Iwe wakasvika pakuzivikanwa nebasa rako padambudziko rechikwereti muma1980 nema1990. Ipapo yakanga iri dambudziko kunyika dzichiri kusimukira; zvino zvaita kunge zviri kunyanya kushungurudza nyika dzakabudirira? Unotsanangura sei izvi?
Zvikonzero zvedambudziko rechikwereti munyika dzechitatu hazvina kufanana nezvino. Muma1970, mari zhinji yakakweretwa yakapinda muzvombo, kushandiswa kwemari yepakati nepamusoro muumbozha pakutenga kunze kwenyika, kukwira kwemitengo yeoiri, uye mapurojekiti okusimudzira nzou chenaโnemamwe mashoko kushandiswa kusina zvibereko. Zvakare iyo US yakangoerekana yawedzera mhindu unilaterally muna 1981 nechikamu chikuru.
John Perkins mukati Kubvuma kweE Economic Hit Man inotaura kuti paive nemutemo wemaune wekutora chikwereti nekudzora hupfumi huri kusimukira. Uchapupu hwake hunoda humwe humbowo, asi tinoziva zvechokwadi kuti nyika dzakapfuma dzakashandisa zvikwereti kuita izvozvo chaizvo - kusimbisa zvirevo zvakatemerwa neUS nedzimwe nyika dzinokweretesa izvo zvaida kuti nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzipinde muhupfumi hwenyika zvisina kunaka.
Chikonzero chikuru chedambudziko rechikwereti cheEuropean parizvino ndechekuti hurumende dzakatora zvikwereti zvebhanga zvakazvimirira zvakaputika nedambudziko remari. Nyaya iri pachena ndeyeIreland iyo yakatora mhosva kune zvese zvaikweretwa nemabhanga, asi ichokwadi kune nyika dzese dzave mudambudziko.
Kunyange zvakadaro nyika zhinji dzeEurope dzine zvikwereti zvishoma. Pakutanga gore rino, Spain yaingove nechikwereti che55% yeGDP. Kunyangwe iyo yakaomesesa Maastricht Treaty inoti makumi matanhatu muzana eGDP yakanaka. Italy neBelgium semuenzaniso dziri pamusoro pe60% asi nyika zhinji dzinoparidzwa hutsinye, seFrance, hadzina dambudziko.
Vanhu vanowanzotenda-uye vanoudzwa kuti vatende nevezvenhau-kuti chikwereti chemba chakafanana nechikwereti chenyika. Izvi hazvina kudaro. Mhuri haigoni kurarama kwenguva yakareba kupfuura nzira dzayo asi nyika, kunyanya munguva dzazvino, dzagara dzichidaro. IUS yanga isati yave nechikwereti kubva muzana ramakore rechi19. Pfungwa yezero yechikwereti chenyika ndeyekufungidzira.
Zviripachena, uri nani kukwereta kuti uise mari inobudirira. Uye kana uine chikwereti chakawandisa unopedzisira wava kubhadhara zvakanyanya mubereko kune mabhondi; asi "changamire chikwereti" sezvachinonzi hachifaniri kuva dambudziko.
Iwe unofunga kuti mhedzisiro yemitemo iyi ichavei?
Mitemo yeEurope kusvika parizvino ine njodzi! Ndiwo mamwe anonzi "mishonga" akamanikidzwa munyika dzichiri kusimukira kuma1980, zvino anozivikanwa se "makore gumi akarasika ebudiriro". Zvirongwa zveusterity zviri kuiswa kuGreece, Ireland kana Portugal zvinouya zvakananga kubva kuNeoliberal handbook yeStructural Adjustment Programs (SAPs), kubva A kusvika Z.
Mhedzisiro yacho kuderera kwehupfumi uhwu kusvika padanho risinganzwike. Pakaiswa hupfumi hwenyika, kudzikiswa kwemuhoro, kubviswa kwemari yemagariro uye zvichingodaro munyika dzine urombo seNiger, zvakakonzera nzara nekufa kwevanhu vakawanda. KuEurope tine rusununguko rwakawanda, mamwe macushion, asi hupfumi hweGreece hwakatodzikira neinodarika 5% gore rino, hurovha hwakwira pasina muripo, mabhizinesi madiki ari kutadza kufamba uye zvese zvirikuonekwa zviri kubikiswa.
