Pandakasarudza, mukupera kwema1970, kunyora Nhoroondo Yevanhu veUnited States, ndakanga ndava nemakore makumi maviri ndichidzidzisa nhoroondo. Hafu yenguva iyoyo ndaibatanidzwa mubato rekodzero dzevanhu muSouth, pandakanga ndichidzidzisa paSpelman College, koreji yevakadzi vechitema muAtlanta, Georgia. Uye zvakare pakanga paine makore gumi ekuita kurwisa hondo muVietnam. Zviitiko izvozvo zvakanga zvisiri nzira yokusatora rutivi mukudzidzisa nokunyorwa kwenhau.
Asi kubatanidzwa kwangu pasina mubvunzo kwakaumbwa kunyange kare kare nokurerwa kwangu mumhuri yevatami veboka rekushanda muNew York, nemakore angu matatu somushandi wepangarava, kuvambira pazera ramakore gumi namasere, uye ipapo noruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwangu somutyairi weAir Force Hondo Yenyika II, ichibhururuka kubva muEngland uye kubhomba nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeEurope, kusanganisira gungwa reAtlantic reFrance.
Mushure mehondo ndakaenda kukoreji pasi peGI Bill of Rights. Icho chaive chidimbu chemutemo wenguva yehondo waigonesa mamirioni evarwi kuti vaende kukoreji vasina kubhadhara chero mari yechikoro, uye saka vakabvumira vanakomana vemhuri dzevashandi avo vaisambozokwanisa kuzvipa kuti vawane dzidzo yekoreji. Ndakatambira doctorate yangu munhoroondo paColumbia University, asi ruzivo rwangu rwakaita kuti ndizive kuti nhoroondo yandakadzidza kuyunivhesiti yakasiya zvinhu zvakakosha munhoroondo yenyika.
Kubva pakutanga kwekudzidzisa kwangu nekunyora, ndakanga ndisina manyepo nezve 'chinangwa,' kana izvo zvaireva kudzivisa maonero. Ndaiziva kuti munyori wenhoroondo (kana mutori wenhau, kana ani zvake aitaura nyaya) aimanikidzwa kusarudza, kubva munhamba isingaperi yechokwadi, chekupa, chekusiya. Uye chisarudzo ichocho nenzira isingadzivisiki chaizoratidzira, kungave nokuziva kana kuti kwete, zvinofarirwa nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika.
Pane kusimbirira, pakati pevamwe vadzidzisi uye vezvematongerwo enyika muUnited States, kuti vadzidzi vanofanira kudzidza chokwadi. Ndinoyeuchidzwa nezvemunhu ari mubhuku raCharles Dickens Nguva Dzakaoma, Gradgrind, uyo anorayira mudzidzisi muduku kuti: ‘Zvino, chandinoda ndechokuti, Chokwadi. Vakomana nevasikana ava musavadzidzisa chimwe chinhu kunze kwe Chokwadi. Chokwadi choga chinodiwa muupenyu.’
Asi hakuna chinhu chakadai sechokwadi chakachena, chisina mhosva yekududzira. Seri kwechokwadi chese chinopihwa pasirese - nemudzidzisi, munyori, chero munhu - kutonga. Mutongo wakaitwa ndewekuti chokwadi ichi chakakosha, uye kuti zvimwe zvinhu hazvina kukosha uye saka zvakasiiwa pamharidzo.
Paive nemadingindira akakosha kwandiri andakaona asipo munhoroondo dzechokwadi dzaitonga tsika dzeAmerica. Muuyo wokusiiwa uku kwave kusiri kungopa maonero akamonyaniswa ekare asi, zvinokosha zvikuru, kutitsausa tose pamusoro pezvazvino.
