1970 kubva kuZinn Reader, Nhau nomwe Press
Chinyorwa chekutaura kwangu kwekuvhura mugakava paJohns Hopkins. Yakaverengerwa mubhuku rakabudiswa naJohns Hopkins Press muna 1972, rine musoro unoti Violence: The Crisis of American Confidence. โ Howard Zinn
Ndinotanga kubva pafungidziro yekuti nyika ine topsy-turvy, kuti zvinhu zvese hazvina kunaka, kuti vanhu vasina kururama vari mujeri uye vasina kururama vabuda mujeri, kuti vanhu vasina kururama ndivo vari kutonga uye vanhu vasina kururama vasisina simba. , kuti upfumi hunogovewa munyika muno nepasirese nenzira yekuti kwete kungoda kuvandudzwa kudiki asi kuda kugovaniswazve kwakakasharara kwehupfumi. Ndinotanga kubva pafungidziro yekuti hatifanirwe kutaura zvakawanda pamusoro peizvi nekuti chatinofanira kuita kufunga nezvemamiriro akaita nyika nhasi toona kuti zvinhu zvese zvachinja. Daniel Berrigan ari mutirongo-Mupristi weKatorike, nyanduri anopikisa hondo-uye J. Edgar Hoover akasununguka, maona. David Dellinger, uyo akapikisa hondo kubvira paakanga akakwirira uye akashandisa simba rake rose uye chido chake pamusoro payo, ari mungozi yekuenda kujeri. Varume vane mhosva yekuponda kweMy Lai havasi kutongwa; vari muWashington vachiita mabasa akasiyana-siyana, ekutanga uye ari pasi, ane chekuita nekuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda, izvo zvinovashamisa pazvinoitika. PaKent State University vadzidzi vana vakaurayiwa neNational Guard uye vadzidzi vakapomerwa mhosva. Mumaguta ose emunyika muno, panoitwa kuratidzira, varatidziri, vangave varatidzira kana kuti kwete, chero chavaita, vanorohwa nekurohwa nembambo nemapurisa, vozosungwa nemhosva yekurova mupurisa.
Zvino, ndanga ndichinyatsodzidza zvinoitika mazuva ese mumatare eBoston, Massachusetts. Iwe unogona kushamiswa-pamwe haungadaro, pamwe wanga uripo, pamwe wakagara, pamwe wakafunga, pamwe wakarohwa-nekuti kutenderera kwezuva nezuva kwekusarongeka kunoita sei nzira yavo kuburikidza nechinhu ichi chinoshamisa chatinodaidza. due process. Zvakanaka, ndiyo mamiriro angu.
Zvose zvaunofanirwa kuita ndezvokuverenga tsamba dzeSoledad dzaGeorge Jackson, uyo akatongerwa gore rimwe chete kuupenyu, iro raakapedza makore gumi, nokuda kwehumbavha hwemadhora makumi manomwe echiteshi chekuzadza. Uyezve kune Seneta wekuUS anonzi anochengeta madhora zviuru zana nemakumi masere neshanu pagore, kana chimwe chinhu chakadaro, pamubhadharo wekupera kwemafuta. Imwe imbavha; imwe yacho mutemo. Chimwe chinhu chakashata, chimwe chinhu chakakanganisika kana tikatumira mabhomba zviuru gumi azere negasi retsinga munyika yose, toadonhedza mudziva rokutuhwina romumwe munhu kuti tisanetsa zvedu. Saka unorasikirwa nemaonero ako mushure mechinguva. Kana iwe usingafungi, kana iwe ukangoteerera kuTV uye kuverenga zvinhu zvedzidzo, iwe unototanga kufunga kuti zvinhu hazvina kushata, kana kuti zvinhu zvidiki zvakaipa. Asi iwe unofanirwa kuvharirwa zvishoma, wozodzoka wotarisa nyika, uye unotya. Saka isu tinofanirwa kutanga kubva pafungidziro iyoyo-yekuti zvinhu ndezve topsy-turvy.
