Nemauto ari kuita hondo muIraq neAfghanistan, ane zvigaro zvemauto uye kudheerera kwemakambani munzvimbo dzese dzepasi, hapasisina mubvunzo nezvekuvapo kweHumambo hweAmerica. Zvamazvirokwazvo, kuramba kwaichimbova kwakasimba kwakachinja kuva kugashira kwokuzvitutumadza, kwokusanyara kwepfungwa yacho.
Zvisinei pfungwa chaiyo yokuti United States yaiva humambo haina kuuya kwandiri kutozosvikira ndapedza basa rangu somubhomba neEighth Air Force muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, uye ndakadzoka kumba. Kunyangwe pandakatanga kuve nepfungwa dzechipiri nezve kuchena kwe "Hondo Yakanaka," kunyangwe mushure mekutyisidzirwa neHiroshima neNagasaki, kunyangwe mushure mekufunga zvakare bhomba rangu remataundi eEurope, ini handisati ndaisa zvese izvo pamwe chete mumamiriro ezvinhu. an American "Empire."
Ndakanga ndichiziva, kufanana nomunhu wose, nezveUmambo hweBritain namamwe masimba oumambo eEurope, asi United States yakanga isingaonekwi nenzira imwe cheteyo. Apo, mushure mehondo, ndakaenda kukoreji pasi peGI Bill of Rights uye ndakatora zvidzidzo munhoroondo yeUnited States, ndaiwanzowana chitsauko muzvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvinonzi "The Age of Imperialism." Yaigara ichireva Hondo yeSpain-America ye1898 uye kukundwa kwePhilippine kwakatevera. Zvaiita sokuti hurumende yeAmerica yakangotora makore mashomanana chete. Ikoko kwakanga kusina maonero akajeka ekuwedzera kweUnited States izvo zvingatungamirira kune pfungwa yehumwe humambo huri kure-kana nguva - ye "imperialism."
Ndinoyeuka mepu yekirasi (yakanyorwa kuti "Western Expansion") yakaratidza kufora kwekondinendi yose sechisikigo, chinenge chiitiko chebhayoloji. Kutorwa uku kukuru kwenyika kunodaidzwa kuti "The Louisiana Purchase" hakuna chayakataura kunze kwenyika isina munhu yakawanikwa. Pakanga pasina pfungwa yekuti nzvimbo iyi yakanga yagarwa nemazana emarudzi echiIndia ayo aifanira kutsakatiswa kana kumanikidzwa kubva mudzimba dzavo - kwatinoti "kucheneswa kwemarudzi" - kuitira kuti vachena vagare munyika, uye gare gare njanji igokwanisa kuyambuka. , inofanotaura โbudiriroโ nokusagutsikana kwayo kwoutsinye.
Kunyange nhaurirano dze "Jacksonian democracy" mumakosi enhoroondo, kana bhuku rakakurumbira rakanyorwa naArthur Schlesinger Jr., Zera raJackson, yakandiudza nezve "Trail of Misodzi," kufora kunouraya kumanikidzirwa kwe "marudzi mashanu akabudirira" kumadokero kubva kuGeorgia neAlabama mhiri kweMississippi, vachisiya zviuru zvina vafa mushure mavo. Hapana kurapwa kweHondo yeVanhu yakataura nezvekupondwa kweSand Creek kwemazana evagari vemuIndia muColorado sekunge "kusunungurwa" kwakaziviswa kuvanhu vatema nehutongi hwaLincoln.
Mepu yekirasi iyoyo yaivewo nechikamu kumaodzanyemba nekumadokero chakanyorwa kuti "Mexican Cession." Uku kwaive kutaura kunobatsira kwehondo yehasha yekurwisa Mexico muna 1846 umo United States yakatora hafu yenyika yenyika iyoyo, ichitipa California neMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. Izwi rokuti "Manifest Destiny," rakashandiswa panguva iyoyo, pasina nguva rakava rakawanda. Manheru eHondo yeSpain-America muna 1898, the Washington Post akaona mhiri kweCuba: "Takatarisana nedambudziko risinganzwisisike. Kuravira kweEmpire kuri mumuromo mevanhu kunyangwe kuravira kweropa musango."
