Kunobva: FAIR
Chavez aizoedza kutevedzera zvivimbiso zvake zvekushandura hurongwa uye kusimbisa hutongi hwenyika yake.
Mufananidzo neNorthfoto/Shutterstock
Chidimbu chinotevera chinotorwa kubva mubhuku idzva revanyori, Kutyisidzira Kunoshamisa: Humambo hweUS, iyo Media uye 20 Makore Ekuedza Coup muVenezuela., rakabudiswa na Monthly Wongororo Press.
Mune yake State of Union adhiresi musi waKukadzi 6, 2019, Donald Trump akati:
Isu tinomira nevanhu veVenezuela mukutsvaka kwavo rusununguko-uye tinoshora hutsinye hwehutongi hweMaduro, avo vane mitemo yesocialist yakashandura rudzi irworwo kubva pakuva vakapfuma muSouth America kuita hurombo hwakanyanya uye kupererwa.
Kutaura kwaTrump kwekuseka hakuna kutorwa senharo, nekuti vezvenhau vekuMadokero, kusanganisira vanopikisa Trump senge. New York Times, vakapedza makore akawanda vachizivisa nhema: kuti Venezuela yakanga yabudirira zvikuru uye ine gutsaruzhinji kutozosvikira Hugo Chávez, uye ipapo mutsivi wake Nicolás Maduro, akauya ndokuparadza chinhu chiri chose. Kana vaverengi vakatenda izvozvo, saka vanogona kushamisika, "Nei hurumende yeUS isinga batsire vanhu vekuVenezuela kuti vadzokere kunzvimbo yakabudirira?"
Asi mafungiro aya ndiwo mhedzisiro yehunyengeri hwakajairika nezvenhoroondo yehupfumi yeVenezuela, uye inofuratira kuti kusimuka kweChávez kwakaunza sei shanduko yedemocracy, kwete kudzoreredza, kuVenezuela. Nyaya inotaurirwa nevezvenhau dzekuMadokero inofanira kuita kuti vanhu vashamisike kuti Chavismo angadai akave sei simba rezvematongerwo enyika dai zvese zvaimbove zvakanaka muVenezuela.
'Aimbova mupfumi'
Uku kutaura kusina kujeka nezvenhoroondo yehupfumi yeVenezuela, nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana- "yakambobudirira," "yaimbova mupfumi" - yave kuzara munhau dzekuMadokero. Tsvakiridzo yeNexis yemapepanhau emutauro weChirungu ye "Venezuela" uye "yakambobudirira" yakawana 563 hits pakati pa2015 na2019.
Chirevo che "chakambobudirira" hachigone kureva hupfumi hweVenezuela: Iwo mafuta makuru negoridhe matura achiripo. Chinangwa chakajeka chekutsanangura Venezuela se "yakambobudirira" kutaura kuti mararamiro aimbova "aimbova" emunyika yakapfuma.
Saka Venezuela "yaimbova" yakapfuma nei? Chaiva rini chaizvo? Ndeipi nzira yezvimiro iri kushandiswa kutaura kuti yaive imwe yevakapfuma? Yaimbove iri pamusoro pegumi muzana (nechero chiyero)? Iyo yepamusoro 10%?
Zvinogara zvichireva kuti mazuva ekubwinya kwehupfumi hweVenezuela aive munguva yeChávez isati yasvika, asi mutori wenhau wezvemari Jason Mitchell akataura izvi zvakajeka. Kunyorera kuUK Muoni (2/18/17), akati, “Makore makumi maviri apfuura Venezuela yakanga iri imwe yenyika dzakapfuma zvikurusa munyika.” Saka Venezuela yaifungidzirwa kuti yakanakidzwa nehupfumi hwayo muna 1997, gore Hugo Chávez asati asarudzwa. Izvozvo hazvina maturo.
Muchokwadi, Chavez paakatanga kusarudzwa muna 1998, Venezuela yaive ne50%. urombo mwero, kunyangwe yanga iri mutengesi mukuru weoiri kwemakumi emakore akati wandei. It akatanga kutumira kunze kwenyika oiri muma1920s, uye kwaingova mukutanga kwema1970 apo vagadziri vemafuta makuru ekuMiddle East, Saudi Arabia neIran, kudarika Venezuela mukugadzira. Muna 1992, the New York Times (2/5/92) yakashuma kuti “57% chete yevanhu vokuVenezuela vanokwanisa kutenga zvokudya zvinopfuura kumwe chete pazuva.” Izvi zvinonzwika se“imwe yenyika dzakapfuma kwazvo pasi rose”? Zviripachena kwete, asi zvakakodzera kutaura zvakawanda nezvehuwandu hunogona kushandiswa kutsausa vanhu nezvenhoroondo yehupfumi yeVenezuela.
