Kweanopfuura makore gumi Bolivia yakazununguswa nekukwira kukuru uye kuungana kwakaisa kukosha uye mukana weiyo yakakosha shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro.1 Muna 2005 masoja akatungamira hondo dzemvura negasi munyika akakwanisa kusarudza hurumende iyo kubva ipapo yakatungamira chirongwa chekuchinja chakaunza budiriro huru.
Pakati peizvi ndezvi: kutorwa kwechimiro chehurumende cheplurinational icho kekutanga chinocherechedza ruzhinji rwenyika; kuwanazve hutongi pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvakakosha uye matanho ekutanga kune endogenous maindasitiri; kuvandudzwa kwezvekurima kunoenderera mberi; uye kuvandudzwa kwezvirongwa zvemagariro zvakavandudza hupenyu hwevanhuwo zvavo vekuBolivia. Kodzero dzeDemocratic dzakasimbiswa; maitiro ekuzvitonga nenharaunda dzechivanhu dzakatangwa; uye nzira dzesarudzo dzakawedzerwa kuti dzibatanidze sarudzo dzine mukurumbira kunyangwe dzematare edzimhosva. Zvisiri diki mukukosha, Bolivia yakavewo mutevedzeri mukuru mubato reLatin America anti-imperialist kubatana uye hutongi uye yakabuda semutungamiri mukuru muhondo yepasi rose kurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inokonzeresa capitalist.
Muchinyorwa chake chazvino mujenari rino, "Revolution against 'Budiriro'",2 Jeffery Webber anopa kushoropodza kwakasimba kwehurumende yeMAS, achizvienzanisira nekutaura nezvemakakatanwa achangobva kuitika pakati pehurumende nemamwe mapoka echivanhu anosanganisira nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza nebudiriro. Mhedziso yake: hurumende inoramba yakazvipira kune neoliberal chirongwa chakavakirwa pa "fiscal austerity", "low inflation kukura", "inconsequential agrarian reform", "low social spending" uye "mibatanidzwa nemari yenyika", pakati pemamwe marongero. Saka nekudaro, inogovera "kuenderera mberi kupfuura shanduko neyakagarwa nhaka neoliberal modhi".
Aya mashoko akasimba, uye akawanda anopokana. Webber anotsoropodza hurumende inonzi โfiscal austerityโ, asi anosiya nyaya yekuti kushandiswa kwebhajeti kwakawedzera zvakapetwa kana pakati pa2004 na2012. Anorwisa hurumende nekutsvaga โlow inflationโ uye โmacroeconomic stabilityโ, asi ndeipi imwe nzira yake: inflation yakakwira uye kusagadzikana kwehupfumi hwemacroeconomic? Aya ndiwo aive maitiro ehurumende dzakapfuura dzeneoliberal. Pamusoro pezvo, "hazvina basa" here kuti mumakore ayo mashanu ekutanga hurumende yeMorales yakatungamira kugovewa patsva kana kupihwa kwemahekita emamiriyoni makumi mana nerimwe evhu kune vanopfuura 41 venharaunda dzevarombo?3 Uye kana mutemo wehurumende uchigona kutsanangurwa seimwe yekugadzira mibatanidzwa kubatsira vekunze, nei nyika yeBolivia yakatarisana nematambudziko gumi nemaviri ematare edzimhosva mumatare epasi rose akatangwa nemakambani mamwe chete aya?
Nhoroondo ye neoliberalism
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, Webber inofuratira kufambira mberi chaiko kwakaitwa nehurumende yeMorales mukudzosera kumashure chirongwa cheneoliberal muBolivia. Neoliberalism inonzwisiswa zvakanyanya sepurojekiti yekirasi yaitsvaga kudzoreredza hutongi hweguta pasi rose zvichitevera dambudziko rehupfumi rema1970. Neoliberalism, sezvakambotaurwa naWebber pachake, "yakatangwa pasi rose zvakanyanya pasi pehutongi hwehumambo hweUS" uye yaive nehurongwa hwayo hwakakosha kwete "kubirirwa kwezviwanikwa zvehurumende kana veruzhinji asi kutorwa kwavo nemari yenyika. muUS nedzimwe hupfumi hwakakoshaโ.4
Zvakare, mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weBolivia parizvino, รlvaro Garcรญa Linera akacherechedza kuti neoliberalism yakatsamira pamamwe "mbiru" nhatu: "kutsemuka kwezvikamu zvevashandi nemasangano evashandiโฆ5
Mhedzisiro yeNeoliberalism muBolivia inosanganisira:6
l Kutengeswa kana kubviswa kwemakambani makuru ehurumende yeBolivia. Muchikamu chehydrocarbon, icho chaitora zvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana zvemari yehurumende, kushambadzira kwakaperekedzwa nekudzikira kwemakambani emari aifanira kubhadhara kubva pazvikamu makumi mashanu kusvika pazvikamu gumi nezvisere kubva muzana. Vashandi veYPBF (Yacimientos Petrolรญferos Fiscales Bolivianos) vakaderedzwa kubva pa50 muna 50 kuenda pa18 ne9,000.
