Nhoroondo dzemifananidzo dzinowanzowira mune chimwe chezvikamu zviviri. Kune rumwe rutivi vangave vanorumbidza, pane dzimwe nguva vachishandura musoro wacho kuva mutsvene. Kune rumwe rutivi, ivo vanogona kutarisa kune-zvese zvidimbu, mune dzimwe nguva vachivavarira kuputsa chidzidzo. Chii chinoita America's Social Arsonist: Fred Ross uye Grassroots Kuronga mumakumi maviri emakore, Gabriel Thompson's new biography yeane mukurumbira murongi wenharaunda, zvisingashamisi ndezvekuti inopa nhoroondo yakadzikama yehupenyu nebasa remumwe wevanonyanya kufambira mberi varongi vezana ramakore rechi20, ukuwo ichipa ruzivo runobatsira muhunyanzvi uye. craft of progressive organisation.
Munzira dzakawanda, hupenyu hwaRoss inyaya yechikamu chakakosha chefambiro mberi muCalifornia. Akauya zera mune zvematongerwo enyika muma1930; tichiona kutambudzika kukuru kwevashandi vekurima panguva iyoyo yakauya mushure mekudzingwa kwevanhu vakawanda kweChicanos neMexico muna 1930 iyo yakazobatanidzwa neshoko rokuti, "Los Repatriados," akazviwana akatarisana chiso nechiso nekusungwa kweJapan. -MaAmerican mumisasa yevasungwa panguva yeHondo Yenyika II uye kubuda kwake kunononoka asi kwakatsiga semurongi uye theorist mukati meCommunity Service Organisation (uye gare gare, United Farm Workers).
Kunyange zvazvo Ross uye murongi ane mukurumbira Saul Alinsky vakanga vari pedyo zvikuru, uye Ross chaizvoizvo akashanda Alinsky kwenguva yakati, Ross akabva kumuperekedzi wake muzvinhu zviviri zvinokosha. Kutanga, pakati penzira yaAlinsky yekuronga yaiva pfungwa yekuvaka sangano remasangano. Kuburikidza neIndustrial Areas Foundation, mubatanidzwa wemuno wakaiswa pamwechete, unowanzo dzika midzi munharaunda yechitendero. Izvi zvakavavarira kuvimbisa imwe nhanho yekuvimbika kwekuedza kwekuronga. Asi Ross haana kubvumirana nazvo: Aitenda mukudikanwa kwekugadzira masangano matsva enharaunda aive asina kusungirirwa nevatungamiriri vechikuru avo vaaigaro tenda kuti havaite zvechivanhu kana zvimwe zvinokanganisa.
Mumwe mutsauko ndewekuti Ross akaziva kukosha kwesangano reChicano muCalifornia uye akange akagadzirira kupinda mumatambudziko ayo vamwe varongi, vachipesvedzerwa naAlinsky, vangadai vakagumisa kuti akanyanya kupesanisa. Sangano reCommunity Service Organisation, raakabatsira kuvaka, rakadzika midzi mubato reChicano, kunyange rakavhurika kune vamwe. Yakarwisana nehutsinye hwemapurisa hwakanga hwakananga kuChicanos uye kuyedza kuvaka Chicano simba rezvematongerwo enyika muLos Angeles.
Kunyange zvazvo Ross asina kuzviratidza semunhu weKuruboshwe (zvichida muchikamu nekuda kwekutambudzwa kweCold War kwevakasiya), maitiro ake aive pachena akananga Kuruboshwe. Ainyanya kuramba kuita rudzi rwekudzoreredza rwaive rwakajairika kubva kuma1940 kusvika kuma1960, kunyangwe pakati pevakawanda vanofambira mberi.
Chokwadi ichi chakandipa kumbomira. Ndanga ndichitsoropodza Alinsky uye avo vakatevera mukumuka kwavo de-ideologizing yekuronga: maitiro anoratidza kuti zvinenge zvisina kukosha izvo munhu anoronga kumativi; iko kuita kwekuzvironga kunosimudza ruzivo rwezvematongerwo enyika kweavo vari kubatanidzwa, uye kuchisimudza munzira inofambira mberi. Uku de-ideologizing nevazhinji vevateveri vaAlinsky kwakapinda muzvinhanho zvevashandi vakarongeka, kunyanya muma1980 nema1990 uye vakaita basa risingaite mukuedza kumutsiridza basa.
