Kusawirirana pakati pehurumende yeSpain nehutungamiriri hweCatalan Autonomy yakava chiitiko chikuru chenhau dzepasi rose mukutanga kwaGumiguru. Mapato eNationalist anoumba hurumende muBarcelona anozivisa rusununguko. Madrid haiite zvibvumirano, uye inotumira mapurisa ayo kuCatalonia. Vakuru vematunhu vanoita referendamu yekuzvimirira. Hurumende yepakati haizvizive uye inoedza kuiparadza. Zviremera zvemunharaunda zvinopindura nekudaidzira kuramwa kukuru uye kuzivisa kuti dunhu richaparadzana neSpain uye rive republic yakazvimirira.
Iyi ipfupiso pfupi yekutevedzana kwezviitiko, asi, chii chiri mufananidzo mukuru kuseri kwechokwadi ichi? Ndezvipi zvido uye zvinangwa zvemapato ari mugakava iri?
Catalonia inowanzofananidzwa neKosovo, Donbass, kana kunyange Crimea (uko, sezvatinoziva, zviremera zvakaparadzana neUkraine, vasati vagadzira kuendeswa kuRussia). Kuenzanisa kwakaringana kwaizova kuScotland, uko vezvematongerwo enyika vakatangawo kutonga uye vakaronga referendamu, iyo yakaguma mukukunda kwevatsigiri vekubatana neGreat Britain. Pakupedzisira, vakawanda vanoyeuka mufananidzo Antonov-Ovseenko. Munguva yake muna 1930s muSpain yakanyura muhondo yevagari vemo akadana Catalonia "Spanish Ukraine".
Mamiriro ezvinhu eCatalonia neScotland, chaizvoizvo, akafanana mumativi maviri. Kutanga, munzvimbo mbiri idzi tiri kubata nekumukira kwevapfumi vachirwisa varombo. Matunhu akawanda akasimukira ane raramo yepamusoro-soro haadi kusiya zviwanikwa zvawo kuti atsigire matunhu asina kubudirira uye ari kumashure. "Hatichadi kudyisa Andalusia", vanodaro muBarcelona. "Hatichadi kudyisa Belfast", vanodaro muGlasgow neEdinburgh. Vakuru veko vanorota kuve nekutonga kwakasarudzika pamusoro pekuyerera kwemari. Kusada kugoverana nevavakidzani kuri kururamiswa nekutaura kwetsika nedzinza. "Isu tiri veEurope chaivo, kwete vagari vezvitsuwa zvepurovhinzi, seChirungu", vanodaro muGlasgow. "Isu tiri veEurope chaivo, vazukuru veGoths, kwete vazukuru vane tsvina veArabhu, sevaSpanish", vanodaro muBarcelona. Mutauro wemutauro weCatalan uzere nerusarura delirium pamusoro pevaSpanish vane tsvina uye vane usimbe vachiedza kurarama vachirasikirwa neCatalonia inoshanda nesimba. Izvi zvose tinozviverenga mumabhuku โakanakaโ. Icho chokwadi chakakosha, kana chisiri chikamu chikuru cheCatalonia zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nevanotama kubva kuAndalusia vanoshanda mumafekitori uye kuchengetedza zvivakwa zveBarcelona hazvifungidzirwe. Kutamiswa kwemutauro weSpanish kubva munzvimbo dzetsika nedzidzo kwakatanga makore gumi apfuura, uye kunoenderera zvichienderana nechiitiko chinorwadza. Zvinzvimbo zveBureaucratic mukuzvimiririra zvinogarwa chete nevamiriri ve "nyika ine zita", zvisinei nedanho rekugona. Barcelona, โโinzvimbo yetsika yepasirese yenyika yeSpain iri kushanduka kuita dunhu rakapusa.
