It
ikozvino ichokwadi chisingarambiki kuti George W. Bush ndiye mutungamiri wekutanga
kuti apedze temu ari pachigaro nekurasikirwa nemabasa kubva Herbert
Hoover makore 75 apfuura. Pamutemo, mabasa anopfuura miriyoni akanyangarika
kubva muna Ndira 2001 kusvika muna Gumiguru 2004; zvisiri pamutemo, zvakawanda
zvimwe. Anenge mamiriyoni matatu emabasa akarasika aibhadharwa zvakanaka, kazhinji
mubatanidzwa, kugadzira uye mabasa ane hukama, anotsiviwa neanoda kusvika maviri
miriyoni kunyanya mabasa ebasa anobhadharwa zvishomaโchinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chawo
dzaive dzenguva pfupi kana dzenguva pfupi dziine zvishoma kana kusakwana.
asi
kurasikirwa zvachose kwemabasa hakusi iko chete kufanana ne1929,
gore rakaratidza kutanga kweKuderera Kukuru Kwemari. The
muzana yevashandi vemubatanidzwa nhasi mumasangano akazvimirira mu
US iri pasi pegumi muzana, pasi pechikamu che10 muzana muna 11.
Sezvo 1929 yakaratidza kutanga kwekuderera kwemuhoro weawa uye
mari yevashandi vekuAmerica, saka zvakare vane mihoro chaiyo uye
tora mubhadharo wemusha wevashandi wakadonha zvishoma nezvishoma pasi peBush kubva muna 2001 kusvika
2003; kudzikira iko zvino kuri kukurumidza muna 2004.
In
1970 mhuri dzakapfuma 13,000 XNUMX dzemhuri dzese dzeU.S. dzaibhadhara mutero dzaive nemari
kanenge ka100 kune yeavhareji yemunhu anoshanda; nhasi
vakapfuma 13,000 560 vanowana mari inopeta kaXNUMX yeavhareji
mushandi weboka remuteroโinenge yakaenzana nemugove wavaifarikanya
muna 1929.
kubva
kuma1970, kwave nekuchinja kukuru mukugovera
yemari yenyika inoitwa gore negoreโkubva kuvashandi
MaAmerican anowana muhoro weawa kune avo vanorarama nazvo
kubva mumhindu, mugove, mubhadharo wemhindu, kutengeserana kwemasheya, nhaka,
nemamwe marudzi emari.
The
vakapfuma 10 muzana yemhuri dzose dzinobhadhara mutero muU.S
chikamu chemari yegore rose inokwira kubva pa33 muzana muna 1970 kusvika pa48
muzana muna 2000 - kuwedzera kwe15 muzana. Zvakasiyana, zvakasara
90 muzana yevateresi vangangoita mamirioni 134 vakaona yavo
mugove wemari yenyika gore negore unoderera nezvikamu gumi nezvishanu kubva muzanaโkubva
67 percent kusvika 52 percent.
Gumi neshanu
muzana ingaratidzika senhamba duku, asi kana yava 15 muzana
yemadhora 6.2 matiriyoni epagore ehupfumi hweU.S
$900 mabhiriyoni pagore. Dai shanduko ye15 muzana isina kuitika, imwe neimwe
yevanosvika miriyoni zana vanoshanda vekuAmerica vanoita
kurarama kwavo kubva pamuhoro weawa chete kwaizova kuwana
$9,000 yakawanda mubhadharo yavo gore rino.
Even
zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvekuti iyo 15 muzana / $ 900 bhiriyoni haina kuparadzaniswa
zvakaenzana pakati pevapfumi ve10 muzana yevateresi. Vakapfuma
90-95 muzana (yepasi hafu yevakapfuma 10 muzana) yakaziva
hapana kuwedzera kwechikamu chavo chemari yenyika kubva 1973 kusvika 2000,
maererano neU.S. Census Bureau. Kunyange zvazvo mari yavo yakakwira
zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva, mugove wavo weiyo yakazara mari pai
yakanga ichiri yakati sandara.
zvose
yemabhiriyoni mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora akatamiswa kubva muboka revashandi remamiriyoni zana
vanhu muU.S. pakasvika gore ra2000 vakaenda kuvapfumi zvikuru 5 muzana
yevateresi, boka rine mari yegore negore ye $178,067 uye pamusoro.
