yeGulf, kubhomba kweYugoslavia, kupinda uye kuenderera mberi kwemabasa eAfghanistan neIraq.
Uye ndine chokwadi chekuti dai Iraq yakafamba nenzira iyo neo-cons yakafanotaura - kuti vaizokwaziswa nemasiwiti nemaruva, uye kuti hondo yaizova kekekeke, sezvavakataura - vangadai vakatarisa pfuti. Syria neIran. Asi izvozvi, nekuda kwehuwandu hwekupokana muIraq-uye usakanganwe nezveAfghanistan, zvakare - ivo vaifanira kudzikira.
OK: Saka chii chinonyanya kusiyanisa nhau dzekutengesa kubva pakushambadza?
DB: Musiyano wawedzera kudzima. Pane zviitiko zvatinoziva apo Pentagon yakagadzira vhidhiyo mishumo yenhau ichibva yavapa kune dzakasiyana siyana TV nhepfenyuro. Iyi inhema-yakadyiswa propaganda inouya yakananga kubva kuPentagon uye ichitepfenyurwa senhau. Hongu, panofanirwa kuve nemusiyano, asi musiyano iwoyo uri kuwedzera kudzima. Pane hukama hwekutsamira pakati pevatori venhau vemakambani nemasimba enyika. Vanotsamira kuhurumende panhau, paruzivo, parubatsiro, pamhando dzose dzezvinhu. Thomas Friedman akazvikudza kuti aimbotamba gorofu neSecretary of State James Baker. Brit Hume akati akatamba tennis naColin Powell. Kana, kune rimwe divi, uri mutori wenhau anoshanda, uye ngatiti, iwe wakapihwa kuWhite House - uye iwe unobvunza mibvunzo inonetsa. Nenguva isipi, hausi kuzodaidzwa pamisangano yevatori venhau. Nenguva isipi paunokumbira musangano neMutevedzeri weMunyori weNyika weMiddle East Affairs, nhare dzako hadzidzorwe. Nemamwe manzwi, uri kunyoreswa. Mupepeti wako ane manyemwe nekuti anoda nyaya kubva kune vane masimba—vanovimba nevanhu vane masimba kuti vawane ruzivo. Ndirwo rudzi rweukama hwemakunakuna, kuti simba riri kuitika ipapo. Unoisa pangozi basa rako paunokwira kunopesana nemasimba. Ndinoyeuka Erwin Knoll aimbove mupepeti weProgressive Magazine. Akafa makore mashoma apfuura. Akambondiudza izvozvo, paakanga ari mutori wenhau muWashington—akabvunza Lyndon Johnson mubvunzo wanetsa. Johnson akaita zvekumubvisa, uye mushure meizvozvo, Knoll akawana pfudzi rinotonhora kubva kuWhite House.
OK: Ndinovenga izvozvo.
DB: Pashure paizvozvo, akatamiswa. Ndiyo nzira yavanogona kudzora nayo mutambo. Haisi dzidziso yekurangana, inzira inoshanda simba. Tarisa, kana uri munhu ane simba uye ini ndiri mutori wenhau, haungade here kuti ndinyore zvinhu zvinobata kumeso pamusoro pako?
OK: Hongu
DB: —kurumbidza zvawakaita kune vakawanda, vateereri venyika? Chokwadi ungadaro. Asi pane zvakare hukama hwemaitiro. Midhiya yemagetsi inopihwa rezinesi nehurumende yemubatanidzwa, neFederal Communications Commission. Saka heino imwe nzvimbo uko kune hukama uhu. Masaisai emhepo ndeevanhu veUnited States; zvinoumba-'zvichida, zvakaoma kuyera—chitubu chakakosha zvikuru muUnited States.
Iwe haugone kubata airwaves. Iwe haugone kusimudza chigunwe chako izvozvi wozvibata. Asi nzira dzendege chikamu cherudzi rwevanhu veUnited States. Uye chii chakaitwa neFCC kwemakore akawanda? Yakapa iyi sosi yakakosha, uye isu hapana kana chatinowana nayo. Havatombobhadharire kodzero yekuparadzira mashoko-tinobhadhara kodzero yekugamuchira propaganda. Zvese izvi zvisinei nekuti Federal Communications Commission inogonesa mutemo inotaura zvakananga kuti masaisai ndeavanhu.
ZVAKANAKA: Zvakadini nekuvandudzwa kwenharembozha muna 96-97?
DB: Clinton Telecommunications Reform ya1996 yakaunza tsunami yekubatana uye kutora. Yakaburitsa huwandu hukuru hwezvinobudisa nhau munhoroondo yenyika. Ndipo pakabva Clear Channel kubva pazviteshi zvishoma, kubva panzvimbo yayo muSan Antonio, kusvika nhasi uko kune nhepfenyuro dzinopfuura 1200. Zvava kuita ari inotonga radio monopoly. Uye izvi zvaive pasi paClinton akasununguka, Gore—uye ndinorangarira chaizvo, rusununguko rweNew York Times rwakanyorwa panguva iyo, pakadzikwa mutemo, kuti mutemo uyu waizoburitsa bonanza kuruzhinji rweAmerica. Vachawana zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana, vachawana zvakawanda zvakasiyana. Ndivo vakundi chaivo.
Bruce Springsteen aive nerwiyo irworwo makore angangoita gumi kana gumi nemashanu apfuura, “57 maChanera uye Hapana chiripo.†Uye zvino, dai anga achirekodha izvozvo, aifanira kuisa zero kumagumo. Ikozvino kune 570 chiteshi uye hapana pairi. Pane ruzivo rushoma rwekukosha runowanikwa kune vatengi vekuAmerica vekutengesa TV.
OK: Tenda Mwari nePBS neNPR.
