Dambudziko remari riripo rinopa mukana wakakodzera wekuita shanduko dzemutero dzaizopa mari kutendeuka kune eco-hushamwari indasitiri: yezvakatipoteredza Keynesianism iyo yaizoburitsa nyika kubva mukuparara kwehupfumi uye mhirizhonga munharaunda ichiwana iyo inotiza yezvemari yenyika pasi pekutonga, anopokana Susan. George.
The Schumacher lectures zvinogara zvichiitwa mukati
Ndokumbira kuti nditange ndakorokotedza varongi veSchumacher North nedanho ravo rekuunza iyi nhepfenyuro yehurukuro nezvimwe zviitiko zveSchumacher Society.
Asi ndinoda kuedza. Hurukuro yangu nhasi ichabata danho randasvika parimwe rekufungidzira kuri kuenderera mberi-ini handirevi bhuku, kunyangwe ringazove iro zvakare-asi kuedza kuburitsa pfungwa yezviitiko zvinokurumidza kufamba mumhepo yedu. nyika yakarohwa uye kuedza kufunga nezvavo nenzira yakabatana.
Nehuzivi, chinhu-mukati-chacho, chinhu chakasarudzika chingave erekitironi, sero remunhu, chipenyu, izwi rimwechete - kunyangwe munhu-rinoita zvine musoro chete mumamiriro ehukama hwayo, nzvimbo yaro mumuviri wayo, mutauro kana kuti magariro evanhu . Margaret Thatcher akambotaura zvine mukurumbira, "Hakuna chinhu chakadai senzanga". Iye nokudaro akanyatsoratidza hwaro hweiyo neo-liberal ideological programme iyo inofanirwa kutidzivirira kubva kana kuzvifunga isu nevamwe mumamiriro edu echisikirwo nemagariro. Tinofanira kudzidziswa kutenda kuti isu hatisi vagari vemo kana nhengo dzesangano revanhu asi discrete, vatengi vega. Isu tine mutoro wakazara kune zvatinoda uye kana tikawira munzira nekuda kwechikonzero chipi-kurwara, kurasikirwa nebasa, tsaona, kukundikana, chero-imhosva yedu pachedu. Taifanira kunge takafanoona nyaya yacho toironga. Isu hatina basa kune vamwe vanhu zvakare. Solidarity ishoko rakadzingwa. Uyewo hatizvidavirire nezvemamiriro epasiโhomo sapiens ndiyo chete mhuka yakakosha uye vanhu vakaparadzaniswa kana vasina kudzivirirwa kubva kumitemo yechisikigo, yepanyama. Ndiwo musimboti wemweya weneo-liberal: "Iwe uri wega" sekutaura kwaita Barack Obama kune vekuAmerica kuti vafukidze huzivi hwevanomupikisa.
Kana iwe wakanyatsodzidza muNeo-liberalism, haufe wakajoinha musangano wezvemagariro evanhu, usambofa wakarwa hondo yekurwisa kusarongeka kwehurumende, usambofa wakabatsira mukuedza kuchengetedza zvisikwa nekuti haungoite benzi chete. nezvako pachako, kwete chete kuti kuedza kwako kunokundikana, asi kunyangwe ikabudirira zvinozotungamira pakupedzisira kuhudzvanyiriri, kunyangwe hudzvanyiriri, sekutaura kwakaita murairidzi waThatcher Muzvinafundo Friedrich von Hayek. Uye, sokudzidzisa kwaakaitawo, rusununguko rwezvemari runopfuura rumwe rudzi rwuri rwose rworusununguko, rungava rwezvamatongerwe enyika, rworudzidziso kana kuti rwoungwaru.
Ini ndinotenda zvakapesana kuti tariro yedu chete iri mukunzwisisa zvese zvatinosangana nazvo nhasi sechinhu chinongedzo mune inogara-yakaomarara ketani, sechinhu muhurongwa. Njodzi neiyi nzira ndeyekurasika uye kuvhiringidzika mune iyo syndrome ye "Zvese zvakabatana kune zvese". Ichokwadi, zvese zvakabatana kune zvese, asi isu tichine basa rakakura kumberi mukuyedza kuona hukama hwekutanga, kunzwisisa mashandiro avanoita pamwe uye zvatingaite kuzvishandura, nekuti ivo vanotoda kuchinja. Ini ndichapokana kuti hukama huripo hahuna kushanda, hwave hwakatsveyama: vanogadzira hurongwa hunokanganisa mamiriro emunhu uye nekukuvadza pasi. Asi kune tariro, nokuti icho chakavakwa nevanhu chinogonawo kubviswa navo.
Zvese izvi zvingaite sezvisina kujeka saka ngatiburukei kune zvakanangana. Kuita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kujeka, ndinoda kutaura izvozvi nezve matambudziko ari pachena atiri kusangana nawo nhasi, nei ese akabatana uye nei mhinduro kwazviri dzichifanira kubatana zvakare.
Dambudziko rekutanga rematambudziko aya nderemagariro evanhuโdambudziko reurombo hwakawanda uye kuwedzera kusaenzana munyika imwe neimwe uye pakati penyika dzakapfuma nenyika dzine urombo. Chechipiri idambudziko remari iro Wall Street, Guta nevakuru vehurumende vakaramba kuona vachiuya nekuti vaigara mububble-land. Yakatanga neiyo subprime affair mu
Imwe neimwe yematambudziko aya-emagariro, emari, ezvakatipoteredza-akabatana zvisina kunaka kune mamwe, anosimbisana nemhinduro dzisina kunaka; vanotungamira kune akaipisisa-zviitiko. Ngatitorei mienzaniso mishomanana yekudyidzana kwakashata uku.
