Venezuela ikhala ndi chisankho cha 24 pazaka 20 izi Lamlungu, Meyi 20. Njira yopita kuchisankho ichi mwina inali imodzi mwazovuta komanso zovuta kwambiri ku Venezuela tsopano pafupifupi zaka 20 za Bolivarian Revolution.
Choyamba, panali chisankho chachidule mu 2013, patadutsa milungu isanu Purezidenti Chávez atamwalira ndi khansa. 5 March. Otsutsawo amakhulupirira kuti uwu unali mwayi wawo wabwino kwambiri kuyambira 1998 kuti achotse 'Chavismo' pampando ndipo, pamene mtsogoleri wawo, Henrique Capriles Radonski, adagonjetsedwa ndi Nicolas Maduro ndi 1.5 peresenti yokha, adafuula zachinyengo ndipo adayambitsa ziwonetsero zachiwawa. zipolowe zomwe zidapha anthu osachepera asanu ndi anayi.
Chaka chotsatira otsutsawo adayambitsanso ziwonetsero zachiwawa (zotchedwa 'guarimbas') zomwe zidatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu ndikupha anthu 43. Njira yotsutsa iyi, yomwe otsutsa adayesanso mu 2017, inali yothandiza kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa nthawi iliyonse idagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo anthu amaphedwa (nthawi zambiri m'manja mwa otsutsa okha), malingaliro apadziko lonse a Venezuela - monga mkhalapakati ndi zoulutsira nkhani zapadziko lonse lapansi - zidaipiraipira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake inali gawo laling'ono chabe kuti nthawi zonse tiyambe kunena kuti dziko la Venezuela ndi wolamulira mwankhanza, ngakhale mipikisano yamasankho imapitilira chaka chilichonse.
Panthawiyi, pulezidenti Chávez atamwalira, chuma cha Venezuela chinayamba kuchepa kwambiri. Mtengo wa inflation udakwera kuchoka pa 21% mu 2012 kufika pa 100% mu 2015 (ndikusintha kukhala hyper-inflation mu 2018), zinthu zoyambira ogula komanso zakudya zomwe zidakhala zovuta kwambiri kugula chifukwa cha kusowa, ndalama zomwe mafuta amapeza zidatsika ndi magawo awiri. magawo atatu, kuchokera pa $77 biliyoni mu 2012 kufika $25 biliyoni mu 2016 - zonsezi zinapatsa otsutsa zifukwa zowonjezera kuti ayambe kuukira boma mosasunthika.
The zifukwa za mavuto azachuma Zili zambiri, koma mtima wake ukhoza kupezeka pakuphatikizana kwa: kusinthanitsa kokhazikika, kuyesetsa kwamagulu abizinesi kuti awononge chuma, kutsika kwamitengo yamafuta, komanso - kuyambira mu 2017 - zilango zazachuma zaku US, zonse zomwe zidaphatikizana kupanga imodzi. zavuto lalikulu lazachuma m'mbiri ya Venezuela.
Poona kuti zinthu zikuipiraipira, boma la Maduro lidaganiza zochita nawo zokambirana zingapo ndi otsutsa, zomwe boma la Dominican Republic ndi Prime Minister wakale wa Spain José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero adakhala mkhalapakati. Mkati mwa zokambiranazo panali mgwirizano waukulu kuti chisankho cha pulezidenti ku Venezuela, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimayenera kuchitika mu Okutobala kapena Novembala 2018, chisunthidwe mpaka theka loyamba la 2018.
Poyamba, 22nd ya April inali tsiku logwirizana, koma mphindi zomaliza mgwirizano usanasainidwe kumapeto kwa February, oimira otsutsa adaganiza zochoka. Ndendende chifukwa chimene iwo anachoka si bwinobwino, koma zikuwoneka ndithu nzomveka kuti boma la US linalowererapo ndipo analimbikitsa otsutsawo kuti asasainire panganolo.
Rodriguez Zapatero adapita kukadzudzula otsutsa omwe adachoka pamphindi yomaliza, yofotokoza, 'Ndimaona kuti ndizodabwitsa kuti chikalatacho sichinasayinidwe ndi oimira otsutsa. Sindikugwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika komanso zifukwa zake, koma ntchito yanga ndikuteteza choonadi ndipo kudzipereka kwanga sikusiya kukwaniritsa kudzipereka kwa mbiri yakale pakati pa anthu a ku Venezuela.'
Boma la Maduro lidalengeza kuti lisayina panganoli ndikupitiliza chisankho cha 22 Epulo, ndi otsutsa kapena opanda. Otsutsa, mosiyana, adalengeza kuti anyanyala chisankho.
Poyamba, mtsogoleri wotsutsa wamkulu yekhayo amene adasiya chisankhochi anali Henri Falcon, yemwe adalengeza mwamsanga kuti adzasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti. Pambuyo pake, Falcon ndi Maduro adagwirizana kukhazikitsa tsiku latsopano - 20 May - pa chisankho chapurezidenti, kupereka nthawi yochulukirapo yochitira kampeni.