Mari uye kugovera
Economists vanowanzo shandisa GDP pamhepo kuongorora kuti nyika yakapfuma zvakadii. Chiyero chaicho chiyero cheavhareji yemari pamunhu. Kana vatori venhau vakaitira hanya kunyatso taura kuti Venezuela yakambove "yakapfuma," saka ndiyo nhamba yavaizotaura.
Chati iri pazasi inoratidza dhata reWorld Bank reVenezuela chaiyo (inflation-adjusted) GDP per capita kubvira 1960, uye inopesana nenhau yekuMadokero inoramba ichitaurwa kuti shanduko kubva mukubudirira kuenda kuhurombo yakaitika nekuda kweChavismo. Real GDP per capita yakakwira mukati 1977, pedyo nekuguma kwekukura kwemafuta, yakabva yapinda mukuderera kwenguva refu. Chávez paakatora chigaro muna 1999, yaive pane imwe yenzvimbo dzayo dzakaderera mumakumi emakore. Zvakabva zvatodzikira nekuedza kuviri kwekutanga kudzinga Chávez: kutonga kwaApril 2002 uye, mwedzi yakati wandei gare gare, kuvharwa kwekambani yemafuta yehurumende - "kuramwa kwemafuta." Pakazosvika 2013, GDP chaiyo pamunhu yakadzoka zvinoshamisa, yakasvika pakukwira kwayo muna 1977.
Pasi peChávez, huwandu hwehurombo hwakatemwa nepakati, saka pane chokwadi kune kuwirirana pakati peGDP per capita uye mamiriro ekugara muVenezuela. Asi GDP yenyika pamunhu, pachayo, haitaure chinhu nezvekugovaniswa kwemari. Uye izvo zvinogona zvakare kuita kuti kuenzanisa kwenyika dzakawanda kutsause.
Semuyenzaniso, 1980 yaive padyo zvakanyanya neveVenezuela nhoroondo yepamusoro yeGDP chaiyo pamunhu, iyo iri pachinzvimbo chechi32 munyika gore iroro payakagadziridzwa pakutenga simba pari, sekukurudzira kunoita nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi pakuenzanisa nedzimwe nyika. Asi mwero wayo wekufa kwevacheche uri pachinhanho makumi mashanu nesere munyika, pasi peCuba, iyo nhamba yekufa kwevacheche yaive yechimakumi maviri nemasere gore iroro. Kufa kwevacheche chiratidzo chehutano chakakosha chinobatsira kuratidza kuti hupfumi hwenyika huri kushandiswa sei kubatsira vanhu vayo. Muchokwadi, mwero wekufa kwevacheche muVenezuela muna 58 waiva kanopfuura kaviri zvakakwirira sezviri muCuba.
Rimwe gore rinoratidza pachena ndi1989, apo kuurayiwa kwevaratidziri varombo vakazozivikanwa seCaracazo kwakaitika. Panyaya yeGDP per capita (yakagadziridzwa kutenga simba parity), Venezuela chinzvimbo chepamusoro muCentral neSouth America—nepo hurumende yayo yakaita kuuraya kwakashata zvikurusa kwevarombo munhau yayo yazvino uno.
Kupondwa uku kwakafumura hunyengeri chaihwo hwebudiriro uye democracy yeVenezuela. Inotsanangura kusimuka kweChávez, uye zvakare inoratidza kuti hurumende yeUS pamwe nevezvenhau vakabatsira sei hurumende yeVenezuelan yakakonzera kuuraya uku.
Kubva kuCaracazo kuenda kuChavismo
Yakatanga pana February 27, 1989. Mauto ezvokuchengetedza eVenezuela vakauraya mazana, uye zvichida zviuru, zvevarombo mukati memazuva mashanu. Varombo vakanga vamukira kumukira chirongwa cheIMF chakatemerwa che“structural adjustment” icho chaisanganisira kukwira kwakasimba kwemitengo yemafuta nemabhazi. Chirongwa ichi chakaiswa neMutungamiri Carlos Andres Pérez, murume akange aita mushandirapamwe achiti kuti zvirongwa zveIMF zvakaita se "bhomba renyutroni rakauraya vanhu asi rakasiya zvivakwa zvakamira."