DB: Ivo vakagadzirwa kuti ive yechokwadi dzimwe nzira dzekutengesa media. Asi ivo pachavo vava kunyanya kutengeserana. Vane yava kunzi “inhanced underwriting.†Izvozvo zvinorevei? Izvi zvinoreva kushambadzira. Ivo vakatamira kurudyi, maererano nehurongwa hwavo. PBS, semuenzaniso, yandinodaidza kuti Petroleum Broadcasting Service. Yakawanda yemari yayo inouya Exxon Mobil, uye Chevron-Texaco. NPR yave mumvuri weyaimbove yayo. Ndinoreva-uye handidi kuwedzeredza, sezvo yaisamboshamisira-mumazuva ayo ekutanga, yakanga ichine mamwe makojoni, ichine pfungwa yekumukira. Yakanyanya kudzorwa zvino. Iwe unonzwa zvinotsanangura, nhaurirano paIraq hazvisi izvo zvakasiyana kubva kune zvekutengesa media. Izvo zvakasiyana munzvimbo yakakosha yehunyanzvi uye hunhu. Ivo vakaomesesa. Vane hunhu. Vanhu vanotaura nemitsara yakakwana. Hauna kuvhiringwa. Hapana anokupopotera. (Aya ndiwo maitiro e “Hardball,†uye anosheedzera anoratidza zvekutengesa TV.) Uye saka inonyengera nenzira iyoyo, kunyanya kurudzi rweboka rinotonga. Vanoda izvozvo. Vanhu vakaenda kumakoreji eIvy League, munoziva, vanoda kuve nenhau dzavo, kunwa girazi repachiteshi chengarava, uye kuteerera dzimwe “hurukuro dzine musoro.” Ndinoteerera, kunyanya kuNational Public Radio; maonero avo akasiyana-siyana—pamwe ndeaA kusvika kuD. Nepo vezvenhau vezvekutengesa, pamwe ndiA kusvika kuB. Hausi mutsauko mukuru. Vese vari vaviri vanotora kubva kune imwechete yegoridhe rolodex yevanoongorora uye nyanzvi kubva kuWashington neNew York kufunga matangi: iyo American Enterprise Institute, iyo Cato Institute, iyo Heritage Foundation, iyo Georgetown Center for Strategic Studies, iyo Council on Foreign Relations muNew York.
Pane mukadzi mumwechete wandinoteerera, paNPR. Anotambira “Sunday Edition†mangwanani, zita rake anonzi Lianne Hanson. Anogara aine vanhu vakaita saWalter Russell Meade, kubva kuKanzuru yeKune dzimwe nyika, kana Kenneth Pollack anobva kuBrookings Institution muD.C. Vaenzi ava vanouya, uye vanotaura zvinonyadzisa. Mashoko iwayo anongoenda asina kupikiswa. Uye vanodzoka nguva nenguva zvakare. Ivo chikamu chegoridhe rolodex, iyi runyorwa rwemazita aya anotenderera. Uye vanhu vakaita saMichael Parenti, Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, nevamwe vazhinji vanotsoropodza - havawane airtime. Asi vari kutaura zvisizvo. Havasi kutaura zvinogamuchirika; vari kutaura zvinhu zviri kunze kwemaonero ari pamutemo.
Chero mwana ane dzidzo yekutanga anogona kufunga izvi. Kana uchiona purogiramu, kana kuti kuteerera purogiramu, kana kuti ukaverenga Newsweek, Time, New York Times, San Francisco Chronicle, Washington Post, uye mamwe mapepanhau nemagazini, uye zita raani rinooneka? Inoratidzika kakawanda sei? Makadii vaongorori vari pamashoo ehurukuro mangwanani eSvondo? Ndiani anopinda pa “Sangana ne Press� “Tarisana Nenyika� Hazvina kuoma.
OK: Hurukuro yese iyi yehunyanzvi inondiyeuchidza chikonzero chakapihwa kumarudzi ese ematambudziko anosangana nemauto eUS kunze kwenyika: "huchenjeri hwakaipa." Chikonzero ichi chinodudzwa mumitsara yebato nevanhu vanonyatsoziva kudzvinyirira basa iro CIA neFBI vakaita muzana rese rapfuura.
DB: Uye ramba uchifunga kuderedzwa kwemutemo wepasirese izvo zvinoreva izvi. Kana isu tine CIA yakangwara, tinogona kurwisa hukasha, hondo dzisiri pamutemo zvakanyanya.
OK: Enzanisa izwi iri mune zvese zvekutengesa uye zveveruzhinji media neiyo yawanga uchiisa nhepfenyuro vhiki imwe neimwe kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi maviri.
DB: Ndakatanga Alternative Radio ndiine chinangwa chekutepfenyura veruzhinji – kuti tipe izwi kumapoka angangodaro asinganzwike. Ndakatora basa iri nekuti kutepfenyura kweveruzhinji kwakanga kwazvisiya. Isu hatidzingiridze mari kubva kumakambani nenheyo, saka tine nzira dzekuitevera. Isu tinofanirwa kuvaka mubatanidzwa nemapoka akaganhurirwa muno uye muNyika Yetatu. Nhasi, paredhiyo uye mune mamwe mapurojekiti angu, ndiri kuedza kuunza mamwe mazwi kubva kuNyika Yetatu. Maviri emabhuku andiri kushanda paari izvozvi, semuenzaniso, ana Arundhati Roy naTariq Ali. Ndinofunga zvakakosha kuti tisvike kune mamwe mapoka ari kutamburirawo kururamisira.
OK: Ndakamiririra Dahr Jamail, Abu Talat, uye Webmaster Jeff Pflueger, ndinokutendai nenguva yenyu.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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