Semuenzaniso, pane nyaya yekirasi. Tsika huru muUnited States - mudzidzo, pakati pevematongerwo enyika, mune zvenhau - inonyepedzera kuti tiri kurarama munharaunda isina kirasi ine chishuwo chimwe chete. The Preamble to the United States Constitution, iyo inozivisa kuti 'isu vanhu' takanyora gwaro iri, kunyengera kukuru. Bumbiro remutemo rakanyorwa muna 1787 nevarume makumi mashanu nevashanu vakapfuma vachena - varidzi vevaranda, vabati vezvisungo, vatengesi - vakagadza hurumende yakasimba yepakati yaizoshandira zvido zvekirasi yavo.
Kushandiswa ikoko kwehurumende nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekirasi, kushandira zvinodiwa nevapfumi nevane simba, kwakapfuurira munhoroondo yose yeAmerica, kusvikira nhasi. Yakavanzwa nemutauro unoratidza kuti isu tose, vapfumi nevarombo uye vepakati, tinofarira zvakafanana.
Nokudaro, mamiriro ezvinhu enyika anotsanangurwa mumashoko epasi rose. Kana mutungamiri wenyika akataura nemufaro kuti 'hupfumi hwedu hwakasimba,' haabvumi kuti hazvina kunaka kune makumi mana kana makumi mashanu emamiriyoni evanhu vari kunetsekana kurarama, kunyangwe zvingave zvine mwero kune vazhinji vari pakati, uye zvine mutsindo. kune vakapfuma 1% yerudzi vane 40% yehupfumi hwenyika.
Kufarira kwekirasi kwagara kwakadzivirirwa kuseri kwechidzitiro chinosanganisa zvese chinonzi 'chido chenyika.'
Chiitiko changu chehondo, uye nhoroondo yekupindira kwemauto uko United States yakaitwa, yakaita kuti ndisave nechokwadi pandakanzwa vanhu vaiva muhofisi yepamusoro yezvematongerwo enyika vachikumbira 'chido chenyika' kana 'kuchengetedzwa kwenyika' kuti varatidze mitemo yavo. Zvakanga zviri nezvikonzero zvakadaro izvo Harry Truman akatanga 'chiito chemapurisa' muKorea chakauraya vanhu vane mamirioni akati wandei, kuti Lyndon Johnson naRichard Nixon vakaita hondo muSoutheast Asia umo vanhu vangangove mamiriyoni matatu vakafa, kuti Ronald Reagan akapinda muGrenada, iyo. mukuru Bush akarwisa Panama uyezve Iraq, uye kuti Bill Clinton akabhomba Iraq zvakare uye zvakare.
Chirevo chakaitwa muchirimo che2003 neBush idzva kuti kupinda nekubhomba Iraq kwaive kuri mukuda kwenyika kwainyanya kupusa, uye kwaigona kugamuchirwa nevanhu vekuUnited States nekuda kwegumbeze remanyepo rakapararira nenyika yese nehurumende uye. nhengo huru dzeruzivo rweveruzhinji - nhema nezve 'zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru,' nhema nezvekubatana kweIraq neAl Qaeda.
Pandakafunga kunyora Nhoroondo Yevanhu veUnited States, ndakasarudza kuti ndaida kutaura nyaya yehondo dzenyika kwete kuburikidza nemeso evakuru vemauto nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika asi kubva pamaonero evadiki vebasa vakave maGIs, kana vabereki kana madzimai vakagamuchira teregiramu yeblack-border. .
Ini ndaida kutaura nyaya yehondo dzerudzi kubva pakuona kwemuvengi: maonero evaMexico vakapinzwa muHondo yeMexico, maCuba avo nyika yavo yakatorwa neUnited States muna 1898, maPhilippines akatambura zvakanyanya. hondo yehasha pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, pamwe paine vanhu zviuru mazana matanhatu vakafa nekuda kwekutsunga kwehurumende yeUS kukunda Philippines.