Uyezve, mukati mezvikamu zvavo, iyo yepamusoro 1 muzana, kana ingangoita 1.3
mamiriyoni emhuri ane mari yegore negore kubva pa $384,192 kusvika
$777,450, vakafarikanya wedzero ye47 muzana mumugove wavo wenyika
mari. Pamusoro pazvo pakanga pane dzimba dzakapfuma zviuru gumi nezvitatu.
avo vakanga vane wedzero huru ye500 muzana mumugove wavo wemari yenyika.
vanozvitutumadza
kunyange mari inochengetedza $300 bhiriyoni mumari inotambirwa paavhareji
gore, mhedzisiro ichiri $9- $ 10 tiririyoni kubva ku1970-2000, yakatamiswa
kubva kuvashandi kusvika kumhuri dzakapfuma zvikuru 5 muzana. Zvose
izvi zvisati zvatanga kuderera kweBush munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Kuwedzera Income Shift: 2001-2004
The
vangangoita 100 miriyoni vateresi vanoumba iyo yakasimba musimboti we
Vashandi vekuU.S. vane mabasa kana vanorarama nemari yepenjeni uye
kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, kuwana isingapfuure $76,000 pagore mumari yegore
kubva kunzvimbo dzose. Ndivo zvikamu makumi masere kubva muzana zvemhuri dzinobhadhara mutero
munyika ine mihoro yepagore iri pasi pechiverengero ichocho. Vane zvishoma
kupfuura zvikamu zvitanhatu kubva muzana zvezvikamu zvese zvemasheya munyika uye izvo
inosungirirwa zvakanyanya muzvirongwa zvavo zvepenjeni. Vanowana mari yavo
zvinenge zvichibva pamuhoro weawa imwe neimwe, nokushanda nguva yakawedzerwa kana kaviri
mabasa kana kuita kuti dzimwe nhengo dzemhuri dzipinde pabasa kuti dziwedzere
mari yavo yepamba.
kubva
2001, mhuri dzekirasi dzinoshanda dzine mari yepakati inosvika zviuru makumi mana nezvitatu zvemadhora zvakatariswa
sezvo mari yavo yepagore yakaderera $1,500 mumakore matatu apfuura, a
kuderera kwe3.4 muzana. Avo vanowana mari isingasviki $43,000 yepakati
vakawana kuderera kwakanyanya kwe6.0 muzana kubva 2001.
The
kuchinja kwemari yenyika kubva muna 1970 uye kuderera kuri kuwedzera
mumari yemhuri yekushanda kubva muna 2000 yakanga isiri iyo nguva dzose.
Kubva 1947 kusvika 1973 mari yemumba yepakati yakakwira gore rega rega
4 muzana paavhareji. Kuwana ikoko kwakada kuenzana nemari yegore negore
avhareji ye4 muzana vanowana mukubudirira mukati menguva imwe cheteyo.
asi
kubva ku1973 pakukura kwemari chaiyo yevashandi vekuUS kwave
furati kana kudzikira zvisinei nekuramba kuchikwira kwechigadzirwa pakati
1973-2000 uye kuwedzera kwekubudirira kwekubudirira kubva muna 2001-2004.
Kubva muna 1973-2002 vashandi vakangowana chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu chezvose zvakawanikwa
mukubudirira; kwemakore mana apfuura, 2001-2004, nekubudirira
ichikwira paavhareji 4 muzana pagoreโkaviri mwero wegore negore
zvichienzaniswa ne "boom" makore ekupera kwema1990-pamwe
mihoro chaiyo iri kudonha uye hapana kana chimwe chezvawawana. Output pamunhu
muU.S. ndiyo yepamusoro-soro munyika dzakabudirira, kutaura zvazviri
zvinopfuura 10 muzana zvakakwirira kudarika zvinobuda pamunhu ari pedyo zvikuru
advanced European economy.
As
mumwe anozivikanwa bhizinesi munyori kubva ku New York Times
yakashumwa nguva pfupi yapfuura, โBetsero dzebudiriro yezvibereko uye
kukura kwehupfumi kuri kuenda kune purofiti, kwete muripo wevashandi.
Katsi dzakafuta dziri kuwedzera kukora, uku vashandiโฆ vari kuona
chidzitiro chinodzika pachiroto chakaziviswa cheAmerica."
There
kune tsananguro huru dzakati wandei dzekuchinja kukuru uku, kwenhoroondo
mumari. Hazvina kuitika netsaona kana masanga, asi
chaive mhedzisiro yemitemo inoziva, yakarongwa uye yakaitwa mukati
mabhodhi emakambani, muCongress, uye mumahoro makuru
yehurumende.