Dambudziko rehurombo-kusaenzana inzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga. Dambudziko iri rakanyorwa zvakanaka; hapana anoramba nhamba dzacho zvakanyanya. Bhanga reNyika munguva pfupi yapfuura rakaziva kuti rakanga ratarisira pasi zvikuruโneanenge mamiriyoni 400โnhamba dzevarombo zvikuru, uye kunyange ipapo nhamba dzaro dzinomira mugore ra2005 uye hadzibatanidzi kushata kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mumitengo yezvokudya nesimba iyo yakakwira zvikuru. yevarombo. Chinotokosha zvikuru, kunyanguvezvo, iidi rokuti kwenguva yokutanga munhau yavanhu, hapana chikonzero chokuva nourombo huzhinji nokushayiwa. Kutora chirevo ichi zvakanyanya kunobatsira kutinongedzera kune mhinduro.
Nyanzvi dzakawanda uye masangano ane chekuita nenyaya dzakadai anotarisa pahurombo pase asi ndinofunga kuti zvakanyanya kubatsira uye kujekesa kutarisa hupfumi. Zvingasava pachena kumunhu wose kuti nyika yazara nemari. Mazhinji acho achiri kuNorth America uye
Vangani venyu vaiziva kuti vanhu vane mamiriyoni gumi, maererano neMerrill-Lynch World Wealth Report, pamwe chete vanozvirumbidza, mari yemvura inodarika madhora makumi mana emadhora? Ndiyo 40 bhiriyoni kana 40.000 inoteverwa negumi nemaviri zero. Hupfumi uhwu huri pamusoro uye kupfuura kukosha kwedzimba dzavo, mota, yachts, waini kana kuunganidzwa kwehunyanzvi uye zvichingodaro uye zvakaenzana nekanenge katatu GDP yeimwe
Isu tinozivawo zvakawanda pamusoro pekusaenzana. Sangano reUnited World Institute for Development Economic Research, WIDER, rinofungidzira kuti midziyo yepasi rose inosvika madhora mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri nemashanu. Izvi zvinenge zvakapetwa katatu GDP yenyika uye zvisingashamisi, zvikamu zviviri kubva muzana zvepasi zvinotora zvinopfuura hafu yehupfumi ihwohwo. Vepamusoro gumi muzana, vanosanganisira vazhinji vedu pano, vanobata 125 muzana, nepo hafu yepasi yevanhu inosungirwa kugumburwa pamwe chete nechikamu chimwe chete muzana. Chese chaunoda kuiswa muchikamu chepamusoro chevanhu imari shoma yemadhora mazana maviri nemakumi maviri ezvese-zvinosanganisira imba yako, ivhu rako kana zvinhu zvakaita semota yako kana firiji yako - isingaite mari yamambo. Kudai midziyo yose yemhuri yaikamurwa zvakaenzanaโzvisingabviri uye zvichida zvisingatombodiwi kuwanaโmunhu ari wose pasi pano aigona kuva nechikamu che$10. Saka zvakare, mari yakadaro haisi dambudziko.
Munyika dzose umo 90 muzana yechiverengero chavagari vapasi chenyika inorarama, kusaenzana kwakawedzera zvikurukuru kubvira kuma1980. Panguva ino mukukakavadzana, ma-neo-liberals anowanzo kusvetukira mukati kutiyeuchidza kuti masaisai ari kusimuka achisimudza zvikepe zvese. Vanobvuma kuti kusaenzana kwakura, asi vachiri kukakavara kuti varombo vari nani pane zvavaive. Zvinoita sezvine hutsinye kuvayeuchidzawo kuti mafungu ari kudonha ane mhedzisiro, vanonyungudika nekusunga zvikepe zvisina kusimba uye ndiko kwave kutisvitsa padambudziko remari.
Pfungwa chaiyo, kunyanguvezvo, haisati iri nhamba dzakakwana asi idi rokuti kusaenzana kunoita kuti upfumi pamwe chete nemhoteredzo yechisikigo kuipa kumunhu wose, mupfumi kana murombo. Vadzidzi vaviri vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, Tony Addison naGiovanni Andrea Cornia, vakazvitaura neiyi nzira: โKusaenzana kwakwira munyika dzakawanda mukati memakumi maviri amakore apfuura [uye] kufambira mberi kuduku kunogona kuitwa mukuderedza urombo apo kusaenzana kuri pamusoro uye kuchikwiraโฆ.Kusiyana nepakutanga. dzidziso dzebudiriro, kusaenzana kwakanyanya kunoderedza kukura kwehupfumi uye nokudaro kuderedza urombo kuburikidza nekukura. "
Kunyangwe chiri chokwadi kuti kukura kwehupfumi kwakaderedza hurombo, kunyanya mu
Takadzidza zvakare mumwedzi mishoma yapfuura kuti zvinokwanisika zvachose kusundira makumi emamiriyoni evarombo kubva padanho ravachangowana pekutangira uye kuvadzosera muhurombo hwakadzika. Mhirizhonga dzechikafu, zhinji dzadzo dzemumaguta, munyika dzinosvika makumi matatu dzakasiyana dzakaratidza chimwe chiitiko chitsva chinotyisa: dambudziko repasi rose rechikafu. Kusvika zvino, kushomeka kwechikafu uye nzara zvanga zviri zvemuno, asi nzanga zhinji dzakagamuchira neo-liberal trade mantras uye vanovimba nemisika yepasirese kuti vawane zvekutanga zvemazuva ese zvekuti nhasi kukwira kwemitengo kunonzwa kubva.