Henri Falcon nthawi zonse amakhala wandale wa 'maverick'. Poyambirira, anali wochirikiza Chavez komanso bwanamkubwa wa boma la Lara, limodzi mwa mayiko omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri ku Venezuela. Komabe, adachoka ku Chávez mu 2010. Kale chisanafike chaka cha 2010 Flacon anali akukayikiridwa ndi Chavistas ambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha kaimidwe kake kazamalonda komanso kuthandizira kwake komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunda kwa chipani cholamulira cha United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). Pambuyo pake, mu 2012, adalowa nawo chipani chotsutsa, Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD) ndipo adayambitsa chipani chake chandale, Progressive Advance. Mu 2013 adakhala woyang'anira kampeni wa Henrique Capriles pachisankho chapurezidenti chaka chimenecho.
Kusweka kwa Falcon ndi MUD pachisankho cha pulezidenti wa 2018 kwapangitsa atsogoleri otsutsa okhwima kuti azimukayikira kwambiri. Komabe, ngakhale izi, akusangalala ndi chithandizo cha atsogoleri ambiri otsutsa, monga Claudio Fermin, ndale wa Venezuela wa nthawi yaitali, yemwe tsopano ndi woyang'anira kampeni wa Falcon, ndi Yesu Torrealba, yemwe anali wapampando wakale wa MUD.
Lingaliro la MUD lonyanyala chisankho liyenera kudabwitsa. Uwu ndiye mwayi wabwino kwambiri kuyambira 1998 kuti otsutsa azitha kugonjetsa Bolivarian Revolution. Chuma tsopano chili m'gawo la hyper-inflation, malipiro enieni atsika kwambiri, ndipo kusowa kukupitiriza kuyambitsa mavuto, makamaka m'dera la mankhwala. Pazifukwa zotere ziyenera kukhala zotheka kugonjetsa ngakhale Chavez wotchuka kwambiri, akadakhala kuti ali moyo lero.
Nanga ndi chifukwa chiyani MUD ikunyanyala chisankho? Kufotokozera kwa boma ndikuti pali zitsimikizo zosakwanira kuti sipadzakhala chinyengo. Zofuna zazikulu zotsutsa komanso kukhazikitsa bungwe latsopano la National Electoral Council ndikuchotsa milandu kwa atsogoleri angapo otsutsa. Ndidzabwereranso ku nkhani ya chitetezo cha mavoti pang'onopang'ono, koma ngakhale ngati vuto lachinyengo linali lovomerezeka, palibe chisankho m'mbiri chomwe chatsutsidwa bwino ndi kunyanyala koyambirira m'malo mochita nawo ndikutsimikizira chinyengo.
Kufotokozera kwina komveka kwa kunyanyala kodziwikiratu ndikuti otsutsa sakufuna kupambana 'kokha' pampando wapulezidenti. Ndiko kuti, ikufuna kupumula kwakukulu kuchokera ku Bolivarian Revolution ndipo njira yokhayo yomwe ingachitire izi ndikuyambitsa zovuta zandale ndi zachuma zomwe zingayambitse kulanda kapena mtundu wina wa kusintha kwakukulu kwaulamuliro. Izi zikutanthauza kuti a Chavista akupitilizabe kulamulira osati ku Supreme Court, National Electoral Council, ofesi ya Attorney General, komanso National Constituent Assembly, yomwe ili ndi udindo wolembanso malamulo.
Pazifukwa zotere kulamulira kuchokera ku utsogoleri wotsogozedwa ndi otsutsa, ngakhale pansi pa dongosolo lapurezidenti wa Venezuela, zingakhale zovuta kwambiri. Potengera mtsogoleri wotsutsa uja Julio Borges ndi ena akukopa anthu Pazilango zolimba kwambiri ku Venezuela, zikuwoneka bwino kuti njira yake ndikukakamiza kugwa kwa boma komanso kuti asachite nawonso njira zademokalase ku Venezuela.
Iwo omwe akudziwa za Venezuela kuchokera ku media media mosakayikira amatsutsa dongosolo la zisankho la Venezuela ngati chinyengo. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, dziko la Venezuela lili ndi imodzi mwamasankho owonekera komanso otsimikizira zachinyengo padziko lonse lapansi. Linapanga dongosolo lotero ndendende chifukwa cha zomwe dzikolo lidakumana nalo chaka cha 1998 chisanachitike pazachinyengo zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yotetezedwa mwapadera.
Awa simalo oti mulowe mwatsatanetsatane, koma ndi njira yovotera yapawiri, momwe mavoti a mapepala ndi ma voti apakompyuta amaponyedwa ndikufananizidwa motsutsana ndi mnzake. Komanso, sitepe iliyonse ya njirayi, kuyambira m'kaundula wa ovota, makina oponya voti, makina ojambulira zala, kupita ku ndondomeko yowerengera anthu amawunikiridwa bwino ndi oyang'anira zisankho ochokera m'zipani zonse za ndale. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti mavoti a ku Venezuela akhale otetezeka komanso osavomerezeka mwachinyengo kuposa momwe amachitira njira ina iliyonse yovota padziko lapansi.