Pari
chikuru pakati pezvikonzero zvakasiyana siyana zvinonzi "Free Trade"
mitemo kubva kuPresident Reagan kuburikidza neBush, izvo zvaguma
mukurasikirwa nemamiriyoni mashanu anobhadharwa zvakanyanya, kunyanya mabasa emubatanidzwa mukati
chikamu chekugadzira kubvira 1980 uye kutsiva kwavo zvishoma
nebasa rinobhadharwa rakaderera, renguva pfupi, uye basa renguva pfupi.
In
uyezve, kune yakabudirira yekambani yekubiridzira zano
yakanangana nekudzora muhoro wepasi. Nekugadziridza kushoma kwapera
makore 25 apfuura, mubairo wepasi nhasi mumashoko chaiwo wakadzikira
neinopfuura 30 muzana.
The
kubvisa-kubatana kwevashandi veU.S. kwaitawo basa guru
mukumisa mihoro uye nokudaro mihoro yevashandi. Kuderera
munhengo dzemubatanidzwa mubazi rakazvimirira roga kusvika pasi pegumi muzana
inofananidzwa nechikamu chakapetwa kaviri pane pakutanga kweReagan
makore. Iko kuderera kwemubatanidzwa "density" ndicho chikonzero chikuru
nei mihoro yeawa chaiyo iri shoma nhasi pane zvayaive muna 1979, uye
vachiri kuramba vachidonha.
Unions
sesimba rinoshanda rokukwidza mihoro yeawa ingangopera simba
mberi, sezvavari kumanikidzwa nhasi muchibvumirano mushure mechibvumirano
nhaurirano yekutarisa nekudikanwa kwekuchengetedza hutano mabhenefiti
pachinzvimbo chekuwedzera muhoro. Mukuita kudaro, vari kukiyiwa
muzvibvumirano zvenguva refu uye zvenguva refu, kazhinji zvishanu uye
makore matanhatu kana kupfuura, mukutsinhana nekuchengetedza betsero dzeutano dzinodiwa
nenhengo dzavo. Mhedzisiro yacho ibhomba remari yenguva.
Sezvo inflation ichikwira pamusoro penguva yezvibvumirano zvekondirakiti zvakawedzerwa,
iyo shoma kana chero yakataurirana kuwedzera mumihoro yemitero ichareva
muhoro chaiwo weawa munguva pfupi iri kutevera ungangoderera nekukasira
kupfuura panguva ya2001-2004.
apo
zvakabatanidzwa nedzvinyiriro huru yezvamatongerwe enyika kudzivirira kuwedzera kupi nokupi
pamuhoro wakaderera, neBush administration iripo
kuedza kugumisa kubhadhara maawa ekuwedzera kwemamiriyoni kuburikidza nehurongwa hwehutungamiri,
nemaitiro emakambani anoenderera mberi ekutengesa kunze kugadzirwa kwemari yakawanda
mabasa mhiri kwemakungwa, uye nemaitiro ari kukura ekutsiva mabasa enguva yakazara
nechikamu chenguva uye basa rechinguva-kuderera kunopfuurira
mumihoro yeawa chaiyo muUS inomutsa kusava nechokwadi kwakanyanya pamusoro
kukwanisa kwehupfumi hweU.S. kuunza mari inokwana kuti
kuchengetedza kushandiswa kwevatengi uye zvichizokonzera kuumba mabasa. Chisingaperi,
kuzviriritira kuderera kwemari inowanikwa zvino inogona kunge iri kubuda mukati
iyo U.S., ine mhedzisiro yakakomba kuhupfumi hweU.S.
To
kubvisa kusamira uye kudzikira muhoro yavo yeawa, vachishanda
mhuri dzekirasi makumi maviri emakore apfuura vakashandisa dzimwe nzira mbiri.
Chekutanga chave kutora mamwe mabasa enguva pfupi, kushanda
nguva yakawanda yakawedzerwa kana kuita kuti dzimwe nhengo dzemhuri dzitore mabasa.
The
imwe mhinduro huru yakaitwa nevashandi vekuUS kugadzirisa kudzikira
yemari yemhuri kwave kuri kutora wedzero huru mumunhu oga
chikwereti uye chikwereti. Mhuri dzeUS dzave madhora mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora
muchikwereti, 40 muzana yacho yakatorwa mune ina chete yekupedzisira
makore; $ 2 trillion iyo chikwereti chekadhi rechikwereti.
zvose zviri zviviri
zvinogadzirisaโkushanda maawa akawanda uye kutora chikwereti chakawandaโzvinooneka
kuti vave kusvika pamiganhu yavo. Maawa emhuri akashanda akadonha ne5.5
muzana, kana maawa 173 pagore, kubva muna 2000 kusvika 2003 achidzosera maawa
uye mari inowanikwa mukupera kwema1990. Mukuwedzera, chiyero icho
vakaroorana vari kupinda mubasa kuwedzera maawa emhuri e
basa rakaderera zvakanyanya mumakore gumi apfuura.