Chakandibaya mwoyo pandakatanga kudzidza nhoroondo, uye chandaida kuburitsa mukunyora kwangu kwenhoroondo, kwaive kuti shungu dzeurudzi - dzakadzidziswa kubva paudiki nemhiko dzekuvimbika, nziyo dzenyika, kusimudza mireza, uye kutaura kwechiuto - kwakapinda muhurongwa hwedzidzo. yenyika dzese, kusanganisira yedu.
Ndakashamisika kuti mitemo yokune dzimwe nyika yeUnited States yaizoratidzika sei kana tikabvisa miganhu yenyika, kunyanya mupfungwa dzedu, uye kufunga vana kwose kwose sevedu. Ipapo hatingambodonhedze bhomba reatomu paHiroshima, kana napalm paVietnam, kana mabhomba emapoka paAfghanistan kana Iraq, nekuti hondo, kunyanya munguva yedu, inogara ichirwisana nevana.
Shoko rakataurwa seChiito chezvematongerwo enyika
Pandakatanga kunyora ‘nhoroondo yevanhu,’ ndakapesvedzerwa nezvakaitika kwandiri pachangu, ndichigara munharaunda yevatema kuMaodzanyemba nemhuri yangu, ndichidzidzisa pakoreji yevakadzi vechitema, uye kubatanidzwa mubato rinorwisana nokusarurana kwemarudzi. Ndakaziva kuti dzidziso nokunyorwa kwenhau kwakanga kwakaipa sei nokunyudza kwacho vanhu vasiri vachena. Hongu, maIndia ekuAmerica aivemo munhoroondo, asi akakurumidza kuenda. Vanhu vatema vaionekwa sevaranda, ipapo vachinzi vakasununguka, asi vasingaoneki. Yaive nhoroondo yemurungu.
Kubva kuchikoro chepuraimari kusvika pakupedza chikoro, handina kumbopiwa pfungwa yokuti kumhara kwaChristopher Columbus muNyika Itsva kwakatanga kuuraya rudzi umo zvizvarwa zvomuHispaniola zvakatsakatiswa. Kana kuti iyi ndiyo yaive nhanho yekutanga yezvakaratidzwa sekuwedzera kwakanaka kwerudzi rutsva, asi izvo zvaisanganisira kudzingwa kwechisimba kweNative America, pamwe nehutsinye husingatauriki, kubva pamativi mana emamita ekondinendi, kusvika pasisina chekuita kunze vafudze mukuchengetedza.
Wese mwana wechikoro weAmerica anodzidza nezve Boston Massacre, iyo yakatangira Hondo yeChimurenga kurwisa England. Vapambi vashanu vakaurawa nemauto eBritain muna 1770. Asi vangani vana vechikoro vakaziva nezvokupondwa kukuru kwavarume, vakadzi, uye vana mazana matanhatu vorudzi rwePequot muNew England muna 1637? Kana kuti kupondwa, pakati peHondo Yevagari Vemo, kwemazana emhuri dzeNative America paSand Creek, Colorado, nevarwi veU.S.
Hapana kwandakadzidza munhoroondo yangu pamusoro pekupondwa kwevanhu vatema kwakaitika kakawanda, pakati pekunyarara kwehurumende yenyika yakavimbiswa neBumbiro reMitemo kuchengetedza kodzero dzakaenzana kune vese. Somuenzaniso, muna 1917 muEast St. Louis kwakaitika imwe ‘yemhirizhonga yemarudzi’ yakawanda yakaitika mune inonzi nemabhuku edu enhoroondo dzevachena ‘Nguva Inofambira mberi.’ Vashandi vechichena, vatsamwiswa nokuuya kwevashandi vechitema, vakaurayiwa. zvichida vanhu mazana maviri, vachimutsa chinyorwa chehasha chemunyori weAfrica-America W. E. B. Du Bois, 'The Massacre of East St. Louis,' uye zvichiita kuti muimbi Josephine Baker ati: 'Pfungwa chaiyo yeAmerica inoita kuti ndidedere uye ndidedere. uye anondipa hope dzinotyisa.'
