Kuburikidza nenhoroondo yayo yakawanda, nyika diki yeAndean yeBolivia yanga iri pakati pechamupupuri chemibvunzo yezvematongerwo enyika, yemagariro, uye yemamiriro ekunze. Sezvineiwo, hapana imwe nyika kusvika parizvino mu21st Century inosimudza mubvunzo we "nzira yekubuda" kubva kuneoliberal capitalism zvakanyanya, uye nekugona kukuru uye tariro, kupfuura Bolivia. Tariro iyoyo inoratidzwa mubato riri kutonga, MAS, kana Movement Toward Socialism. Mutungamiriri wenyika, aimbove murimi wecoca uye murongi wemubatanidzwa Evo Morales - mutungamiri wekutanga muSouth America kubva nguva dzisati dzatonga nyika - akasarudzwa zvine mutsindo kupinda pachigaro chake chechitatu muna 2014. Morales akakurudzira zvakanyanya izwi reQuechua pachamama, iro rinoreva kuzvipira kuzere. kusimbaradza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye tariro yeruzhinji inoramba iri pamusoro kuti achatungamira nyika kuti iite musimboti iwoyo.
Bolivia yakaona kukura kwehupfumi kunoshamisa kubva mukukunda kwekutanga kwaMorales musarudzo muna 2006, kusanganisira kugadzwa kwezvirongwa zvehurumende zvekupedza hurombo uye kuwana zvibodzwa zvekuenzanisa magariro zvakavimbiswa mudanidziro yake. Zvakadaro, kukura uku kwakatsamira pakushandiswa kwakawedzerwa uye kwakasimba kwezviwanikwa zvenyika, kunyanya kubva mukugadzirwa kwemafuta emafuta, migodhi, uye kukura kweminda mikuru, kurima nekugadzira zvirimwa.
Kukura kwehupfumi uku kwakagadzirawo zvinonzi nesangano risiri rehurumende rekuBolivia CEDLA (Centro de Estudios Para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario) inodaidzira kusimuka kwemabhunu matsva anosanganisira vanogadzira zvekurima muSanta Cruz, vatengesi vanobva kumadokero kwenyika nevagadziri vadiki vemigodhi. . Hurumende yeBolivia inotendawo kuti kirasi itsva iri kubuda, uye ichave boka idzva rine simba muBolivia. Carlos Arce, munzveri weCEDLA, anoti mune imwe nyaya yomupepanhau rokuBolivia: โRudzi rutsva rwomuzvinabhizimisi rwakabuda muzvidzidzo zvakakurumbira. Veruzhinji vari kusimukira ava vatengesi uye varipowo muzvikamu zvemishandirapamwe, zvikuru mumigodhi. Iri rudzi rutsva rwemuzvinabhizimusi rinoponesa zvakanyanya uye rine hunhu hwakaoma, mune yekirasi Webrian pfungwa. Mukati menyika, vamiriri veiyi strata interface nevepakati-kirasi vakangwara uye mamwe masekete enzanga, vachitsvaga kuvaka mubatanidzwa nevagadziri vadiki vemudhorobha uye vekumaruwa vanopindura kune zvakafanira zvemusika.
โIyo inodaidzwa kuti 'plural economy' yakaitwa nehurumende inocherekedza nyika, communitarian, private and cooperative forms of economic organisation. Inoisawo hurumende mukutonga kwakananga kwezvirongwa zvekusimudzira hupfumi. Nemamwe mashoko, vanhu vekuBolivia ndivo varidzi vezviwanikwa, asi inyika inotarisira uye inoita kuti zviwanikwa izvi zvive nemaindasitiri.โ
Sekuona kwaArce, hurumende inosimudzira โmabhunu ari kusimukiraโ aya. Chirongwa chehurumende cheupfumi hwakawanda โchinofambisa mubatanidzwa wezvikamu zvinofambiswa nemisika nezvikamu zvakakosha zvemari yenyika. Izvi zvinovhura musuwo kumakambani ekunze uye zvinoita kuti kuvepo kwavo zvachose. "
MunaDecember 2014, iyo Financial Times yakataura nezvekusimuka kwemabhurosi matsva muEl Alto, vasinganyanyi kumanikidzwa netsika dzechinyakare dzeupfu, uye kuvavarira hupfumi hwakawanda, zvivakwa zvinoshamisira zveumbozha uye zvipfeko zvechinyakare zvakanakisa.
Bolivia inopa chidzidzo chenyaya pamusoro pezvinokonzeresa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kuramba kwevanhu kushandiswa uye kudzvanyirirwa kwerusaruraganda, uye mukana wekuchinja kwechokwadi kubva pasi.
Nekune rimwe divi, kunyangwe vatori venhau nevanoongorora vakawanda vakatarisa zvakaitwa nehurumende yeMorales, vashoma vakatarisa mamiriro evashandi, mibatanidzwa uye mamiriro evashandi. Kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa nemasangano emunharaunda kunoratidza kuti kuwana basa rakachengeteka kwave kwakaoma zvikuru. Maererano neruzivo rweBazi reVashandi reBolivia pacharo, 30 muzana chete yevashandi muBolivia vane basa rakachengeteka uye rakarongwa, uye vanoda kusvika 70 muzana vachishanda mumasangano asina kurongwa. Vashandi ava havana kuchengetedzwa kwemabasa, izvo zvinoita kuti vanhu vawedzere kuvimba nedziviriro yerubatsiro uye zvirongwa zvave zvakanyanyisa uye zvakakura mumakore achangopfuura.
Mamiriro enzvimbo yeBolivia akasiyana-siyana: nzvimbo dzakasvibira uye dzinopisa dzinopisa dzeAmazonia dzinotora nzvimbo kune runako rusina kusimba rwenzvimbo dzakakwirira uye nhongonya dzine sinou dzeAndes dzinokomberedza guta guru reLa Paz. Makwiriro eBolivia anotangira pa130 kusvika pa6,000 metres pamusoro pegungwa achikamura nyika kuita 3 nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenzvimbo: nzvimbo yakakwirira, mipata yeAndean uye nzvimbo dzakadzika dzekumabvazuva.
Tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvese izvi, Bolivia inopa chidzidzo chenyaya pamusoro pemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kuramba kwevanhu kushandiswa uye kudzvanyirirwa kwerusaruraganda, uye mukana wekuchinja kwechokwadi kubva pasi.