Uye musoro wedu ndewe topsy-turvy: kusateerera kwevanhu. Ukangoti the topic is civil disobedience unenge uchiti dambudziko redu i civil disobedience. Harisi iro dambudziko reduโฆ. Dambudziko redu ndere civil obedience. Dambudziko redu nderehuwandu hwevanhu pasi rese vakateerera zvinorairwa nevatungamiriri vehurumende yavo vakaenda kuhondo, uye mamiriyoni akaurayiwa nekuda kwekuteerera uku. Uye dambudziko redu nderekuti chiitiko muAll Quiet kuWestern Front uko vakomana vechikoro vanofora vachiita basa mumutsara wehondo. Dambudziko redu nderekuti vanhu vanoteerera pasi rose, vakatarisana nehurombo nenzara nehupenzi, nehondo nehutsinye. Dambudziko redu nderekuti vanhu vanoteerera asi mumajeri makazara mbavha diki, uye nguva yese iyi mbavha huru dziri kutonga nyika. Ndiro dambudziko redu. Tinoziva izvi kuNazi Germany. Tinoziva kuti dambudziko raivapo kwaiva kuteerera, kuti vanhu vaiteerera Hitler. Vanhu vakateerera; izvozvo zvakanga zvakaipa. Vangadai vakapikisa, uye vaifanira kuramba; uye dai taivapo chete, tingadai takavaratidza. Kunyangwe muRussia yaStalin tinogona kunzwisisa kuti; vanhu vanoteerera, vanhu vose ava vakaita semombe.
Asi America yakasiyana. Ndizvo zvatakaitwa tose. Kubva panguva yatiri yakakwirira kudai uye ndichiri kuinzwa ichinzwika mukutaura kwaVaFrankel-unoti, chimwe, zviviri, zvitatu, zvina, zvishanu zvinhu zvinofadza ~ pamusoro peAmerica zvatisingadi kuvhiringidzwa zvakanyanya. Asi kana isu takadzidza chero chinhu mumakore gumi apfuura, ndezvekuti izvi zvinhu zvakanaka nezveAmerica hazvina kumbobvira zvakanakisa. Isu tanga tichiwedzera uye tine hukasha uye tinoreva kune vamwe vanhu kubva pakutanga. Uye isu tave nehutsinye uye tine hutsinye kuvanhu munyika ino, uye takagovera hupfumi hwenyika ino nenzira isina kururama. Hatina kumbova nekururamisira mumatare kune varombo, kune vanhu vatema, kune vane radicals. Zvino tingazvikudza sei kuti America inzvimbo yakakosha? Haisi iyo yakakosha. Hazvisizvo chaizvo.
Zvakanaka, ndiyo musoro wedu, ndiro dambudziko redu: kuterera kwevanhu. Mutemo wakakosha zvikuru. Tiri kutaura pamusoro pokuteerera mutemo, ichi chiumbwa chinoshamisa chenguva dzazvino uno, chatinoti budiriro yokuMadokero, uye yatinotaura nayo tichidada nayo. Kutonga kwemutemo, o, kunoshamisa sei, kosi dzese idzi dzebudiriro yekuMadokero munyika yese. Unorangarira mazuva akaipa akare apo vanhu vaishandiswa nechisimba? Zvese zvaityisa muMiddle Ages-asi zvino tave nebudiriro yekuMadokero, hutongi hwemutemo. Kutonga kwemutemo kwakagadzirisa uye kuwedzera kusarongeka kwaivapo kusati kwave nehutongi hwemutemo, ndizvo zvakaitwa nemutemo. Ngatitangei kutarisa hutongi hwemutemo sezvazviri, kwete nekugadzikana kwemetaphysical kwataigara tichizviongorora.
Kana munyika dzese dzepasi kutonga kwemutemo kuri kudiwa nevatungamiriri uye denda revanhu, tinofanira kutanga taziva izvi. Tinofanira kudarika miganhu yenyika iyi mukufunga kwedu. Nixon naBrezhnev vane zvakawanda zvakafanana kune mumwe kupfuura - tine naNixon. J. Edgar Hoover ane zvakawanda zvakafanana nomukuru wemapurisa epachivande eSoviet kupfuura zvaanoita nesu. Ndiko kuzvipira kwepasi rose kumutemo nekurongeka kunosunga vatungamiriri venyika dzese muchibvumirano chehushamwari. Ndosaka tichigara tichishamisika kana vakaungana โ vanonyemwerera, vanokwazisana, vanoputa fodya, vanodanana chaizvo zvisinei nekuti vanoti chii. Zvakafanana nemapato eRepublican neDemocratic, anoti zvichaunza mutsauko wakaipisisa kana mumwe kana mumwe akakunda, asi akafanana. Chaizvoizvo, isu tinopesana navo.