Mutungamiri weAmerica, VaGeorge H. W. Bush akadana Pérez musi waKurume 3, 1989, apo kuurayiwa kweCaracazo kuchiri kuitika, kushamwaridzana naPérez uye kupa Venezuela zvikwereti. Nyaya yevezvenhau yeUS yeVenezuela yaienderana nemutemo weBush wekunze. A New York Times chinyorwa (11/11/90) nezveVenezuela naClifford Krauss akatsanangura Pérez se“mutongi ane mutsa wegutsaruzhinji.” Hapana kana izwi rakanyorwa nezve kuurayiwa kweCaracazo. Chinyorwa ichi chakanangana nekutenda kwaBush kuna Pérez, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuwedzera mafuta ekuVenezuela kubatsira kuchengetedza United States kubva kumhedzisiro yehupfumi mushure mekupinda kweIraq kuKuwait.
Musi wa5 Kukadzi, 1992, Lieutenant Colonel Hugo Chávez vakatanga kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya kuVenezuelans nekuyedza kupidigura mauto. Zuva rakakundikana kutonga kwaChávez, chinyorwa chenhau mu New York Times (2/5/92) akataura kuVenezuela se "imwe yehurumende dzeLatin America dzakagadzikana dzegutsaruzhinji," uye kuna Pérez pachake se "mutungamiri wedemokrasi," zvisinei nekuurayiwa kweCaracazo makore matatu chete apfuura, izvo zvisina kumbotaurwa. The Times zvakare akataura ipapo-Mutungamiri Bush achidana Pérez "mumwe wevatungamiriri vakuru vedemocracy yehemisphere yedu."
Kwete imwe Pérez
Chavez paakatanga kutonga mushure mesarudzo muna 1999, hurumende yeUS haina kukurumidza kurwisa. Kana iwe uchifunga nezve hutsinye hwekupokana neIMF rhetoric yaCarlos Andres Pérez - mutungamiri akabva auraya vanhu kuti vaite chirongwa cheIMF chekuomesera - hazvishamise kuti US inganzwa Chávez kwechinguva. Zvimwe Chávez angadai akanyengedza zvakafanana-uye nekudaro akakodzera kutsigirwa neUS.
Pakazosvika 2001, hurumende yeUS yakaziva kuti Chávez aisazofanana naPérez, uyo akaita jee rekurwara nekutaura kwake kwaanopesana neIMF paakanga ari muhofisi. Chavez aizoedza kutevedzera zvivimbiso zvake zvekushandura hurongwa uye kusimbisa hutongi hwenyika yake. Chavez akapikisa zvine hukasha kupinda kweUS kuAfghanistan, uye akatotaura kuti mumiriri weUS akauya achifona uye akamukumbira zvisina ruremekedzo kuti adzore chinzvimbo chake. Izvozvo zvakashatirisa Chávez kuti audze mumiriri wacho kuti abude mumba. Ichi chaive chiitiko chakakosha mukusuwa kwehukama hweVenezuela/US (Bart Jones, Hugo!, Steerforth Press, 2007, map. 297).
Mumba, Chávez akavewo nenguva pfupi yehusiku neveVenezuela vekare vepamusoro uye vepakati vekirasi. Sezvo Gregory Wilpert akaisa mukati Kuchinja Venezuela neKutora Simba (Ku, 2006, p. 20):
Chavez paakatanga kutora chigaro, akanakidzwa nemvumo ye90%, izvo zvaizoratidza kuti rusaruraganda uye classism yekuzopedzisira yepakati-class yekupikisa Chávez haigone kuve chinhu chakakosha.
Vepakati veVenezuela vanga vachinyura muhurombo kwemakumi maviri emakore uye vakatsigira Chávez muna 1998 nekuti vaishuvira shanduko.
Asi munguva pfupi yapfuura, vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika, semumiriri weUS, vakasvotwa zvakanyanya naChavez achitaura chiremera chake. Vaive vakatarisira kuremekedzwa kwaChavez. Mabviro ake emuAfrica nemaIndigenous, nekwaakabva ashanda, aigona kufuratirwa, kudzamara aramba mabroker emagetsi akajairwa pakuita zvigaro zvake zvekanzuru.
Kunetsana kwakawedzera apo gungano reparamende, rakasarudzwa nevavhoti, rakanyora bumbiro idzva remitemo iro rakazobvumwa pareferendamu. Zviremera zvekuchinja zvakagadzwa pasi pehurongwa hutsva hwegutsaruzhinji. Sezvakatsanangurwa naWilpert (Kuchinja Venezuela, p. 20):
Vakuru vekare vakabva vashandisa kutonga kwavo vezvenhau munyika kushandura vepakati vachipokana naChávez, vachigadzira mushandirapamwe wakatora mukana werusaruraganda uye kusarurana mutsika dzeVenezuelan.
Pakazosvika 2004, zvakafanotaurwa, Chávez aivimba zvakanyanya nerutsigiro rwevarombo kukunda sarudzo (Kuchinja Venezuela, p. 268–269).