Kuwedzera
Kuchinja kwemari kwakazara ndiko kuwedzera kwerekodhi muhutungamiriri uye manejimendi
muripo. Mukutanga 1980s chaiwo maCEO eU.S. akawana mari
40 nguva yemubhadharo weavhareji mushandi wavo. Nhasi, vanowana zvakawanda
kupfuura 400 uye, mune dzimwe ongororo, kanopfuura ka500. Kuwedzera mukati
mari inowanikwa pamatanho epamusoro ekutungamira kwekambani yakadzikira
kune yakaderera, asi ichiri yakakosha, chiyero chechipiri-tier manejimendi
naizvo. Kunze kwemuripo wevakuru, mari inowanikwa mune zvese
yakakwira makore gumi nemashanu apfuura nemabooms mumasheya uye misika yemabhondi,
real estate, uye mari yekunze.
Kushandura Iyo Mutero System Pamusoro Wayo: 1970-2000
Zvichida
chikonzero chikuru chekuchinja kwenhoroondo mumagove enyika
mari yave iri kurongekazve kweiyo tax system mu
iyo US kubva kuReagan kuenda kuBush. Kugadziridza kwakawedzera huwandu
mutoro wemutero kumhuri dzeboka revashandi uchiusimudza zvinoshamisa
pamusoro pevapfumi nevapfumi zvikuru.
It
hazvina kuitika, semuenzaniso, iyo yepamusoro mari yemutero bracket
muna 1970 yaiva 70 muzana uye nhasi inongova 35 muzana chete. Saizvozvowo the
mutero wemari inowanikwa, iyo vapfumi vanowana mari yese
mari yavo, yaiva 28 muzana munguva pfupi yapfuura sa1987, asi nhasi chete
15 muzana. Kudzikiswa kwakafanana mumitero yemitero yezvikamu, zvivakwa
mitero, nemitero yedzimba kuvapfumi yakaitwawo;
nepo nzvimbo dzekugara dzemitero dzawanda uye IRS yekuongorora mitengo ye
vapfumi varamba.
Tatu
makumi emakore apfuura mutero wekambani wakabudisa 20 muzana yezvose
federal revenues; nhasi inobereka 7 muzana chete. Muna 2000, maererano
kune IRS data, makumi matanhatu nenhatu muzana emakambani ese muU.S
haana kubhadhara mutero wekambani kubva 1996 kusvika 2000 pamari inokwana
$2.5 trillion. Mutero unoshanda we37 muzana yemakambani
iyo yakabhadhara mimwe mitero muna 2002 yaingova 12 muzana, zvichienzaniswa
18 muzana munguva pfupi yapfuura sa1995.
Kune dzimwe nyika
matumba emitero emakambani nevanhu vamwe navamwe akawanda. Muna 1983 offshore
nzvimbo dzemitero dzakachengetedza $200 bhiriyoni. Nhasi $5 trillion. Kubva 370,000
makambani akanyoreswa muPanama, mazana matatu nemakumi mana chete ainetsekana kuisa mari
mishumo yemitero muU.S. Maererano neongororo yakaitwa neFederal Reserve
Bank of New York, U.S. deposits muCayman Islands tax haven
inodarika madhora miriyoni imwe uye iri kukura nemadhora mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri
gore.
In
Kusiyana, mutero wemutero wemutero, unowanikwa nevanhu vese vanoshanda mukati
iyo US inofanirwa kubhadhara, yakasimudzwa kubva 1983 kusvika ikozvino 12.4
muzana uye mari yainobhadhariswa yakwidzwa gore
gore negore kusvika kunoda kusvika $90,000. Kubva 100 miriyoni core inoshanda
vekirasi vekuAmerica vanotambira zviri pasi pemadhora makumi mapfumbamwe ezviuru, vanobhadhara muhoro
mutero pamari yavo yese yegore negore. Kune mamiriyoni, mutero wekubhadhara unoderedza
mari yavanotambira kumba inodarika mutero wavo wemutero. The payroll
mutero unoita 40 muzana yemari yese yemubatanidzwa nhasi, rinhi
yaitora 10 muzana bedzi yemari yakadaro 1980 asati asvika.