Yossarian aive chokwadi, rangarira, muCatch-22? Akanga apomerwa kupa yamuro nenyaradzo kumuvengi, izvo zvisina munhu anofanira kutongopomerwa, uye Yossarian akati kushamwari yake Clevinger: โMuvengi ndiye ani naani achakuuraya, chero rutivi rwupi norwupi rwavari.โ Asi ikoko hakuna kunyura mukati, naizvozvo akati kuna Clevinger: โZvino unorangarira izvozvo, kana kuti rimwe raaya mazuva unenge wafa.โ Uye rangarira? Clevinger, mushure mechinguva, akanga afa. Uye tinofanira kuyeuka kuti vavengi vedu havana kukamukana maererano nenyika, kuti vavengi havasi vanhu vanotaura mitauro yakasiyana uye vanogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Vavengi vanhu vanoda kutiuraya.
Tinobvunzwa kuti, โKo kana munhu wose akasateerera mutemo?โ Asi mubvunzo uri nani ndewokuti, โKo kana munhu wose aiteerera mutemo?โ Uye mhinduro kumubvunzo iwoyo iri nyore zvikuru kuuya nayo, nokuti tine humbowo hwakawanda hune simba pamusoro pezvinoitika kana munhu wose akateerera mutemo, kana kuti kunyange vanhu vazhinji vakateerera mutemo. Zvinoitika ndizvo zvakaitika, zviri kuitika. Sei vanhu vachiremekedza mutemo? Uye tose tinoita; kunyange ini ndinofanira kurwisana naro, nokuti rakaiswa mumapfupa angu ndichiri mudiki pandakanga ndiri Cub Scout. Chimwe chinoita kuti tiremekedze mutemo kusanzwisisana kwawo. Munyika yanhasi tinobata nemitsara nemazwi ane zvirevo zvakawanda, sekuti "chengetedzo yenyika." Haiwa, hungu, tinofanira kuita ikoku nokuda kwechengeteko yenyika! Zvakanaka, zvinorevei? Kuchengetedzeka kwenyika kwaani? Kupi? Rini? Sei? Hatinetsi kupindura mibvunzo iyoyo, kana kuibvunza.
Mutemo unovanza zvinhu zvizhinji. Mutemo iBumbiro reKodzero. ;'~ chokwadi, ndizvo zvatinofunga nezvazvo patinokudziridza kukudza kwedu mutemo. Mutemo chinhu chinotidzivirira; mutemo ikodzero yedu- mutemo iBumbiro reMitemo. Bhiri reZuva Rekodzero, makwikwi erondedzero anotsigirwa neAmerican Legion paBhiri redu reKodzero, ndiwo mutemo. Uye izvozvo zvakanaka.
Asi kune chimwe chikamu chemutemo chisingaiti ballyhooed- mutemo wapfuura mwedzi nemwedzi, gore negore, kubva pakutanga kweRepublic, iyo inogovera zviwanikwa zvenyika nenzira yakadai kuti ibve. vamwe vanhu vakapfuma kwazvo uye vamwe varombo zvikuru, uye vamwe vachitsvanzvadzira sevanopenga vachitsvaka zvishoma zvasara. Ndiwo mutemo. Ukaenda kuchikoro chemutemo unoona izvi. Unogona kuaverenga nekuverenga mabhuku makuru, anorema emitemo ayo vanhu vanofamba nawo woona kuti mangani mabhuku emutemo aunoverenga anoti โKodzero dzeConstitutionalโ paari uye kuti mangani anoti โProperty,โ โContracts,โ โTorts, โ "Mutemo weCorporation." Ndizvo zvinonyanya kutaurwa nemutemo. Mutemo imvumo yekupedza mafuta - kunyangwe isu tisina Oil Depletion Allowance Day, hatina zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa pachinzvimbo chemvumo yekupedza mafuta. Saka kune zvikamu zvemutemo zvinoshambadzirwa uye zvinoridzwa kwatiri-o, uyu ndiwo mutemo, Bhiri reKodzero. Uye kune zvimwe zvikamu zvemurairo zvinongoita basa razvo rakanyarara, uye hapana anotaura chero chinhu pamusoro pazvo.