Ndaida, mukunyora nhoroondo yevanhu, kumutsa ruzivo rukuru rwemakakatanwa ekirasi, kusaruramisira kwemarudzi, kusaenzana kwepabonde, uye kuzvikudza kwenyika.
Asi ndaidawo kuunza muchiedza kushorwa kwakavanzika kwavanhu mukurwisana nesimba rokutangwa: kuramba maIndia okuAmerica kungofa ndokunyangarika; kupanduka kwevanhu vatema mubato rinopikisa uranda uye mubato remazuva ano rekurwisa rusaruraganda; kuramwa mabasa kunoitwa nevanhu vanoshanda kuti vavandudze hupenyu hwavo.
Pandakatanga basa, makore mashanu apfuura, pane raizove bhuku remufambidzani wangu People's History, Manzwi eNhoroondo yeVanhu vekuUnited States, ndaida kuti manzwi ekurwisana, kunyanya asipo mumabhuku edu enhoroondo, apiwe nzvimbo yaakakodzera. Ndaida kuti nhoroondo yebasa, iyo yave iri nhandare yehondo, gumi pashure pemakore gumi, zana nezana remakore, yekurwira kuenderera mberi kwechiremera chemunhu, kuti ibude pachena. Uye ndaida kuti vaverengi vangu vaone kuti panguva dzakakosha sei munhoroondo yedu mamwe maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika akashinga uye anoshanda zvakanyanya aive manzwi ezwi remunhu pacharo. Apo John Brown akazivisa pakutongwa kwake kuti kumukira kwake kwakanga kusina kuipa, asi kwakarurama, apo Fannie Lou Hamer akapupura muna 1964 pamusoro pengozi kuvatema vakaedza kunyoresa kuvhota, apo panguva yeGulf War yokutanga, muna 1991, Alex Molnar. vakashora mutungamiri wenyika vakamirira mwanakomana wavo uye nesu tose, mazwi avo akakurudzira uye akakurudzira vanhu vazhinji. Akanga asiri mashoko chete asi zviito.
Kusiya kana kuderedza manzwi ekupikisa aya kugadzira pfungwa yekuti simba rinongogara kune vane pfuti, vane hupfumi, varidzi vemapepanhau nenhepfenyuro. Ndinoda kutaura kuti vanhu vanoita sevasina simba, vangave vanhu vanoshanda, vane ruvara, kana vakadzi - kana vachinge varonga nekuratidzira uye kugadzira mafambiro - vane izwi hapana hurumende inogona kudzvanyirira.
America‘Manzwi Asipo
Vaverengi vebhuku rangu Nhoroondo Yevanhu veUnited States anenge nguva dzose achinongedzera kuupfumi hwezvinhu zvakanokorwa mashoko mariri—mashoko evaranda vakatiza, MaIndia ekuAmerica, varimi navashandi vomufekitari, vapikisi navapikisi vamarudzi ose. Ava vaverengi vakabayiwa mwoyo, ndinofanira kubvuma ndisingade, zvakanyanya nemashoko evanhu vandinonokora mashoko pane zvandinotaura nezvenhoroondo yenyika.
Handingati ndinovapa mhosva. Wezvenhau upi noupi angava nechinetso chokufananidza kutaura kwomutungamiriri weNative America Powhatan, achiteterera kumugari wechichena mugore ra1607: ‘Neiko uchizotora nechisimba chaungave unacho chinyararire norudo?’
Kana kuti musayendisiti wechitema Benjamin Banneker, achinyorera Thomas Jefferson: 'Ndinoona kuti uchagamuchira mukana wese nyore, kubvisa chitima chiya chepfungwa dzisina musoro uye dzenhema uye pfungwa dzinogara dzakasimba pamusoro pedu, uye kuti Manzwiro ako anowirirana neangu. , izvo ndizvo zvakaita Baba mumwe chete wepasi rose akatipa isu tose, uye kuti haana kungotiita isu tose tive nyama imwe chete, asi kuti iye asingasaruri akatipa isu tose kunzwa kumwe chete uye [akatipa] isu tose nemanzwiro mamwe. .'
