Ngakhale kuti zinthu zinali zovuta kwambiri pazachuma pokonzekera chisankho cha Dec. 6 National Assembly ku Venezuela (chimene ndinachifotokozera m'nkhani yapitayi), boma la Maduro ndi kusintha kwa Bolivarian panopa ali ndi zinthu zochepa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino. zosasangalatsa monga momwe munthu angaganizire. Ndidzawonetsa izi zapakhomo, choyamba, ponena za zochita ndi ndondomeko zaposachedwa za boma, chachiwiri, ponena za kayendetsedwe ka anthu opita patsogolo ku Venezuela ndipo, chachitatu, ponena za zochitika ndi zochita za otsutsa.
Ndondomeko Zaposachedwa
Palibe kukayikira kuti chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Venezuela ndizovuta kwambiri pakali pano, ndi kuchuluka kwa inflation kuyambira nthawi yomwe Hugo Chavez adasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti pa December 6, 1998, kusowa kosalekeza kwa (kulamulidwa ndi mtengo) katundu wofunikira wa chakudya, komanso kuchuluka kwa umbanda. Pozindikira zovuta izi, zomwe boma likunena kuti ndi zotsatira za "nkhondo yachuma" yolimbana ndi boma, Purezidenti Nicolas Maduro wakhala akukhazikitsa ndondomeko zingapo zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zithetse mavuto a kayendetsedwe kake.
Mwina khama lalikulu pankhaniyi laperekedwa ku "Great Housing Mission," yomwe kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2011 idamanga nyumba pafupifupi 850,000 pofika Novembala 2015 ndipo ikuyenera kufika miliyoni imodzi kumapeto kwa 2015. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Boma lakwanitsa kumanga nyumba zatsopano pafupifupi 200,000 pachaka kuyambira pomwe ntchitoyo idakhazikitsidwa, zomwe zikuyimira kuchulukitsa katatu kuposa avareji yapachaka ya 2000-2011 ya nyumba za anthu zomangidwa. Poganizira kuti anthu ambiri aku Venezuela ali ndi mamembala asanu, izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu aku Venezuela ocheperapo mamiliyoni asanu adzapindula ndi ndondomeko ya nyumba kumapeto kwa chaka - chiwerengero chochepa ngati mukuwona kuti ichi chikuyimira gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa anthu onse a ku Venezuela 30. miliyoni.
Khama lalikulu lachiwiri lolimbana ndi zovutazo linali ndondomeko zatsopano zoyendetsera kutsika kwa mitengo, zomwe adazipereka mu October chaka chino. Pazaka ziwiri ndi theka za utsogoleri wake, Purezidenti Maduro adayambitsa kale kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa ndondomeko yake ya zachuma kuti athetse kukwera kwa inflation ndi kusowa. Kubwerera mu February, mwachitsanzo, Maduro adalengeza njira zingapo zomwe zimayenera kupangitsa kuti imodzi mwazosinthana ikhale yovomerezeka kwa anthu wamba ndipo izi zingapangitse kuti kusinthanitsa kwa ndalama zakuda kukhale kovomerezeka. Komabe, palibe mwa ndondomekozi zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri mavuto a kukwera kwa mitengo ndi kusowa.
Chotsatira chake, boma linalengeza mu October kuti phindu lalikulu lalamulo lidzakhazikitsidwa. Limodzi mwavuto lalikulu la mkhalidwe wachuma wamakono ndi loti mavenda ena amapeza phindu lopambanitsa mwa kugula zinthu pamtengo wotsika kwambiri wolamulidwa ndi mtengo wake ndiyeno nkuzigulitsanso kuŵirikiza mtengo umenewo. Kapena, amalowetsa katunduyo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsika mtengo yosinthira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katunduyo akhale wotsika mtengo kwambiri kwa iwo, koma kenako amagulitsa katunduyo pamtengo womwe ukuwonetsa mtengo wowerengeredwa ndi msika wakumbuyo, potero amapeza phindu lalikulu. . Njira zatsopano zachuma zimawunika mitengo yeniyeni ya chilichonse chogulitsidwa ku Venezuela, ndikuyika malire a phindu pa 30 peresenti ya mtengo woyambirira.
Ngakhale kuti njira zatsopanozi zidatsagana ndi zilango zokulirapo kwa ophwanya mapindu atsopano, mpaka pano zikuwoneka kuti muyesowo sukutsatiridwa. Kutsika kwa mitengo kudakali kupitirira 160 mpaka 200 peresenti ya 2015) ndipo, ngati malipoti ena osadziwika ndi odziwika, ogulitsa akutembenukira kumisika yakuda kwambiri, ndikulepheretsa masitolo ogulitsa zinthu zambiri. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe njira zatsopanozi sizinakhudzire zambiri (komabe?) ndikuti kuyang'anira mitengo ndi phindu lazinthu zonse ndi ogulitsa ku Venezuela ndi ntchito yosatheka kuti boma la Venezuela likwaniritse. Mwachidule, gawo lachiwiri ili la ndondomeko silinakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino pazachuma.