Relentless Kutorwa kweMicherwa
Zvakawanda zvekupokana uku zvakaumbwa nekuda kwemazana emakore ekutorwa kwezvicherwa zvemunyika, semi-akakosha uye simbi dzakakosha, uye guano. Zvichitevera kushambadzwa kwekambani yehurumende yeBolivia, makambani ezvitima uye emagetsi, muna 1999, hurumende yakatengesa mvura nehutsanana hweCochabamba kumubatanidzwa wetransnational. Mumwedzi mishanu yakatevera, kuratidzira kwevanhu vakawanda uye kurwisana kunotyisa nemapurisa nemauto zvakamanikidza hurumende kuti ikanzure kondirakiti yacho uye kuti mvura irambe iri mumaoko everuzhinji. Uku kurwira kutonga kweveruzhinji kwemvura kwakazivikanwa pasi rose seCochabamba Water War. Hunyoro hunoonekwa zvakanyanya hwekusvibiswa kwemhepo kubva kumotokari nemaindasitiri mundiro yeCochabamba hwakafananidzwa zvisina kunaka nekusvibiswa kwemhepo muChina.
Sekureva kwaOscar Olivera, aimbova mutungamiri wemubatanidzwa uye mumwe wevanonyanya kuronga hondo dzemvura, kudzoreredzwa kwakabudirira kwekugadziriswa kwemvura yeguta kuburikidza nemubatanidzwa wesangano uye wezvematongerwo enyika wevashandi vemumaguta, campesinos uye vezvemamiriro ekunze kunotevera tsika yemakore mazana mashanu. . "Kune nhoroondo yekuramba zvachose kwevanhu vese veBolivia, kunyanya vanhu veko," Olivera akadaro. Nhasi, "kurwa hakusi kurwisa vakundi veSpain, asi nemakambani epasi rese ari kutora mvura yedu, nyika nemhepo."
Zvikuru zvazvino, kubvira 2006, huwandu hwemakakatanwa pamusoro pekuchera zviwanikwa uye kunatswa, kuvaka migwagwa uye kuvakwa kwepombi, uye kushandiswa kwemasango nemvura zvakakura zvishoma nezvishoma pasi peMorales. Sezvo ongororo ye2013 University yeGothenburg yakataura: โPane mukaha unowedzera pakati, kune rumwe rutivi, zvisungo zvakakura asi kazhinji zvisina kujeka kwazvo zvekutonga kwenharaunda uye kusimba kwenzvimbo muBumbiro idzva reMitemo neMutemo waAmai Pasi, uye, nerumwe rutivi, mari inorema yakaitwa nenyika yeBolivia mukuchera zviwanikwa zvechisikigo uye kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa pamitengo yakakwira zvakanyanya. Zvinoita sezvingabvira kuti rudzi rwekurwisana pakati pemasangano evanhu nehurumende seyakapoteredza TIPNIS [Indigenous Territory Isiboro Secure National Park] rucharamba ruchikura kunze kwekunge mukaha uyu ukaderedzwa. "
Marco Gandarillas Gonzรกles, mutungamiriri weCochabamba wesangano reruzivo uye zvinyorwa Centro de Documentaciรณn e Informaciรณn Bolivia (CEDIB), anobvumirana. "Iko kusimba kwezvakaitika kare," Gonzรกles akaudza Truthout. โKucherwa kwezvicherwa hakuna kumbobvira kwanyanya kuita sezvazvave kuita iye zvino. Kwete kunyange panguva yekutonga kweSpain. Mumakore gumi apfuura, takatengesa sirivha yakawanda kupfuura mumakore 10 senyika yeSpain. "
Kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwegoridhe kwave kuita 8,000 kilograms pagore, izvo zvinoreva kushandiswa kwepamusoro kwemercury (15,000 tons pagore), cyanide nezvimwe zvinhu zvine chepfu kupatsanura goridhe kubva kumatombo ayo.
Mubvunzurudzo naJeffrey Webber muna 2014, mukuru wedare remakurukota eBolivia Ministry of Economics and Public Finance, Maria Nela Prada Tejada akanyatso kubvuma kuti chirongwa cheMAS chaive "kutora mukana wekukwanisa kukura kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa. , nenyika ichitora zvakasara ndokuzvigoverazve kuzvirongwa zvenzanga nokune mamwe mativi oupfumi anopa mabasa.โ
Bolivia ine hupfumi hwakakosha hwezviwanikwa, manejimendi akasimba ayo, pamwe, dambudziko guru raMorales. Nyika yacho yaimbova musha wemugodhi wakapfuma kwazvo wesirivha negoridhe weSpain, kuPotosรญ, uye mumwe wemigodhi yemarata inobhadhara zvikuru pasi rose. Iye zvino, makore 500 gare gare, Bolivia ichine 2 yemigodhi yesirivha mikurusa inoshandiswa pasi rose, kuSan Cristรณbal neSan Bartolomรฉ. MuPotosรญ, gomo rimwe chete gore negore rinobudisa mumigero yemvura yakapoteredza matani anofungidzirwa kuva 161 ezinc, matani 157 esimbi, anopfuura matani maviri earsenic uye akawanda ezvimwe zvicherwa zvine chepfu, zvakadai secadmium nomutobvu. Bolivia yakava nyika yakavharirwa nyika payakarasikirwa nenyika kuChile kuma2s, muhondo yakatangwa uye yakarongwa neBritain, kuitira kuti iwane mukana wekuwana guano: chinhu chakakosha chinodiwa kuzadza kubereka kuri kupera kwevhu reBritish, kusati kwagadzirwa. nzira yeHaber-Bosch yekugadzira nitrogenous fetiraiza.
Kumabvazuva, kuMutรบn, kune imwe yemigodhi mikuru yesimbi yeramangwana, iyo yakatanga India uye ikozvino China iri kupa mari yebudiriro. Hafu yenzvimbo dzepasi rose dzelithium (isina kushandiswa parizvino) inogara kumusoro kune imwe nyika, surreal munyu deposits yeSalar de Uyuni. Mushure meVenezuela, Bolivia ndiyo ine gasi guru rekuchengetedza muSouth America.
Pamamita 3,700 rimwe renje remunyu reSalar de Iyuni rinopenya mukukwirira kwezuva. Pano, iine mugwagwa mudiki, njanji, kana mhepo yekubatanidza, ndipo panowanikwa lithium deposits iyo Evo Morales inoda kugadzira.