Politicians
yakazivisa nekufara kukuru muna 1983 kuti kuwedzera kwemuhoro
mutero waidiwa kuchengetedza Social Security. Muna 1992 Congress yakapfuura
mutemo wekuisa iyo social security surplus yakagadzirwa mu "lock
bhokisi.โ Asi "bhokisi rekukiya" rakapwanywa mune zvese
gore uye iyo $ 1.4 trillion yakawedzera yayakagadzira kubva 1983 yaenda-ku
bhadhara mari yemubatanidzwa bhajeti yekubhadhara hondo uye kuderedzwa kwemitero
vapfumi.
ikozvino
Bush, Sachigaro weFederal Reserve Alan Greenspan, nevamwe vane ruzha
kuudza mushandi weUS kuti Social Security iri munjodzi zvakare
uye pasina mari yakakwana. Nguva yekurega basa inofanira kusimudzwa
uye kubatsirwa mazinga akachekwa. Sezvineiwo, aive mumwechete Greenspan uyo
muna 1983 vakatungamira Presidential Commission kuti "save Social
Chengetedzo," akatungamira mutero kukwidza mutero wepayiro, uye akavimbisa
munhu wese kuti Social Security yaizove yakachengeteka kwezana ramakore
huya kana mutero wekubhadhara wasimudzwa.
As
mumwe akateerera kukakavara mumwedzi ichangopfuura pakati peBush naKerry
nezve nzira yekubhadhara zvigadziriso zvidiki kune inodonha hutano hwehutano,
zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti mubhadhari mumwe chete wehutano hwehutano hunogona
kupihwa kune vese vekuAmerica nekungoda kuti vakapfuma
10 muzana yevateresi vanobhadhara zvakafanana 12.4 muzana mutero wemutero
sezvo munhu wese muU.S. zvino achibhadhara pamari yavo yese.
kuti
shanduko iri nyore yaizounza gore negore mari inodarika mabhiriyoni mazana matatu emadhora
mari. Imwezve $100 bhiriyoni pagore inogona kuwedzera izvi
kana Congress yakamira "kukwereta" kubva kuSocial Security
Trust Fund uye yakakudza yayo "lock box" mutemo. Vaviri
manyuko anoburitsa hwerengedzo yakabatanidzwa ye400 bhiriyoni pagore, achibereka
mari inodarika inokwana kubhadhara mubhadhari mumwe chete rubatsiro rwehutano kune vese.
In
1981 Ronald Reagan akapa $758 bhiriyoni, ipapo rekodhi, mukuderedzwa kwemitero
yakanangidzirwa zvikuru kuvapfumi. Capital gains mitero yaive zvakare
Yakacheka pasi peReagan muna 1987, kubva pa48 muzana kusvika pa34 muzana, uye
mwero wepamusoro wemutero wemari wakadzikiswa kubva pa50 percent kusvika pa28 percent.
Imwe itsva Alternate Minimum Tax yakawedzerwa iyo, yaida kutanga
kune vakapfuma zvikuru, zvino kunotyisidzira kuva mumwe mutoro mukuru wemitero
pa kirasi yebasa.
pasi
George H.W. Bush naClinton kuchinja kwemari nemitero kwakaenderera mberi,
asi zvishoma nezvishoma. Mitero yemitero yakasimudzwa muna 1990 na1993, asi
maburi emutero uye pekugara mutero wemunhu akawedzerwa zvakare mukati
the dozens. Kuderedzwa kwemitero kwakapiwa kuvashandi kuti vabatsire
kupora kubva mukuderera kwehupfumi muna 1991-93. Asi dzapashure dzakanga dziri dzechinguvana
uye haina kumbobvira yarongeka seyakakosha shanduko kune yemitero system, yakadai
sezvakaitika pasi peReagan uye ikozvino Bush. Muchipiri chaClinton
nguva, muna 1997, imwe huru capital gains kuderedzwa mutero yakadzikwa.
zvose
izvi zvakateverwa nekuderedzwa kukuru kwemitero kwaBush kunowedzera
kupfuura $2 tiririyoni pakati pa2001 na2004, ichiwedzera zvakanyanya kune
yepamusoro 1 muzana uye 5 muzana yedzimba dzinobhadhara mutero.