Kana Sarah Grimké, mukadzi chena wekuMaodzanyemba uye anobvisa, achinyora kuti: 'Ini handikumbiri favour pabonde rangu. . . . Chandinongokumbira kuhama dzedu, ndechokuti dzibvise tsoka dzadzo pamitsipa yedu, uye dzitibvumire kumira takatwasuka panzvimbo iyoyo iyo Mwari akatirongera kuti tivepo.’
Kana Henry David Thoreau, achipikisa Hondo yeMexico, achinyora pamusoro pekusateerera kwevanhu: 'Mugumisiro unowanzoitika uye wechisikigo wekuremekedza mutemo zvisina kufanira ndewekuti iwe uone faira remasoja, colonel, captain, corporal, privates, poda-tsoko, uye vose, vachifora munhevedzano inoyemurika pamusoro pezvikomo nomumapani vachienda kuhondo, vachipesana nokuda kwavo, ay, vachipesana nokunzwisisa kwavo nehana dzavo, uko kunoita kuti kuve kufora kwakanyanyisa zvikuru, uye kunoparira kurova kwomwoyo.’ .
Kana kuti Jermain Wesley Loguen, muranda akapukunyuka, achitaura muSyracuse paMutemo weMuranda Wekutiza wa1850: 'Ndakagamuchira rusununguko rwangu kubva Kudenga uye narwo rwakauya murairo wekudzivirira zita rangu kwariri. . . . Ini handiremekedzi mutemo uyu — handiutyi — handiuteereri! Zvinondirambidza, uye ndinohurambidza.’
Kana mutauriri wepopulist Mary Elizabeth Lease weKansas: 'Wall Street ndiyo muridzi wenyika. Haisisiri hurumende yevanhu, nevanhu, uye yevanhu, asi hurumende yeWall Street, neWall Street, uye yeWall Street.’
Kana kuti Emma Goldman, achitaura kune vatongi pakutongwa kwake kwekupikisa Hondo Yenyika I: 'Chokwadi varombo sezvatiri mudemokrasi, tingazvipa sei kunyika? . . . [Kutonga] kwegutsaruzhinji kunonambwa muuranda hwechiuto hwevanhu vakawanda, muuranda hwavo hwezvemari, uye kurerwa mumisodzi yavo neropa, hausi utongi hwegutsaruzhinji zvachose.’
Kana kuti Mississippi sharecropper Fannie Lou Hamer, achipupura muna 1964 nezvenjodzi kuvatema vakaedza kunyoresa kuvhota: ‘[T] muridzi wemunda akauya, akati, ‘Fannie Lou. . . . Kana ukasadzika pasi uye kubvisa kunyoresa kwako, uchafanira kubva. . . nokuti hatisati tagadzirira ikoko kuMississippi.’ Uye ndakataura naye ndokumuudza ndokuti, ‘Handina kuedza kukunyoresai. Ndakaedza kuzvinyoresa.’
Kana kuti vanhu vaduku vatema vomuMcComb, Mississippi, avo, vachiziva nezvomumwe wavanodzidza navo vakaurawa muVietnam, vakagovera pepa rokuti: ‘Hakuna VaNegro vokuMississippi vanofanira kunge vachirwira rusununguko rwoMurume weVietnam muVietnam, kutozosvikira Vanhu vose veNegro vasunungurwa muMississippi.’
Kana kuti mudetembi Adrienne Rich, achinyora muma1970s: 'Handizive nezvemukadzi - mhandara, amai, ngochani, akaroora, asina kuroora - angave achimuchengeta semukadzi wemba, mumiriri wekutengesa, kana scanner yemafungu ehuropi - kunaani. muviri hausi chinetso chikuru: zvaunoreva zvisina kujeka, kubereka kwawo, chishuvo chawo, kunonzi kusava nehanya, kutaura kwawo kunodeura ropa, kunyarara kwawo, kuchinja kwawo uye kuchekwa, kubatwa chibharo uye kuibva kwawo.'