Masangano e-neo-liberal akaita seWorld Bank, WTO neEuropean Commission anoramba achinyepedzera kuti kuderedza urombo kuchaguma nekukura kwakawanda uye kutengeserana kwakawanda. Vanotadza kutaura kuti zvese kukura nekutengeserana zvichasimbisa dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza. Matambudziko ezvekudya uye masimba ane hukama hwakasimba kune dambudziko remari, sezvo kufungidzira kwave chinhu chakakosha mune zvese zviri zviviri. Chikafu nesimba zvakare zvakabatana zvakanyanya nedambudziko remamiriro ekunze sezvo munhu anogona kuona pakarepo kana munhu afunga nezvekabhoni-yakarodha mafuta efosil kana yeagro-mafuta ekutora nzvimbo yakakura kure nekugadzirwa kwechikafu.
Panguva ino munhaurirano, kunyanya kana munhu achitaura nevanhu vane hanya, vakabatikana, vane hunhu sevaya vangangowanikwa pahurukuro yaSchumacher, mumwe munhu anomutsa mibvunzo miviri ine basa. Chekutanga ndeichi: " Hapana here painoti vanhu vane hupfumi hwakawanda vanoti 'Zvakwana' votanga kugovana?" Vamwe vanodaroโBill Gates naWarren Buffet mienzaniso inowanzotaurwa. Asi sekirasi, ndine hurombo kutaura kuti mhinduro kwete. Tinoziva zvakawanda pamusoro pemitsara yehurombo asi hapana chinhu chakadai semutsara wehupfumi uye shoko rokuti " zvakakwana" haisi chikamu chemashoko ekirasi ino. Haufanire kunditenda. Teerera kune nyanzvi iyo yakati "Zvese zvedu uye hapana chevamwe vanhu chinoita senge mumazera ese epasi anga ari chirevo chakashata chevatenzi vevanhu." Iyoyo yakanga isiri Karl Marx asi Adam Smith, mune yake yekare 1776 chinyorwa pamusoro pe capitalism, Wealth of Nations. Zvishoma zvachinja kubva ipapo.
Mubvunzo wechipiri ndewekuti "Asi sei masangano e-neo-liberal, seWorld Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation, European Commission uye
Mukupesana, ivo vakabudisa chaizvoizvo miuyo yavakarongerwa kubereka. Vakaita chikamu chidiki chenzanga yepasirese chakapfuma zvisingafungidzirwe, vakachengeta nyika zhinji dzakatsamira pahukama hutsva, husingaonekwe hwehukama hwekoloni uye vakaita kunonzi kutengeserana kwemahara, privatization uye unfuttered capitalism mutemo munyika dzaimbova. aida zvishoma kana kusatombova nechokuita navo. Pamusoro pezvo, vakaisa marongero avo nekuratidzira kushoma kwakarongeka nekuti pfungwa dzavo dzakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi, kurongedza nekuunzwa. Mafungiro anogona nhamo ane pesvedzero yakasimba zvikuru kupfuura chokwadi. Ichi chikonzero nei tichifanira kurwira kumberi kunoshanda, hongu, asi zvakare - ini ndinotenda zvakanyanya - kurwa hondo yemazano.
Chero zvazvingava, mari huru yevakapfuma vanotova nezvakawanda zvezvinhu zvavanoda kana kuti zvavanoda kazhinji inotsaurirwa kukudyara kwakawanda kana kushoma kwekufungidzira. Hedge funds, semuenzaniso, inofungidzirwa kunge inogara pamadhora matatu emadhora, kunyangwe nhasi apo mainvestimenti mazhinji akaparara. Masangano ezvemari anga achigadzira zvinhu zvitsva, kunyanya mumakore gumi apfuura. Chimiro chese chekukurudzira chebhangi uye indasitiri yezvemari chave chakashata: masangano makuru anonyatsoziva kuti "akanyanya kutadza kukundikana", saka ivo vanozivawo kuti kunyangwe zviito zvavo zvine njodzi zvakadii, vanozoburitswa neruzhinji. chikwama uye changova pachena. Pamberi, manejimendi epamusoro anotora mari uye anomhanya.
Pakati pemakore a2000 na2006, avhareji yemhindu yegore negore yechikamu chezvemari muGreat Britain yakaita avhareji ye20 muzanaโndiko kuti, kaviri kana katatu mwero wemhindu wemamwe mativi oupfumi. Mabhonasi makuru, kunyanya mu
Iye zvino sezvo mabheti ari kuuya akakura uye nekukurumidza, isu tine pamberi pedu muenzaniso mumwechete wesocialism kune vapfumi, vakanyatsobatanidzwa uye Wall Street, umo purofiti inobatwa nevanowanzo fungirwa uye kurasikirwa, kurasikirwa kukuru, kunobhadharwa. kuvateresi. The
Sezvo dambudziko repasi-prime rakaramba richinyura kunge mafuta makuru adeuka pamusoro pehupfumi hwese, vanofungidzira vakatsvaga dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoita purofiti uye vakagadzira dambudziko remutengo wekudya ratiri kuzviwana tiri mariri. Chii chinoitika ipapo? Varombo, vane nzara yenyika, vanobata chero chavanogona, vanotema miti, vanouraya mhuka uye vanopambadza ivhu diki ravangava naro. Urombo inhau dzakaipa kune zvakasikwa. Asi ndizvo zvakaitawo pfuma. Kunyangwe paine vashoma kwazvo, vapfumi vanokonzeresa zvakanyanya kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza netsoka dzavo dzedinosaurian ecological footprints. Vanhu vanoshandisa gakava rehuwandu kutsanangura matambudziko akawanda uye vanoona mukutonga kwehuwandu mhinduro vanoshaya chinhu chakakosha-haisi kunyanya kuwanda kwevanhu, kunyangwe nhamba dzakakosha, sehuremu hwavo.