Phase 1: Slash Mitero yeVapfumi
At
Mwoyo weBush mutero wekucheka ndiwo waive mukuru weTax Cut Mabasa we2001
uye 2003, chikamu cheshumba chaitaura mari yekuwana-kuderedza
mabhuraketi emutero epamusoro emutero wemari, achidzikisa mari inowanikwa
mutero wevatengesi vezvitoro, uye kuderedza mitero pazvikamu uye
pamitero yedzimba kune vanobhadhara mari yakawanda. Zvishoma kucherechedzwa, zvisinei,
kwaive kumwe kuderedzwa kwemitero kwakaiswa munzira iyo yaipa
yakawedzera huwandu hweindasitiri-ne-indasitiri mutero wekuzorora kwemakambani,
pamwe chete nevanhu, vose vakanyatsovigwa mune mimwe mitemo
zvakapasiswa neCongress kana nemutungamiri wemutungamiri wenyika kana shanduko yemitemo.
Mhuri dzekirasi dzekushanda dzakakandwa zvishoma zvimedu zvemitero muna 2001 uye
2003 nenzira yekudzoserwa imwe nguva, zvigadziriso zvidiki kumwana
kiredhiti yekuchengeta kana chirango chemuchato, nezvimwe zvakadaro.
To
iva nechokwadi chekupfuura neCongress, Bush uye shamwari dzekambani dzinokurudzira
zvine hungwaru "kudzosera kumashure" iyo $ 2 trillion inopa zvakanyanya
yaizotanga kushanda mushure megore ra2004. Saka kukanganisa kukuru kwemutero uyu
kuchekwa kwavapfumi kuchiri kuuya.
It
inofungidzirwa kuti pane inodarika mabhiriyoni zana emadhora ekuderedzwa kwemitero
kutanga kushanda muna 2005, 73 muzana ichaenda pamusoro pe20 muzana
yevateresi. Vasara 80 muzana vane mihoro isingasviki
$76,400 pagore ichagovera 27 muzana yasara. Avo vane mari
mari inopfuura $1 miriyoni pagore muna 2005 ichagamuchira mutero we $135,000
gore. Vese vane mihoro iri pasi pemadhora makumi manomwe nemazana mana vanozowana
$ 350 paavhareji.
The
Brookings uye Urban Institute's Tax Policy Center inofungidzira
kuendeswa kwegore negore mune mari kune vakapfuma uye vakapfuma zvikuru inoyerera
kubva kuBush 2001-2003 kuderedzwa kwemitero imadhora mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi matatu pagore.
Chikamu chechipiri: Dzorera Mitero yeCorporate
apo
Bush's tax strategy kubva 2001 kusvika 2003 yaive yekuzviwanira wega
mitero yemitero yakaderedzwa (kuderedza mabhuraketi emutero epamusoro, cheka mari inowanikwa,
dividends, estate taxes, etc.) kushamwari dzakapfuma uye mushandirapamwe
vabatsiri, muna 2004 zano reBush rakachinja. Kubva zvino
chinangwa chakanga chisiri chekuita kuti vapfumi vadzikise mutero zvachose;
asi kuwedzera kumwe kuderedzwa kwemitero kumakambani avo.
For
makore anochengetedza vakatuka vachipokana ne "double tax"
yevapfumiโkutanga yakananga kumakambani avo uyezve kune avo
mari inobva kumakambani mamwe chete iwayo. Chii chinonzi Bush rekodhi
zvinoratidza, zvisinei, ndezvekuti US yave kusangana negwaro idzva
ye "double reverse taxation" -rekodha mutero wekuderedzwa kwe
vapfumi semunhu mumwe nemumwe zvichiteverwa nekumwe kudzikiswa kwemitero kumakambani avo.
In
Nyamavhuvhu 2003 Bush akataura pachena kuti aisazotsvaga mumwe mutero
cuts. Nekudaro, mukati memazuva vatsigiri veBush muImba yeVamiriri
pakarepo vakakurudzira imwe $128 bhiriyoni mumutero wekambani
cuts. Kwete kuti ipere, vatsigiri muSeneti vakakurudzira vatanhatu
mwedzi "zororo remutero" kumakambani eU.S. akange aungana
$400 bhiriyoni yepurofiti yekunze yavakanga vasina kunetseka nayo
bhadharai mutero weU.S. Panzvimbo yekusimbisa mutemo uripo kubhadhara
iyo inodiwa 35 muzana yemutero wekambani pamadhora mazana mana emadhora,
Seneti yakapa mwero mutsva we5.25 muzana chete kana makambani
vaizongo "kudzosa mari yavo." The corporate vanobatsirwa
yeiyi inoshamisa DRM yakakura yaisanganisira mafuta uye gasi
vanonatsa, masitudiyo emabhaisikopo, tekinoroji uye mishonga yemarudzi akawanda,
uye makambani einjiniya akaita seHalliburton. Mharidzo yeSeneti kuna
corporate America saka yaive yakajeka: nzira yekuti makambani awane
kuderedzwa kukuru kwemitero kwaive kuchinja mari yakawanda, mabasa, uye purofiti
offshore uye shandisa iyo sebarter chip kuti uwane kuderedzwa mutero muU.S.