Kuchiva nevakuru vekunze uye vepamba muzvizvarwa, kutorwa kwehutsinye kwezviwanikwa zveBolivia kwakawedzera hupfumi hwenyika uye hwemagariro muboka diki pamusoro penharaunda, uye kufumura maBolivia kune yakanyanyisa mwero wehumambo uye kuyedza. kuzviisa pasi.
Kutanga pamaoko eSpain, ipapo Britain, uye nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikuru United States neWorld Bank-yakafuridzirwa gadziriro dzegadziridzo yezvimiro, vanhu vokuBolivia vakatuswa nenhevedzano youdzvinyiriri, kunyanyoganhurirwa kwokuva varidzi venyika (pasinei nokugovewazve pashure pechimurenga cha1952 uye imwe nyika. shanduko pasi peMorales, iyo yakamira nhasi), urombo uye kusvibiswa kwakawanda kwezvakatipoteredza kwemhepo yavo, ivhu nemvura. Mutengo wenhoroondo uye unoenderera mberi wekushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza unofungidzirwa kuti unodarika 6 muzana yeBolivian GDP. Zvese izvi zvakaisa hwaro hwekukura kwekusagadzikana kukuru munharaunda, yevashandi nevechivanhu uye kusimuka kwemafambisirwo emagariro ekutanga kwezana ramakore re21, kumashure uko Morales akasarudzwa uye akasarudzwa zvakare kutonga. Asi ikozvino, imwe tyisidziro yabuda yekunyanya kunetseka kune imwe nyika ine basa diki rekukonzeresa: anthropogenic mamiriro ekunze. Kubva pamaonero emamiriro ekunze, kunyangwe avhareji yekudziya kwepasi ichichengetwa kusvika pa2 madhigirii celsius (uye isu tiri munzira ye4), matunhu ari pakati pemakondinendi, akadai seBolivia, achadziya zvinoyemurika kupfuura nharaunda dzemahombekombe. Uyezve, zvichibva pane data kubva kuAlps neRocky Mountains, kuchave nekudziya kwakawanda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira: pakati pe1.5 uye 2 nguva yekudziya kukuru pane yakaderera. Mapurazi akatenderedza Laja, akagadzirwa nechando chepamusoro Andes. Iine matunhu gumi nemaviri akasiyana eecology, Bolivia ndeimwe yenyika dzakasiana-siana kwazvo pasi rose. Shanduko dzekukwirira, pamwe nekusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwekunaya kwemvura kubva kune mamwe mativi eAndes, kunogadzira diki-mamiriro ekunze akabatsira kushanduka kwehuwandu hukuru hwemarudzi ekuzvarwa kuBolivia. Pamusoro pezvo, tsika dzekurima dzevarimi vekuBolivia dzakatsigira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa. Semuyenzaniso, mukupesana kukuru nekurima mumwe chete, mazana emhando dzakasiyana dzembatatisi dzinorimwa muBolivian Andes, sechikafu chinoshingirira chevarimi 12 vadiki.
Izvi zvose zvinotyisidzirwa nemamiriro okunze ekudziya. Nemhaka yokuti hunyoro huzhinji hunofambidzana nemhepo inodziya, zviitiko zvakanyanyisa zvine chokuita nemvura, zvakadai semafashamo e2014 emvura yakadzika-yakadzika muDhipatimendi reBeni, inogona kuitika nekuwedzera kuwanda. Zvichakadaro, sezvo dzimwe nzvimbo dzinonyorova, altiplano (mapani marefu ari pakati pemakomo eAndes) achatonyanya kuoma. Vanhu vari munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakaita semaguta eEl Alto neLa Paz vanozonyanya kutsamira pakunyunguduka kwechando kubva kumawere echando nemadziva emakomo, kunyangwe zvitubu zvemvura izvi zvichiderera zvishoma nezvishoma. Bolivia iri kurasikirwa nemazaya echando ari pasi pe5,400 metres. Mafashamo achateverwa nokusanaya kwemvura.
Kupokana kwemakore eMorales kwakafukidzwa nemutungamiri wenharaunda Rigoberto Rios Miranda, murimi uye mutungamiri wekanzuru yenzvimbo kubva kuChacaquinta, nharaunda iri padyo nemusha weLaja, mumapani akakwirira pamusoro peEl Alto. Rios Mirandaโuyo anoyeuka uduku muma 1950 apo vanhu veko vaisabvumirwa munzvimbo huru muLa Paz, nguva isati yavapo guta reEl Alto (zvino musha wevanhu miriyoni)โhaana kupokana mukurumbidza kwake โ mutungamiri chete muhupenyu hwangu akachinja hupenyu hwangu. " Paanotaura nyaya yekuti El Alto akarwisa sei mauto eaimbove purezidhendi akabviswa pachigaro Gonzalo Sรกnchez de Lozada โnezvipfuramabwe, matombo netsvimbo,โ anotiwo haachaziva kuti nzanga yake ingarima sei zvokudyaโmbatatisi, gorosi, uye quinoa. โnokuti โzvino mvura iri kunaya panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, uye iri kuoma kwenguva refu. Nzvimbo iyi yaisambopisa sezvayave kuita iye zvino. Zvava kuita seCochabamba.โ
Rios Miranda ane mutsara mukutenda kwake kuti "pasi peEvo, zvese zvakasiyana," kusanganisira kugona kwake semuzvarirwo kuti ave nekutaura mune zvematongerwo enyika uye kugamuchirwa munzvimbo itsva yeruzhinji nekuti Morales akatarisana zvakanyanya nekuchinja bumbiro kuti ripe. mari yehurumende yakawanda, mapurojekiti uye mabasa kune vanhuwo zvavo vekuBolivia.
Inooneka Yakasvibiswa
Chinhu chimwe chisina kushanduka mukati memakore anoda kusvika gumi ekutonga kwaMorales, zvisinei, inzvimbo yeRwizi rwePallina, rwunopfuura nemuminda yeRios Miranda. Iko Rios Miranda aiwanzobata matatya nehove sejaya rinosvibiswa zvinooneka, uye anofanira kuchengetedza mhuka dzake kuti dzisanwa kubva mairi. Iyo imwechete yekuchenesa mvura chirimwa muEl Alto, iyo isina kumbobvira yagadzirirwa rudzi rwemvura yemumaindasitiri inoyerera isina kuvharwa kubva kumatanneries, mafekitori nenzvimbo dzekuurayira pachivande, haina kukwana zvachose. Uye saka iyo ine muchetura, inopenya yakasvibira, orenji uye tsvuku mvura inopupuma inoyerera nemunyika yeRios Miranda inozosvika paLake Titicaca, uko, sekureva kwaIvรกn Marcelo Castillo - mushandi weBolivian Environmental Defense Fund - ine basa rekusvibisa nharaunda makumi matatu neshanu.