Uyezve, sezvatakapupurira kakawanda, kuwanda uye kushatirwa kwedutu rinokonzerwa nokudziya kwepasi kwakarova varombo uye nharaunda dzine urombo zvikurusa dzepasi. Pane zvakaipa zvichauya. Hatisati tambotanga kunzwisisa njodzi dzekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kusanganisira kuwanda kwakawedzera kwevapoteri vezvakatipoteredza vanozozara pasirese nekuda kwekusanaya kwemvura, mafashama uye kukundikana kwezvirimwa. Pentagon yave kutoshanda kuti ingamisa sei mhepo iyi nekupikisa nenzira ipi neipi inodiwa vapoteri kuedza kusvika kune dzimwe nyika dzakanaka. Kuronga kwehurumende kwechiitiko ichi chakanyatso kufungidzira kunongogumira pakuwedzera kuongororwa uye mhinduro dzekuchengetedza, kwete kuedza kuita kuti kubuda kune dzimwe nyika kusanyanya kukosha. Uye zvakadaro sangano reUnited Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] rinove sangano resainzi rinoremekedzwa zvikuru pasi rose, rakatotiyambira kuti muAfrica, goho rekurima nemvura inonaya rinogona kudzikiswa nezvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana, magwenga kuwana nzvimbo, kuparadzwa kwemarudzi kwakatosvika pamwero wakadaro zvokuti tiri pakati pokutsakatika kwechitanhatu kwenzvimbo yenhau yamakore ane mabhiriyoni mana nehafu. Kutsakatika kwechishanu ndiko kwakaisa mari kumadinosaur.
Ini ndaigona kuenderera mberi nekutora hukama pakati pehurombo, zvemari uye matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza asi ndine chokwadi chekuti hauchada zvimwe. Mubvunzo ndewekuti tingaite sei nezvese izvi uye ne "isu", ndinoreva vanhu kwese kwese vanonzwisisa kuti dambudziko retatu nderechokwadi uye nekukurumidza.
Ndichiziva kuti pasina mubvunzo ndichagumbura vanhu vazhinji pano, regai nditaure pakarepo kuti pane nzira yekubuda nayo, mhinduro yechokwadi iripo, asi haisi mukuona kwangu iyo yakagara ichikurudzira vazhinji vezvemamiriro ekunze vane vavariro yakanaka. Ndine urombo, asi nguva yapfuura yekuudza vanhu kuti vachinje maitiro avo uye magirobhu avo; kuti kana vanhu vakakwana vakaita izvi, saka pamwe chete "isu" tinogona kuchengetedza pasi. Ndine urombo, asi "isu" hatigone. Zviripachena handisi kutaura kuti vanhu havafanire kushandura maitiro avo uye magirobhu avo-asi kunyangwe ruzhinji rwevanhu
Tinoda zvigadziriso zvakakura, zvine hudzamu, zvigadziriso zvemaindasitiri uye kubatanidzwa kukuru kwehurumende kuitira kutema kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse zvakanyanya zvakakwana kuchengetedza ramangwana redu. Nemamwe mashoko, tinofanira kuva neushingi hwekupikisa kwete hutungamiriri hwedu hwezvematongerwo enyika chete asi neo-liberal yese, isina kudzorwa, yakazvimiririra, capitalist economic system iripo kuitira kunyandura nekusimudzira kusvetuka kwehuwandu uye hwemhando muhukuru hwekuita kwezvakatipoteredza. Ndoda kuzvitaura here? Dzimwe nguva hombe inogona kuve yakanaka uye izvozvi ndeimwe yenguva idzodzo.
Sezvo ini ndichitenda kuti mhinduro dzemunhu nedzemunharaunda dzinodiwa asi zvinosuruvarisa kuti hadzina kukwana kugadzirisa kukomba uye nekukasira kwedambudziko remamiriro ekunze, ndichashandisa nguva yangu yese kukurukura matambudziko maviri ekuita nehurumende uye nekugadzirwa kwemakambani makuru. uye hurongwa hwemari. Dambudziko randinonetsana naro nderekuti: Tingachengetedza pasi here uku nyika dzepasi rose dzichiramba dziri iyo inotonga hurongwa, ichitarisa purofiti, kukosha kwevane mugove, kutora zviwanikwa zvechisimba uye pasina-inobata-inorambidzwa mari yekuita sarudzo dzakawanda uye dzakawanda? Tinogona here kununura imba yedu yechisikigo kana takatarisana neboka rine simba risingazive zvinoreva "zvakakwana" uye risingawirirani nerudzi rweshanduko yakakosha inodiwa neNew Ecological Economic Order? Tinogona kuenderera mberi here kana hurumende dzichishandira zvinofarirwa neboka iroro?
Pamazuva akaipa ndinopindura Kwete: Hatigone kuchengetedza pasi. Hazvibviri kudzosera dambudziko remamiriro ekunze pasi pe capitalism. Asi iyo imhinduro yekupererwa uye kana ichokwadi, zvinoreva kuti hapana tariro. Hapana tariro, nekuti ini handisi kuona kuti kunyangwe ivo vakanyatsogutsikana, vanhu vakatsunga vangatsiva sei, ndoda kupidigura capitalism nekukasira kuita shanduko inodiwa isati yaitika mamiriro ekunze anobata-nguva dzose achifunga kuti haisati yatoita. . Chekutanga pane zvese, hapana vanhu vazhinji vakagutsikana uye vakatsunga vakagadzirira kuita zvinopesana neinotonga hupfumi system uye hapana chinhu chakafanana mudiki dhigirii revolutionary party avant-garde inogona kuvatungamira kunyangwe vaivepo. Iko hakuna imwe-saizi-inokodzera-yese inotsiva mhinduro ye capitalism. Tichifunga nezvenhoroondo yenhoroondo uye basa remapato akadaro uye mhinduro dzakadai, ini ndinoona ichi sechinhu chakanaka.