Izvo zvishuwo zvisingatarisirwe zveScotland neCatalonia zvekuzvitonga zvine imwezve, yakaderera yeruzhinji, kunyangwe isiri yakakosha chikonzero. Kwemakore mazhinji, matunhu ese ari kuita zvirongwa zveEuropean Union zvine chinangwa chekugadzira hurongwa hutsva hwemasangano, akapatsanurwa kubva mudunhu uye akabatana zvakananga neBrussels bureaucracy. Ichi ndicho musimboti wechirongwa chakanzi "Europe of the Regions". Dunhu rega rega reScottish rine chirongwa chinopihwa mari neEU, nepo England kana Northern Ireland isingawane rubatsiro pachiyero chakafanana. Brussels yakagara uye nehana yakagadzira iyo "Scottish factor" seyakapokana neBritain, iyo yaiwanzopikisa maEurocrats.
Ehe saizvozvo, sechero nyika yerudzi rudiki, pfungwa yerusununguko rweScottish neCatalan inokwezva kusarongeka kwakasiyana-siyana kwemunguva yakapfuura, inomiririra nyika yaro kana nharaunda chete semunhu akabatwa. KuScotland izvi hazvishande zvakanaka, sezvo kudzvinyirirwa kwakakomba kwekupedzisira kwevaScots kwakaitika pakati pezana ramakore reXVIII. Vadzvinyiriri vakuru vakanga vasiri maChirungu, asi vaScots pachavo, vagari vomunzvimbo dzakaderera, vakanga vachigadzirisa zviverengero nevagari vomumakomo, avo, kare vakanga vachivabira. Zvino, mukati mekuvharirwa ava vaive vagari venzvimbo dzakakwirira, avo vakaparadzwa zvekuti vaive nesarudzo mbiri chete - kunyoresa nemauto ehumambo kana kubika chiedza chemwedzi cheko chakazozivikanwa pasi rose seScotch whisky. Mumazana maviri emakore akatevera, maScots akave vanhu vane rombo rakanaka reHumambo hweBritain, vachiumba chikamu chikuru chemauto nevechiuto, vachigadzira makadhi akakosha ehutongi hwemakoloni muIndia neAfrica.
MuCatalonia zvikumbiro zvekushungurudzwa zvinoshanda zvirinani nekuti kutsamwa kwehutongi hweFranco mushure mekukundwa kweSpanish Republic kuchiri mundangariro. Mutauro wechiCatalan wakarambidzwa chaizvoizvo kare ikako; tsika yenyika yakabviswa zvine hurongwa. Izvi, zvisinei, hazvina kudzivirira Barcelona kubva kubudirira kubudirira, saka yakaramba iri imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzehupfumi hwenyika. Nekudaro, panguva yeHondo yeVanhu, Catalonia yakanga isiri yenyika kana yekuparadzanisa. Pane zvinopesana, tsvuku yeBarcelona ndiyo yaive nzvimbo yakakosha yesangano reSpanish republican. Kurwisana kwakaitika ipapo pakati pevaFrancoist nevekuruboshwe kwakanga kusina chinhu chakafanana nezviri kuitika pano nhasi. Iri kutaura kuti pfungwa yekuzvimirira yakatanga kupararira zvakanyanya kwete mushure mekudonha kweFrancoism, asi makumi matatu emakore gare gare, mushure mekunge hurumende dzakatevedzana dzekuruboshwe nekurudyi muMadrid dzakaita nepadzinogona napo kugadzirisa maCatalans, achivapa marudzi ese. kodzero neropafadzo. Zvinokosha kuti muma1970 ne90s, nepo matambudziko ekukunda Frankoism achiri akakomba, kudiwa kwekuzvimirira kwakaiswa pamberi kwete nevaCatalan, asi neBasques, avo zvino vakanyatsodzikamisa zvirevo zvenyika (chaiyo mamiriro akafanana. sezvakaita kuNorthern Ireland, uko mubvunzo wekuzvimirira wakapera zvakajeka kumashure).
Kushandurwa kwerusarura rwenyika kubva kune ruzivo rwechokwadi kuenda kungano yezvematongerwo enyika ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chinokonzera kusimuka kweurudzi. Avo vanosarurwa vari kurwira kubviswa kwerusarura, nepo vezvenyika vachishandura zvichemo zvekare kuva guta guru rekufananidzira kururamisa zvishuvo zvavo.