Kufora kwechisimba kwakayambuka kondinendi, uye kunyangwe kupinda muCuba, kwairatidzika kunge kuri mukati mechikamu chechisikigo chekufarira kweUS. Mushure mezvose, ko Monroe Doctrine ye1823 yakanga isati yazivisa Western Hemisphere kuva pasi pekudzivirirwa kwedu here? Asi pasina kumbomira mushure meCuba yakauya nechisimba chePhilippine, pakati penyika. Shoko rokuti "imperialism" zvino raiita serinokodzera zviito zveUS. Zvechokwadi, hondo yakareba, ine utsinye - yakabatwa nokukurumidza uye yakanyanyisa mumabhuku enhoroondo - yakasimudza Anti-Imperialist League, umo William James naMark Twain vaitungamirira nhamba. Asi ichi hachisi chinhu chandakadzidza kuyunivhesiti zvakare.
Iyo "Sole Superpower" Inouya mukuona
Zvisinei, ndichirava ndiri kunze kwekirasi, ndakatanga kupinza zvikamu zvenhau mumufananidzo mukuru. Izvo pakutanga zvaiita senge mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika usingaiti mumakore gumi anotungamira kuHondo Yenyika Yekutanga zvino zvakaonekwa sekutevedzana kwekupindira kwechisimba: kutorwa kwePanama Canal zone kubva kuColombia, kubhomba kwemauto egungwa reMexico, kutumirwa. veMarines kunenge nyika dzose dziri muCentral America, vachitora mauto anotumirwa kuHaiti neDominican Republic. Sezvo mukuru-akashongedzwa General Smedley Butler, uyo akapinda mune dzakawanda zvezvipindiro izvozvo, akanyora gare gare: "Ndakanga ndiri mukomana anoenda kuWall Street."
Panguva yandakanga ndichidzidza nhoroondo iyi - makore mushure meHondo Yenyika II - United States yakanga isiri kungova imwe simba rehumambo, asi simba guru renyika. Yakatsunga kuchengetedza nekuwedzera kutonga kwayo pazvombo zvenyukireya, yakanga ichitora zvitsuwa zviri kure muPacific, ichimanikidza vagari vemo kuenda, uye kushandura zvitsuwa kuita nzvimbo dzekutamba dzinouraya kuti dziedzezve maatomu akawanda.
Muchiyeuchidzo chake, Hapana Nzvimbo yekuhwanda, Dr. David Bradley, uyo aiongorora mwaranzi mukuedza ikoko, akatsanangura zvakanga zvasara sezvo mapoka ekuedza aienda kumusha: "[R] adioactivity, kusvibiswa, chitsuwa chakaparara cheBikini uye nhapwa dzayo dzakasuruvara dzevarwere." Iyo bvunzo muPacific yakateverwa, nekufamba kwemakore, nemiedzo yakawanda mumarenje eUtah neNevada, inodarika chiuru bvunzo mune zvese.
Pakatanga hondo muKorea muna 1950, ndakanga ndichiri kudzidza nezvenhoroondo yezvakaitika kare somudzidzi akapedza kudzidza paColumbia University. Hapana chinhu mumakirasi angu chakandigadzirira kunzwisisa mutemo weAmerica muAsia. Asi ini aiva kuverenga IF Stone's Weekly. Stone aive pakati pevatori venhau vashoma vakabvunza chikonzero chepamutemo chekutumira mauto kuKorea. Zvaiita sezviri pachena kwandiri ipapo kuti kwaisava kupindirwa kweSouth Korea neNorth kwakapa kuti US ipindire, asi chishuwo cheUnited States chekuve netsika yakasimba pakondinendi yeAsia, kunyanya iko zvino maKomonisiti akange ave kutonga. China.
Makore akati gare gare, kupindira kwechivande muVietnam zvakwakakura kuva mauto makuru uye ane utsinye, hurongwa hweumambo hweUnited States hwakawedzera kujeka kwandiri. Muna 1967, ndakanyora bhuku duku rinonzi Vietnam: Iyo Logic yekubvisa. Panguva iyoyo ndakanga ndabatanidzwa zvikuru mukurwisana nehondo.