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Asi pane zvimwe zvipingamupinyi kune kamwe-zvese-zvese shanduko shanduko. Hapana anoziva, nekutaura kwekufananidzira, kuti Tsar ndiani watinofanira kupidigura nhasi uye hapana munhu ane ruzivo rwekuwana iyo Winter Palace yatinofanira kudhudhudza. Tinoziva
Mubvunzo watinosangana nawo hauna kunyanya kuita - ndinofunga zvakajeka uye ndave kuda kuzvitsanangura-asi kana tichave nehungwaru uye simba rekutora mukana mukuru watiri kuratidzwa nawo. Zvichida mazwi ekuti "mukana mukuru" anokurova setarisiro huru uchifunga nezvenhanganyaya refu uye inotyisa yawachangobva kuteerera. Nekudaro, ini ndichapokana kuti kwete chete mhinduro dzega hadzina kukwana asi kuti mishonga inopihwa neKyoto, Bali, Bonn kana chero zvibvumirano zvinotya zveramangwana zvinogona kutaurirana hazvina kukwana, Zvakare-Handigone kusimbisa izvi zvakakwana-chiyero chiripo. crucial. Uye mukana mukuru unowanikwa mumatambudziko emari pachayo. Yakanangwa nemazvo uye yakashandiswa, inogona kuvhura musuwo wehuwandu uye hwemhando kusvetuka kwatinofanira kuita.
Vamwe vanhu vanofambira mberi vanoramba mhinduro yandinopa, asi ndaizovabvunza kuti ndeipi imwe nzira yavanopa. Dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza ndereimwe nzira yakasiyana kubva kumatambudziko emari nehurombo mupfungwa yekuti kana shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yave kuitika, sezvazviri ikozvino, haigadziriseke uye hatina nguva yemhinduro dzakakwana. Nezvematongerwo enyika unogona dzimwe nguva kudzoka shure uye kutanga patsva, asi kwete pane zvisikwa zvine hanya. Saka iwe unogona kundipomera kana iwe uchida kupa zano rekupa capitalism chibvumirano chitsva chehupenyu uye ini ndichabvuma mhosva.
Ngatitorei chekutanga mubvunzo uri nyore "Tingaite sei nehurumende?" kunyanya munyika dzine demokrasi.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti vagari, varatidziri nenyanzvi, vangave vachizvida kana kusada, vanofanirwa kushanda nevezvematongerwo enyika nehurumende dzemuno, dzedunhu uye dzenyika; vabatsire kuwana vadyidzani vane pfungwa dzakafanana uye kugadzira mapurojekiti aneshungu avanokwanisa kuita pamwero wakakura unobvira. Vagari, varatidziri uye nyanzvi dzinofanirwa kubatsira zvakare vezvematongerwo enyika nehurumende kuti vave mienzaniso inopenya yezvakatipoteredza nevavhoti nekuzivisa kuyedza kwavo uye kubudirira kwavo. Iyo Schumacher Society ingave rudzi rwenexus yeforamu inoenderera yezvakanakisa-zviyero / zvakanakisa maitiro, ichiunza pamwechete vanoita sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika pamatanho ese nemapoka evagari nenyanzvi kuti vakurukure nekuita zvakanakisa zvirongwa zveruzhinji? Vezvematongerwo enyika vanofanira kugutsikana kuti mitemo iyi haingoshande chete asi kuti ichafarirwa zvikuru nematunhu avo.
Zvino ngatitorei mubvunzo wakaoma wekutarisana nehurongwa hwehupfumi hwakazara. Mubhuku rake rinonzi Collapse, Jared Diamond anoongorora nyaya dzinoverengeka dzenhoroondo dzekutsakatika kwevanhu nekuda kwekushandisa zvakanyanya nharaunda. Anotaura maitiro akawanda akafanana. Imwe yeiyi ndeyekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, zvichivapa mukana wekuramba vachidya nzira iri pamusoro pezvimiro zvekugara kwenguva refu mushure mekunge dambudziko ratorova varombo, vanotambura zvakanyanya munharaunda. Ndimo matiri zvino munyika yose, kwete bedzi munzvimbo dziri dzoga dzakadai seEaster Island kana kuti
Saka tinganyatso kurwisa sei tsoka dzezvisikwa zvemadhinasori edu, tichiziva kuti isu hatina sarudzo yekushevedzera kuti "Kubva nemisoro yavo" mune imwe fungidziro, yepasirese revolution. Uyewo hatigoni kuvamanikidza kuti vachinje ivo pachavo negadziriro inovaitira zvakanaka, nepo tichiziva kuti tinofanira kushandura gadziriro iyoyo nokuti iri kubata pasi chibharo uye pfungwa dzayo dzemuzvarirwo kuramba tichidaro.