Pano, zvisinei, kufanana kwenhoroondo dzeScottish neCatalan kunopera. KuLondon ichiri kuenderera mberi nekuita referendamu, iyo vatsigiri vekubatana vakakunda - kunyanya nekuda kwechinzvimbo cheLabour Party yeko, iyo yakatopira kumwe mukurumbira wayo nekuda kwekuramba kwavo kupikisa nyika. Dai Madrid yakaunganidza ruzhinji rweSpanishi mudunhu pane kurambidzwa uye kutyisidzira pamusoro peBarcelona, โโโโingadai yakawana mhedzisiro yakafanana. Nekudaro, iyo yakanyanya kuchengetedza, inopindura hurumende yeSpain zvakajeka yaisada kuunganidzwa kweboka revashandi reCatalonia. Yakasarudza kutendeukira kumhirizhonga yemapurisa, ichisvibisa vatsigiri veCatalonia vekubatana neSpain, vasingatsigiri mhirizhonga iyi zvachose.
Maiwe, mamiriro ese aya, kazhinji, anozeza kutariswa kwevashambadziri vekuruboshwe, vanoyemura kuona kupokana kwevaratidziri veCatalan nemapurisa eSpain.
Kupandukira kweCatalonia, sekuparadzana kweScottish ndiko kumukira kwevapfumi vachipokana nevarombo, kuratidzira kweruzhinji rwakasununguka vachipokana nevasara venzvimbo inogovera vanhu. Vepakati vepakati munzvimbo dzepakati peBarcelona, โโโโpani dzinoputika, hadzina kufanana nevagari venzvimbo dzevarombo dzevashandi, kwavasingazivi mutauro weCatalan uye vasingabatanidzi chero tarisiro yavo nekuzvimirira. Zvinokosha kuti "kuramwa mabasa" kwakaziviswa nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika hakuna kukanganisa indasitiri zvachose. Boka rekushanda harina kutsigira kumukira kwepetty-bourgeois intelligentsia. Uyezve, vanoona kuti chinangwa chikuru chekumukira uku hakusi humambo hweSpain, sezvinotenda vamwe vasina ruzivo vakasiya, asi nheyo dzekubatana kwevanhu, uye zvisaririra zvehurumende.
Asi ndiani anofanirwa kufunga nezvevashandi vanotaura chiSpanish? Ndivo โvapindiriโ! Kana tikatarisa kuenzanisa, zviri kuitika zvakafanana nenguva yekuparara kweU.SR, uye Catalonia inotungamirirwa nemafungiro akafanana anotyisa akadyarwa nevenyika panguva yekuparara kweSoviet Union. Zvakadaro, zviri kuitika iye zvino zvine hwaro hwakadzama muchikamu cheupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Iyi haisi tsaona yekuti kukunda kweneo-liberalism kwakaperekedzwa kwese kwese nedambudziko renyika nenyika nemubatanidzwa, kubuda uye kubudirira kwemarudzi ese ekuparadzana, kusanganisira ekunze. Mupfungwa iyi, hapana musiyano pakati pekutonga kweMadrid neBarcelona. Vanomiririra zvido zvekirasi imwechete, chete imwe neimwe inovamiririra pane imwe nhanho. Kupatsanurwa kwemasangano uye dambudziko remasangano ehurumende, ari kuitika kwese kwese kwakabatana nehurongwa hwehuori hunotevedzwa neMadrid neBarcelona. Uku kuenderera mberi kweiyo general logic ye de-solidarisation, privatization uye kupatsanurwa hunhu hwe neoliberalism. Yakanga iri iyi yezvematongerwo enyika yezvematongerwo enyika iyo yakaisa pasi kuparara kweUSSR, Czechoslovakia neYugoslavia. Pfungwa iyi haingotore kurambwa kwekubatana kunobva mukirasi uye kurambwa kwehunhu hwehunhu hwakafanana, asiwo kutsiviwa kwehunhu hwenyika nemadzinza. Urudzi hwemarudzi hunoratidza kuva โchinotsivaโ chakakodzera chekirasi kana kubatana kwevagari vemo. Inochengetedza pfungwa inodiwa ye "nharaunda" yevanhu, ichiidzikisa kusvika pakukura kwemhuri huru yekufungidzira.