Kusvibiswa kunooneka, kusvibiswa kusina kugadziriswa kubva kumafekitari eEl Alto nedzimba dzekuuraya kunoenda kuLake Titicaca kuburikidza neRwizi Pallina. Nezverwizi, Rios Miranda akati, "Tinotenda kuti kunyange vazukuru vedu vachanwa mvura ine utachiona." Rwendo rwokudzoka nembongoro kuenda kuLaja kumvura kunotora maawa maviri, asi iye zvino ane pombi yakapiwa nehurumende, iyo nharaunda inogovera.
Kwaaimbove nebhuru negejo, pari zvino pave netirakita yekuhaya neawa kunharaunda, uye mukaka wekutengesa kuEl Alto. Zvichakadaro, huwandu hukuru hwevanhu muCochabamba huri kuramba husina mvura inonwiwa, kuchenesa tsvina kunenge kusipo zvachose, uye Rio Rocha inoyerera nemuguta yakasvibiswa uye yakasvibiswa seRwizi rwePallina.
Iyo Altoplano
Nemamiriro ekunze, tembiricha yakakwira avhareji inotungamira mukuwedzera kwekubuda, zvichiita kuti ivhu riome. Zvakare, ivhu rakaoma rinowedzera kukukurwa uye kurasikirwa kwevhu repamusoro, mhedzisiro inozowedzerwa nemimwe migumisiro miviri yemamiriro ekunze anodziya. Mvura yakawanda, inonaya zvakanyanya, munguva pfupi, ichawedzera kukukurwa kwevhu, sezvichaitawo kumhanya kwemhepo kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera simba rakabatwa mumhepo. Izvi zvinozowedzera mukana wekupisa kwesango panyika yesango, kunyangwe kukurumidza kutemwa kwemasango kuitira kuwedzera bhizimusi rekurima, kunyanya soya, kuri kuitika munzvimbo zhinji dzakadzika dzeBolivia.
Mumwe anogona kufunga kuti kugona kurima zvirimwa kumusoro kumusoro kwemakomo asingaomese kazhinji kungave shanduko yakanaka. Nekudaro, varimi vekuBolivia vagara vachiziva nzira yekudzikisa njodzi nekuda kwekusiyana kwekunaya kwemvura uye tembiricha, nekurima nenzira dzakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Altiplano yagara ichikodzera kumafuro ellama nealpaca chete; zvakati zvadzikira, kune kurima kwakaganhurirwa kwakavakirwa pazvirimwa zvinotonhora uye zvisinganaye mvura zvakaita sequinoa (iyo inewo kushivirira kune yakakwirira frequency solar mwaranzi); kuchidzika zvichidzika, zvimwe zvirimwa zvakaita sechibage zvinokwanisa kukura. Asi iyi yakagadzikana, yakabatana uye yakatsiga maitiro ekurima akabatanidzwa ari kutyisidzirwa nekudziya kunodziya, sezvo zvekurima zvanga zvichikwira kumusoro kwemakomo: 200 metres mumakore makumi matatu apfuura. Nokudaro, sezvo mafuro ari kuramba achiganhurirwa uye akaoma, kurwisana kuri kutanga pakati pevafudzi nevarimi.
Uyezve, pre-Incan altiplano staple food, chuรฑo, yakagadzirwa nembatatisi yakaomeswa nechando inoramba ichidyiwa kwemakore akati wandei, inotyisidzirwa nekuti tembiricha dzehusiku hadzisi kudonha pasi pechando kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kana nekugara kwakafanana. Pasina kugovewa patsva kwevhu, minda midiki nediki, iyo inotonga nzvimbo dzakakwirira, inomanikidza varimi varimi kuti vashandise minda yavo, zvichiwedzera kuparara kwevhu nekukukurwa kwevhu. Yakarongeka uye yakakosha shanduko yevhu ingangodzora kurwa pakati peMAS nebapiro rekurudyi, varidzi venyika vane rusarura mukati nekupoterera kweSanta Cruz, uko minda mikuru yakatarisana.
Buen Vivir
Kuti nyika diki ine vanhu vane mamiriyoni gumi vachengete tariro nezviroto zvemakumi emamiriyoni evanhu vanoda kuona nyika yakasiyana haisi diki. Uye haisi imwe yekudzingwa basa nekuti inogona kunge isinga fanane nezvatinofungidzira maitiro ekuchinja kwakadzama munharaunda angaite. Pfungwa yechizvarirwo yebuen vivir, kana kuti vivir bien, yakanyorwa mubumbiro idzva reBolivia neEcuador, inowanzoshandurwa ichinzi โkurarama zvakanakaโ kana kuti โkurarama zvakanaka,โ asi iyoyo ishanduro isina kururama, maererano nenyanzvi yokuUruguay Eduardo Gudynas. Gudynas anoti: โIzvi hazvina kuenzana zvachose. Ne buen vivir, nyaya yekugara zvakanaka haisi [ye] munhu, asi munhu ari munharaunda yenharaunda yavo uye mune yakasarudzika mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza. " Nemamwe manzwi, izwi iri rinobva muhumwe huzivikanwi hunotora zvisikwa sechinyorwa chenhoroondo chakabatana nenhoroondo yevanhu.
Sekupokana kunoita Gudynas, vivir bien "inopesvedzerwa zvakaenzana nekushoropodzwa kwekuMadokero [kwecapitalism] mumakore makumi matatu apfuura, kunyanya kubva mundima yemafungiro echikadzi uye nharaundaโฆ. Izvo hazvidi kuti udzokere kune imwe rudzi rwechivanhu, pre-Colombian yakapfuura. " Mafambisirwo emagariro evanhu, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, nevaratidziri vakaunza Morales pamasimba vanoramba vachipokana nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uko Morales anoonekwa semutakuri wetarisiro uye kushora kupikisa moyo we capitalism unopesana nemamiriro ekunze nevari kunze kwenyika. Kunze kweBolivia, vazhinji vari kuruboshwe vasingatsoropodzi vanotora kushora kwaMorales kunzira yecapitalist inoparadza magariro uye inoparadzanisa magariro. Zvisinei, masangano evanhu, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, uye vashandi vakagadzira mamiriro ezvinhu ekuti auye pakutonga, vanoramba vachipokana kuzvipira kwake kukuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kururamisira kwevanhu.