Iyo Ross yakatsanangurwa naThompson inoratidzika kunge yaive yakati siyanei hunhu. Kune rimwe divi, hapana kutarisisa kune ideology uye kuruboshwe dzidzo yezvematongerwo enyika mukuronga kwaakaita. Mupfungwa iyoyo, pane kuwirirana naAlinsky. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro aRoss, sezvakaratidzwa nemhando dzekutambudzika kwaakaita, zvinoratidzika kunge zvakada kufanana nemhando ye "evolutionary leftism," iyo kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzekuronga kunofambira mberi, isu tinozokwanisa kuwana mhando dzeshanduko dzatinoda. senzangaโhapana pfungwa huru inodikanwa.
Maonero akadaro anonzvenga kukosha kwezvinangwa zvekufamba-famba zvakadzika midzi muchiratidzo chikuru chezvematongerwo enyika. Zvakangodaro, izvi zvinoita kunge musiyano pakati paRoss naAlinsky wakafukidzwa nehushamwari hwavo hwepedyo mumakore.
Imwe nyaya yemabatirwo aThompson yandainyanya kufarira yaitenderera pamubvunzo wemhuri. Upenyu hwemhuri yaRoss hwakanga huchisiririsa. Hakusi kuti michato yake miviri yakaguma nokurambana. Asi, maitiro aRoss kuhupenyu hwake hwekuronga kwaive kuisa kuronga pamberi pezvimwe zvese.
Pane imwe nguva munhoroondo maitiro akadaro angadai akaonekwa seakanaka, kana asiri ehugamba. Asi, mukuverenga nezvekuregeredza madzimai ake maviri, uye kupedza nguva shoma nevana vake (pamwe chete nemukurumbira waFred Ross, Jr. uyo akatevera tsoka dzababa vake semurongi), chaishamisa ndechekuti Ross's sexism. uye kusaona kwake kudivi rine mativi akawanda ekurarama hupenyu hwemurongi.Kusaziva nezvepabonde kwainyanya kushamisa nekuti Ross akaita kuti kusvika kuvakadzi kuve chinhu chekutanga mukuronga kwake.
Munguva yaRoss, zvaigarogamuchirwa kuti varume vaigona kuenda kunoponesa nyika uye vakadzi vanofanira kutarisira imba yekumberi. Tinofanira kungwarira kutonga nguva yakapfuura zvichienderana netsika dzenguva yedu yazvino. Bva munhu anogona kugumisa kuti, kutanga, kwakanga kune dzimwe kosi kunyange mukati menguva iyoyo, uye, chechipiri, kuti mutengo, kwete bedzi kuvadzimai vaviri vaRoss navana asi kuna Ross amene, wakanga wakakomba.
Mumafambiro enzanga mune dzvinyiriro huru pavarongiโvanobhadharwa uye vasingabhadharwiโkuti vaise zvimwe zvose parutivi muzita rechikonzero. Pane mamiriro ezvinhu apo izvozvo zviri madikanwa, kana zvisingadzivisiki. Ndiri kuyeuchidzwa nezvemurwiri wekuSouth Africa, Nimrod Sejake, uyo akadzingwa nekuda kwebasa rake rekupikisa rusaruraganda, akapedza makore ari kuIreland, mhedzisiro yacho kushaikwa kwake kwemakore muhupenyu hwevana vake. Mumwe haakwanisi kufungidzira kwechipiri chisarudzo chakadaro, chakaitwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Asi chisarudzo chacho chakauya nemutengo mukuru. Mhuri yake yakanga yakakamukana zvikuru pamusoro pokuti kuzvipira kwake kwakanga kwakafanira here, nhaka inosuruvarisa zvikuru nokuda kwomunhu aita zvakawanda nokuda kwechikonzero chikuru.
Kuna Ross, zvisinei, pfungwa yokuti murongi akoshese kuronga kupfuura chinhu chiri choseโkusanganisira mhuri yomunhuโyakakwira kusvika pamwero wenheyo. Yakanga isiri chete nezve izvo munhu angamanikidzwa kuita mumamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa, asi izvo murongi anofanira kugadzirira kuita chero nguva. Muchiitiko chaRoss, izvi zvaisanganisira kufuratira mudzimai wake panguva dzakati dzaaida paaipora poriyo.
Kutadza kuziva kudikanwa kwekuenzanisa kunosanganisira mhuri uye hupenyu hwakazvipira kune kururamisira mumagariro zvakakonzera kusagadzikana munzira iyo Ross aifunga nekushanda. Sangano rakava chinhu chose, uye izvi zvaireva, pane dzimwe nguva dzinokoshaโsezvataizoona apo Ross akashanda naCesar Chavezโchido chokufuratira miitiro yakashata, yokutuka yaiitwa muzita resangano racho. Ross akakundikana kubvunza zviito zvemumwe munhu uyo, kunyange kupfuura Ross, akatenda kuti akanga achiisa sangano pamberi pezvimwe zvose.
Thompson anopawo maonero ane hungwaru uye anonetsa mupfungwa pakuvandudzwa kweUnited Farm Workers of America. Cesar Chavez, ane mukurumbira akatanga Mutungamiriri wemubatanidzwa, aive mumwe munhu akadzidziswa naRoss. Nekufamba kwemakore hukama hwavo hwakashanduka, zvekuti Ross akauya kwete kungoyemura Chavez, asi kuzomuona saiye. ari mutungamiri anogona kushandura nzanga yeAmerica. Uku kushanduka kwakatora mhedzisiro yakaipa kwazvo apo Chavez pachake akashanduka kuita mutungamiri akazadzwa neparanoia, anti-communism, uye pamwe pamwe, imwe nhanho yekupokana neSemitism, sekurondedzera kunoita Randy Shaw mu. Kupfuura Minda: Cesar Chavez, UFW, uye Kurwira Ruramisiro muzana ramakore rechi21..
Ross akazvionera ega kudzikira kweUFW, kusanganisira kucheneswa kwakaitwa vatungamiriri vakatanhamara nevarwiri vehondo, sekucheneswa kwevaviri vakuru vakuru muUFW, Marshal Ganz naEliseo Medina (wekupedzisira achizove Secretary-Treasurer weSEIU. ), kana kushandiswa kwevhoti yakakosha pamusangano weUFW zvakakonzera kuenda kwevazhinji veUFW varatidziri, vachinzwa kurasiswa. Asi haana chaakataura. Thompson anofunga kuti Ross anogona kunge ari mumwe wevashoma vanhu vangadai vakabudirira kupikisa Chavez paakadzika muTartarus, achitora mubatanidzwa wairatidza munzira dzakawanda nzira inodiwa pakuvandudzwa kwevashandi veUS.
Thompson haangotauri nyaya yakanakisa chete, asi iye zvakare, panguva dzakakosha mubhuku, anozivisa zvimwe zvidzidzo zvevanoronga, kubva kuhupenyu nebasa raRoss. Haagadzirise kana iye, mune zvese zviitiko, achibvumirana naRoss, asi zvidzidzo zviri pachena. Mumwe muenzaniso, wataurwa pamusoro apa, waive kuziva kwaRoss kuti vakadzi ndivo vanonyanya kuronga, uye kuti kana munhu achida kuwana chero chirongwa chakakura kubva pasi, munhu anofanira kukunda pamusoro pevakadzi. Zvakanga zvisina kujeka, zvisinei, kuti Ross akaziva sei kuti kukunda pamusoro pevakadzi kwaisangova kungovakunda mukuedza kwekutanga kuronga, asi kuve nechokwadi chokuti vane basa rehutungamiri rakazara munguva yose yekuvakwa uye hupenyu hwesangano.
Ross, nekuwedzera, akasimudzira pfungwa yekutanga nekwavari vanhu, wozovaendesa mberi, truism yekuronga kana munhu achinyoresa kuAlinsky kana Mao Zedong. Bhuku racho rinoronga zviuru zvezvimwe zvidzidzo zvakatorwa naRoss kubva muzviitiko zvake pachake uye zvaakafungidzira, kusvika pamwero yakasiyana.
Ross haana kutenda mune pfungwa ye "kupisa". Akatenda kuti murongi anogona kunge ari murongi kana kuti vakakanda mapfumo pasi vosiya. Mukurava pamusoro paikoku ndakayeuchidzwa nezvenhau yakakurumbira yechiitiko chinobatanidza Mutungamiriri Mukuru George S. PattonโmuHondo Yenyika IIโapo akarova murwi akanga achitambura kuneta muhondo (chiitiko chakaratidzirwa muratidzirwo inoshamisa yaGeorge C. Scott yomukuru mukuru wehondo). mu Patton).
Munyaya yaRoss naPatton, pakanga paine kusaverengeka kwevanhu. Iyi yakanga isati ichingovawo zvayo mienzaniso yourume, ingave yaishandiswa pakuronga kana kuti kuhondo. Kwakanga kuri kutadza kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vanorarama sei nedzvinyiriro uye zvikurukuru kwenguva yakareba. Vanoronga do kupera simba. Vamwe vavo vanosiya musangano zvachose; vamwe vanodzoka vachigwinya pashure penguva yakati; uye vamwe 'vanotaurirana' hukama hwavo nesangano maererano nematemu akasiyana.
Shamwari yangu yepamoyo yakasiya chigaro chehutungamiriri mumubatanidzwa mukuru wenzvimbo. Ndakamubvunza kuti sei akazviitira izvi. Akapindura kuti: โNemhaka yemhuri yangu. Ndakaona kuti kana zvinhu zvikaramba zvichifamba sezvazvaifamba, ndaisazova rutivi rwoupenyu hwevana vangu sezvavaikura kana kuti kuva mukwanyina akanaka womudzimai wangu.โ
Ross anogona kunge akatsanangura maitiro akadai seyataimbodaidza kuti "nhanho-nhanho," humbowo hwemumwe munhu aive asina kuzvipira zvizere kusangano. Ndaizozvitarisa sezvimwe zvekugadzirisa kune chokwadi chiri nyore kuti kubatanidzwa mumusangano ndeye marathon. Uyu mujaho wedaro refu panguva iyo kumhanya kwemunhu kungasiyana kana kufema kungachinja. Asi munhu haambofi akakanganwa chinangwa chekupedzisira. Kutadza kukoshesa kuwanda kwehupenyu hwemurongi kunovimbisa kuti panzvimbo yekuvaka nekusimbisa varongi, isu tinogadzira. chipande Runner-type replicators kana androids avo vanogona, pakutanga kutarisa, vanoita sevanhu, asi vakarasikirwa nemweya yavo.
Munzira dzakawanda, izvi ndizvo zvinoita kunge zvakaitika kuna Ross. Hongu, akanga asina mubvunzo mukuru uye akazvipira. Asi mukutadza kuonga chimiro chemarathon cherwendo rwedu uye kudiwa kwekuenzanisa, akatanga kurasikirwa nezvidimbu zvehunhu izvo zvaakanga achirwira kwehupenyu hwake hwose.
Gabriel Thompson akagadzira rimwe remabhuku anonyanya kufunga nezve kuronga uye kukanganisa shanduko yemagariro yandakaverenga mune imwe nguva. Mukutaura nyaya yehupenyu hwaFred Ross, Thompson akashinga kusundira envelopu pazvinhu izvo vazhinji vanofambira mberi vangango furatira.
Bill Fletcher, Mwana mutori wenhau uye munyori webhodhi nhengo yeBlackCommentator.com. Ndiyewo nyanzvi yepamusoro neInstitute for Policy Studies, mutungamiri weTransAfrica Forum, uye mubatsiri weCentre for Labor Renewal. Ndiye munyori we Iyo Inokosha Ally: Vashandi Vatema uye Kuumbwa kweCongress of Industrial Relations, 1934-1941. uye co-munyori we Solidarity Yakakamurwa: Dambudziko muBasa Rakarongwa uye Nzira Itsva yakanangana neSocial Justice.
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