Kufambira mberi ipfungwa yakatangwa muzana ramakore rechi 18, zera reKuvhenekerwa uye rezvimurenga asi dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kuchengeta pfungwa iri mhenyu munguva yedu. In
Mumazuva iwayo ekare, sayenzi noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvaiita sezviri kukura nokukurumidza uye nechivimbo, zvichipedza zvinetso zvakawanda uye zvichiita kuti upenyu huve nyore kumamiriyoni zvokuti zvaiva nyore kudavira—muzana remakore rechi19 muBritain—kuti vanhu vakanga vari pakakwirira. mugwagwa wakananga kumhepo inopenya.
Pfungwa ye "budiriro" yakabatanidza shanduro yezana remakore rechi20 yekufambira mberi. Kusvikira pakuonekwa kweUN's Human Development Reports pakati pemakore ekuma1990, "vagadziri" vepamutemo vakaita seWorld Bank vakavhiringidza kukura kwehupfumi nehupenyu hwevanhu uye, vachisundidzira zvirongwa zvakakura se "Green Revolution", zvakaverengerwa pasainzi uye. tekinoroji yekupedza urombo nekusaenzana.
Hondo mbiri dzenyika, Shoah, kutyisa kwakaratidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kweukoloni, nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya uye njodzi dzenyukireya dzevanhuwo zvavo zvakaparira muzana ramakore rechi20 mukuparadza kutenda mukufambira mberi. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, matambudziko emari ari kuwedzera, "kuvhunduka kwemafuta", kutyisidzira kwenzara huru nehugandanga zviri kuita basa rimwechete mu21st. Isu tinoita senge tiri kuzviisa mumisoro yedu kuti budiriro inogona kunyatsodzokera kumashure uye kuti panguva ino. nguva chaiyo tinenge tichitoisundira munzira iyoyo.
Kutaura nenhoroondo, kuruboshwe chete, masimba anofambira mberi chete akambounza budiriro mupfungwa yekusunungurwa kwevanhu. Saka mubvunzo kuti THEMES iri kubvunza vanyori varo - "Ndeipi ingave pfungwa nyowani yekufambira mberi kwekuruboshwe muzana ramakore re21?" ndeyekukurumidza.
Regai ndiedze kuipindura kutanga nokuratidza musiyano unofanira kuita pakati pefambiro mberi yesayenzi neyoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nokufambira mberi kwevanhu. Ava vaviri vaisifamba vakabatana; nhasi, zvisinei, gakava, chokwadi kurwa kune chekuita kana zviitiko zvesainzi zvichiumba kufambira mberi kana kuti kwete. Iye zvino kuruboshwe runofanira kuedza kumisa izvo zvinyorwa zverudyi "kufambira mberi", basa risingafungidzike kune vanofambira mberi makore zana apfuura. Muzuva redu, apo kunofungidzirwa kuti "kufambira mberi" kunodzorwa nemakambani emunyika akatarisana chete nepurofiti uye kuvhura misika mitsva, iri ibasa rinofambira mberi.
Muenzaniso weGenetically Manipulated Organisms unoratidza pfungwa iyi. Kunyangwe hazvo pasina munhu asati anyatsoratidza kuti maGMO ane njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu, kukanganisa kwavo kune zvakatipoteredza uye kugona kwavo kuparadzira nekuparadza rusununguko rwevarimi kurima organic kana zvirimwa zvechinyakare zvinoonekwa. Kuziva kuti makambani emunyika anodzora maGMO, kunyanya Monsanto ine nhaka inorema yezvigadzirwa zvinokuvadza zvinofambira mberi zvine kodzero yekudzivirira kurimwa kweGMO kunze kwepasi pemamiriro akaomesesa.
Hatidi simba rakawanda renyukireya asi kuti, sezvazviri
Mubvunzo wekufambira mberi kune kusunungurwa kwevanhu wakasiyana. Pano ruboshwe sezviri pachena harufaniri kukumbirwa kudzivisa, asi kutsvaka nokuwana nzira itsva—seizvo vanofambira mberi vose vakamborarama vakaedza kuita. Vese vaifanira kurwisana nemarudzi akawanda eudzvinyiriri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma enguva dzavo, uye vazhinji vavo, ngatitarisei, vakarasika. Spartacus haina kugumisa uranda munguva yekare
Dambudziko risati ramboitika rakatarisana nevanofambira mberi ikozvino nderekushanda munzvimbo dzese dzenzvimbo. Kutozosvikira nguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakanga zvakakwana kwazvo kuedza kubata nezvinetso zvenyika yako amene—muhoro wakanaka, migariro yebasa yakavandudzwa, kutarisirwa kwoutano kwakafanira, dzidzo yenyika yose, kuparadzaniswa kweChechi neHurumende zvichingodaro. Sezvineiwo, nyaya dzenyika dzichiri kukosha. Ndozvakaitawo zvemuno. Zvakawanda, zvisinei, tinogona kuona kuti miganhu yehupenyu hwedu inosvika zvakanyanya kupfuura miganhu yedu yenyika. Vanhu vekuEurope nhasi vanofanirwa kutarisana nechokwadi chekuti 85 muzana yemitemo inovatonga haizouyi kubva kuparamende yenyika asi kubva kuBrussels neEU iri mukubata kweiyo neo-liberal, inotungamirwa nebhizinesi modhi yehupfumi kusvika pakusiya kutariswa kwemagariro. kufambira mberi.
Dare reEuropean Court of Justice richangopa zvisarudzo zvisingasviki zvitatu zvinosungirwa
Kutaura pasi rose, inzira inorwadza inononoka kuisa zvinhu zvakakosha pachirongwa, ndoda kuti zviitwe. Zvakatora makore anopfuura makumi maviri kutendeudzira vatongi venyika nevekunze nezvechokwadi uye njodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, saka vaive nechido chekuteerera kumakambani, kunyanya makambani emafuta. Izvozvi munhu wese ave kuziva kutyisidzira, hutungamiriri hwave kuremara. Tinoziva kuti vapoteri vemamiriro ekunze vachange vachirovera misuo yedu mumakore mashoma—asi hapana gadziriro dzinoitwa. Tinoziva kuti nzara yave kupfunya chisero pasi rose, kuti makumi emamirioni avanhu vakabuda munzara isingaperi vari kupinzwa zvakare mugehena, asi isu tiri kuramba tichigadzira biofuels pachinzvimbo chekudya zvirimwa uye kugadzira. hapana kuedza kutakura masimba emusika izvo zvinotungamira kuziya nenzara.
Maprogressives anofanirwa kubvisa World Bank, International Monetary Fund neWorld Trade Organisation kamwe-for-all uye kuatsiva nemasangano epasi rose anoteerera nemoyo wese kune zvinodiwa neakaregeredzwa zvikamu zvitatu zvevanhu. Pakazofa muna 1946, John Maynard Keynes akanga atodhirowa hurongwa hwemasangano akadaro-taigona kuita zvakatoipisisa pane kuafukunura nekuavandudza kuti aenderane nezvinodiwa nhasi.
Kwese kwese kwatinoona vepamusoro vane shungu yekugumisa kufambira mberi kwedemokrasi kwemazana emakore apfuura uye kuisa hutungamiriri husina kusarudzwa [EU Commission…] kana matekinoroji [IMF, WTO…] akatendeka kuzvido zvavo pakutungamira. Kurwira nguva dzose kwevanofambira mberi kuchengetedza democracy kunovapesanisa nevavengi vavo vanoedza kuikanganisa: kushomeka kwedemocracy kunofanira kunge kuri iko kusanganisa kwezvose zvatinoita mune ramangwana.
Zvichida nekuda kwekuti anoona izvi, Barack Obama akabuda kubva pedyo-kusazivikanwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kuti atore nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro mukufungidzira kwakabatana uye, munhu anotarisira, munguva pfupi iri kutevera hofisi yebato.
Nhoroondo yevanhu, uye naizvozvo kurwira kusunungurwa kwevanhu, hakuna kupera uye hatifaniri kumbotuka ramangwana. Ngatitarisirei kuti vanofambira mberi munyika yose, pamusoro pevaEurope vose, vachabatanawo pamashoko iwayo: Hongu tinogona.
Ichi chinyorwa mupiro kune gakava re "Pfungwa yekufambira mberi mu21st Century", ichaburitswa muchiSpanish mu. TEMAS para el Debate, June 2008.
Susan George ndiye Bhodhi Sachigaro weTransnational Institute uye mutungamiri anoremekedzwa weAttac-France. Mabhuku ake achangoburwa ndeaya La Pensée enchaînée: Comment les droites laïque et religieuse se sont emparées de l'Amérique [Fayard, 2007], ichaburitswa muChirungu se: Kubira America: Maitiro eChitendero uye Zvenyika Kodzero Yakachinja Zvinofungwa neAmerica [Kuri kuuya, Polity Press 2008], uye Isu vanhu vekuEurope [Pluto Press, 2008].
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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