Somuenzaniso, kusiyana nemufananidzo wepasi rose, Morales akazivisa kutanga kwa2014 kuti Bolivia yaida kuvaka gwenya remagetsi enyukireya, achiti, โBolivia haigoni kuramba isina kubatanidzwa muruzivo urwu, rwevanhu vose.โ Anoita kunge asingatarise kuti hofori, pakati pepakati pesimba renyukireya, ine njodzi uye mari yaizosanganisira, haisi mhinduro kune zvinodikanwa zvesimba reBolivia, ndoda kuremekedza kodzero dzePasi. Mumwe chete anongoda kubvunza vachiri kutambura vanhu veFukushima kune humbowo hwazvino hweizvozvo.
Mune mumwe muenzaniso, veBolivia vevakadzi nevanorwira kodzero vari kubvunza, nekunetseka kwakanyanya kunoratidzwa kuPasi, iko kunetseka kwekodzero dzevakadzi naamai kupi?
Vanhukadzi vanogarozvidzwa mumutauro wevakuru vakuru vehurumende nemitemo yavo. Morales nevamwe vatungamiri vakasarudzwa vanoramba vachitaura mashoko ezvepabonde izvo zvakakurudzira masangano evakadzi kuronga kuratidzira nekukurudzira vanhu vachipikisa zvirevo nezviito izvi. Munguva yekunetsana kwe2011 nenharaunda dzakagadzirwa nehurumende kuvaka mugwagwa mukuru kuburikidza neinozvimiririra Indigenous Territory Isiboro Secure National Park (TIPNIS), Morales akakumbira macocaleros vanogara pedyo nenharaunda iyoyo kuti aite kuti mukadzi weikoko ade navo uye kuti vaore mwoyo. kushora kwavo mugwagwa mukuru. Morales akati, โDai ndaiva nenguva, ndaivaita kuti vadanane neni uye ndivatendese. Saka, majaya, mune mirairo kubva kuna purezidhendi yekukunda vamwe veUtatu veYuracarรฉs kuti vasapikisa kuvakwa kwemugwagwa.
Mashoko aya anoratidza mafungiro akanyanya kuvakadzi kubva kuhutungamiri huripo. Hurumende yeMorales, ichiita seinoremekedza maonero everuzhinji nezvenyaya iyi, nguva pfupi yadarika yakadzika mutemo unopa mhosva dambudziko guru muBolivia remhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika inoitirwa vakadzi uye yakawedzera mari yehurumende mukuchengeta vana. Zvakadaro, zvinoramba zvisiri pamutemo kubvisa nhumbu muBolivia, kunyima vakadzi kodzero yavo yesarudzo yekuzvara, uye nyaya dzakati wandei dzemhirizhonga kune vakadzi dzakaitwa nenhengo dzebato reMAS kana vakuru vakuru vehurumende hadzina kufuratirwa. Pamusoro pezvo, zvishoma zvakaitwa kugadzira mutemo unofadza nharaunda yeLGBT. Sezvo hudzvanyiriri hwevakadzi chiri chinhu chehwaro chinodiwa pakushanda zvine pundutso kwecapitalism, tarisiro huru yehurumende chero ipi zvayo kana mutungamiri anoti anomiririra kubva kucapitalist, uye kuenda kuSocialism nekuremekedza pachamama, anofanira kugadzirisa nyaya idzi.
Kune ese aMorales's rhetorical kurwira buen vivir, Gudynas anotenda kuti hurumende yeMAS panzvimbo pezvo inoshanda zvakanyanya munzira yemhando nyowani yeKeynesian neoliberalism - yaanodaidza kuti "neo-extractivismo - apo chikamu chekuwedzera mari kubva mukutorwa chinoshandiswa ne hurumende kubatsira kubvisa urombo-pakuwedzera simba rehurumende.
State Intrusion
Nyika inotsvaga kutora chikamu chikuru cherendi dzakatorwa, uye kuishandisa kutsigira zvirongwa zvemagariro uye marongero ekugovera. Izvi zvinobatsira kuita zviri pamutemo extractivismo uye kunyaradza vatsoropodzi vayo, nevaya vanoipikisa vachiratidzwa sekushanda zvinopesana nezvido zvenyika.
Extractivismo inouya pakuonekwa semutyairi mukuru wekukura, achipa zviwanikwa zvekurwisa urombo. Iyi modhi yekukura inopokana nemamwe mafungiro ebudiriro, seaya ane hukama ne "buen vivir."
Hurumende yaMorales yakaedza kugadzirisa kupokana kuri muvaridzi vemidziyo yezvinhu zveveruzhinji zvakaita semafuta, gasi, mvura nemagetsi kuburikidza nehurongwa hunotungamirwa nehurumende uhwo vamwe vakadaidza kuti nationalization, asi izvo zviri izvo, kuri kutaurirana kwakanaka kwezvibvumirano. nemakambani emafuta negasi atove kushanda munyika uye nekugadziriswa kwemamwe masosi. Kureva, kuti nyika iri kupinda munzvimbo itsva dzehupfumi uye hupenyu hwevaBolivia nenzira ine simba, inova chinhu chikuru chehutongi hweMorales kupfuura chero hupfumi hwakakura hwezvikamu zvakakosha zvehupfumi.
Muna Chivabvu 2014 kubvunzurudzwa, Alfredo Viscarra, aimbova mutungamiri wemubatanidzwa pakambani yemagetsi ELFEC Empresa de Luz y Fuerza Elรฉctrica Cochabamba), akati, mushure mekunge ELFEC "yakaitwa nyika" nehutungamiriri hweMorales: "Hatina kumbobvira tafunga kuti hurumende yaizogadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu. kambani yemagetsi nekuti mubatanidzwa wenhare nevashandi vemagetsi vaive varidzi vayo. Musi waMay vakatitorera kambani yedu nomutemo. Isu, vashandi, takaita kambani yenyika. Muusiku humwe chete, vakatora kambani nemasoja sepanguva yeudzvanyiriri hwakaipisisa uye vakatidzinga ipapo. "
Kambani yemagetsi kuCochabamba yakaitwa ma1990s. Kambani yeUS yaive nayo, PPL Corp, chishandiso cheUS chaigara muAllentown, Pennsylvania, icho chaive nemvumo dzakawanda muLatin America, yakafunga kuenda. Kambani payakangoisa zvinhu zvayo pamusika, vashandi, avo vakanga vatenga zvikamu zvishanu kubva muzana zvemasheya mukambani iyi muna 5, vakasarudza kutenga imwe 1995 muzana. Saka, panguva iyi, vashandi mazana matatu vakanga vatenga zvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana zvekambani vachishandisa mabhenefiti avo ekusiya basa. Imwe yakasara yekambani (35 muzana) yakawanikwa mu300 nefoni cooperative Comteco, kambani yenhare yemuno iyo nhasi ine nhengo dzinopfuura 40 mudunhu. Mushure mekunge yatanga kutonga, hurumende yeMorales yakazivisa chinangwa chayo chekupa makambani anonzi "akakosha" uye, muna 60, yakaenderera mberi nekumisikidzwa kwemafuta negasi payakaita ELFEC. Hurumende yakadoma vamiriri vatatu kuti vatarise hurongwa uhu. Vayananisi ava vakazivisa kuti muridzi wemushandi aripo uye muridzi wemubatanidzwa wakatorwa zvisiri pamutemo. Semumiriri wevashandi akasarudzwa uye purezidhendi weELFEC, Viscarra akaramba kupa hutongi hwevashandi kunze kwekunge vashandi vakabhadharwa nemari yavo yekutanga yekubvisa uye muridzi. Kunyange zvazvo akaiswa muhusungwa kwemakore maviri nehafu apfuura, uye achityisidzirwa kuti achaiswa mujeri, Viscarra akaramba akaomerera pakutenda kwake kuti kunyange zvazvo achibvuma kuti hurumende yeBolivia ine kodzero yokuita kuti kambani iyi ive nyika, inofanira kuripa vashandi vanenge vaita izvi. varikumhanyisa uye varidzi vechikamu.
Kuita nyika kunoreva kuti nyika inotora masimba, iine kana isina muripo uye inomhanyisa makambani sesevhisi kuvanhu, kwete kuita mabhizinesi ekuita purofiti, nekudaro kutsausa mari kubva kune vega vega vakananga kuhomwe yehurumende uye zvirongwa zvemagariro kugadzirisa kusaenzana munharaunda uye kune avowo zvavo. kugona. Kugarisana muBolivia, zvisinei, kwakaomarara kupfuura zvinorehwa netsanangudzo iyi. Ipo hurumende yeBolivia yakatora danho muchikamu cheoiri negasi, hapana kana sangano rekunze remafuta emafuta rakasiya Bolivia. Ipo hurumende yeMorales iri kutora chikamu chakakura chemari kubva kuminda yegasi yakawanda yeBolivia, kukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu uye kugadzirwa kwegasi kune kunze kwenyika kwawedzera kudarika makambani akazvimirira. Nekudaro, kunyangwe homwe yeBolivia ine hutano zvakanyanya, makambani emafuta emafuta ezvicherwa ari kushanda muBolivia ari kuita mari inosvika mari yakawanda sezvaaimboita asati aitwa "nyika," sekuita kwaMorales, kuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze anoshamwaridzana nevashambadziri. Chokwadi, mushandi mudiki uye ane manejimendi ane kambani yemagetsi ELFEC inonyanya kukodzera izwi rekuti "nyika" (pasina muripo kune vashandi), kupfuura hofori yemafuta emafuta corporations.
Viscarra anga asingakwanise kubuda mumba make kwemakore maviri nehafu - kunyangwe kushanyira mhuri yake - uye parizvino ari mumatare edzimhosva. Anoramba ari musungwa, asina umboo chaihwo hunomupikisa, asi asingazivi kuti achasunungurwa here, achatongwa, kana kuti achawana zivo yeramangwana rake.
VePublic Sectors International pamwe nemasangano akati wandei muBolivia vakaungana vachitsigira Viscarra, vakatanga chirongwa chekudzivirira nekunyora tsamba kuhurumende yeBolivia vachida kuti aburitswe. Kusungwa kwake kusvibisa hurumende yeBolivia uye kunomiririra kurwiswa kwakananga kwekuzvironga kwevashandi uye kodzero dzemubatanidzwa.
Kana nyika ine mutungamiri webato rekuruboshwe akasarudzwa kuburikidza nekudururwa kwehasha dzakakurumbira uye kuzvikurudzira inogamuchira rumbidzo yakazara nekuda kwemitemo yayo yehupfumi kubva kune neoliberal bastion yeWorld Bank - uye inosunga mutungamiri wevashandi, kuti atange - zvakanaka fungidzira kuti havasi vese vari kutamba zvinoenderana netarisiro yesangano rakakurumbira.
"Extracivismo"
Nekudaro, kukahadzika kwedu pamusoro pekuti hurumende yeMorales yakaita zvese zvainogona kuderedza urombo, kusaenzana uye rusaruraganda kunofanira kubvuma kuti Morales haana rusununguko rwakakwana rwekuita.
Panguva imwecheteyo, zvikamu zvakati wandei uye vaimbove mubatanidzwa weMorales vanochengetedza chinzvimbo chakazvimirira chekutsoropodza hurumende, vachisimbisa kuti, kunyangwe shanduko yekutaura kwepamutemo, uye kumwe kugovaniswazve kwehupfumi kunogamuchirwa, marongero aMorales akafanana neakafanotungamira. kutorwa kwezviwanikwa. Kubviswa uku kunoramba kuri hwaro hwekugadzikana kwemari yenyika, uye kunouya nekurwiswa kwekuzvironga kwepasi apo kurongeka uku kunopesana nemutemo wenyika yeBolivia.