Ini ndinogona kuona nzira imwe chete yekubuda: kuuya pamwe chete kwevanhu, bhizinesi nehurumende mune nyowani nyowani yeKeynesian war economic strategy. Ndakazvarirwa mu
Hongu, pakanga pachine kukakavara kwevashandi-kutonga uye hongu, makambani makuru pane mabhizinesi madiki akawana akawanda ezvibvumirano zvehurumende asi pane zvese vashandi vaibhadharwa zvakanaka, veAfrica-America nevakadzi vakatanga kuita budiriro shoma uye hondo yese. pakupedzisira akadhonza
Sei ndiri kudzokera shure pamusoro peiyi nhoroondo yekare? Nokuti ndinofunga kuti tine mukana wakafanana nhasi. The
Nzira iyo Central Banks neTreasuries inowanzoedza kugadzirisa kudzikira kwemari kana kushushikana kuri kuburikidza nemishonga yakajairwa senge kuderedzwa kwemari yemubereko, kuderedzwa kwemari kana kuunza chikwereti chitsva-asi United States yasvika kumagumo ekurembera kwayo pachiyero ichocho. Mari yemubereko yatove yakaderera zvakanyanya โ kunyangwe isiri mukati
Sezvo maturusi echinyakare asakara, chishandiso chitsva chete chandinogona kufunga nezvacho kuburitsa nyika kuparara kwehupfumi uye mhirizhonga yemagariro ndeye Keynesianism itsva, kwete yemauto panguva ino, asi zvakatipoteredza; kusundidzira kwekudyara kukuru mukushandura simba, eco-inoshamwaridzika indasitiri, zvinhu zvitsva, zvifambiso zveveruzhinji zvakanaka; iyo indasitiri yekuvaka yakasvibirira uye zvichingodaro.
Mitemo yakasimba yezvivakwa zvitsva inofanirwa kuve yakajairwa; vakura vanogona โkuiswazveโ pamashoko ari nyore emari; mhuri uye varidzi vezvivakwa zvekutengesa vanogona kuwana kurudziro yemari yekuisa matenga egirinhi uye solar panel uye kutengesa yakawandisa simba kune grid. Tsvagiridzo nekusimudzira zvinogona kutungamirwa kune mamwe masimba uye akasimba, ekupedzisira-mwenje zvinhu zvendege nemotokari. Nezvehunyanzvi kutaura, isu tinotoziva maitiro ekuita zvinhu zvakadaro, kunyangwe mamwe magadzirirwo akachena achiri kudhura kupfuura ane tsvina. Kugadzirwa kwemisa, ivo vaizova vashoma.
Ese aya maindasitiri matsva, eco-hushamwari, zvigadzirwa uye maitiro angave ane kukosha kukuru kwekutengesa kunze uye anogona kukurumidza kuve chiyero chepasirese. Ndiri kuedza kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kutengeswa kune vepamusoro nekuti handifunge kuti vanogashira chaiwo maitiro ezvakatipoteredza uye kutendeuka kana pasina chinhu kwavari. Asi maitiro aya haangove kuyedza kuita kuti vepamusoro vafambe mune zvavanoda. Kune zvakare akawanda mabhenefiti muhupfumi hwakadaro kune vanhu vanoshanda. Shanduko huru yezvakatipoteredza ibasa repamusoro-tekinoroji, hunyanzvi hwepamusoro, hunobudirira, nzanga ine mabasa epamusoro. Zvingave zvichitsigirwa, ndinotenda, nehuwandu hwevanhu nekuti hazvingorevi nzvimbo iri nani, yakachena, ine hutano, ine hushamwari hwemamiriro ekunze, asiwo basa rakazara, mihoro iri nani, uye hunyanzvi hutsva, pamwe nechinangwa chekubatsira vanhu. kururamiswa kwetsikaโsezvakangoita Hondo Yenyika II.
Munhu aigona sei kuwana mari yokuita basa rakakura kudaro? Izvo zvinofanirwa kusanganisira kushandiswa kwehurumende kwakanangwa mune yechinyakare Keynesian pfungwa uye hurumende dzinosungirwa kunyunyuta kuti hadzina nzira dzekuita mutemo wakadaro.
Dambudziko rezvemari rinopa mukana wakanaka wekubhadhara shanduko uye kuita kuti hurongwa hwezvemari hwepasi rose huve pasi pekutonga.
Parizvino, mitero inenge nguva dzose inomira pamiganhu yenyika. Chakavanzika ndechekutora mitero kusvika kuEuropean level uye kune yepasi rose kuburikidza nemari uye mimwe mitero yekutengeserana kwemari. Vanhu vanopikisa zvirongwa zvakadaro vanonyepedzera kunge hazvigoneke nekuti munhu angangoda kuwana mvumo yekutonga kwese kwese munyika, asi izvo hazvina kunaka. Muchokwadi, mari nemimwe mitero yekutengeserana haingade chimwe chinhu kunze kwekutsunga kwezvematongerwo enyika, kubatana kweCentral Bank uye mitsetse mishoma yesoftware. Pamutero wekutengesa mari yakatanga kukurudzirwa naJames Tobin muma1970 uye ikozvino yakanatswa zvakanyanya, mutero ndiyo mari pachayo, kwete nzvimbo yainotengeswa. Nokudaro European Central Bank inogona kuunganidza nyore nyore mutero pane chero kutengeserana kunosanganisira euro, Bank of England zvakafanana nepondo, Fed yedhora uye zvichingodaro. Sezvo kutengeserana kwemari iko zvino kwasvika kumadhora 3.2 matiririyoni emadhora zuva rega rega, mutero wepoindi imwe chete, kureva kuti, mutero wechimwe pachuru unogona kukwidza mari yakarongeka yekushandura zvisikwa uye kuderedza hurombo.
Mitero yeCarbon ndeimwe pfungwa yakanyanyisa uye yakaenzana inogoneka. Ndizvo zvakaitawo mutero wemubairo wakabatana kumakambani emunyika, izvo zvinoda kuziva kutengeswa kwekambani, mutero wakabhadharwa, kutengesa kunowanikwa munzvimbo imwe neimwe uye mutero unobhadharwa munzvimbo imwe neimwe. Kana, semuenzaniso, TNC yakashuma kuti munyika X, inonyanya kutonga mutero wakaderera, yakaita zvikamu zvishanu kubva muzana zvekutengesa kwayo asi yakabhadhara makumi mashanu muzana emitero yayo, zviremera zvaizozviona zvakati reve. Ndiri kupa pfupiso yakashata pano asi nditende, kune nyanzvi-mabhanga, magweta emakambani, nyanzvi dzezvemari uye maakaunti-vanonyatsoziva maitiro ekuita zvinhu zvakadaro. Zvichida kukurudzira kushandiswa kwakawanda kwomunzvimbomo, munhu angafungawo nezvokubhadharisa makiromita anenge achifambwa nezvokudya zvatinodya uye zvipfeko zvatinopfeka.
Hatingakanganwi nyika dzine urombo dzeMaodzanyemba dzinova nzvimbo huru yedambudziko rehurombo. Kudzimwa kwechikwereti chenyika dzine urombo idzo G-8 yanga ichivimbisa kwemakore gumi kunofanirwa kuitika asi zvichipesana nezvinodiwa kuti nyika idzi dzibatsirewo mukuedza kwezvakatipoteredza kuburikidza nekusimazve masango, kuchengetedza ivhu, kuchengetedza mhuka nezvimwe zvakadaro. Vaizosungirwawo kuti vabatanidze vanhu vavo pakuita sarudzo dzegutsaruzhinji uye mari dzacho dzaizoongororwa nemaodhita akazvimirira oga.
Nzvimbo dzemutero dzinobvumira vanhu vakapfuma nemakambani kuti vadzivise kubhadhara chikamu chavo chakanaka cheshanduko inofanira kuvharwa: zvingave zvakachipa kubhadhara vagari veCayman Islands,
Mukutsinhana nekubhadhara mari yechibatiso, mabhanga nedzimba dzekudyara dzinofanirwa kubvuma mirauโkwete chete mirau yekusimbisa pachena uye kubvisa zvinokurudzira hunhu hweupenzi asiwo dzakaomesesa dzinovamanikidza kutora chikamu mukukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Vanofanira kusungirwa kupa X muzana yezvikwereti zvavo zvezvikwereti kune eco-zvirongwa zviri pasi pemubereko wemusika-zvavanogona kugadzira nekuchaja mitengo yakakwira zvakanyanya pazvikwereti kune tsvina kana zvimwe zvinopesana nezvisikwa. Mari yakaderera kana isingadhuri yemapurojekiti ekushandura imba inofanirwa kuve chimwe chinosungirwa kukoshesa kumabhanga. Izvi zvinogona kupa kukurudzira kukuru kuindasitiri yekuvaka.
Hapana arikubvunza mwedzi pano. Mabhangi aizoramba achiita zvikwereti, mari yekudyara uye kuwana mubairo wakanaka webasa ravo. Mitero yekutengeserana kwemari panguva imwe chete haisi kuzoparadza chero munhu. Mutero wemubhadharo wakabatana pamakambani makuru waizongotidzosera kunguva iyo makambani aibhadhara mutero nekuti aisakwanisa kuvanzvenga. Pfungwa ndeyokuti Keynesian taxation uye redistribution system yaizoiswa mari, munyika uye pasi rose, zvose zvezvisikwa uye zvemagariro evanhu, mune dzidzo, hutano hwehutano, huchena, simba rakasvibirira, kugovera mvura kwakanyatsonaka, teknolojia yekukurukurirana, kutakura kwevanhu, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pasi rose. zvinodiwa uye zvatinotoziva kuita. Matanho aya aizoenda kure kure mukugadzira mikana yekuti vanhu vakawanda vatore chikamu muhupfumi hutsva hwegirinhi kuburikidza nemabasa, dzidzo yeupenyu hwese, kuchengetedzwa kwakawanda munharaunda uye kuderedza kusaenzana. Kuwana dambudziko remari riripo-kuburitsa, kusununguka-kuyerera, hurongwa hwemari husina kudzorwa pasi pehutongi hweveruzhinji uye vagari ndicho chinodiwa pakugadzirisa zvese zviri zviviri nharaunda nehurombo.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kurota kwePublic Relations. Chero mapato ezvematongerwo enyika anonzwisisa izvi anogona kukunda pachirongwa chakadaro pasina munhu anofanirwa kudzikisa hurongwa hwecapitalist yose sechisungo chekutanga chekuponesa pasi.
Chirongwa cheKeynesian ecological chaizounzazve matunhu mazhinji pamwechete muchikonzero chakafanana. Sezvo zvinhu zvamira pari zvino, kutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika, hapana boka rimwechete rekuda rinogona kugadzirisa dambudziko rinonyanya kunetsa. Neizvi ndinoreva kuti, ivo pachavo, ecologists haigoni kuchengetedza nharaunda; varimi vega havagoni kuchengetedza mapurazi emhuri; masangano evashandi ega haakwanise kuchengetedza mabasa anobhadharwa zvakanaka muindasitiri nezvimwe zvakadaro. Broad mibatanidzwa ndiyo chete nzira yekuenda, iyo yega zano rinobhadhara. Sangano reGlobal Justice Movement, sekudanwa kwevaratidziri vezvemagariro evanhu pasi rose, rakatanga kuva nebudiriro mukushanda zvine hutongi hwejekerere uye kuita mubatanidzwa nevadyidzani vanobva kumatunhu akasiyana asi vari padanho rakafanana.