Iro mutemo wehutsotsi wakagadzirirwa kusundidzira vashandi kudzokera ku19th zana remakore, kubvisa zvikomborero zvevanhu zvakarwirwa nezvizvarwa zvakawanda. Semazuva ose, vapfumi vachapukunyuka uye mari yepasi rose ichave nezuva rekufara nehunyanzvi hwekuita. Vanhuwo zvavo vari kubhadhara kaviri nokuda kwedambudziko rezvemariโkutanga kubvisa mabhanga uye zvino kupa zvibayiro nokuunza kuparadzwa kwenyika dzavo vamene nemararamiro.
Ndeipi mhinduro yako kune avo vanoti mhosva iGreece uye kutadza kwayo kutonga mari dzeveruzhinji?
Vanhu vanoti "maGiriki haabhadhare mutero" uye ichokwadi kune vapfumi vane mari yakawanda muKupro, inzvimbo yemutero iri nyore. Imba yezvemari yeSwitzerland inoshuma kuti 1% chete yemari yechiGiriki mumabhangi eSwitzerland inoziviswa muGreece-uye chete 3% yeFrance-vaGiriki havasi voga mumutambo uyu. Greece yakachengetawo bhajeti rakakura remauto. Kunyangwe apo maTurks - anofungidzirwa kuti muvengi - akakurudzira kuderedzwa kwekushandisa kwemauto, maGreek haana kubvuma.
Chechi yeGreek orthodox, pfuma huru yenyika uye muridzi wevhu anobhadhara zero mutero, izvo zvisina musoro. Kune zvakare hupfumi hukuru hwevatema. Uye PASOK payakatora masimba, vakaona kuti vakavatangira vakanga vabika mabhuku uye vakaderedza zvikuru chikwereti chenyika.
Pasinei nezvose izvi, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti Greece inomiririra 2% yehupfumi hweEurope. Izvo hazvina kukodzera iyi hombe polarizing dambudziko kana incredible psychodrama. VaGermany neEuropean Central Bank vari kubata izvi kwete senyaya yakananga yehupfumi yekukwereta uye kukanganisa asi semutambo wehutsika umo maGiriki anofanira kurangwa.
Kunyangwe tikasanganisira Portugal neIreland, tiri kutaura nezve chikamu chidiki cheEuro zone economy. NeSpain, zvinhu zvinotanga kuipa; inenge 11% yeEuro-economy neItaly-zvakanaka, hapana anoda kufungisisa izvozvo.
Sezviri pachena, kuomesera kunongowedzera nhamo dzeupfumiโmari shoma yomutero, kushayikwa kwemabasa, mari shoma, upfumi hwakakura hwepasi pevhu zvichingodaro. Kunyanya kutambura kwevanhu kwakakura uye kuparara kunogona kuitika kweEuro. Pasati pave neimwe nyaya yekuti nyika yakabuda zviri nani nekuda kweiyo IMF mitemo yehuori.
Neoliberal economists vakabudirira kudzima ndangariro dzese dze1930s apo maKeynesian marongero akashandiswa zvakanaka kurwisa Kuderera Kukuru. Pane kudaro takatarisana nedambudziko rechikwereti riri kuramba richiwedzera, hupfumi huri kuderedzwa nekuoma uye pasina tariro yekupora.
Iwe unofunga kuti Greece yaifanira kunge yakatadza here? Ndedzipi dzimwe nzira dzaifanira kunge dzakatevera Greece?
VaGiriki havagone kubhadhara uye ivo vanozotadza. Vatova nazvo asi hapana arikudana kudaro. Mushure mezvose izvi zvakarembera, imwe mhinduro yechinguva ichashandiswa kupepa pamusoro pechokwadi.