Kana kuti Alex Molnar, ane mwanakomana ane makore makumi maviri nerimwe akanga ari Marine muPersian Gulf, achinyora tsamba yakashatirwa kuMutungamiriri wekutanga Bush: 'Makanga muri kupi, VaMutungamiri, apo Iraq yaiuraya vanhu vayo negasi rine chepfu. ? . . . Ndinoronga kutsigira mwanakomana wangu nevamwe varwi biyake nokuita zvose zvandinogona kuti ndipikisane nehondo ipi neipi yeAmerica inogumbura muPersian Gulf.’
Kana kuti Orlando naPhyllis Rodriguez, vachipikisa pfungwa yekutsiva mushure mokunge mwanakomana wavo aurayiwa muTwin Towers: 'Mwanakomana wedu Greg ari pakati pevakawanda vakashaika kubva pakurwisa kweWorld Trade Center. Kubva patakatanga kunzwa nhau, takagovana nguva dzekusuwa, nyaradzo, tariro, kupererwa, ndangariro dzinofadza nemudzimai wake, mhuri mbiri idzi, shamwari dzedu nevavakidzani, vaaishanda navo vane rudo kuCantor Fitzgerald/ESpeed, uye mhuri dzese dziri kuchema. vanosangana zuva nezuva paPierre Hotel. Tinoona kukuvara kwedu nehasha zvichiratidzwa pakati pemunhu wese watinosangana naye. Hatigoni kupa ngwariro kukuyerera kwezuva nezuva kwenhau pamusoro peiyi ngwavaira. Asi isu takaverenga zvakakwana zvenhau kuti tinzwe kuti hurumende yedu yakananga munzira yekutsiva kwechisimba, netarisiro yevanakomana, vanasikana, vabereki, shamwari dziri kunyika dziri kure dziri kufa, kutambura, uye kurera zvimwe zvichemo pamusoro pedu. Haisiyo nzira yekuenda nayo. Hazvitsivi kufa kwemwanakomana wedu. Kwete muzita remwanakomana wedu.’
Izvo zvinozivikanwa kune ese manzwi aya ndezvekuti zvakanyanya kuvharirwa kunze kwezvakaitika kare, midhiya huru, mabhuku akajairwa, tsika inodzorwa. Mhedzisiro yekuti nhoroondo yedu itongwe nevatungamiriri nevakuru vemauto nevamwe vanhu 'vakakosha' kugadzira vagari vemo, vasingazive masimba avo, vanogara vakamirira mumwe muponesi ari kumusoro - Mwari kana mutungamiri anotevera - kuunza runyararo nekururamisira.
Nhoroondo, yakatarisa pasi pepamusoro, mumigwagwa uye mumapurazi, muGI barracks nemisasa yetrailer, mumafekitari nemahofisi, inotaura nyaya yakasiyana. Pose apo kusaruramisira kwakagadziriswa, hondo dzichimiswa, vakadzi nevatema uye maIndia ekuAmerica vachipiwa zvakavafanira, zvave zvichikonzerwa nokuti vanhu ‘vasina kukosha’ vakataura, vakaronga, vakaratidzira, uye vakaita kuti demokrasi irarame.
Howard Zinn ndiye munyori naAnthony Arnove wezvichangobva kuburitswa Manzwi eNhoroondo yeVanhu vekuUnited States (Seven Stories Press) uye yezvinotengeswa zvakanyanya pasi rose Nhoroondo Yevanhu veUnited States. Ichi chidimbu chakagadziridzwa kubva pakusuma kuvhoriyamu nyowani yeVoices.
Copyright C2004 Howard Zinn
Nemvumo yeSeven Stories Press
[Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kubuda Tomdispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa uye munyori we Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro uye Mazuva Ekupedzisira Ekudhinda.]
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