l Kuvimba kwenyika nehurumende dzekunze kwenyika, makambani ekunze nemasangano adzo kwakadzika. Zvikwereti zvepasi rose nerubatsiro zvakavhara "chinosvika hafu yekudyara kweveruzhinji muBolivia", nekushomeka kwebhajeti rega rega kuunza mamwe maIMF-akatemerwa zvimiro zvekugadzirisa zvirongwa.
Kubviswa kwerubatsiro rwehurumende kwakapinza indasitiri madiki eBolivia munjodzi. Mabasa 35,000 XNUMX akanyangarika muchikamu chekugadzira chete.
l Pakasvika 1988 chikamu chisina kurongwa chakanga chawedzera kusvika ku70 muzana yevashandi vomutaundi reBolivia, uye mabasa mashomanana akagadzirwa mubazi rehurumende aiwanzoita kuti basa rive nyore.
l Kuumbwa kwezvibvumirano zvekugovanisa masimba pakati pemapato echinyakare uye zvirambidzo pakunyoreswa kwesarudzo kune mamwe mapato zvakabatanidza simba raive nevezvematongerwo enyika vezvematongerwo enyika mukuita sarudzo.
Enzanisa ichi chinyorwa chine njodzi neicho chehurumende yeMorales. Nepo nyika yeBolivia ichiramba ichive capitalist, "uye hurumende inoshanda mukati meiyo yakadzika midzi yakadzika capitalist tsika uye hukama hwemagariro", ichokwadi zvakafanana kuti kuburikidza nemubatanidzwa wehondo dzakabudirira dzesarudzo nedzekumukira, mauto ane mukurumbira nhasi ari kutonga. zvinzvimbo zvakakosha zvemasimba mukati mehurumende.7Kubva pazvinzvimbo izvi, vakashandisa yakawedzera mari yehurumende, yakaitwa kuburikidza nekumisikidzwa kwenyika kunoitwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kutanga kutyora kutsamira kwayo kuhurumende dzekunze. Ichi chinzvimbo chakasimba chehupfumi chakabvumira avo vari kutungamira nyika yeBolivia kuti vataure mutemo wavo wepamba nekunze, mahara kubva kune chero zvisungo zvakaiswa nehurumende dzemaimbi uye masangano ezvemari epasi rose kuti vadzore zvikwereti. Zvisungo zvemauto eUS kuuto reBolivia zvakagurwa.
Rimwe dare reparamende rakanyora bumbiro idzva iro kekutanga rinocherechedza ruzhinji rwevanhu vakanga vasina kubatanidzwa uye rapora.
kudzora kwehurumende pamusoro pezviwanikwa. Kubva pareferendamu inobvumidza bumbiro idzva, chirongwa che "kubvisa koloni" nyika yakaenderera mberi, nguva pfupi yadarika muna Gumiguru 2010, nekuitwa kwesarudzo dzekutanga dzeBolivia dzekusarudza vatongi vematare. Mhedzisiro yaive nhamba yerekodhi yevakadzi nevanhu veko vakazara mubazi rekutonga renyika.
Hurumende yeMorales yakatangawo shanduko yakakosha mumutemo weBolivia wekune dzimwe nyika, ichisiya hunhu hwekuzvimiririra kuUS. Panzvimbo pezvo, Bolivia yakatungamira hurongwa hwekutsvaga kubatana nemauto anopikisa-imperialist โ ese padanho rehurumende nemafambisirwo emagariro โ mukati mechikamu cheBolivarian Alliance of the Peoples of Our America (Alba), uye kuwedzera kubatana kwedunhu, kuburikidza. masangano akadai seMubatanidzwa weSouth America Nations (UNASUR). Chimwe chakanyanya kutariswa kwave kuvakwa kwemubatanidzwa wepasi rose wekurwira mhinduro dzechokwadi kudambudziko remamiriro ekunze, sezvakaratidzwa neWorld Peoples' Summit on Climate Change wakaitirwa kuCochabamba muna Kubvumbi 2010.