Dai ndanga ndiri [Mutungamiriri] Papandreou, ndingadai ndakati "Handibhadhare, handibhadhare." Ndingadai ndakaziva kuti chikamu chipi chechikwereti chaive "chinonyangadza", pfungwa yepamutemo inoreva zvisiri pamutemo, uye izvo Greece yaigona kubata zvine musoro nekufamba kwenguva.
Ipapo ndingadai ndakazivisa kuti Greece yaisazobhadhara X%, toti hafu, yechikwereti chayo uye ndakazvipira kutaurirana nemabhanga ese akazvimirira kuti vaone pasi pemamiriro api Greece yaizobhadhara iyo yese-panguva yakareba maturities, yakaderera mubereko uye zvichingodaro. . Mabhangi aizofanira kusarudza pakati pekugamuchira zero kana 50% yechinhu. Uye yeuka kuti havana mauto-havasi kuzopinda muGirisi! Uye Girisi yaisatombofanira kusiya nzvimbo yeEuro nekuti Zvibvumirano hazvigadzirise kumanikidza nyika kuti ibve. Izvozvo zvingadai zvakaisa pfungwa zvakanyanya.
Zviripachena kuti ese matanho ekumisa haashande muIreland kana Greece. Ini handina kana chokwadi chekuti vari kuitirwa. Munyika dzichiri kusimukira uye iko zvino muEurope, chikwereti chinobvumira vakweretesi kushandisa rudzi rwekolonialism pasina mauto kana hutongi hwehumambo. Haisi tsaona kuti maLatin America akatungamira kubhadhara IMF nekukurumidza sezvavaikwanisa. Ndiyo chete nzira yavaigona kutanga nayo hupfumi hwavo zvakare.
Tinofanira kuyeuka zvakanyorwa naKeynes muma1920s mu Economic Migumisiro yeRugare. Akayambira kuti Germany yaisazokwanisa kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo zvepashure pehondo uye paizova negehena rekubhadhara izvi. Uye pakanga paine, asi Germany yakawana chibvumirano chechikwereti chakasiyana zvachose mushure meHondo Yenyika II - iyo inoganhurira chikwereti chebasa uye kubhadhara mubereko zvakanyanya - mazwi avari kusiri kuda kupa Greece.
Ndiani waunofunga kuti ari kukonzera dambudziko iri?
Iri ibazi rezvemari pamwe nevezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nevezvematongerwo enyika vekuEurope pamwe chete neLisbon Treaty uye European Central Bank zvimiro zvinochengeta nzvimbo yeEuro mune hupfumi hwakatwasuka.
Hapana akamanikidza mabhanga eFrance neGermany kutenga chikwereti chakawanda chechiGiriki. Misika yezvemari yakangofungidzira kuti zvisungo zvechiGiriki zvakanga zvakafanana nezvisungo zveGermany: zvino vakafunga kuti zvisungo zvechiGiriki ndezvechiGiriki uye vakatsunga kudzorera mari yakawanda sezvinobvira pamutengo wepamusoro wemari inokwanisika pasinei nemari yemagariro evanhu.
Uye dzakawanda dzehurumende dzeEurope dzinotonga zvakajeka panzvimbo yavo yezvemari. Asi ivo vari kutamba nemoto uye vanogona kuputika kuvhura nzvimbo yeEuro, panguva iyo mabheti ese akadzimwa.
Ndeapi matambudziko ezvimiro neEuro akakonzera dambudziko?
Ndiri muEurope ane shungu, saka ndinoda kuti Euro irambe iripo, asi parizvino hatina michina yehupfumi neyemagariro kuti tiende nayo. Tine mari yakafanana asi hatina mitemo yakafanana yezvemari, yehupfumi kana yemagariro. Panzvimbo pekuwedzera mitero, hurumende dziri kukwikwidza kudzidzikisa sezvakaita muIreland ine 12.5% โโyemutero wekambani.