Aihwa
mubatanidzwa wemakambani asingasviki matatu akasiyana anga achikurudzira
nokuda kweshanduro dzavanoda dzekuderedzwa kwemitero yemakambani, kukwidza a
Congress inogumburwa pachayo ichiedza kugutsa vese vanouya vemakambani.
One
boka rinokurudzira makambani, Coalition for Fair International Taxation,
inotungamirwa naGeneral Electric, yakatsvaga kudzikisa mutero wekune dzimwe nyika.
Chechipiri, inotungamirwa neBoeing neMicrosoft-inonzi Coalition
yeU.S. Based Employment-yakakumbirwa mari inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi matanhatu emadhora
kuderedzwa kwemutero wekambani, kubva pa35% kusvika pa32%.
Yechitatu, inotungamirwa naHewlett-Packard, yakasundira gore rimwechete โmutero
zororoโ rataurwa pamusoro apa. Vese vanga vari vatengesi vakuru veU.S.
mabasa offshore; zvinoshamisa mumwe nemumwe anopikisa mutero wavo wekubvisa mutero
nzira yekugadzira mabasa kumba. Pakazosvika pakati pegore ra2004 mapoka ose ari matatu
yakaguma nechinenge chinhu chiri chose chavaitsvaka mumutero wakabatanidzwa
cheka mitemo iri mudare neSeneti kuti ivhote.
uye
iyo nyama yenguruve barrel yakatokura sezvimwe zvinofarirwa nevamiriri
akasvetukira muchikepe. Iyo yakafanana $31 bhiriyoni mutero wakatemwa oiri nesimba
makambani, ayo akatadza kupasa muna Mbudzi 2003 nemavhoti maviri chete
muCongress, akamutswa se $ 19 bhiriyoni yekuwedzera kune mukuru
mutero wekambani wakatemwa pakati pe2004. Inopfuura mabhiriyoni gumi emadhora yakawedzerwa
makambani efodya. Dzimwe gadziriro chaidzo dzefariro dzave dziri
yakakandwa mukati meindasitiri yewaini, nzvimbo yemuchadenga, uye chikwereti chemutero chemwana
yakawedzerwa kumhuri dzine mari yegore negore inosvika $309,000 nekodzero
wing tax radicals muImba yeVamiriri. Pakazosvika zhizha ra2004
kuderedzwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwemakambani uye kwakakosha mutero wemari yakarongwa
kusvika pamadhora zana nemakumi mashanu nemashanu kusvika kumadhora mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi manomwe, zvichienderana neshanduro dzeImba kana Seneti.
Pakutanga
iyo Bush yemutemo zano muna 2004 yaive yekubata "nhapwa"
gadziriro idzodzo dzine mwero (kuchengeta mwana, chirango cheroorano, 10 muzana
bracket, etc.) yemitemo ya2001 na2003 yaizobatsira kushanda
mhuri. Bush akasimbirira zviga zvevapfumi nevapfumi zvikuru
yaizofanira kuitwa yechigarire kwemakore gumi anotevera kutanga. Zvikasadaro,
akazivisa, aizoita veto chero bhiri.
Zvisinei,
sezvo ngoma dzesarudzo dzaMbudzi 2004 dzakaswedera, muna Chikunguru
2004 vatungamiriri veRepublican muCongress vakaedza kucheka chibvumirano
moderates inobvumira kuwedzerwa kwemakore maviri ezvigadziro zvine mwero
mumitemo yekudzora mutero yapasiswa muna 2001 na2003. Izvi zvingadaro
vakabvumira kuwedzerwa kwekare kwechikwereti chekuchengeta vana, the
chirango chewanano, uye zvimwe zvikomborero zvishoma zvinokanganisa
mhuri dzinoshanda, dzichipa vashandi vanenge 27 bhiriyoni emadhora
iyo $100 bhiriyoni mukuderedzwa kwemitero kwakarongerwa 2005. Asi White House
akapindira panguva yekupedzisira munaJuly uye akadzivirira Congressional
kuregeredza, achisimbirira kuti Bush's 2001 uye 2003 mutero kuderedzwa kwe
avo vane mari yekuwana mari vanofanirwa kuwedzerwa kwenguva isingasviki mashanu
makore kana zvakadaro hapana dhiri.