Khama lachitatu lalikulu la ndondomeko ya 2015 lakhala likukhudzana ndi kumenyana ndi umbanda, ndi pulogalamu yatsopano yotchedwa, "Operation Liberation and Protection of the People" (OLP), yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu July chaka chino. Mwanjira zina, pulogalamuyi ikuyimira gulu lankhondo lankhondo, chifukwa imakhudzanso zigawenga zazikulu zaupandu, osagwiritsa ntchito apolisi okha, komanso National Guard. Boma linkaona kuti njira yankhondo yoteroyo ikufunika, osati chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zigawenga zamagulu ankhondo zaku Colombia, komanso chifukwa zigawenga zakula kwambiri chaka chatha (mwina chifukwa cha gulu lankhondo laku Colombia). Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa umbanda komanso kuti njira zochepetsera ziwopsezo sizinagwire ntchito, anthu ambiri aku Venezuela akuwoneka kuti akuvomereza pulogalamu ya OLP. Kaya idzaloŵerera m’kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha umbanda, komabe, kudakali koyambirira kwambiri kuti tidziŵe.
Kupatula mbali zitatu zazikuluzikulu za nyumba, ndondomeko zachuma, ndi kumenyana ndi umbanda, boma likupitirirabe - mofanana ndi kale - mapulogalamu onse a boma la Chavez, omwe amadziwika kuti mishoni, monga m'madera a maphunziro, amapereka ndalama zothandizira anthu. chakudya, chisamaliro chaumoyo wa anthu ammudzi, ndi kukulitsa kwa chitetezo cha anthu, pakati pa mapulogalamu ena. Mosakayikira kuphatikiza kwa mapologalamu onsewa ndikomwe kwasungabe kutchuka kwa boma ngakhale kuti pali mavuto aakulu azachuma omwe dziko lino likukumana nawo.
Magulu Otchuka ndi Mabungwe
Chimodzi mwa mphamvu zazikulu za kusintha kwa Bolivarian ndikutengapo mbali kwa magulu ndi mabungwe otchuka. Ngakhale kuti dziko la Venezuela silinakhalepo ndi mayendedwe amphamvu kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena aku Latin America, monga Bolivia, boma la Chavez lidatuluka m'mayendedwe opita patsogolo (onani mbiri yabwino ya George Ciccariello-Maher yaku Venezuela: We Created Chavez). Maguluwa, mokulira, akuchirikizabe boma, ngakhale akudzudzulidwa ndi boma chifukwa cha zovuta zachuma zomwe zikuchitika.
Munthawi ya utsogoleri wa Chavez maguluwa adalimbikitsidwa chifukwa cha mfundo za boma zokulitsa ndi kutsegula malo oti atenge nawo gawo pamapulogalamu aboma, ma TV amdera, komanso ma communal councils ndi ma communes (omwe ndi magulu a ma communal councils). Ndithudi, pakhala pali kuloŵererapo kwa boma, koma zimenezi zakana zoyesayesa zoterozo, zomwe zadzetsa kusamvana kwakukulu ndi kukayikirana pakati pa boma ndi magulu a anthu. Komabe, ngakhale mikanganoyi, mbali zonse ziwiri zikuwonekeratu kuti akufunikira thandizo la wina ndi mzake komanso kuti kufooketsa kapena kuswa magulu panthawiyi kungangowonjezera chigonjetso chotsutsa, zomwe zingakhale zoipa kwa mbali zonse.
Kampeni yatsopano yatsopano yayambika posachedwapa, yotchedwa "Chiwerengero cha Mtima Wonse", chomwe chili chofanana ndi ubale wamagulu a boma ndi anthu. Izi zikuyimira kubwera palimodzi kwa magulu opitilira 20 odana ndi capitalist, ambiri mwachikhalidwe. Kumbali imodzi kampeniyi ndi kampeni yothandiza omwe akuyimira boma omwe akupikisana nawo ku National Assembly, koma ndiwodziyimira pawokha paboma ndipo akufuna kukankhira kumanzere pothandizira kulimbitsa makhonsolo ndi ma communes ku Venezuela. . Ndizovuta kunena ngati kampeniyi ipanga kusintha pachisankhochi, koma thandizo lovuta lomwe akupereka ku boma litha kusintha mabwalo azisankho omwe ndi ovuta kwambiri. Koma kuposa pamenepo, ntchitoyi ndi chitsanzo cha kulenga ndi mphamvu zomwe zilipobe pansi pa ndale za Venezuela, m'madera ndi magulu a anthu, ngakhale kuti akukhumudwa komanso ngakhale mkwiyo umene anthu ambiri ali nawo kwa boma.