Bumbiro idzva, nguva itsva
Mugore rokutanga raakatora chigaro, Chávez akatanga nhanho nhatu dzokupa Venezuela bumbiro idzva. Muna Kubvumbi 1999, vakaenda kune vavhoti vachibvunza kana vaida kutanga chirongwa ichi nekusarudza gungano rebumbiro remitemo, uye kana vakatendera mitemo inotsanangura kuti gungano richasarudzwa sei. Rutivi rwake rwakakunda referendamu iyoyo ne92% yevhoti pamubvunzo wekutanga, uye ne86% pane yechipiri (iyo yaitsanangura yakakosha mitemo yesarudzo) (Kuchinja Venezuela, p. 21).
Sarudzo dzakaitwa muna Chikunguru dzekusarudza nhengo dzegungano. Vatsigiri veChavez vakahwina zvigaro zana nemakumi maviri neshanu pazvigaro zana nemakumi matatu nerimwe zvegungano. Gungano iri rakazonyora bumbiro remitemo uye, mushure memwedzi mina, rikagamuchirwa nezvikamu makumi manomwe nezviviri kubva muzana zvevavhoti mune imwe referendamu.
Gungano iri rakadomawo bato rekuchinja, rinozivikanwa seCongressillo (small congress), iro rakadoma gweta guru rehurumende, murwiri wekodzero dzevanhu, comptroller general, national electoral council ne supreme court.
Muna Chikunguru 2000, Chávez akaenda kune vanovhota zvakare kuti atore chigaro chemutungamiri wenyika pasi pebumbiro idzva uye akakunda nyore ne59.8% yevhoti. Asi aya aive "mega-sarudzo," saWilpert (Kuchinja Venezuela, p. 22) yakazvitaura, izvo "zvakabvisa mauto ezvematongerwo enyika echinyakare zvachose kubva kumusoro kwenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzeVenezuela":
Vamiriri zviuru makumi matatu nezvitatu vakakwikwidza pamahofisi anodarika zviuru zvitanhatu pazuva iroro. Pakupedzisira, Chávez akasimbiswa zvakare muhofisi ne6,000% yevhoti. Vatsigiri vaChavez vakahwina zvigaro zana neina kubva pazvigaro zana nemakumi matanhatu neshanu dzeNational Assembly uye gumi nemanomwe kubva pamagavhuna makumi maviri nematatu. Padanho renzvimbo, vakwikwidzi veChávez havana kubudirira, vakahwina chete hafu yezvinzvimbo zvemeya wekanzuru.
Nokutya, a New York Times Muparidzi muna Nyamavhuvhu 1999 vaitofungidzira kuti vachadzidzisa veVenezuela uye kukanganisa hurongwa hwekuvandudza hutongi hwejekerere sekubata masimba:
Vanofanira kungwarira nzira dziri kushandiswa naVaChávez. Ari kutora masimba mumaoko ake, uye achishandisa zvisiri izvo musangano wakakosha webumbiro remitemo wava kuCaracas uyo unoumbwa nevatsigiri vake.
VaChávez, vaimbova mutungamiriri wemauto akavhomora hurumende zvisina kubudirira muna 1992, kusvika pari zvino havasati varatidza ruremekedzo rukuru nokuda kwokubvumirana kunodiwa muutongi hwezvido zvevanhu, uko Venezuela yave iine makore 40.
Zviripachena, chero nzira yechokwadi yekuvandudza muLatin America yaizoshorwa nemahara senge. New York Times.
Nhema huru
Nhema dzakatepfenyurwa pamusoro peVenezuela dzakapfuura dzinoita hutsinye hweUS pazviri kuitika panguva ino. Zvakakosha kupfupisa mamwe emanyepo akakosha:
- Venezuela "yaimbova kubudirira" uye yakaparadzwa nesocialism. Muchokwadi, Venezuela yaive nyika isina kuenzana umo vanhu vazhinji vaive varombo kunyangwe hupfumi hwenyika hwemafuta, hwakanga hwaunza mari yakawanda kunze kwenyika kubva kuma1920s.
- Venezuela yaive democracy pamberi peChavismo. Muchokwadi, hutongi hwejekerere hweVenezuela hwakanga hwakakanganisika kwazvo umo vezvematongerwo enyika vakachinjana kubata masimba maererano nechibvumirano chisina demokrasi, uye vakadzvanya huro dzevarombo veVenezuela nekuuraya vanhu, seCaracazo.
- Chavismo yakaparadza democracy yeVenezuela. Chavez zvechokwadi akaedza kuita kupidigura hurumende muna 1992, asi akazotonga kuburikidza nesarudzo muna 1998, ndokuzoita shanduko kuburikidza nehurongwa hwegutsaruzhinji.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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