Simba rakafanana rinogona kucherechedzwa muEurope pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, apo Rosa Luxembourg akayambira vamwe vekuruboshwe nezvenjodzi yekutamba nerudo rwenyika diki-diki. Hutongi hweReactionary uye semi-fascist hwakagadzwa mune dzakawanda dzematunhu matsva akaumbwa panzvimbo yehumambo hunoparara. Imwe rombo rakanaka yakasara yaive Czechoslovakia, iyo yakakurumidza kubvamburwa nemufaro nevavakidzani vakaita seGermany nerubatsiro kubva kuPoland neHungary. Zvingaita sekuti zvidzidzo zvehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri zvinofanira kunge zvakakwana kutora mhedziso dzinodiwa. Maiwe, iyo yemazuva ano yeEurope yakasara, iyo yakagadziridzwa mumamiriro ekuita deindustrialization uye kudzikira kwekubatana kwekirasi, ihwo pachahwo chigadzirwa cheneoliberalism uye yakazadzwa nemweya wepetty-bourgeois romanticism. Naizvozvo, kuruboshwe haatyi kutaura pachena kuti urudzi hwevashoma mune zvishoma kukuvadza kune vashandi chikonzero kupfuura chero humwe hurudzi.
Kune mashoko akanaka, zvisinei. Kubudirira kwaJeremy Corbin neBato rake idzva reLabour muScotland rinodzosa ajenda yekirasi kudunhu yakamboonekwa semusana webato revashandi. Nationalist demagogy inokurumidza kurasikirwa nekufarirwa pakati pechaunga pose panoonekwa imwe nzira chaiyo, yakakura yakasara. Kuvandudzwa kweguta diki renyika (sezvo, zvemamwe marudzi ehurudzi) kunopesana nesimba uye pesvedzero yeruboshwe. Kana vatsigiri veshanduko dzemagariro vakakundikana, nzvimbo yavo inogarwa nevaparidzi vekusarudzika kwenyika. Sezvineiwo, kusimuka kwemauto ekuruboshwe kunotungamirira mukuderera kwemasangano emarudzi.
Izvi hazvirevi kuti nyaya dzenyika hadzina basa, uye zvido zvematunhu hazvifanirwe kutariswa. Vekuruboshwe nevenyika, zvisinei, vanoratidza nzira dzisingaenderani, dzinopokana nekugadzirisa matambudziko aya. Vekutanga vanovimba nemubatanidzwa wakaenzana wevanhu, uye vekupedzisira pakuparadzanisa uye kupesanisa vanhu kune mumwe nemumwe. Vekutanga vanonzwisisa kuti hupfumi hukuru, hwakabatana hwakavakirwa pakugovanisazve zviwanikwa mune zvido zveruzhinji zvinogadzira tarisiro dzakanakisa dzebudiriro uye yedemocracy, nepo vamwe vachida rusununguko chete kune "vavo", vachiramba kwete chete musimboti wekuenzana, asi. zvakare zvinangwa zvezvinangwa zvebudiriro yemagariro nehupfumi.
Nehurombo, veSpanish neCatalonia vakasiya havatyi kutaura pachena nezvazvo, kunyangwe vakaziva kuti njodzi inouraya ndeyekukura kwerudzi rwavo. Kururamisa kwezvematongerwo enyika kunovharira kuziva uye kubvisa nhaurirano ine musoro. Zvisinei, tichazofanira kubvuma, nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare, kuti kana tichida chero shanduko inofambira mberi muCatalonia, hatifaniri kurongedzera kuparadzana kwayo kubva kuSpain. Tinofanira kurwira shanduko dzinofambira mberi munyika yose, pane kudaro.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta