Ndikukhudzidwa ndi ndale za mphamvu-ndiko kutanthauza kuti, ndimagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zomwe zimawoneka ngati zothandiza, popanda kukhudzidwa pang'ono ndi zoyenera kapena zizindikiro za ulemu.
Kukwera kwa a Donald Trump kukhala purezidenti waku United States nthawi zambiri amaganiziridwa kuti akuyimira kupambana kwa "mapiko anzeru," kapena kungoti "populism."2 Mawu akuti populism ndi ovuta kutanthauzira, chifukwa alibe zotsimikizika zenizeni. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nkhani yodziwika bwino kutanthauza gulu lililonse lomwe limakopa "anthu," pomwe likuukira "olemekezeka."3 Ku United States, populism ili ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri yokhudzana ndi kupanduka kwakukulu kwaulimi chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX.4 Koma lero lingalirolo makamaka likugwirizana ndi kukula ku Ulaya, ndipo posachedwapa ku United States, otchedwa populism ya mapiko amanja-ndipo chachiwiri ndi zomwe zimatchedwa mayendedwe a anthu akumanzere, monga Syriza ku Greece, Podemos ku Spain, kapena Occupy ku United States.
Populism ya mapiko amanja ndi mawu olimbikitsa omwe adayambitsidwa muzokambirana zaku Europe mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi ponena za mayendedwe a "fascist genus" (fascism/neofascism/post-fascism), yodziwika ndi xenophobic, ultra-nationalist tendencies, yokhazikika makamaka mu otsika-pakati ndi gawo lamwayi la ogwira ntchito, mu mgwirizano ndi likulu la monopolistic.5 Izi zitha kuwoneka mu National Front ku France, Northern League ku Italy, Party for Freedom ku Netherlands, UK Independence Party, Sweden Democrats, ndi maphwando ofanana ndi mayendedwe m'maiko ena apamwamba a capitalist.6
Chochitika chofananacho tsopano chapambana ku United States, monga momwe Trump akukwera kukhala wamkulu wamkulu. Komabe ndemanga zodziwika bwino nthawi zambiri zapewa funso lachifasisti kapena neofascism m'nkhaniyi, m'malo mwake kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro osadziwika bwino, otetezeka a populism. Izi siziri chabe chifukwa cha zithunzi zowopsya za Nazi Germany ndi Holocaust zomwe mawu akuti fascist amadzutsa, kapena chifukwa chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira ngati mawu okhudza nkhanza zandale. M'malo mwake, kudana kwa anthu ambiri omasuka ku dzina la neofascist kumabwera makamaka kuchokera ku kutsutsa kwa capitalism kuti kuchitapo kanthu kwakukulu ndi zochitika zandale izi kungaphatikizepo. Monga momwe Bertolt Brecht anafunsa mu 1935 kuti: โKodi munthu anganene bwanji zoona ponena za Chifasisti, pokhapokha ngati ali wofunitsitsa kutsutsana ndi ukapitalist, umene umaubweretsa?โ7
M'zandale zamasiku ano, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa osati momwe kulephera kwa neoliberalism kumayambitsa neofascism, komanso kulumikiza zomwe zikuchitika ku zovuta zamabizinesi a monopoly-finance capital - ndiko kuti, ku ulamuliro wokhazikika, wandalama, ndi globalized capitalism. Pokhapokha pa kutsutsa kozama kwa mbiri yakale koteroko ndiko kotheka kutenga mitundu yofunikira yotsutsa.
Chovala cha Populism
Lingaliro la mapiko oyenerera populism amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzokamba zaufulu ngati epithet yoipa; chimodzi chomwe onse amatsutsa chizoloลตezi ichi, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo amapereka chovala-poyika pambali funso lonse la fascism / neofascism. Ichi chimasonyeza unansi wosamvetsetseka wa gulu lolamulira ku โufulu wopambanitsaโ โumene, kaamba ka โkutengekaโ kwake konse kolingaliridwa, kumazindikiridwa kukhala kogwirizana kotheratu ndi ukapitalist. Zowonadi, mphamvu zaufulu wa neofascist, ngakhale zimawoneka ngati zankhondo ndi osankhidwa padziko lonse lapansi, zakhala "ziwanda" m'madera ambiri ku Europe, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati zibwenzi zovomerezeka m'boma lapakati-kumanja (kapena kumanja).8
The Trump phenomenon tsopano ikufanana ndi kufanana. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale Federico Finchelstein ndi Pablo Piccato analemba posachedwapa Washington Post op-ed kuti "tsankho ndi utsogoleri wachikoka zimabweretsa Trump kufupi ndi fascist equation koma atha kufotokozedwa bwino ngati post-fascist, kutanthauza kuti anthu ambiriโฆ. Utsogoleri wamakono unayamba chifukwa cha kugonja kwa chifasisti, [ndipo] monga kuyesa kwatsopano pambuyo pa chifasisti kubweretsanso zochitika zachifasisti ku njira yademokalase, ndikupanga demokalase yaulamuliro. Othirira ndemanga ena ambiri amakhala osagwirizana kwambiri ndi mgwirizano uliwonse wa zochitika za Trump ndi fascism. Chifukwa chake, wolemba Vox, Dylan Matthews, akuumirira kuti: "Trump si chifasistiโฆ. Iye ndi wokonda kulondola. " Othirira ndemanga ambiri amapewa funsoli mwanzeru. Za New York Times wolemba nkhani Thomas Edsall, Trump akuyimira "kukwera kwa mapiko akumanja ku America," momveka bwino komanso mophweka.9
Njira yaufulu ya hegemonic pa nkhanizi yakhazikika kwambiri mu kusintha kwa chiphunzitso cha ndale chomwe chimabwerera ku Cold War. Populism ngati rubriki ya ndale ikuwoneka ngati ikugwirizana ndi malingaliro a chiphunzitso cha totalitarianism - monga momwe anafotokozera, modziwika kwambiri, ndi Hannah Arendt. Mโlingaliro limeneli, mitundu yonse yotsutsa ulamuliro wademokalase ya ufulu wa anthu a chikapitalist, kuchokera kumbali iliyonse imene imachokera, iyenera kuonedwa ngati mikhalidwe yaufulu, yopondereza, ndipo ili yowopsa kwambiri ngati ili ndi mizu yokhazikika. Sosaiti ndi yademokalase yokhayo yomwe imangokhalira ku demokalase yaufulu, yomwe imayika ufulu ndi chitetezo cha anthu pamitundu yochepa yomwe imathandizira kuti pakhale ulamuliro wosagwirizana ndi capitalist wokhazikika muzinthu zaumwini. Gulu loterolo, monga akatswiri azachuma a Marxist Paul Baran ndi Paul Sweezy adalembamo Monopoly Capital, "ndi zademokalase m'mawonekedwe ake komanso za plutocracy."10 M'malingaliro odziyimira pawokha awa, populism yayamba kutanthauza mayendedwe onse okhala ndi zokopa zodziwika zomwe zimatsutsa zida zaufulu zademokalase zomwe zilipo m'mabungwe apamwamba a capitalist.
Kusintha kwakukulu kwamalingaliro kunachitika ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union mu 1991, zomwe zidapangitsa kuvomereza pafupifupi dziko lonse la demokalase ngati njira yokhayo yothanirana ndi ulamuliro wopondereza (ndi zoyipa) -malingaliro olumikizidwa makamaka ndi Arendt. Monga Slavoj ลฝiลพek akulemba Kodi Winawake Anati Totalitarianism?:
Kukwezedwa kwa Hannah Arendt kukhala ulamuliro wosasunthikaโฆ.ndichizindikiro chodziwikiratu cha kugonja kwamalingaliro kwa Kumanzere-momwe Kumanzere adavomereza zoyambira za demokalase yaufulu ("demokalase" motsutsana ndi "totalitarianism," etc.), ndi tsopano ikuyesera kutanthauziranso (op) malo ake mkati danga iliโฆ.Panthawi yonse ya ntchito yake, "totalitarianism" inali lingaliro lothandizira "kuweta ma radicals aulere," kutsimikizira ufulu wademokalase, kutsutsa kutsutsa kumanzere kwa demokalase yaufulu monga "mapasa". ,โ a ulamuliro wankhanza wa Chifasisti Cholondola. Ndipo nkopanda ntchito kuyesa kuwombola 'totalitarianism' kudzera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (kutsindika kusiyana pakati pa Fascist ndi Communist zosiyanasiyana): nthawi yomwe munthu avomereza lingaliro la "totalitarianism," amakhala mokhazikika mkati mwa ufulu wa demokalase. Mkangano [pano]โฆndiwokuti lingaliro la "totalitarianism," osati lingaliro lothandiza, ndi mtundu wa kuyimitsa: m'malo motipangitsa ife kuganiza, kutikakamiza kuti tipeze chidziwitso chatsopano cha zochitika zakale zomwe zimalongosola, zimatimasula ku ntchito yoganiza, kapena ngakhale mwakhama. imaletsa ife kuchokera kuganiza.11
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kofala kwa mawu akuti populism masiku ano kumachokera ku โchizindikiro chaufulu ndi demokalaseโ chomwechi.12 Populism ikuwoneka ngati ikuyimira zoyamba zotsutsana ndi demokalase, zankhanza, komanso zikhalidwe zopondereza, zomwe zimapezeka kumanja ndi kumanzere, momwe zimatsutsira demokalase yaufulu. Jan-Werner Mรผller akuyankha funsoli Kodi Populism ndi chiyani?, yotchulidwa pamutu wa buku lake, potcha populism kukhala โngozi ku demokalase.โ Itha kufotokozedwa ngati "mthunzi wokhazikika wa ndale zoyimira." Momwemonso, a Cas Mudde ndi a Cristรณbal Kaltwasser m'malo awo Populism: Mawu Oyamba Aafupi Kwambiri: "Mwachidziwitso, populism imagwirizana kwambiri ndi demokalase yomasuka." Motero anthu okhulupirira zachipongwe amaonedwa kukhala akulolera ku โkuchita monyanyira,โ ndendende mโkutsutsa kwawo ulamuliro wademokalase waufulu umene mwamwambo wakhala ukulamulira mโchitaganya cha chikapitalist.13
Pafupifupi nkhani iliyonse yayikulu imatayika mu tanthauzo ili la populism, makamaka njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zipanduko zakumanzere ndi zakumanja zimachitikira, maziko awo amalingaliro am'magulu, ndi zolinga zawo zosiyana, zosagwirizana. Fascism ndi chotsutsana cha demokalase yaufulu mkati mwa capitalist. Othandizira ake akufuna kusintha demokalase yaufulu ndi kasamalidwe kosiyana ndi kachitidwe ka capitalist, kuchotsa ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi malire paulamuliro, kulimbikitsa zida zopondereza kuti zifooketse gulu la ogwira ntchito, ndikutengera mitundu ya anthu amtundu wa ethno-nationalist. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, sosholizimu ndi chitsutso, osati cha boma laufulu-demokrase, koma la ukapitalisti weniweniwo. Socialists akufuna kusintha capitalism ndi njira yosiyana kwambiri yopangira, kutengera "kufanana kwakukulu" komanso "demokalase yayikulu."14
Komabe, poyang'anizana ndi kuyambiranso kwa zizoloลตezi zachifasisti m'madera akumadzulo, ambiri kumanzere asankha-mwinamwake chifukwa cha kumasuka-kulowa nawo mgwirizano wa Arendtian. Chifukwa chake, populism imawonetsedwa ngakhale ndi akatswiri otsogola kumanzere ngati kuwukira kosagwirizana komanso kopanda nzeru kwa anthu osankhika, obadwa ndi zizolowezi zotsutsana ndi demokalase komanso zankhanza. Kuvomereza maganizo amenewa ndi chizindikiro chobwerera m'mbuyo pa ndale ndi maganizo-kusiya mfundo ndi malangizo a mtsutso ku zofuna za bungwe la ufulu wademokalase.
Pothirira ndemanga pakupanga kwaufulu kwaufulu monga populist, ndi zovuta zowunikira zomwe zimapereka, Andrea Mammone akuwona m'buku lake. Transnational Neofascism ku France ndi Italy kuti "mawu akuti populism ndi populism yadziko" adayambitsidwa dala m'zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwa ndi othirira ndemanga omasuka ku Europe kuti "alowe m'malo mwa fascism/neofascism monga mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito." Kusunthaku kudapangidwa kuti "apereke mtundu wandale komanso demokalase yololeza kuchita monyanyira." Kuphatikiza apo, kubwezeretsedwanso kwamayendedwe monga anthu odziwika bwino, a Mammone akuti, sikunali kokhudzana ndi gawo lililonse la kayendetsedwe kake koma kuganiza kuti mabungwe a demokalase anali olimba kwambiri kuti alole kulandidwa kwenikweni kwa neofascist. M'malo mwake, mphamvu za neofascist izi zidawoneka ngati zosasinthika pazandale, zomwe zitha kukhala zothandiza pakukhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha capitalist, kuyang'ana kumanzere.15
Momwemonso, wasayansi yandale Walter Laquer ananena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti populist sikubweretsa chilichonse koma โchizungulire chachikulu,โ ndipo kumafuna kuti tigawo tatingโono tisiyanitse kumanzere ndi kumanja. Zimasocheretsa makamaka, akutsutsa, ponena za kayendetsedwe ka mapiko amanja omwe mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa chake, Laquer amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito "neofascism" pazomwe zimatchedwa "mapiko a kumanja monyanyira, kusintha kwa mapiko akumanja, populism yamapiko akumanja ... [ndi] populism yapadziko lonse" - mawu onse omwe amawapeza "osakhutiritsa" pofotokoza mbiri yakale. chizolowezi cha ndale mkati mwa "gulu lalikulu la fascist".16
Poganizira zamalingaliro ovuta komanso otsutsana awa, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuvomereza otsutsa odziwika bwino, kuphatikiza Judith Butler, Noam Chomsky, Juan Cole, Henry Giroux, Paul Street, ndi Cornel West, omwe akana kutchulidwa kwa anthu a Trump. chodabwitsa ndikuchiwona ngati gawo la "mphepo ya neofascist" yosokoneza mayiko apamwamba a capitalist. Komanso iyi si nkhani yaying'ono: yomwe ili pachiwopsezo sichinthu chocheperapo kusiyana ndi kumvetsetsa kwa kumanzere ndikuyankha kwa gulu lomwe likukulirakulira kumayiko aku Europe ndi United States, panthawi yamavuto azachuma ndi ndale.17
Kusuntha kwa ndale m'gulu lachifasisti kumakhala ndi maziko awo ambiri m'magulu otsika kapena ang'onoang'ono a bourgeoisie, akuphatikizana ndi magawo opambana a gulu la ogwira ntchito. Otsika apakati ku United States masiku ano ali pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu aku US. Oyimilira ake ndi mamanenjala apansi, akatswiri amisiri, amisiri, oyang'anira, ndi ogulitsa osagulitsa, omwe ndalama zapakhomo zimakhala pafupifupi $70,000 pachaka.18 Kuchokera pagululi, komanso kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale abuluu, makamaka kumidzi, komanso kwa eni mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi ma franchise amakampani, pomwe Trump adathandizira kwambiri.19
Mโmbali imeneyi, gulu lotsika lapakati lingamvedwe monga chimene C. Wright Mills anawatcha โosunga mโmbuyoโ a dongosolo la chikapitalist. M'nthawi yamavuto, gululi nthawi zambiri limabweretsa malingaliro a "akuluakulu" ang'onoang'ono, osudzulidwa kuchokera kumagulu achikhalidwe ogwira ntchito komanso omasuka: omwe amadzudzula "ma capitalist" ndi akuluakulu aboma, pomwe nthawi yomweyo amadzigwirizanitsa okha. ndi makampani akuluakulu ndi olemera kwambiri motsutsana ndi "ena" omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala atsankho, omwe ndi anthu opeza ndalama zochepa amitundu, osamukira