Zvakatanga kare. Pakatanga kupasiswa Bhiri reKodzero, rangarira, mukutonga kwekutanga kweWashington? Chinhu chikuru. Bhiri reKodzero rakapfuura! Big ballyhoo. Panguva imwecheteyo purogiramu yehupfumi yaHamilton yakapfuura. Yakanaka, yakanyarara, mari kune vapfumi-ndiri kurerutsa zvishoma, asi kwete zvakanyanya. Hurongwa hwehupfumi hwaHamilton hwakatanga. Iwe unogona kudhirowa mutsara wakatwasuka kubva kuhurongwa hwehupfumi hwaHamilton kuenda kumari yekubvisa mafuta kumutero wekunyora-kubvisa kwemakambani. Kwese kwese-ndiyo nhoroondo. Bhiri rekodzero rakashambadzwa; mutemo wehupfumi usina kuziviswa.
Iwe unoziva kutevedzwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana zvemutemo kwakakosha sekushambadzwa kwakanamirwa kuzvikamu zvakasiyana zvemutemo. Bhiri rekodzero, rinotevedzwa here? Kwete zvakanyanya. Iwe uchaona kuti rusununguko rwekutaura mumutemo webumbiro ipfungwa yakaoma kwazvo, isina kujeka, ine dambudziko. Hapana anonyatsoziva paunogona kusimuka uchitaura nepausingakwanisi. Ingotarisa zvese zveDare Repamusorosoro. Taura nezvekufungidzira muhurongwa-iwe haugone kufanotaura zvichaitika kwauri paunosimuka pakona yemugwagwa wotaura. Ona kana uchikwanisa kutaura mutsauko uripo pakati penyaya yeTerminiello neFeiner kesi, uye ona kana uchikwanisa kuziva zvichaitika. Nenzira, kune chikamu chimwe chemutemo chisina kunyatsojeka, uye icho chinosanganisira kodzero yekuparadzira mapepa mumugwagwa. Dare Repamusorosoro rave rakajeka zvikuru pane izvozvo. Muchisarudzo mushure mesarudzo tinosimbiswa kodzero yakakwana yekuparadzira mapepa mumugwagwa. Zviedze. Ingobuda mumugwagwa uye wotanga kugovera mapepa. Uye mupurisa anouya kwauri obva ati, โIbva pano.โ Uye unoti, โHekani waro! Unoziva here Marsh v. Alabama, 1946?โ Ndicho chokwadi cheBhuku Rekodzero. Ndicho chokwadi cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chikamu chemutemo icho chinofananidzirwa kwatiri sechinhu chakanaka uye chinoshamisa. Uye makore manomwe mushure mekunge Bhiri reKodzero rapasiswa, iro rakati "Congress haichaita mutemo unodzora rusununguko rwekutaura," Congress yakaita mutemo unoderedza rusununguko rwekutaura. Rangarira? The Sedition Act ye1798.
Saka Bhiri reKodzero harina kutevedzerwa. Purogiramu yaHamilton yakasimbiswa, nokuti apo varimi vewhisky vakabuda vakapanduka unorangarira, muna 1794 muPennsylvania, Hamilton pachake akakwira bhiza rake ndokuenda ikoko kunodzvinyirira kupandukira kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mutero wemari wakaitwa. Uye iwe unogona kutsvaga nyaya kusvika nhasi, mitemo ipi inotevedzwa, mitemo ipi isingatevedzwe. Saka unofanira kungwarira paunoti, โNdiri wemutemo, ndinoremekedza mutemoโ. Ndeipi chikamu chemutemo chauri kutaura nezvacho? handipesani nemutemo wese. Asi ini ndinofunga isu tinofanira kutanga kuita mutsauko wakakosha pane izvo mitemo inoita zvinhu kune izvo vanhu.