Vuto lalikulu lomwe wotsutsa wotsutsa Henri Falcon akukumana nalo tsopano si njira yovota, koma kusowa kwa chithandizo cha mabungwe. Ndi zipani zonse zazikulu zotsutsa voti (ndi zipani zitatu zokha mwa zipani zotsutsa 20 zomwe zikumutsatira), zikumuvuta kulimbikitsa omutsatira ku misonkhano komanso kampeni yake nthawi zambiri. Pamwamba pa zonsezi, a Falcon akuyenera kukopa ovota otsutsa kuti asatenge nawo mbali pakunyanyala. Maduro, kumbali ina, ali ndi makina owopsa a PSUV omwe ali nawo. Vuto lalikulu lazachuma m'dzikolo, komabe, likukula pang'ono.
zisankho zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira kuti ndi ndani amene ali patsogolo pa mpikisanowu. M'mbuyomu zisankho zaku Venezuela zakhala zokondera kwambiri, pomwe zisankho zochirikiza boma zikuwonetsa woyimira boma ali patsogolo komanso zisankho zotsutsa zikuwonetsa kutsogolo. Komabe, nthawi zambiri sabata isanakwane chisankho ziwerengero zoponya voti za mbali ziwirizi zimakonda kusonkhana. Komabe, ulendo uno, akhala akusiyana kwambiri ndi kale lonse. Ovota ovomereza boma, monga kampani ya Hinterlaces amapatsa Maduro mwayi wa 17. Otsutsa otsutsa, monga Datanalisis, akupatsa Falcon mwayi wa 11 kuposa Maduro. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chikupangitsa kuti zisankho zisamayende bwino ndi kunyanyala. Ndizovuta kwambiri kudziwa kuti ndi anthu angati omwe adzavotere nawo. Mavoti otsutsa akuti saposa 35 peresenti, pomwe zisankho zochirikiza boma zimayika anthu 70 pa XNUMX aliwonse. Pamapeto pake, ngati a Falcon kapena Maduro adzapambana zimadalira kuchuluka kwa ovota omwe adziletsa.
Mosasamala kuti ndi ndani amene apambana, komabe, tsogolo la Venezuela silidziwika bwino. Zoyesayesa za US pakusintha maboma - osangoyang'ana utsogoleri, komanso mabungwe onse aboma - zipangitsa kuti kulamulira dzikolo kukhala kovuta posatengera kuti ndani angapambane. Kale US, ndipo pansi pa kukakamizidwa kwake pafupifupi maboma ena onse osamala m'derali, adalonjeza kuti sadzazindikira zotsatira zake. Kusavomereza koyambirira kwa chisankho, ngakhale kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njira imodzi yotetezedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, sikunachitikepo m'mbiri ya Latin America.
Ngati Maduro apambana, US mosakayikira idzakulitsa zilango, mwina kuletsa kutumizidwa kwa mafuta aku Venezuela. Ngati a Falcon apambana, amayeneranso kuthana ndi zovuta kwambiri, pomwe mabungwe ambiri aboma amakhalabe m'manja mwa Chavista komanso momwe otsutsa ndi US mwina angakane kumuzindikira ngati purezidenti wovomerezeka.
Monga momwe pulezidenti wa Republic of the Second Republic of Venezuela, Simón Bolívar, anafotokozera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 19, dziko la United States likupitirizabe ‘kuvutitsa [Amerika] m’dzina la ufulu.’
Gregory Wilpert ndi wolemba Kusintha Venezuela Potenga Mphamvu: Mbiri ndi Ndondomeko za Boma la Chávez (Verso Books, 2007), woyambitsa nawo Venezuelanalysis.com, ndipo panopa Senior Producer ku The Real News Network.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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Ndi ulemu wonse, chidutswa ichi chikanalembedwa ndi Maduro mwiniwake. Palibe kudzudzula ngakhale pang'ono boma, kapena kutchulapo za mavoti onse omwe achita nawo zisankho zaposachedwa. Sipanatchulidwenso za ziphuphu zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zomwe anthu amkati m'boma amachita, komanso momwe zimalumikizirana ndi vutoli. Znet iyenera kuchita manyazi kupereka nkhani ya mbali imodzi yotereyi ku nkhani yovutayi.
Ndikukayika kuti US idzaukira mayiko ngati Venezuela. A US ndi apurezidenti ake ali ndi kukhudzika kwakukulu kuti ndi ma autocrats omwe ali ndi dziko lapansi.
Monga mawu a amayi akuti, “Ngati sungathe kunena zabwino za munthu wina, osanena kalikonse,” tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ngati US singachite chilichonse chabwino, siyenera kuchita kalikonse. Ngakhale izi, nazonso, zingakhale zomvetsa chisoni monga momwe tikuonera m'kuthandizira kwake kupha anthu a Palestine.