Zvino isu tinofanirwa kupfuura nhanho iyi uye kuyedza chimwe chinhu chakaoma: kugadzira hukama nevanhu vatisingabvumirani navo pamibvunzo mikuru-semuenzaniso, nebhizinesi. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa chete nekuziva kuti kusawirirana, kunyangwe kukakavara, kunogona kubereka zvibereko uye kwakanaka chero bedzi nzvimbo dzazvinogoneka kubvumirana dzichitsvakwa, dzinozivikanwa uye dzakavakirwa pairi. Tinofanira kuwana panopindirana madenderedzwa ekunetseka kwedu. Inenge imwe yeaya anopindirana inofanirwa kunge iri kuchengetedza imba yedu. Ini handisi kuona imwe nzira yekugadzira kufarira kwevagari, kubatanidzwa uye hunhu uye huwandu hwekusvetuka muchiyero chave kudikanwa.
Ini handina nguva yekutsanangura nezvese ruzivo rwetekinoroji maererano nezviri mukati uye mari yekudyara kwakakosha kwezvakatipoteredza. Chandinogona kuita kukuvimbisa kuti kutendeuka kuhupfumi hwegirini kunogoneka. Zvirongwa zvemitero mitsva zvakafungwa; iwo maindasitiri prototypes atovepo; muchina wakagadzirira kuita ruzha panguva iyo vanhu vanogona kuita kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vabvume dambudziko. Kuita kuti hurongwa hwezvemari huve pasi pekutonga uye kubhadharisa mari yepasi rose nemitengo yakaderera zvisingaite kuitira kuti igoverezve kumasangano uye nepasirese kungave kwakakurumbira zvikuru. Tinogona kurwisa zvakanyanya kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kubvisa urombo hwakaipisisa hwenyika mukati memakore gumi. Tiri kutaura zvematongerwo enyika, kwete tekinoroji maficha pano uye kuyedza kutsvaga nzira yekudzora chikara chine hasha, dambudziko-kuburitsa, kusununguka-kuyerera, hurongwa hwemari husina kurongeka uye nekuiisa pasi pehurumende uye vagari vemo.
Capitalism haina kugadzikana mupfungwa yekuti vanhu vazhinji vanonzwisisa hungwaru. Isu vanhu tinowanzofunga nezveramangwana redu, revana vedu uye remangwana renyika dzedu nenyika. Musika uyu, pane kudaro, unoshanda mune yazvino isingaperi iyo, netsanangudzo, haitombogone kufadza pfungwa yeramangwana uye nekudaro isingabatanidzi dziviriro yeramangwana, kuparadzwa kuri kuuya kunze kwekunge dziviriro idzi dzakaiswa pairi nemutemo.
Tinoda mutemo, chokwadi, uye masimba ezvematongerwo enyika ane musana wekukurudzira uye kuvhota mutemo kuti uvepo, asi isu tinofanirawo kufunga nezvekukurudzira kwevanhu. Rangarira ane mukurumbira Dollar-a-Gore Men ema 1940s uye fungidzira zvingaitika kana tikakwanisa kuvaisa munyika ye 21st century capitalism. Nhamba yakakosha yevakuru vemazuva ano vecapitalism, vese vane bloated, mihoro isingafungidzike, vanogona kuunzwa kuti vatende kuti mari yakanaka kwazvo, asi hapana chimwezve? Wadii kuwana yakasarudzika Order yePasi Defenders, kana Environmental Knights kana Carbon Conquerors avo vega, mukucherechedza kupa kwavo kwakakosha mukuedza kwenyika nepasirese kushandura nharaunda. Vaizova nekodzero yokuratidza chiratidzo chinooneka zvikuru pamureza pamberi pedzimba dzavo; fani pamota dzavo, girini negoridhe rosette mumabhatani mabhatani seFrench Legion d'Honneur kana Congressional Medal of Ecological Honour. Vaizova veungano duku yevakazodzwa; avo vanopa nzira uye vane rukudzo rwekuponesa pasi. Kuve nhengo kunofanira kukwezva mweya yavo yemakwikwi.
Mumhedziso, regai nditaure kuti ngano nguva dzose yave iri simba rinosunda rebudiriro huru iri yose yomunhu, kubvira pautongi hwezvido zvevanhu hwechiGiriki kusvikira kuKumutsidzira kuKuvhenekerwa uye Kumukira kweAmerica neFrance. Saka zvinofanirwa kunge zviri muzera rinouya reEcological Stewardship. Kuti tichengetedze pasi, tinofanira kuchinja, nekukurumidza uye zvakadzama, nzira iyo vazhinji vanofunga uye kunzwa nekuita, uye tinofanira kutanga nemasimba emagariro atinawo pano uye izvozvi, uye kwete vamwe. Hazvina basa kushuvira kuti ivo vakasiyana kana vakasimba, kana vakachenjera. Tinofanira kutamba nhoroondo yeruoko inobata isu.
Nekuchinja kwakadaro, tichada "Ms" vatanhatu, kutanga neMari, Management uye Media. Asi zvakatonyanya kukosha kupfuura aya matatu "Amai", tinofanira kuedza kugadzira pfungwa itsva ye
Uye izvo hazvingave zvakanaka kupfuura kuve neimwe hondo?
Ndatenda.
Susan George ndiye Sachigaro weBhodi reTransnational Institute. Mabhuku ake achangoburwa ndeaya Hijacking America: Maitiro echitendero uye ezvenyika akachinja sei zvinofungwa nemaAmerican , uye Isu vanhu vekuEurope.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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