Kuongorora kwakadzama kwekushanduka kwehurumende yeMorales kunoda kuongorora kushanduka kwemagariro evanhu munyika, uye kana hurumende iri kuisa simba mumaoko ehurumende, kana, zvakasiyana, kuvimba nevanhu vakaiisa pachigaro. Shanduko yechokwadi yezvehupfumi inoda kuisa simba rekuita sarudzo dzezvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika nguva zhinji uye zviri pachena mumaoko evanhu, kunyangwe mamwe marongero angave asina kukwana ipapo uye achienderana nezvinogoneka uye zvematongerwo enyika. Pamusoro pezvo, kufamba chaiko kuenda kuSocialism kunoda kusimuka kubva munzira yecapitalist yekuwedzera kushandiswa kwevanhu nemapuraneti uye kuratidza nyika kuti imwe nzira yekubuda muhurombo nekusaenzana inogoneka. Izvi hazvireve kungogovera patsva humwe hupfumi hwakawanikwa kubva kunze kwenyika gasi, migodhi nemaindasitiri, asi kuronga patsva zvinokosheswa nenyika nezvemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika.
Pane zvakawandisa zviri mungozi kusabvunza mubvunzo: Izvi ndizvo izvo vanhu vanofungidzira nyika yakasiyana vari kurwira? Zvichida kwete semhedzisiro, asi iyo modhi yeBolivia inotungamirwa naMorales inopa template yenhanho munzira inoenda kune yakazara uye yakakosha shanduko yemagariro? Kana kuti kungotangazve mhirizhonga munharaunda padanho repamusoro uye rakasimba rinodiwa MAS isati yanyatsoisa pamberi zvinangwa zvainoshambadzira? Kana kuti, kupfuurirazve, zvichadikanwa here masangano matsva ezvematongerwo enyika nemapato?
Basa renyika muBolivia - uye, chaizvo, kwese-kwese-rakakura kune isu tichirwira imwe nyika, sekunyora kwaMike Geddes muna 2010: "Munguva kubva 2000 Bolivia yakabudirira kupidigura hutongi hweNeoliberal ndokutanga kuvaka. masangano matsva nemitemo, kunyanya nyika yakatangwa patsva iyo isinganyanyi kuparadzaniswa nehuwandu hwehuwandu kupfuura iyo neoliberal capitalist state. Sezviri pachena, ichi chichiri chirongwa chiri kuvakwa, asi chinomutsa nyaya yakafara, inokosha kure kupfuura Bolivia, pamusoro pekuti uye sei uye sei iyo capitalist state inogona kuumbwa patsva sechikamu chekuvakwa kweiyo "imwe nyika" iyo yakakosha. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro angaratidzika sei? Chaizoshanda sei? Bumbiro idzva reBolivia, pamwe chete nematanho akasimba kune imwe nzvimbo muLatin America, kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeZapatistas muChiapas, Mexico, kuenda kumakanzuru emunharaunda yeVenezuela, zvinogona kubatsira kuendesa mibvunzo yakadaro mberi.
"Tichifunga nezvezvichangobva kuitika, kubva pakuwedzera kuputika kwekuratidzira kutsva muBolivia kusvika kuhurumende yeEcuadorian kudzosera kumashure zvisungo zvekuchengetedza nharaunda pasi paRafael Correa, ongororo yaGeddes yenyika yakavambwa zvakare inoita kunge ine tariro." Raquel Gutierrez akanyora muna 2011 kuti vanhu vaive nezvimwe zvavaitarisira pavakasarudza Morales neMAS kuhurumende: โKukunda musarudzo kwakapa Morales nehutungamiriri hwake kodzero yekutonga. Zvakadaro, kuvanhu vazhinji, tsigiro huru yesarudzo yaEvo nebato rake rezvematongerwo enyika MAS yairatidza, pamusoro pezvose, mukana wekuwedzera nekubatanidza simba rine mukurumbira. MuBolivia, kunyanya pakati pa2006 na2008, vanhu vakataura kuti vaida kutonga nyaya dzehurumende maererano nemamwe mafungiroโakananga zvikuru, akachinjika, uye nezviyero zvidukuโzvaizobvumira nharaunda, uye nokubatana, nyika, kuti idzore zvakare. pfuma yavose yakanga yabiwa nevemarudzi akawanda nevabatsiri vavo vomumba.โ
Semunyori weanarchist Carlos Crespo, purofesa paCentre for Superior Studies kuUniversidad Mayor de San Simรณn uye anotsoropodza akasimba weMorales uye nzira yakatemerwa nenyika yekuchinja akati, "Takarasikirwa nemukana wechimwe chinhu kubva pachedu. - sangano uye kuzvitonga. Kune mienzaniso yakawanda yekuzvitonga munyika, nemakampasino uye nemakomiti emvura. Makomiti emvura [kana] vanodiridza vanozvigona zvakakwana. Zvinhu zvose izvi zvinogona kushandiswa [semienzaniso yenzira] dzokurongazve nzanga.โ
Beyond Localized Self-Management
Zvisineyi, kuzvitonga kwenzvimbo, pasina kudyidzana kwakadzama, hakuna kukwana zvachose kune nzanga inoshanda, yakaenzana, uye yezvakatipoteredza. Naizvozvo, zvinoita sekunge zvakafanirawo kumisa imwe nzira yehurongwa hwakakura, hwakarongeka muzvikamu zvakasiyana nenzvimbo: bato repasi-kumusoro, repakati, rakasarudzwa nedemocracy iro rinogona kuronga nekuronga kuvaka patsva nzanga. Mutumbi uyu waizoshanda, zvakanyanya, senyika inotongwa nevanhu. Kunyange tikaganhurira kurukurirano kuguta rinoshanda zvizere remirioni imwe, rakadai seCochabamba, uko mvura, utsanana, magetsi, utano, dzidzo nezvokudya zvinowanwa zvakaenzana kumunhu wose, nepo tichideredza kuraswa, kunoda kutsinhirana kukuru pakati pezvikamu zvose. yenzanga, kusanganisira vanogara mumaruwa akapoteredza, uko zvokudya nemvura zvaizobva. Mukuwirirana nomurangariro iwoyo, sokutaura kwakaita Marco Gandarillas Gonzรกles weCEDIB: โPane chinetso nomutoo wazvino uno woupfumi weBolivia. Nekuti isu zvicherwa tinozvitengesa kunze kwenyika uye tinopinza maturusi ekuti tizviwane. Kuti tinofanira kufunga zvinhu zviviri izvi kuitira kuti tive nemutemo wezvicherwa unoenderana. Hatisi kuita maindasitiri nekushandisa zvicherwa zvatiri kuchera kubva muvhu. Tinofanira kuchengeta matura uye mamwe acho ari pasi pevhu. Uye panofanira kuva nehurukuro dzemarudzi akawanda nedzimwe nyika, dzakadai seCongo neColombia, kuitira kuti tiite gadziriro dzakarongwa dzezvinodiwaโcoltan nezvimwewo.โ
Mune mamwe mazwi, chirongwa ichi chinotopfuura boka revanhu, rehurumende: maitiro anofanirwa kuve epasirese.