kumayiko ena, ndi osauka omwe amagwira ntchito.20 Ndi mwayi waukulu kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito omwe akuchulukirachulukira, koma akukana chitetezo ndi chuma cha anthu apamwamba, gawo ili la anthu ndilomwe limakonda kwambiri tsankho komanso kusankhana mitundu, kuyitanitsa kutsitsimuka kwa zikhalidwe "zotayika". ndi miyamboโkapena โpalingenetic ultra-nationalismโ (palingenesis amatanthauza kubadwanso). Pamapeto pake, komabe pulojekiti ya neofascist, monga fascism yachikale isanachitike, imadalira mgwirizano wamagulu otsika apakati ndi likulu lazachuma-zomwe zimatsogolera kukusakhulupirika kwa gululo.21
"Lagal Revolution"
Kutanuka kwenikweni kwa lingaliro losamveka bwino la populism kumawonekera mโchenicheni chakuti Hitler ndi chipani cha Nazi kaลตirikaลตiri amatchulidwa monga zitsanzo za chochitika ichi.22 Classical fascism inali gulu landale lovutirapo lomwe, mosasamala kanthu za ziwawa zobwera chifukwa cha kukwera kwake, kaลตirikaลตiri limanenedwa kukhala zotsatira za โkusintha kwalamulo.โ Onse a Mussolini ku Italy ndi Hitler ku Germany adafuna kuchita "zosintha" zawo zandale mkati ndi kudzera m'maboma a capitalist, ndikusunga mawonekedwe ofunikira kuti akhazikitse ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo latsopanoli. Zowonadi, chithunzi chachikulu cha fascism chowonetsedwa ndi gululo chinali cha "kapitalism" yokhazikika pansi pa "boma lonse" -kutanthauza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. mkati bomaโndi masomphenya atsopano, atsankho a ulamuliro wa dziko.23
Mโchilumbiro chake chalamulo pa mlandu wa ku Leipzig Reichswehr wa 1930, Hitler anauza khoti kuti: โMalamulo oyendetsera dziko lino amangosonyeza malo ankhondo, osati zolinga. Timalowa m'mabungwe azamalamulo ndipo mwanjira imeneyi tipanga chipani chathu kukhala chinthu chodziwikiratu. Komabe, tikakhala ndi mphamvu zotsatizana ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, tidzaumba boma kuti likhale loyenera.โ Hitler anayamba kulamulira osati mwa kuthetsa Constitution ya Weimar, koma mโmalo mwake, monga momwe wolemba mbiri Karl Bracher analongosolera, kupyolera mwa โkukokoloka ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zake mwa njira za malamulo.โ24 Pofika mu November 1932, zinali zoonekeratu kuti chipani cha Nazi sichingapambane mipando yambiri ya nyumba ya malamulo. Hitler, komabe, adzapeza njira ina yolamulira, kupyolera mu kusankhidwa kwake monga chancellor.
Atakhala pampando, Hitler adathamangira mwachangu kuyitanitsa Ndime 48 ya Constitution ya Weimar, yomwe idalola akuluakulu, pamodzi ndi asitikali, kuti adzitengere mphamvu zadzidzidzi ndikukhazikitsa njira zilizonse zomwe zingafunike kuti abwezeretse mtendere wa anthu (poyamba cholinga chake chinali kuteteza kumanzere. ). Izi zikutanthauza kuti akuluakulu a bungweli anali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu mosadalira nyumba ya malamulo, kulengeza malamulo okha, komanso kuyimitsa ufulu wa anthu. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Moto wa Reichstag kumapeto kwa February 1933, patatha mwezi umodzi atalumbiritsidwa kukhala chancellor, Hitler adatha kugwiritsa ntchito Ndime 48, potero akuika mphamvu mu utsogoleri. Izi zidatsatiridwa posakhalitsa ndi Lamulo Lothandizira (Lamulo Lochotsa Zowopsa kwa Nation ndi Reich), lomwe lidasokonezanso kulekanitsa maulamuliro.25 Komabe, kusintha kwa mphamvu zonse ndi kuphatikizika kwa Ulamuliro Wachitatu kunafunikira njira ya Gleichschaltung, kapena kubweretsa pamzere, mkati mwa 1933-34, pamene nthambi zina zambiri za boma ndi mabungwe a anthu zinaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo latsopano la Nazi-makamaka mwaufulu, koma pansi pa ulamuliro wauchigawenga womwe ukukula.
Ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti zonsezi zidapatsidwa mawonekedwe azamalamulo - monga momwe zinalili kasamalidwe ka chifasisi m'boma lonse. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale Nikolaus Wachsmann ananena kuti mโmalo mokana malamulo kapena makhoti, boma la Nazi linaika dongosolo la โchiwopsezo chalamuloโ:
Dziko la Third Reich silinakhale dziko la apolisi. Atsogoleri a chipani cha Nazi nthawi zina ankasonyeza poyera kuti akuchirikiza dongosolo lazamalamulo, makamaka mโzaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wankhanza. Hitler mwiniyo adalonjeza poyera m'mawu ake pa 23 Marichi 1933 kuti oweruza aku Germany sangachotsedwe. Komabe, panthawi imodzimodziyo, ankayembekezeranso kuti dongosolo lazamalamulo ligwirizane ndi zofuna zake, zomwe zimafuna "kusinthasintha" popereka chilango. Mwamwayi, Hitler ndi akuluakulu ena a chipani cha Nazi anagogomezera kuti oweruza amayankha "mtundu wa anthu," osati kutsata mfundo zalamulo. Ananenedwa kuti chitsogozo chokha cha oweruza chinali ubwino wa anthu a ku Germany, ndipo โchifuniro cha anthu a mโdzikoโ chongopeka nthaลตi zambiri chinali kuperekedwa kaamba ka chilango chankhanza. Kuti โchifuniroโ chimenechi kwenikweni chinali chifuniro cha atsogoleri a chipani cha Nazi, kapena kwenikweni cha Hitler, sichinaoneke ngati chotsutsanaโฆ. Zida zamalamulo zinali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya zigawenga za Nazi. Zinachita mbali yaikulu mโkupangitsa kusagwirizana kwa ndale ndi kuloลตetsa mโndale zaupandu wamba. Mayesero sanabisike kotheratu kwa anthu. Mโmalo mwake, mawailesi a chipani cha Nazi anali odzaza ndi nkhani zokhudza milandu ya kukhoti ndi ziweruzo.26
Hitler anakana mosapita mโmbali kuchotsa Lamulo la Weimar ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo lake latsopano, akumatsutsa kuti โchilungamo ndi njira yolamulira. Chilungamo ndi mchitidwe wokhazikika wolamulira. โ Chotero lamulo latsopano lalamulo likanakhala lisanakwane, ndipo lingafooketse โchisinthikoโcho. Potsirizira pake, ndithudi, ndi Gleichschaltung ntchitoyo inatha, ndipo kuzindikiridwa kwa Fรผhrer ndi lamulo kunali kotheratu. Pansi pa zotsatira Fรผhrerprinzip, monga momwe woweruza wachipani cha Nazi Carl Schmitt analembera, โFรผhrer amateteza ulamuliro wa Reich.โ27
Mofananamo, otsutsa a Mussolini nthawi zonse ankaumirira, m'mawu a fascist wa ku Italy Julius Evola, kuti. ndi Duce "Sindinatenge" mphamvu, koma adalandira kuchokera kwa Mfumu, ndipo pansi pa chizoloลตezi chopereka boma kwa iye panali zofanana ndi kufufuza kwalamulo kwathunthu."28 Mabodza a Chifasisti anasonkhezera kupatsa wolamulira wankhanza wa Mussolini misampha ya kutsatira malamulo oyendetsera dzikoโmonga ngati March 1922 pa Roma sanachitikepo. Kuwoneka kwalamulo kumeneku kunatheka kokha ndi chithandizo cha gulu lachikapitalist ndi asilikali, komanso ufulu wochuluka wa ndale. Kugwira ntchito mozama kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino kudapitilirabe ngakhale kuponderezana mwadongosolo ndi ulamuliro waulamuliro zidakula.
Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha fascism chinali kupitiriza kwake kulekanitsa dziko ndi chuma cha capitalist, ngakhale kuti udindo wa boma unasinthidwa. Lingaliro lenileni la "kukhazikika" kwachuma, komwe tsopano kukugwirizana ndi neoliberalism, kunali kupangidwa kwa chipani cha Nazi, kusonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwa makampani a Third Reich m'magulu monga zitsulo, migodi, kumanga zombo, ndi mabanki.29 Ulamuliro wa mafakitale ndi zachuma unabwezeredwa ku likulu. Boma la chipani cha Nazi lidakonda kwambiri kulimbikitsa chuma, ndikukhazikitsa malamulo olimbikitsa magulu ankhondo. Ndondomeko ya misonkho mofananamo inakomera gulu la chikapitalist: โKuwonjezereka kwa misonkho kunakhomeredwa makamaka pa okhoma misonkho omwe si amalonda mโchiลตerengero cha anthu. Motero misonkho inakulitsidwa kwa olandira malipiro ndi magulu onse ogula.โ30 Ndipo pamene nkhawa ya Hitler yoteteza malonda aakulu ndi katundu waumwini sikunamulepheretse kulimbikitsa chinyengo ndi ziphuphu pakati pa anzake, makamaka, katundu waumwini (osachepera Ajeremani "oyera") ndi mabungwe a capitalism anakhalabe opatulika.31