Pandakaverenga mazana emapeji ePentagon Mapepa andakaronzeswa naDaniel Ellsberg, chakasvetuka kwandiri aive memos akavanzika kubva kuNational Security Council. Vachitsanangura kufarira kweU.S. kuSoutheast Asia, vakataura pachena nezvevavariro dzenyika yacho sekutsvaga kwe "tin, rabha, oiri."
Kunyange kusiyiwa kwevarwi muHondo yeMexico, kana mhirizhonga yehondo yevagari vemo, kwete mapoka anopikisa-imperialist pakutanga kwezana remakore, kana kupikisa kwakasimba kweHondo Yenyika I - zvechokwadi hapana hondo yehondo munhoroondo ye nyika yakasvika pachiyero chekupikisa hondo muVietnam. Kamwe chikamu chekupikisa uku chakatsamira pakunzwisisa kuti kupfuura Vietnam yaive panjodzi, kuti hondo ine hutsinye munyika diki iyi yaive chikamu chekugadzira kukuru kwehumambo.
Kupindira kwakasiyana-siyana zvichitevera kukundwa kweUS muVietnam kwairatidza kudiwa kukuru kwesimba guru riri kutonga - kunyangwe mushure mekudonha kwemukwikwidzi wavo ane simba, Soviet Union - kumisa hutongi hwayo kwese kwese. Saka kurwiswa kweGrenada muna 1982, kurwisa kwebhomba paPanama muna 1989, hondo yekutanga yeGulf ye1991. George Bush Sr. airwadziwa nekutora kwaSaddam Hussein kuKuwait, kana kuti aishandisa chiitiko ichocho semukana wekufambisa simba reUS zvakasimba. munzvimbo yemafuta inochiva yeMiddle East? Tichifunga nhoroondo yeUnited States, tichipihwa kushushikana kwayo nemafuta ekuMiddle East kubva kuFranklin Roosevelt's 1945 kubata naKing Abdul Aziz weSaudi Arabia, uye kupidigura kweCIA hurumende yeDemocratic Mossadeq muIran muna 1953, hazvina kuoma kusarudza izvozvo. mubvunzo.
Kupembedza Humambo
Kurwiswa kwehutsinye kwaGunyana 11 (sekubvumwa kwakabvumwa neKomisheni ye9/11) kwakabva mukuvenga kunotyisa kwekuwedzera kweUS kuMiddle East nekumwewo. Kunyangwe chiitiko ichi chisati chaitika, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rakabvuma, maererano nebhuku raChalmers Johnson Nhamo dzeHumambo, kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzinopfuura mazana manomwe dzemauto eAmerica kunze kweUnited States.
Kubva musi iwoyo, nekutanga kwe "hondo yehugandanga," mamwe mabhesi akawanda akavakwa kana kuwedzerwa: muKyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, gwenga reQatar, Gulf of Oman, Nyanga yeAfrica, uye chero kupi kune imwe nyika inoteerera. anogona kupihwa chiokomuhomwe kana kumanikidzwa.
Pandakanga ndichibhomba maguta muGermany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, uye France muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, kururamiswa kwetsika kwakanga kuri nyore uye kwakajeka zvokusagona kukurukurwa: Takanga tichiponesa nyika kubva pakuipa kwefascism. Saka ndakakatyamadzwa kunzwa kubva kune mumwe mupfuti pane mumwe timu - izvo zvatakafanana ndezvekuti isu tese taiverenga mabhuku - kuti aiona iyi "hondo yeimperiya." Mativi ose ari maviri, akadaro, aikurudzirwa neshungu dzekutonga uye kukunda. Takanetsana pasina kugadzirisa nyaya. Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti, nguva pfupi pashure pekurukurirano yedu, uyu murume akapfurwa ndokuurawa parwendo.
Muhondo, nguva dzose pane musiyano pakati pevavariro dzevarwi nevavariro dzevatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanovatuma kuhondo. Vavariro yangu, kufanana neyavakawanda, yakanga isina mhaka yokuda zvinzvimbo zvamambo. Kwaive kubatsira kukunda fascism uye kugadzira nyika ine tsika, isina hutsinye, mauto, uye rusaruraganda.