Tine bhajeti reEurope rinosekesa, hapana mutero weEurope-yakafara, hapana mutero wekutengesa kwemari. Kutengeswa kwepasi rose chete pamisika yemari ikozvino kwave pamutengo wenyeredzi $4.000.000.000.000 pazuva. Kunyangwe ukateresa kuti pa1/10.000 chete yaizounza $400 miriyoni pazuva. Unogona kugadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji nemari yakadaro!
IEuropean Central Bank ndiyo chipingamupinyi pakubudirira, kwete Euro per se. IECB haikweretesi kuhurumende asi kumabhangi, pa1% kana pasi, uyezve mabhangi anokweretesa kuhurumende-nguva pfupi chikwereti cheGreece neIrish chine "junk" chimiro uye ikozvino chinotengeswa pa20%.
IECB kusiyana nemamwe mabhanga epakati haabudise Eurobonds.Saka isu tine hurumende nemabhanga uye ratings agency. Isu tinoda maEurobonds kwete kungoodza mwoyo fungidziro yakawandisa kune dzimwe nyika asi zvakare kuti Europe ikwanise kuisa mari mumapurojekiti makuru ezvakatipoteredza uye ezvivakwa hapana nyika inokwanisa kuzvitonga yega.
Pane dzimwe nyaya mukutonga kwehupfumi kweEU dzakakonzera dambudziko here?
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvatakarwa zvakanyanya muFrance tichipokana neChibvumirano cheLisbon ndechekuti yakaisa mutemo wezvehupfumi hweneoliberal pamwoyo weEurope, uye kutigadzirira rudzi rwematambudziko atiri kusangana nawo. Ikozvino European Commission inoda kuongorora bhajeti renyika rega rega paramende yavo isati yavhotera kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti vanozadzisa zvimwe zviyero. Uku kurwiswa kuri pachena kwedemocracy.
Zvose zviri pasi peEuropean Commission zvino kutongwa maererano ne "kukwikwidzana" kunosanganisira makwikwi ekuzviuraya pakati penyika dzeEurope pachavo. Haasi munhu wese anogona kuve Germany. MuEuro zone, kushandiswa kwehurumende kuchiri kutenderedza 50% yeGDP asi makambani nemari inoda kutonga pamusoro pezvakawanda izvo sezvavanogona. Zvakare, isu tiri kudhonzwa zvishoma nezvishoma tichidzokera ku19th remakore.
Masangano evanhu anofanira kuita sei padambudziko iri? Ndedzipi dzimwe nzira dzatingaisa patafura?
ยท Ita kuti chikamu chezvemari chive pasi pekutonga, kutengeserana kwemari yemutero, kumanikidza veEurope, kunyanya hurumende dzeEuro zone kuita mukubatana.
ยท Ita ongororo yezvikwereti kuti uone kuti yakawanda sei "inosemesa".
ยท Gadzira maitiro ekuita chikwereti asina kutsvedza zvachose achifarira vanokwereta.
ยท Tinoda maEurobonds uye charter nyowani yeEurope ine ECB iri padyo neUS Federal Reserve.
ยท Shandisa Keynes 'bancor semari yekutengesa. Tichada imwe bvunzurudzo kuti titaure nezvazvo!
Zvichakadaro, ndingafara zvikuru neveruzhinji, vasina purofiti masangano uye hurumende dzinotonga vagari kwete kumabhanga.
Susan George ndomumwe wevatambi veTNI vane mukurumbira nekuda kwekuongorora kwake kwenguva refu uye kwepasi-pasi kwenyaya dzepasi rose. Munyori wemabhuku gumi nemana akashandurirwa zvakanyanya, anotsanangura basa rake nenzira ine hunyoro yakasvika pakutsanangura TNI: "Basa remusayendisiti ane mutoro wezvemagariro evanhu nderekutanga kuburitsa masimba aya [eupfumi, simba uye kutonga], kunyora nezvawo zvakajeka. , pasina mutauroโฆ uye pakupedzisira..kutora chinzvimbo chekusimudzira vachifarira vanoshaya, vakaderera, vakabatwa nekusarongeka."
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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