Hurumende yeMorales ichaenderera mberi nekusimudzira, neo-extractivist nzira? Kana kuti veBolivia vanogona kugadzira hurumende yavo, inoteerera kune zvinodiwa nevanhu? Sekutaura kwakaita mutungamiri wevashandi Oscar Olivera mubvunzurudzo gore rino, โTaifunga kuti kuva naEvo Morales muhurumende kwaizochinja zvinhu. Uye zvinhu zvakawanda zvachinja. Asi tinoziva iye zvino kuti hazvina kukwana zvachinja. Vanhu havasarudze; hurumende inosarudza. Zvisinei nebumbiro remutemo rinovimbisa kodzero dzevanhu veko, mitemo iyoyo haitevedzerwi; ndiwo mashoko chete.โ
A Cosmo-Vision
Olivera anosimbisa kuti kurwisana nekuchengetedzwa kwemvura muCochabamba kwaisava, pamidzi, pamusoro pemvura. Asi, yaive yemubvunzo wezvematongerwo enyika wekuti "ndiani anosarudza." Kuna Olivera, "ndosaka kurwa kwakapfuura Bolivia uye kwakave nekunzwa kwepasirese."
Nekuda kwekuti midziyo yehurumende iyo yava kutonga mvura yeBolivia (uye nezvimwe zvakawanda zvinokosheswa) ine tsigiro huru yezvirongwa zvayo zvemagariro hazvidzikisi kudiwa kwekurongwa nevanhu muzvido zvavo. Zvinoda, zvisinei, zvinoda rudzi rutsva rwekurwa. "Izvi zvakanyanya kuoma pane [kuronga] kurwisa Gonzalo Sรกnchez de Lozada kana hurumende yemauto kana neoliberal," Olivera akadaro. โEvo haana kufanana naSรกnchez de Lozada; ihama neshamwari, nokuda kwezvimwe zvaakaita. Saka, zvakanyanya kuoma kuronga vanhu. โ Zvakadaro, nekuti kurwira kutonga kwemvura kunoramba kwakabatana nehondo yezvematongerwo enyika, "saka, nezvekurarama kwevanhu."
Izvi zvose zvidzidzo zvinokosha zvekubudirira kwematambudziko emangwana sezvo vanhu vakawanda pasi rose vari kuona kudiwa kwe "kuchinja kwehurongwa," tinofanira kuziva zvinodiwa kuti tibudirire. Nenzira iyoyi, Bolivia inotipa zvidzidzo zvepachokwadi uye zvinobatsira zvakadaro pamusoro pezvingashanda uye zvatinofanira kungwarira. Sekureva kwaOlivera, vanhu vakakunda muCochabamba nekuda kwezvinhu zviviri: muono wepasi rose unoenderana nehunhu hwechivanhu hwekugarisana nekubatana uye kuronga nekudyidzana pamatanho ese. Kureva kuti, chaivepo chaive chiono chakasiyana kwazvo chenyika yakarongedzerwa zvakanyanya iyo yakaenda kure nekugadzirisa masangano azvino, akabatana nerudzi rwekuzvibata kwakadzama uye kwakadzama kweboka revashandi rinodiwa kuunza chiono ichocho.
Naizvozvo, hatifaniri bedzi kukarira nyika yakarongeka zvikuru uye yakasiyanaโiyo yakavakirwa pabatira pamwe, kwete makwikwi; uye hutongi hwejekerere chaihwo uye kugadzirwa kwezvido, kwete purofitiโasi tinofanirawo kuvaka masangano akasimba, ane hutongi hwejekerere uye ari pachena kuitira kuti manzwi evanhu amiririrwe pamatanho ese ekuita sarudzo.
Izvi zvinotisvitsa pakuti isu vari kunze kweBolivia vanoshuvira shanduko yakakosha, yeshanduko yemagariro vanogona kutsigira vanhu vekuBolivia vari kunetsekana nechiono ichi. Nzira yakanakisa yekubatana yatinogona kuratidza kune vekuBolivia vachiri kutamburira buen vivir kugadzira bato rine simba rekupokana nevatungamiriri vedu, muUnited States nekumwewo. Isu tinofanirwawo kutsvaga kutevedzera muenzaniso weBolivia nekutsvaga rusununguko kubva kune capitalism uye rusununguko rwekusarudza ramangwana redu, takabatana uye nehutongi hweruzhinji, dzimwe nguva kuburikidza nekumukirana kwakawanda kupikisa hurumende dzedu.
โHatigoni kuisa tariro yedu yeramangwana riri nani mumaoko ehurumende,โ akadaro Olivera, achipfupikisa zvidzidzo zvehondo dzomumvura dzomuBolivia. โZvinodiwa nevanhu uye zvavanoda mune ramangwana ravo uye kuti vozviwana sei zvinofanirwa kusarudzwa nekutungamirirwa nevanhu. Inobva pasi nokunze; haifaniri kuva purovhinzi yeavo vanogara pamusoro uye mukati mezvishandiso zvehurumende. Semvura, iyi nzira inochengetedza hupenyu inofanira kuve yakajeka uye inofamba. "
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Marcela Olivera murongi wemvura muCochabamba, Bolivia. Olivera akashanda kwemakore mana muCochabamba semubatanidzwa wepasi rose weCoalition for the Defense of Water and Life. Kubva 2004, anga achigadzira uye achibatanidza network ye-inter-American pahutongi hwemvura inonzi Red VIDA.
Chris Williams murwiri wezvakatipoteredza uye munyori we Ecology uye Socialism: Mhinduro kune Capitalist Ecological Crisis. Ndiye sachigaro wedhipatimendi resainzi paPacker Collegiate Institute. Zvinyorwa zvake zvakaonekwa mukati Z Magazine, Green Kuruboshwe Vhiki, Alternet, CommonDreams.com, Counterpunch, The Indypendent, Dissident Voice. Mifananidzo naChris Williams. Kekutanga kuburitswa muTruthout.org.