Otsutsa
Pakalipano, kumbali ina ya kugawanika kwa ndale, otsutsa akuwoneka kuti akugawanika mkati ndi ofooka kuposa kale lonse, ngakhale kuti akuwonjezeka mu zisankho. Mwanjira zina izi ndizovuta, chifukwa boma liri mosakayikira pamlingo wake wachiwiri wofooka pazaka zonse za 17 za kusintha kwa Bolivarian (Chavez adasankhidwa koyamba pa Disembala 6, 1998 - ndendende zaka 17 isanafike Disembala. 6 National Assembly chisankho cha 2015) - mfundo yofooka kwambiri inali nthawi yoyesera kulanda boma ndi kutsekedwa kwa mafakitale a mafuta mu 2002. boma limene akhala akuda kwa nthawi yaitali.
Komabe, otsutsa adakali ogawanika kwambiri pakati pa omwe akukhulupirira kuti njira yokhayo yobwereranso ku ulamuliro ndikugwetsa boma mwa njira iliyonse yofunikira motsutsana ndi omwe angakonde njira yovomerezeka kuti apezenso mphamvu. Komanso, kusowa kwa pulogalamu yotsutsa momveka bwino kumawapangitsa kuwoneka ngati chinthu chokhacho chomwe akufuna ndikuchotsa kusintha kwa Bolivarian, koma sadziwa zomwe akufuna kuposa pamenepo. Chimodzi mwavuto apa ndikuti pa nthawi ya utsogoleri wake Chavez adakwanitsa kutsutsa nkhani ya neoliberal kotero kuti palibe aliyense wotsutsa angayerekeze kubweretsa neoliberalism ngati pulogalamu yotsutsa (mosiyana ndi Argentina, komwe Macri adatha kuthamanga ndikupambana. pa nsanja ya neoliberal). Ndi kuphatikiza kusowa kwa ndondomeko zandale ndi magawano amkati pa ndondomeko zomwe zapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuti otsutsa apindule ndi chiwopsezo cha boma mpaka momwe angachitire.
Kuyang'ana ku 6D
Monga mwachizolowezi, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nkhani zofalitsa nkhani ku Venezuela, pali kuyesetsa kwakukulu kuti ziwoneke ngati chisankho cha Dec.6 chidzasokonezedwa ndi chinyengo. Ichi ndi chithunzi chomwe otsutsa aku Venezuela akulimbikitsa mwachangu ndi thandizo lopanda manyazi lochokera kumayiko ena, boma la US, ndi Organisation of America States (mabungwe ake ku Washington DC, osati mayiko ambiri omwe ali mamembala). Komabe, aliyense amene wavutitsa kuyang'anitsitsa dongosolo lachisankho la Venezuela, akhoza kuona mwamsanga kuti mwina ndi imodzi mwa (ngati si) machitidwe achinyengo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti Purezidenti Carter adanenapo kuti, "Zowonadi, pazisankho 92 zomwe taziwunika, ndinganene kuti zisankho ku Venezuela ndizabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi."
Choopsa chomwe chilipo pachisankho cha Disembala 6 sichinyengo ayi, koma zomwe otsutsa achita ndi zotsatira zake. Ngati zili zotsatira zomwe sakonda, adzanena kuti panali chinyengo ndikuyambitsa kampeni ina yosokoneza ziwawa, monga momwe adachitira pambuyo pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa April 2013, chomwe chinasiya 11 akufa, komanso pa February-May. M'misewu ya 2014 yomwe imadziwika kuti "Guarimbas," idapha anthu 43 ndikuvulaza ena mazanamazana.
Zotsatira zenizeni za Nyumba Yamalamulo ndizovuta kuneneratu chifukwa zonse zimadalira momwe munthu aliyense payekha amachitira bwino pamaboma awo, omwe ali 87 m'dziko lonselo. Bungwe lolamulira la PSUV lidachita zisankho zopambana kuti asankhe ofuna kulowa mu June watha, ambiri mwa iwo ndi achichepere ndipo pafupifupi theka lawo ndi azimayi. Komanso, ndondomeko zaposachedwa pazanyumba ndi kumenyana ndi umbanda zapangitsa kuti boma likhale losangalala pakati pa anthu. Pomaliza, mfundo yoti magulu ambiri amagulu amamatira ku boma imathandizanso.
Kumbali ina, zovuta zachuma za kukwera kwa mitengo ndi kusowa kwadzetsanso kukhumudwa kwakukulu pakati pa mabungwe a chavista, pafupifupi kupitilira zinthu zomwe zimathandizira boma. Mfundo yakuti pali msonkhano wapadziko lonse wotsutsana ndi boma, zomwe United States ikutsogolera komanso zomwe maboma a Argentina ndi Colombia amathandizira, pamodzi ndi Mlembi Wamkulu wa OAS Almagro, mwina sichidzakhudza kwambiri chisankho chokha, koma. zofuna pambuyo pake ndi zoyesayesa zopatsa mphamvu zachisankho, ngati otsutsa sapeza zotsatira zomwe akuyembekezera.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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