Kunobva: Globetrotter
MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA - MAY 12, 2021: Vechidiki kubva ku "mutsara wekutanga" vane zvipingamupinyi mukuratidzira mumigwagwa yeMedellin.
Mufananidzo naRoger.Rondon/Shutterstock
Colombia yakaona nhevedzano ye kuratidzira kukuru pakupera kwaKubvumbi zvichitevera kudanwa kwekuramwa mabasa kwenyika muguta reCali. Zvichiri kuenderera mberi, kuratidzira kune zvikonzero zvakawanda: zviri pachena "mutero kuchinja” iyo yaizoendesa kunyange upfumi hwakawanda kune 1 muzana muColombia; kukundikana kwezvibvumirano zvorugare zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi; uye kusakwanisa kweColombia's yakavanzika yekuchengetedza hutano system kuve neiyo COVID-19 dambudziko. Mukupindura kuratidzira kuri kuitika uku, hurumende yaita izvi vakauraya gumi nevaviri, akanyangarika mazana, akagadza mitemo yekudzoka pamba pamaguta akawanda, uye akashevedza uto. Asi kuratidzira kuri kuenderera mberi — nekuti, zvimwe muchikamu, kuramba mauto ezvese zviri munyika.
Mumashure mekumukira muColombia ndiko mubvunzo wevhu. Hondo yemakore gumi yevagari vemo yaita kuti mamirioni evarimi varaswe kubva panyika yavo, izvo zvakazoguma zvave mumaoko evaridzi veminda vakakura kana kushandiswa kumapurojekiti makuru emakambani. Mukutora nyika kwemakambani kuri kuitika kwanga kuchiitika muColombia kwemakore mashoma apfuura, pane chombo chitsva uye chinotyisa: mauto ekuchengetedza nharaunda. Muhurongwa hwemauto munyika yose huri kutanga muna Kukadzi, huchisanganisira huwandu hwemasoja nemapurisa, mauto akabata vanhu makumi mana, uyo gweta guru rehurumende akapomerwa zvekutemwa kwemasango nekucherwa zvisiri pamutemo, munzvimbo nhanhatu dzakasiyana munyika. Mune an kushanda kwekare, mauto akatapa vanhu vana pamhosva dzezvakatipoteredza, vakanzi "vanopesana nevarwi veRevolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)" neMutungamiri weColombia Iván Duque, maererano ne chinyorwa mu Mongabay. Mune kumwe kuvhiya muna Kurume 2020, masoja ari kuyedza kubata mapurazi zvisiri pamutemo mumapaki enyika akatora vanhu makumi maviri, 16 vavo vakanga vari varombo vakanga vasina minda kana mombe; according to Mongabay. Sekureva kwemauto eColombia, mashandiro masere akaitwa muna 2020, kuburikidza nawo "akawana anopfuura 9,000 mahekita esango," achibata vanhu makumi matanhatu nesere, makumi maviri vavo vaive vadiki, chakadaro chinyorwa mu. Mongabay.
Izvo zvinonzi nemauto "rakadzorerwa" sango inharaunda rakabviswa vanhu varo. Chirongwa chese, chakatanga muna 2019, chakanzi "Operation Artemis.” Inotumira chii imwe nyaya muGuta reGuta (Bogotá) rinodaidza “varwi vesimbi veColombia vakazara-simbi” mukuedza kuderedza kuparadzwa kwemasango ne 50 muzana, saMutungamiri Duque Akaudzwa Reuters.
Nemauto akawanda ekudzivirira masango ari kuitika, mubvunzo unomuka ndewekuti, kutemwa kwemasango idambudziko rinogona kugadziriswa nekushandiswa kwezvombo here? Sango rinogona kuponeswa kuburikidza nekusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda here? Anogona here mauto iwayo yakauraya zviuru zvevanhu vasina mhosva, kusanganisira vanhuwo zvavo, mukuedza kuwedzera nhamba dzemiviri yavo, vanovimbwa here kuti vadzivirire mhoteredzo?
Amazon Inotyisidzirwa
Kutemwa kwemasango kweAmazon idambudziko chairo. The Colombian Amazon inoumba inenge 42 muzana yenyika yeColombia uye 6 muzana yenharaunda yose yeAmazon, neBolivia neVenezuela imwe neimwe ichiumba imwe 6 muzana, Peru 9 muzana, uye Brazil 66 muzana yenharaunda yose yeAmazon.
Mutungamiri Jair Bolsonaro weBrazil akakurudzira nezvevimbiso yekuti "Kukura” iyo Amazon uye yatora nhanho dzinokurumidza kuita kudaro. MuColombiawo, kuparadzwa kwemasango kwakaitika nokukurumidza, pamwero wepakati pemahekita anenge 100,000 200,000 neXNUMX XNUMX pagore. somu 2018. Iwo mamotor mahombe ekuparadza masango ari kupfuya, kupisa, kurima kwecoca uye poppy, uye migwagwa nemigodhi kuwedzera. Kana chiyero che "kudzoreredza" - icho chinotsanangurwa sekubvisa vanhu munzvimbo nemauto - ichitevera maitiro e2020 9,000 mahekita pagore, mauto"yakazara-simbi eco-varwi” vari kushanda zvishoma neka11 kuti vamise kutemwa kwemasango. Izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pezviri kunyatsoitika muColombia uye nei.
IAmazon ndiyo kudzivirirwa pasi pebumbiro remitemo yeColombia, sezvakaita kodzero dzenharaunda dzevanhu veIndigenous. Pakati pekodzero idzi pane kodzero yekusununguka, pamberi, uye neruzivo rwemvumo kana paine chero chirongwa chebudiriro. Maforamu akati wandei aripo ayo vanhu veIndigenous vanogona kushandisa kodzero idzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira mesa permanente, iyo comisión nacional uye Mesa Regional Amazon. Chikamu chakakosha kwazvo cheColombian Amazon-kudarika hafu- zviri, nemutemo, pasi pesimba reIndigenous.
Nyika idzi dzinoshuviwa nezvido zvemakambani.
Kodzero dzeVaridzi Vanopokana muMatare
Chishandiso chine simba kwazvo chekubata nyika kwemakambani hachinyepedzere kuchengetedza nharaunda: ndiyo gadziriro ye "kutengeserana kwemahara," yakanyorwa muzvibvumirano zvepasi rose, izvo zvakacherekedza nyanzvi yemitauro uye muzivi Noam Chomsky. akaita nharo zvingangodaidzwa zviri nani se "zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevatengesi." Asi hurongwa uhu hunogara huchipikiswa nevechivanhu uye nematare edzimhosva ane rusununguko.
Mienzaniso yakawanda yenguva apo vanhu verudzi rwechiRungu vakakwira kumatare edzimhosva kuti vachengetedze kodzero dzavo pamusoro peminda yavo. Kana kambani yemugodhi yeCanada Cosigo Resources Ltd Akawanikwa kuita zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo mupaki yenyika yeAmazon uye yakanzverwa neDare Repamusorosoro reColombia, kambani yacho akatora Colombia kune arbitration muTexas, apo nyaya yacho ichaitwa sezvinodiwa nemitemo yeUnited Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITL). Cosigo Resources Ltd. yakataura kuti dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo yeColombia muYaigojé-Apaporis National Natural Park inotyora zvisungo zveColombia kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanoisa mari pasi peU.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement. Hondo iyoyo iri kuenderera mberi.
Imwe kambani yekuCanada yemigodhi, Auxico Resources, iri kuyedza kubvisa goridhe necoltan (chinhu chakakosha mumaserura) pasi peAmazon. Auxico Resources yakasaina a Memorandum of Understanding naGavhuna weGuainía, Javier Zapata, ye "kugadzirwa kwezvicherwa," according kuMinería Pan-Americana. Muna 2018, Zapata yakazivisa kuti 80 muzana yenzvimbo yakapihwa Auxico Resources. Zapata atova mutirongo nekuda kwehuori. Asi Auxico vachiri kushanda munzvimbo iyi. Muna 2019, Mutungamiri Duque akazivisa kusikwa kwe kanzuru itsva weBarrancominas muGuainía, pre-empting chirongwa chevagari vemunharaunda (85 muzana yevanhu vari muGuainía ndeveMarudzi) munharaunda kuti vasimbise kodzero dzavo dzeminda.
Kambani yechitatu, Amerisur Resources (ikozvino GeoPark), akawana rezinesi kuitisa kuongorora peturu muSiona Indigenous territory muPutumayo kumaodzanyemba kweColombia (pamiganhu yayo neEcuador nePeru), nharaunda yevanhu zviuru zviviri nemazana matanhatu vakarwiswa nemapurisa uye vanotengesa zvinodhaka kwemakumi emakore - zvinyorwa zvemapurisa zvinoratidza. 23 kuuraya kwakaparadzana muPutumayo pakati pa1993 na2014. Veruzhinji vakapika muna 2014 kuti havabvumidze kushandiswa kwepetroleum munzvimbo yavo. Muna 2018, iyo Inter-American Commission on Human Rights "yakaraira matanho ekudzivirira kuchengetedza" Siona, uye mutongi weColombia akataurawo kuti "zvakatumira meseji yakajeka" uye akaraira kuti Amerisur Resources imise chirongwa chavo chekuongorora mafuta ipapo, sekureva. an chinyorwa muEl Espectador. Mutongi akati ambomiswa marezinesi ekuongorora mune imwe yenzvimbo dzakachengetwa. Amerisur Resources yakakurumidza kuzivisa kuti ichaenderera mberi nemigodhi nekuti "kubvunzana,” kodzero iri pasi pebumbiro remitemo yeColombia, sezviri pachena yakanga yapedzwa. Hondo inoenderera mberi nanhasi, nekambani ichiramba ichisimbirira kuti yakanga yazadzisa zvaidiwa nebumbiro remutemo kuti munhu atange abvuma imwe nguva kare.
Muna 2010 muEcuador, mauto yakarongwa kugadzira sango rinodzorwa nemauto munzvimbo yeSiona—vaSiona vakaramba. Muna Chikunguru 2020, Gavhuna weSiona Sandro Piaguaje yakaziviswa kuGeoPark kuti “[Y] mucharasikirwa, nokuti hamuzokwanisi kuwana donhwe remafuta kubva munharaunda yedu.” Asi zvino zviziviso zvekutemwa kwemasango vari kubuda munyika yose yeSiona pamwe chete mishumo yekutengesa zvinodhaka. VaSiona vanotyira kuti chenjedzo idzi dzichapa chikonzero chekuti mauto apinde munzvimbo uye atange hurongwa hunozoguma nekupa nharaunda kuGeoPark.
Paunenge uchikurukura zvido zvekambani muAmazon, nyaya yaSteven Donziger naChevron muEcuador haifaniri kukanganwa. Muna 1993, Donziger akatora chirevo chenhoroondo kurwisa hofori yemafuta Chevron, iyo yakanga yasvibisa Amazon muEcuador uye yakaparadza nharaunda dzeIndigenous ikoko. Muna 2011, dare remuEcuador rakaraira kuti Chevron ibhadhare $9.5 bhiriyoni mukukuvadza. Chevron haina kubhadhara-uye yakabva yashandisa nzira yedare reUnited States kutambudza Donziger, uyo ari kugara mugore rake rechipiri rekuvharirwa mumba muNew York.
Mabhavhu Ezvakatipoteredza Akaiswa Kurwisana Nevarimi
Zvakadaro zvakakwira mutengo wematare edzimhosva, vanhu veMarudzi vakaratidza kuti kurwira kwavo mukati nekunze kwematare kuchengetedza nharaunda kazhinji kunogona kubudirira. Kumakambani ane nzara yevhu, kuchengetedzwa kwechiuto kwabuda seimwe nzira yekutsiva hondo dzematare dzine njodzi. Pamwe chete neOperation Artemis, Colombia yakaburitsa zano re "Environmental Bubbles, ”Izvo Akatanga muna 2016. Muna 2017, mauto eColombia akapinda mumakwikwi ezvidzidzo zvemauto muAmazon anonzi “Operation United America,” pamwe chete nehurumende dzePeru, Brazil, Canada, Panama, Argentina uye, chokwadika, United States—asi kwete Bolivia (ipapo-mutungamiri Evo Morales akaramba).
Iyo Environmental Bubbles mabasa ekushamisika, ayo anoziviswa neveruzhinji mushure mekunge mauto aita oparesheni yekudzivirira imwe nzvimbo kubva kune zvisiri pamutemo. Nyika imwe neimwe (bazi) muColombia inowana a "Raid reaction Force kuita mabasa ekutarisa, kudzivirira, kudzora uye kuongorora zvinopesana nezvinokonzeresa kutemwa kwemasango."
Muna 2018, masangano e campesino (varimi) akapupura pamberi pe #JuicioALaDeforestación (kutongwa kwemasango) nezve. zvakaitwa nevakuru kwavari muzita rekuchengetedza. MuLa Paya National Natural Park, mumiriri weLeguízamo Peasant Workers Association achirondedzera nezve "kushungurudzwa kwaanopomerwa veruzhinji nevakuru munzvimbo idzi," akati, "Zvinhu zvavo zvese, dzimba nemhuka zvakapiswa panguva yekupindira. .” Vakaenderera mberi vachiti, “Isu varimi hatisi zvikonzero zvekutemwa kwemasango. Muridzi wemunda mukuru, akatora mahekita ane chiuru kubva mupaki, ari kufamba akasununguka pasina dambudziko.” Mamwe mabasa mana echiuto emhando imwechete akaitwa mukati megore ra2018-19.
The nyaya yaLabarce, mubazi reColombia reSucre, rinodzidzisawo. Vagari vomuAfro-Colombia, vamwe vemhuri dzavo dzakanga dzasvika munharaunda yacho kare muna 1916, vakaona nyika dzavo dzava chikamu chepaki yenyika—Santuario de Flora y Fauna el Corchal—muna 2002. Nharaunda dzavo dzakangoerekana dzava “terra nullius,” nyika “dzisina chinhudzidziso imwe chete yakashandiswa kubvuta vanhu veMarudzi kubva kunyika dzavo muAmerica yose, kusanganisira United States neCanada uko kune mahofisi makuru emakambani emigodhi. Varimi vacho vakauya pamberi nekutenda kwakanaka kuti vabatane nehurongwa uye vaive nekodzero pasi pemutemo. Mumakumi emakore avo ekugara ikoko, vakanga vadzivirira kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu munharaunda yacho uye vachengeta ndima yakaganhurirwa pasina kuwedzera kupinda musango. Kunyange zvakadaro, vainzi vagari venyika yavo zvisiri pamutemo. Kune dzimwe nyaya dzakawanda dzevarimi vanongoerekana vaziviswa kuti vanopindirana, zvizvarwa mushure mekunge madzitateguru avo akurudzirwa "kuita koloni" nyika.
Environmentalism Inofanirwa Kuregererwa
Kutorwa kwekuchengetedza nemauto hakusi kweColombia chete — nyanzvi yekuKenya Modhekai Ogadha akanyora pamusoro pemafambiro akafanana munyika dzakawanda muAfrica. Anonyora pane zvake Website, “Kuda kwomutorwa kumhuka dzedu dzomusango kunowanzova mwero woruvengo rwavo kuvanhu veMarudzi.” Kana "kuchengetedza" ichigona kugoverwa se sirogani yekudzinga vanhu veIndigenous, yave nguva yekufunga zvakare pfungwa iyi. Yasvika nguva yekuti ramba Malthusianism, fungidziro ye“nyika dzisina chinhu,” uye apocalypticism izvo zvinovamba kufunga kwakawanda kwezvakatipoteredza.
IAmazon inofungidzirwa kuva nemakore 13,000, uye dunhu rave riripo inogarwa kwemakore 19,000 XNUMX kana kupfuura—pane chikonzero, nemamwe mashoko, chokufunga nezvokubvira kwokuti sango resango rinogara richinaya rinogara richinaya nderechokwadi. nzvimbo yetsika yakasikwa nevanhu nemamwe marudzi anoshanda pamwechete. Mubhuku 1491: Zvakazarurwa Zvitsva zveAmerica Pamberi paColumbus, munyori Charles Mann anopa akati wandei inofungidzirwa kuti ndechipi chikamu cheAmazon chakagadzirwa nevanhu veIndigenous; imwe fungidziro yokungwarira ndeyokuti “inenge 12 muzana yesango reAmazon risina kufashukira rakanga riri remavambo omunhu—zvakasikwa zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga nevanhu”; mumwe mutsvakurudzi anomuudza kuti “zvose zvakasikwa nevanhu”; uye maererano nemumwe muongorori, "Mutsara wekuti 'nzvimbo yakavakirwa ... unoshanda kune vakawanda, kana zvisiri zvese, Neotropical landscapes."
Nemvumo yeNational Natural Parks yeColombia iri kushandiswa kudzinga varimi, imwe pfungwa yekuti pave nebudiriro mukurwisana uku ndeekuti “Parques con Campesinos” (Parks with Peasants) pfungwa—iyo yaizoita kuti varimi vabatane mukuchengetedza, pane kuvagadza sevavengi vezvakatipoteredza.
Chombo chikuru chekurwisa kutemwa kwemasango hachisi chombo zvachose. Ndiko kupa varimi kuchengetedzwa kwekugara kwevhu, kuti vatangezve miitiro yakagadzikana iyo yakachengetedza yakakura uye ine mbiri yeAmazon. Chirongwa cheNational Development Plan chiri pasi peOperation Artemis chinoda kushanda “kuchengetedza” zvinangwa zvaizoita kuti zvidzikisirwe kuita seti yenzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa dzakadzivirirwa, dzakachekwa nemigwagwa, dzakakomberedzwa nepetroleum blocs, madhamu emagetsi emvura, nzvimbo dzinopfutidza, uye migodhi, se mamepu anoratidzwa nevaratidziri paAmazon Forest Protection Program show. Kuvapo kwenzanga nevatarisiri panyika—kwete “full-metal eco-warriors”—ndiyo chete nzira yakavimbika yokumisa nayo kutemwa kwemiti.
Nzira yekuponesa nyika haisi yekuve nesangano rinoparadza zvakanyanya pasi rose - mauto emazuva ano - kugadzira "mafuru" asina vanhu, vozopazve ivhu kumakambani emafuta nemamineral. Nzira yokuponesa nayo pasi ndeyokudzorera ivhu kuvanhu vane miitiro yakavimbisa kusiyanisa kwezvinhu zvipenyu kunoshamisa kwatave tichifarikanya kwezviuru zvamakore.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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