Uye kune mamwe matambudziko nemutemo. Chinhu chinoshamisa, tinofunga kuti mutemo unounza kurongeka. Mutemo haudaro. Tinoziva sei kuti mutemo hauunzi kurongeka? Tarisa zvakatipoteredza. Tinorarama pasi pemitemo yemutemo. Cherechedza kuti tine order yakawanda sei? Vanhu vanoti tinofanirwa kunetseka nekusateerera kwevanhu nekuti zvinozokonzera mhirizhonga. Tarisa nyika yazvino umo kutonga kwemutemo kunowanikwa. Iyi ndiyo iri padyo neinodanwa kuti nyonganyonga mune yakakurumbira pfungwa-nyonganiso, nyonganyonga, humbavha hwepasi rose. Iyo chete kurongeka iyo yakakosha chero chinhu haiuyi kuburikidza nekuteedzerwa ... kwemutemo, inouya kuburikidza nekugadzwa kwenharaunda ine ruramisiro uye umo hukama hunoenderana hunotangwa uye umo iwe unoda hushoma hwemitemo kuti ugadzire seti dzakanaka dze. zvirongwa pakati pevanhu. Asi kurongeka kwakavakirwa pamutemo uye pasimba romutemo hurongwa hwehurumende inodzvinyirira, uye zvinotungamirira nenzira isingadzivisiki kungave kukusaruramisira chose chose kana kuti kushumbaโpakupedzisira, nemamwe mashoko, kunyongano huru zvikuru.
Tose tinokura nepfungwa yokuti mutemo mutsvene. Vakabvunza amai vaDaniel Berrigan kuti vaifungei nekutyora mutemo kwemwanakomana wavo. Akapisa zvinyorwa zvechisimba-chimwe chezviito zvechisimba zvikuru muzana rino remakore- kupikisa hondo, iyo yaakatongerwa kugara mujeri, sezvinofanira kuita matsotsi. Vakabvunza mai vake vatova nemakore makumi masere, kuti vaifungei nekutyora mutemo kwemwanakomana wavo. Zvino akatarisa kumeso kweaimubvunza, akati, โHausi mutemo waMwari.โ Zvino tinokanganwa izvozvo. Hapana chinhu chitsvene pamutemo. Funga kuti ndiani anodzika mitemo. Mutemo hauna kugadzirwa naMwari, unogadzirwa naStrom Thurmond. Kana iwe uine chero pfungwa pamusoro pehutsvene uye kunaka uye kuremekedza mutemo, tarisa kune vemitemo munyika yose vanoita mitemo. Gara pamisangano yeparamende yehurumende. Sit in Congress, nekuti ava ndivo vanhu vanoita mitemo yatinofanira kuremekedza.
Zvose izvi zvinoitwa nekodzero yokutinyengera. Iri ndiro dambudziko. Mumazuva ekare, zvinhu zvakanga zvavhiringika; wakanga usingazivi. Zvino munoziva. Zvose zviri pasi mumabhuku. Iye zvino tapfuura nenzira yakakodzera. Iye zvino zvinhu zvimwe chete zvakaitika sezvakamboitika, kunze kwekuti isu takapfuura nenzira kwayo. MuBoston mupurisa akapinda muwadhi yechipatara ndokupfura kashanu murume mutema akanga amubvutira tauro paruoko rwakeโakamuuraya. Pakatongwa. Mutongi akasarudza kuti mupurisa wacho akanga akarurama nokuti kana akasazviita aizorasikirwa nokuremekedzwa nevamwe vake. Zvakanaka, ndizvo zvinozivikanwa se due process-kureva kuti, mukomana haana kupukunyuka nazvo. Takafamba nenzira kwayo, uye zvese zvakagadziriswa. Hunhu, kunaka kwemutemo kunotipusa.