By
pakupera kwaSeptember, zvisinei, simba rekambani yemutero yekutambira
yakawedzera kunzwika paCapitol Hill. Kusada kushivirira mberi
kunonoka, kana kumirira kusvika mushure mesarudzo kuti upfuure mubatanidzwa
kuderedzwa kwemitero muchikamu chakaremara chedhadha cheCongress, ivo vakadaidzira kubviswa
yemadhora mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemanomwe emadhora ekuchekeresa mhuri dzebasa (wanano
chirango, chikwereti chekuchengeta vana, nezvimwewo), kuitira kutamisa kambani
mutero zvigadziro mberi posthaste pamberi pesarudzo dzaNovember uye
Kumisikidzwa kweCongress muna Gumiguru. Bush administration yakatsigira
kubva panzvimbo yayo yapfuura ichisimbirira pakubatanidza. Congress inosungirwa.
The
nzira ikozvino yabuda pachena, vachiri nemavhoti, kuti vapfuure akasiyana
corporate tax cut matanho asati amiswa. Mhedzisiro muna October,
muchikamu cheCongress chakawedzerwa nechinangwa chega chekupfuura
bhiri pamberi pesarudzo dzeMbudzi, raive mapeji mazana manomwe emutemo
ine mazana ekuderedzwa kwemitero kumakambani, kusanganisira gadziriro
kubvisa chisungo chemakambani pasi pemutemo uripo kuti
bhadhara madhora mabhiriyoni makumi mana nemaviri emitero pamadhora mazana mashanu emadhora emari yekunze. The
kukosha kwese kwekucheka kwekambani haisati yanyatsozivikanwa uye
zvichatora mavhiki kuti agadzirise, asi angangoita mumadhora zana nemakumi mana nemakumi matanhatu emadhora
huwandu - $73 bhiriyoni mukucheka kwevanhu kune vakapfuma muna 2005
uye imwe ingangoita $140-$160 bhiriyoni kumakambani avo. Zvimwe
kupfuura $ 2 trillion yakazara mukati memakore gumi.
Usaiti
tarisira kuti masaisai achangoburwa ekuderedzwa kwemitero yemunhu nevemakambani amire
ikoko. Chikamu chinotevera chatotanga kuonekwa.
Chikamu chechitatu: Bvisa Mitero pamari Inowanikwa
At
pamusoro peBush agenda mune inokwanisika yechipiri temu iri kugadzirisa
kodhi yese yemutero; mitsva yemitero yekukanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu
uye mubatanidzwa wakataurirana penjeni uye zvirongwa zvehutano; uye zvichida wenyika
mutero wekutengesa kutsiva zvachose mutero wemari.
George
Bush uye corporate America vane chinangwa chekubvisa mutero kune vese
mari inowanikwa. Uye havana hanya kana rekodhi bhajeti deficits iri
mhedzisiro. Vazhinji vevamwe shamwari dzavo dzekurudyi, kusanganisira avo
muCongress, chaizvoizvo vanoda zvikwereti zvakakura. Vanoona zvisingaperi, zvinyorwa
deficits sekugadzira dambudziko rebhajeti rinodikanwa kushandisa sechikonzero
kubiridzira Social Security uye kubvisa zvakasara zveRoosevelt
Zvirongwa zvitsva zveDeal zvema1930s.
zvavo
shanduko yehupfumi ichadzosera wachi kumashure kuma1920s, mugwagwa
kudzoka muna 1929. Mugwagwa wevashandi vekuAmerica wakazadzwa nemakomba
yekudzikira kwemuhoro, shoma vimbiso dzekurega basa, maawa akawedzerwa e
shanda nenguva yakatwasuka muripo, kanenge kasipo
mutemo, mibatanidzwa isina simba uye isingashande, uye kupera kwemutero unofambira mberi
iyo inovhiringidza nenzira ipi zvayo nekuwedzera kusina kukanganiswa uye
kukura kwemihoro yevapfumi nevapfumi zvikuru.
Jack Rasmus ndiye
inhengo yeNational Writers Union. Ichi chinyorwa chiri kubva kwaari kuuya
bhuku, Hondo Pamba: Iyo Bush-Corporate Inogumbura mukati
America.