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, maulamuliro achifasisti ku Italy ndi Germany anali odziwika pothandizira komanso kukulitsa boma lazaumoyo-ngakhale osasankhana mitundu. Kusamalira anthu kunakula kwambiri pansi pa Mussolini, kutamandidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Germany, boma lazaumoyo linali mwala wapangodya wa boma. Monga momwe wolemba mbiri Sheri Berman akulembera kuti: โAchipani cha Naziโฆanachirikiza mkhalidwe wokulirapo wa umoyo wabwino (ndithudi, kwa Ajeremani 'woyera mwa mafuko'). Zinaphatikizapo maphunziro apamwamba aulere, kusamalira banja ndi ana, penshoni, inshuwalansi ya umoyo, ndi zosangalatsa zambiri zochirikizidwa ndi anthu onse ndi zosankha zatchuti.โ Kukula kwachuma, motsogozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachuma komanso zankhondo, zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito yokwanira, monga momwe mabungwe adathetsedwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa malipiro. Chiลตerengero cha anthu osagwira ntchito chinatsika kuchoka pa pafupifupi 6 miliyoni mu 1933, pamene Hitler anayamba kulamulira, kufika pa 2.4 miliyoni chakumapeto kwa 1934, pamene anayenera kulimbikitsa mphamvu zake monga Fรผhrer. Pofika mโchaka cha 1938, dziko la Germany linali litapeza ntchito yokwanira, pamene maiko ena ambiri achikapitalisti anali adakali mโkati mwa Kuvutika Maganizo Kwakukulu (chiลตerengero cha anthu opanda ntchito ku United States chaka chimenecho chinali 19 peresenti).32
Palibe mwa izi ndi kukana khalidwe lopondereza kwambiri la boma lachifasisti, kuchotseratu ufulu wa anthu, usilikali, imperialism, ndi tsankho.33 Komabe, panthawi imodzimodziyo dziko lachifasisti lachikale linkafuna kudzitsimikizira lokha ndi kuphatikizira udindo wake ndi chiwerengero cha anthu-kapena gawo la anthu lomwe linkawona kuti ndilo maziko ake ambiri. Komabe, atalamulira, maiko achifasisti anachotsa otsatira awo ambiri โamphamvuโ (monga mu โUsiku wa Mipeni YaitaliโโJune 30 mpaka July 2, 1934โmu Germany ya Hitler) mโkachitidwe ka kugwirizana kolimba ndi capital capital.
Neofascism yamasiku ano imamanga pa nthano zakale zachifasisti za "kusintha kwalamulo," komanso lingaliro la boma lokonzekera bwino, lochita bwino la capitalist, lotha kudutsa mkangano wademokalase. Imalonjeza ndondomeko zonse zochotsera anthu amitundu yonse komanso kukonzanso chuma ndi ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kukula kwa asilikali. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kaลตirikaลตiri sikumakhala kocheperapo kusiyana ndi ufulu wachikhalidwe kuukira boma kapena kulimbikitsa kudziletsa. Ku France, gulu la National Front la Marine Le Pen posachedwapa layesa kudzipanga kukhala chipani chotsutsa "kukhazikitsa", kugwiritsa ntchito kusakhutira kodziwika kuti kukopa anthu ambiri omwe amawatsatira, kuphatikiza ena omwe kale anali kumanzere. Ngakhale kuti anthu asintha monyoza, ndale za chipanichi zodana ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono, Chikatolika chosagwirizana ndi anthu, ndi nkhanza yodana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena, limodzinso ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi anthu apamwamba a gulu lachikapitalist, zikusonyeza kuti n'chimenechi ndi chosakhulupirira.34