Rudzi ipapo, rwakavambwa pakusaremekedza mutemo, ndokuzouya Bumbiro reMitemo nepfungwa yekugadzikana yaifarirwa naMadison naHamilton. Asi zvino takawana mune dzimwe nguva dzakakosha munhoroondo yedu kuti hurongwa hwemutemo hwakanga husina kukwana, uye kuti tipedze uranda taifanira kubuda kunze kwemutemo, sezvataifanira kuita panguva yeAmerican Revolution kana Hondo Yenyika. . Mubatanidzwa uyu waifanira kuenda kunze kwehurongwa hwemutemo kuti ugadzire dzimwe kodzero muma1930. Uye munguva ino, iyo inogona kunge yakanyanya kuoma kupfuura Revolution kana Hondo yeVanhu, matambudziko anotyisa zvekuti anoda kuti tiende kunze kwehurongwa hwemutemo kuitira kuti tiite chirevo, kuramba, kutanga kumisa rudzi rwe. masangano uye hukama hunofanirwa kuve nenharaunda ine hunhu. Aiwa, kwete kungoparadza zvinhu; kugadzirisa zvinhu. Asi kunyange ukavaka zvinhu zvausingafaniri kuvaka - ukaedza kuvaka nzvimbo yevanhu, hakusi kuputsa hurongwa; uri kuvaka chimwe chinhu, asi uri kuchiita zvisiri pamutemo - mauto anouya okudzingira kunze. Icho ndicho chimiro icho kusateerera kwehurumende kuchatora zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya, vanhu vachiedza kuvaka nzanga itsva pakati pekare.
Asi zvakadini nekuvhota nesarudzo? Kusateerera kwevanhu - hatidi zvakawanda zvakadaro, tinoudzwa, nekuti tinogona kupfuura nehurongwa hwesarudzo. Uye pari zvino taifanira kunge takadzidza, asi pamwe hatisati tadzidza, nekuti takakura tiine pfungwa yekuti nzvimbo yekuvhotera inzvimbo inoera, senge yekureurura. Unopinda muimba yekuvhotera wobuda votora mufananidzo wako wobva wauisa mumapepa uchinyemwerera. Uchangobva kuvhota; ndiyo democracy. Asi kana ukatoverenga zvinotaurwa nenyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika-kunyange ndiani angakwanisa?-nezvekuvhota, unoona kuti kuvhota kunenge kusiririsa. Nyika dze Totalitarian dzinofarira kuvhota. Iwe unosvitsa vanhu kuvhoti uye vanonyoresa kubvumidzwa kwavo. Ndinoziva kuti pane musiyano-vane bato rimwe uye isu tine mapato maviri. Tine bato rimwe kupfuura ravanaro, munoona.
Zvatiri kuedza kuita, ndinofungidzira, ndezvekudzokera kumisimboti nezvinangwa uye mweya weDeclaration of Independence. Uyu mweya kuramba kune masimba asiri pamutemo uye kumanikidza kutorera vanhu hupenyu hwavo uye rusununguko uye kodzero yekutevera mufaro, uye nekudaro pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, inokurudzira kodzero yekuchinja kana kubvisa chimiro chavo chehurumende-uye kushushikana kwanga kwave kuitika. bvisa. Asi kuti tisimbise misimboti yeDeclaration of Independence, tinenge toda kubuda kunze kwemutemo, kuti tirege kuterera mitemo inoda kuuraya kana kugovera hupfumi nenzira yazvaitwa, kana kuisa vanhu mutirongo nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwekuita. mhosva uye kuchengetedza vamwe vanhu kubva mutirongo nekuda kwemhosva huru. Chishuviro changu ndechekuti mweya werudzi urwu uchaitika kwete munyika muno chete asi kune dzimwe nyika nekuti vose vanouda. Vanhu vari munyika dzose vanoda mweya wokusateerera kuhurumende, izvo zvisiri zvinhu zvokufananidzira asi chinhu chesimba nepfuma. Uye isu tinoda rudzi rwekuzivisa kwekudyidzana pakati pevanhu vari munyika dzese dzepasi vanovavarira chinhu chimwe chete.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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Vazhinji vedu taida Howard Zinn, pamwe nekudzidza kubva kwaari. Tinomusuwa. Ndiri kufara kuona izvi paZnet. Howard Zinn akafa muna Ndira 27, 2010 uye iyi yapfuura Ndira 27, Pete Seeger akafa. Bhuku randinofarira nderekuti "Haugone Kusarerekera Pachitima Chinofamba", Howard Zinn's autobio.