Imwe modhi
Webber inoregeredza zvakawanda zvezviitwa izvi uye panzvimbo pacho inotarisa pane iyo MAS maindasitiri zano uye kusawirirana kwemagariro kwakaratidzwa pamusoro peizvi. Asi anomiririra nzira yacho zvisirizvo. Ngatitarisei, zvino, kuti zano iri rinosanganisirei, sezvo chiri chikamu chikuru muchiratidzo chehurumende chehupfumi. Mharidzo yakapfupika inogona kuwanikwa muchinyorwa chazvino pamusoro pemhando yehupfumi yeBolivia naLuis Alberto Arce Catacora, gurukota rezvehupfumi nezvemari.
Kuna Arce, "iyo New Economic, Social, Communitarian and Productive Model" iyo hurumende iri kuita "hainyepedzeri kukurumidza kushandura capitalist maitiro ekugadzira, asi pachinzvimbo chekuisa hwaro hweshanduko kuenda kune itsva socialist maitiro ekugadzira" .8
Kusiyana neoliberalism, umo kukosha kwekuwedzera uye marendi akagoverwa nemari yepasi rose, iyi modhi nyowani, senge sumo yezvinyorwa zvake, yatora matanho akananga:
kukurudzira musika wemukati uye kuderedza kutsamira pamisika yekunze. Saizvozvo, yakapa nyika chidimbu chekutarisa, ichiipa mabasa akadai sekuronga hupfumi, kutonga makambani ehurumende, kuisa mari muchikamu chekugadzira, kutora basa remubhanga uye mutongi uye, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kugovera zvakare zvakasara. nechido kune zvikamu izvo zvisina kubatsirwa pasi pehurumende dzakapfuura.
Chinonyanya kukosha, Arce anoti, kusimudzira mabhizinesi, ekubatana uye emhuri-akavakirwa mabhizinesi (pamwe chete nekuwedzera mari yemagariro). Zano rakadaro rakakosha pakuvaka patsva simba reboka revashandi nemauto ecommunitary, akaputswa nemakumi maviri emakore eneoliberalism.
Muchidimbu: simbisa hutongi hwehurumende muhupfumi uye pamusoro pezviwanikwa; kubuda pachinzvimbo cheBolivia chekutanga kutengesa zvinhu kunze kuburikidza neindasitiri uye kusimudzira mamwe matunhu ane pundutso akadai sekugadzira nekurima; kugovera patsva upfumi hwenyika kuitira kuti vapedze urombo; uye kusimbisa kugona kwesangano kwemauto evamiriri nevemakominisi sembiru mbiri dzakakosha dzeshanduko ipi neipi inogoneka kuenda kuSocialism muBolivia nhasi. Maonero akadai, anotsvaga kusimudzira kufarira kwevashandi veBolivia nekubhadhara mari yepasi rose, anogona kushorwa nevamwe sekungochinja chete, asi chokwadi hachisi rusununguko.
Kuchinja kwehutano hwehupfumi
Saka hurumende yeMorales yakaita sei maererano nekushandura pfungwa idzi kuti dzive chokwadi? Chinhu chakakosha cheiyi "itsva yehupfumi modhi" yaive yekumisikidzwa kweiyo yakakosha hydrocarbon chikamu mugore rekutanga rehurumende yeMorales, izvo zvakakonzera kugadziridzwa kwakazara kwemitemo yemutambo muchikamu, uye kuunza mabhenefiti ekukurumidza Vanhu vekuBolivia. Nepo pasi peneoliberalism transnational capital yakabvumidzwa kutora 82 muzana yehupfumi hwakagadzirwa nerendi yegesi, pasi pehutongi hutsva hurumende inoramba iri pakati pe80 ne90 muzana. Izvi zvave kureva kuti huwandu hwemari yegasi yakatambirwa nenyika mukati memakore matanhatu ekutanga ehurumende yeMorales yaive yakakura zvakapetwa kanomwe pane yakawanikwa mukati memakore mashanu apfuura ehurumende yeNeoliberal.9
Nepo vekunze vachiburitsa hunyanzvi hwegasi reBolivia, vanozviita semakondirakiti akahaiwa nehurumende, ayo anotaridza huwandu uye mutengo wedonhwe rega rega reBolivia gasi rinogadzirwa. Kana vatadza kutevedzera makondirakiti avo, hurumende haityi kuvapa nyika. Zvichakadaro, chinangwa chehurumende yeMAS ndechekuvaka patsva YPBF, kutanga nekubvutwa kwezvikamu izvo zvekambani zvakaitirwa makambani, uye kubva ipapo zvichienderera mberi ichipa mukana wekupinda muchikamu ichi zvishoma nezvishoma.
Kumwe kufambiswa kwenyika kwakabvumira nyika kuti ive mutambi mukuru muchikamu chezvekufambiswa kwemashoko nemagetsi uye kutanga kutungamira zvikamu izvi kuitira kuti vanhu vekuBolivia vawane mukana wakakura wemabasa ekutanga. Nekuda kweizvozvo, huwandu hwedzimba dzine kubatanidza negasi hwakawedzera ne835 muzana, chikamu chemhuri dzekumaruwa dzine magetsi chakwira kusvika pamakumi mashanu kubva muzana kubva pamakumi maviri kubva muzana, uye huwandu hwemakanzuru ane ruzivo rwekufambiswa kwemashoko hwabva pa50 kuenda ku20. kubva pahuwandu hwe110).10
Nekuchinja hupfumi hwakagadzirwa muzvikamu izvi kuenda kumashandisirwo emagariro evanhu, huwandu hwehurombo hwakadonha kubva pa60 muzana muna 2005 kuenda ku49.6 muzana muna 2010, nepo musiyano uri pakati pevapfumi gumi muzana nevarombo gumi muzana wakaderera kubva 10 yakapetwa hupfumi kusvika 10 zvakapetwa. upfumi.11Zvichakadaro, kudzoserwazve kwehupfumi kuenda kukusimudzira mamwe makambani anobuditsa kwakakonzera kudzikira kwehurovha kubva pa8.2 muzana muna 2005 kusvika pa5.7 muzana muna 2010, uye kuumbwa kwemabhizinesi madiki akati wandei ayo hutungamiriri huchapihwa kunharaunda se. chikamu chekusimudzira chikamu checommunitarian.12
Chikamu ichi chakakosheswa zvakare muzvirongwa zvekurima zvehurumende: nzvimbo inodarika mamirioni makumi matatu neshanu mahekita akapihwa senzvimbo yeruzhinji kana kuiswa pasi pekutonga kwevagari vemo vekutanga.13 EMAPA ichangotangwa (Empresa de Apoyo a la producciรณn de Alimentos) yaita kuti vagadziri vadiki vakwanise kuwana michina, zvekushandisa, chikamu che0 muzana chezvikwereti, uye misika yakatsigirwa nehurumende.14
Zvichionekwa zvakazara, matanho akatorwa kudzoreredza hutongi pamusoro pehupfumi hweBolivia aona nyika ichive mutambi mukuru muhupfumi hwenyika. Nhasi huzhinji hwehupfumi hweBolivia hunogara muBolivia uye hunoshandiswa kuwedzera musika wemukati kuburikidza nemaindasitiri, kusimudzira chikamu checommunitary uye kurwisa urombo. Zviripachena kuti iyi haisi nzira yeneoliberal โ mungave mukubata pamuviri kana kuuraya.
Uyezve, ndiyo yakaramba ichiwana rutsigiro rwakakura rwemakirasi ekushanda eBolivia, uye kwete panguva yesarudzo chete. Kukunda musarudzo dzaMorales, kure nekuchinja "zvematongerwo enyika zvine mukurumbira kubva mumigwagwa nemumaruwa kuenda kunhandare yesarudzo" sekutaura kwaWebber, ndiko kwakava chikonzero chekusimbaradza kwekurwisana kwemapoka, zvichizoguma nehondo huru yekuda kutonga iyo mhedzisiro yakatemerwa nebato. kupindira kwakasimba kwevanhu vazhinji.
Uko Webber anoona โelectroal sclerosisโ, vatungamiriri vekare vekuBolivia vakanyanya kuona njodzi kusimba ravo rezvematongerwo enyika nerehupfumi. Vakapindura zvinoenderana nekutanga kurwisa-revolutionary kurwisa kwakakwira nekusabudirira kwavo munaGunyana 2008 kuedza kupidigura. Mhedzisiro yekunetsana uku yakatemwa nehunhu hwakadzama hwekuunganidza kwekirasi kwenguva, zvakasanganiswa nekugona kwehutungamiriri hweMAS kuwedzera zvakatsiga uye kubatanidza hwaro hwayo hwekutsigira pakati pemakirasi akakurumbira, mukati memauto, uye pasi rose. Kupikiswa kwebapiro rekurudyi kwakatumirwa kune tailpin kubva kwairi kusati kwapora. Musarudzo dzakazotevera hurumende yeMorales yakasarudzwa patsva nevhoti yemvumo inosvika makumi matanhatu neina kubva muzana, ikakunda ruzhinji muparamende nemuseneti. Makore maviri gare gare hapasati pave neanogoneka uye akabatana ezvematongerwo enyika kune MAS kungave kuruboshwe kwayo kana kurudyi.
"Creative tension"
Webber anonongedza kumakakatanwa anodzokororwa pakati pemafambisirwo emagariro nehurumende pamusoro pezvirongwa zvebudiriro yenzvimbo, kugovera zviwanikwa, gakava remihoro, nezvimwe, sehumbowo husiri hwekusafarirana neMAS chete asi kuti MAS ndiyo chipingamupinyi chekuenderera mberi. Anobvuma, zvisinei, kuti hapana "yakatsanangurwa revolutionary uye socialist chirongwa kuruboshwe rweMAS" chiripo, uye kuti hapana chimwe chematambudziko aya akafanana ne "revolutionary or socialist break" nehurumende yeMorales.15
Hutungamiri hweMAS vanoona mamiriro azvino uye mamiriro emakakatanwa amuka munguva pfupi yapfuura zvakasiyana. Maonero avo akaiswa mugwaro remapeji makumi manomwe nemana raGarcรญa Linera pane zvaanodaidza kuti "kukakavadzana kwekusika mukumukira".16 Anotaura kuti kuungana kwemauto kubva mukukunda mukurwisana kwa2008 kwakavhura nguva nyowani munguva yekuchinja yeBolivia "isingaonekwi nekuvapo kwekupokana pakati pemasimba anopikisa, pakati pezvirongwa zvisingawirirane munharaunda", kusvika zvino, asi imwe iyo. "Ichaonekwa nekuvapo kwekupokana mukati memubatanidzwa wenyika-unozivikanwa, ndiko kuti, nemakakatanwa pakati pezvikamu izvo zviri kutungamira Chirongwa cheShanduko". Kupokanidzana uku, anodaro, โhakusati kuchingova zvako kwechipiri asi kuti utsanzi nekuti vane mukana wekubatsira kufambisa mberi nzira yechimurenga pachayoโ.17
Aya makakatanwa ekugadzira anotora nzira dzakasiyana. Imwe ine chekuita nehukama huri pakati pemaitiro ehurumende ekungoisa pfungwa dzake pakuita sarudzo uye hukama hwemapato ezvekugarisana kwe โkugarisana kwakazara nekuenderera mberi kwenhaurirano nesarudzo maererano nenyaya dzinonetsanaโ. Uku "kusika, kutaura, kubereka uye kunofanirwa kukakavara", anowedzera.
Chechipiri makakatanwa ari pakati pekuda kwebhindauko rekubatanidza zvikamu zvakakura uye โchido chekuvimbisa zvizvarwa zvemo, murimi, mushandi uye hutungamiriri hwakakurumbiraโ mukuita uku.18 Chetatu chinosanganisira makakatanwa "pakati pezvido zveruzhinji rwevanhu pamwe chete nechido chechikamu chemunhuโฆpakati pezvakajairwa, zvekomunisiti, kurwisana kwemakomunisiti nekutsvagirwa kwezvido zvemunhu mumwe nemumwe, chikamu, chakasiyana uye chakavanzika".19
Uye pakupedzisira, Garcรญa Linera anonongedza kune gakava rechina, pakati pechido chekusimudzira nekusimudzira hupfumi hweBolivia uye kukosha kwekuremekedza kodzero dzaAmai Pasi.20 Pekutanga kugadzirisa kunetsana uku, anodaro Garcรญa Linera, anofanirwa kunge ari kuona kuti vanhu vawana rubatsiro rwekutanga vachichengetedza nharaunda.
TIPNIS migwagwa mikuru
Izvi zvinotisvitsa kumakakatanwa akaitika muna 2011 pamusoro pechirongwa chehurumende chekuvaka mugwagwa mukuru unobatanidza Villa Tunari (mudhipatimendi reCochabamba) neSan Ignacio de Moxos (mubazi reBeni) kuburikidza nenharaunda nepaki yenyika inozivikanwa seTIPNIS (Territorio Indรญgena del). Parque Nacional Isiboro-Sรฉcurre). Webber anoona kusawirirana uku sechisimbiso chedzidziso yake yekuti "neoliberal" MAS hurumende yave kukanganiswa ne "class kupokana" kuri pasi pemhando yebudiriro.
Muchiitiko cheWebber, kurwisana pamusoro penzira yemugwagwa kwakapinza nharaunda dzine urombo neboka revarimi vakapfuma uye. cocalerosyakabatana ne "agro-industrial soya vagadziri", capital yemari yeBolivia, "Brazilian sub-imperialism", uye petroleum multinational, vese vari pasi pehurumende yeMAS - uye vese vakatsunga kutorera "uppity, zvishoma.
masangano emagariro evanhu asiri e-capitalistโ achiri kutonga paki. Varombo ava nevatsigiri vavo vakakwanisa f
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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