Chinangwa chekugadzwa kweUS, chakanzwisiswa nemupfuti wemuchadenga wandaiziva, chaive chechimiro chakasiyana. Yakatsanangurwa kutanga muna 1941 naHenry Luce, muridzi wemamiriyoni akawanda nguva, upenyu, uye upfumi , sekuuya kwe "The American Century." Nguva yakanga yasvika, akadaro, yokuti United States "ishandise pasi rose pesvedzero yakazara yepesvedzero yedu, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvatinoona zvakakodzera, uye nenzira dzatinoona zvakakodzera."
Hatingambo kwanisa kukumbira kumwe kutaura kwakajeka, kwakajeka kwekugadzirwa kweumambo. Izvo zvakatsinhirwa mumakore achangopfuura nevashandi vehungwaru veBush manejimendi, asi nevimbiso yekuti chinangwa che "pesvedzero" iyi haina kunaka, kuti "zvinangwa" - ingave mukugadzirwa kwaLuce kana zvimwe zvichangoburwa - zvakanaka, kuti izvi. i "imperialism lite." Sezvakataurwa naGeorge Bush muhurukuro yake yechipiri yekutanga: "Kuparadzira rusununguko pasi rose ... ndiko kudanwa kwenguva yedu." The New York Times akadana kuti kutaura "kurova nokuda kwemafungiro ayo."
Humambo hweAmerica hwagara huri chirongwa chebipartisan - maDemocrats nemaRepublicans vakaita majana ekuwedzera, vachichikudza, vachichipembedza. Mutungamiri Woodrow Wilson vakaudza vakapedza kudzidza kuNaval Academy muna 1914 (gore ravakabhomba Mexico) kuti US yakashandisa "mauto ake emugungwa nemauto ayoโฆ semidziyo yebudiriro, kwete semidziyo yekurwisa." Uye Bill Clinton, muna 1992, akaudza vakapedza kudzidza kuWest Point kuti: "Tsika dzamakadzidza pano ... dzichakwanisa kupararira munyika yose uye pasi rose."
Kune vanhu veUnited States, uye zvechokwadi kune vanhu pasi rese, izvo zvichemo nekukurumidza kana kuti gare gare zvinoratidzwa kuti ndezvenhema. Iyo rhetoric, inowanzonyengetedza pakunzwa kwekutanga, inozokurirwa nekutyisa kusisakwanise kuvanzwa: zvitunha zvine ropa zveIraq, mitezo yakabvaruka yeAmerican GIs, mamirioni emhuri dzakadzingwa kubva kudzimba dzavo - kuMiddle East uye Mississippi Delta.
Hauna here zvikonzero zvehumambo, zvakanyudzwa mutsika yedu, zvichirova pfungwa dzedu dzakanaka - kuti hondo inofanirwa kuchengetedzeka, kuti kuwedzera kwakakosha kubudiriro - kwatanga kurasikirwa nekubata pfungwa dzedu? Tasvika pane imwe nguva munhoroondo apo takagadzirira kugamuchira nzira itsva yekurarama munyika, kuwedzera kwete simba redu rehondo, asi vanhu vedu?
Howard Zinn ndiye munyori we Nhoroondo Yevanhu veUnited States uye Manzwi eNhoroondo yeVanhu vekuUnited States, iye zvino ari kutorwa firimu rehurukuro huru yeterevhizheni. Bhuku rake idzva ndere Nhoroondo Yevanhu yeAmerican Empire, nyaya yeAmerica munyika, yakataurwa mumakomiki, naMike Konopacki naPaul Buhle muAmerican Empire Project book series. Vhidhiyo ine animated yakagadziridzwa kubva kuchinyorwa ichi ine zvibodzwa kubva mubhuku rekomiki uye voiceover naViggo Mortensen, pamwe nechikamu chebhuku pamusoro pehupenyu hwepakutanga hwaZinn, inogona kutariswa na. nekudzvanya pano. Webhusaiti yeZinn ndeye HowardZinn.org.
[Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kubuda Tomdispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, muvambi we iyo American Empire Project uye munyori we Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro (University of Massachusetts Press), iyo ichangobva kunyatsogadziridzwa mune ichangoburwa edition inobata nekukunda kwetsika yekuparara-uye-kupisa sequel muIraq.]
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