Monga chizoloลตezi chodziwika bwino cha ku Italy ndi Germany m'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 30s, neofascism imachokera ku zovuta zokhudzana ndi capitalism ndi dziko lademokalase, kusokoneza zomalizirazo kwinaku zikufuna kulimbikitsa zakale. Popeza kuti chizindikiritso chodziwikiratu ndi chifano chachikale chikadali chovuta m'zandale zanthawi zonse, neofascism yokonzedwa masiku ano imawonetsedwa ngati ya demokalase komanso yodziwika bwino, yotsata malamulo ndi malamulo. Komabe, monga mayendedwe onse amtundu wa fascist, malingaliro a neofascist amaphatikiza nthano zatsankho, zautundu, komanso zachikhalidwe ndi malingaliro azachuma ndi ndale omwe amalunjika makamaka pagulu laling'ono (kapena ma bourgeoisie ang'onoang'ono) mumgwirizano ndi likulu la monopoly - pomwe akufunanso kuphatikiza dziko. anthu ogwira ntchito komanso anthu akumidzi. Mochulukirachulukira, neofascism imapeza thandizo kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito olipidwa omwe chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri anali otukuka komanso olemekezeka - koma omwe tsopano akupeza kuti moyo wawo uli pachiwopsezo pachuma chachuma chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi.35
Munthu m'modzi wofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa neofascism ku Europe pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, komanso polimbikitsa chikhalidwe chake chosiyana, anali wafilosofi waku Italy Julius Evola (1898-1974). Monga Laquer wawonera, Evola anali pa "mapiko amphamvu kwambiri a mbiri yakale," akulimbikitsa Mussolini ponena za mtundu ndi tsankho, ndipo kenaka adatembenukira kwa Hitler monga woimira wodalirika wa polojekiti ya fascist. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, Evola analipo ku likulu la Hitler mu 1943 pa tsiku lomwe asilikali a Waffen-SS ankayenera kubweretsa Mussolini kumeneko, kutsatira kumupulumutsa kundende ku Italy atachotsedwa. Mโzaka za mโma 1930, Evola analemba kuti: โChilichonse chimene chili ngwazi ndi ulemu wa msilikali mโmipingo yathu ziyenera kuonedwa kuti nโzolondola kuchokera pamalingaliro apamwamba: mofanana ndi mmene tiyenera kutsutsa, molondola kotheratu ndi mโmagulu onse, chirichonse. ndiye chisokonezo cha demokalase komanso kusakhazikika. "36 Evola ankadziwika chifukwa cha nkhanza zotsutsana ndi Ayuda, ngakhale malinga ndi miyezo ya nthawiyo. Nthawi zambiri amadzudzula fascism chifukwa chosayera mokwanira.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Evola adayenera kupanga zolemba za neofascist pansi pa chovala cha "chikhalidwe," kuphatikizapo zolemba za pambuyo pa nkhondo za chipani chake cha fascist. Kuukira Dziko Lamakono (1934), komanso ntchito monga Amuna Pakati pa Mabwinja (1953), Kwerani Kambuku (1961), Njira ya Cinnabar (1963) ndi Fascism Kuyang'ana Kuchokera Kumanja (1970). Fascism ya Italy ndi Germany m'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 1930, adanena kuti, iyenera kutetezedwa muzochitika zake "zabwino" ndikusiyanitsidwa ndi zolakwika zomwe Hitler ndi Mussolini adapanga zomwe zinapangitsa kuti agonjetsedwe mu nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Monga katswiri wa Evola HT Hansen adanenera mu "Introduction" yake Amuna Pakati pa Mabwinja, Evola anayamba kuonedwa monga โtate wauzimuโ wa gulu la โokhulupirira zinthu zakaleโ (mโlingaliro lalikulu la liwulo)โโkaลตirikaลตiri pansi pa mfundo yosalakwa ya โchikhalidwe.โ Giorgio Almirante, wapampando wa chipani cha MSI (Movimento Sociale Italiano), wolowa m'malo mwa chipani chakale cha Fascist, adatcha Evola "Marcuse of the Right, chabwino."37
Kusanthula kwa chikhalidwe cha Evola kunagogomezera za miyambo, zamizimu, malingaliro abwino, maulamuliro, ndi zotsutsana, ndikuwonetsa kufunika kwa gulu latsopano la "ankhondo".38 Iye analemba mu Kwerani Kambuku: Pamene zolimbikitsa zakuthupi sizikukwanira, โchisonkhezero chokhacho pa unyinji wa anthu lerolinoโndipo tsopano kuposa ndi kale lonseโ chiri pa gulu la mphamvu zopanda nzeru ndi zanzeru, zimene mwachibadwa zilibe kukhazikika kulikonse. Izi ndizo mphamvu zomwe anthu onyenga, atsogoleri otchuka, okonda nthano, ndi opeka 'malingaliro a anthu' amayembekezera. Pankhani imeneyi, tingaphunzirepo kanthu pa maulamuliro adzulo a ku Germany ndi Italy amene anadziletsa okha motsutsana ndi demokalase ndi Marxism.โ39 Dziko lachifasisti kapena la neofascist likadapangidwa mozungulira magulu apamwamba, osankhika, kudzipatula ku "mitundu yotsika". Aryanism iyenera kutanthauziridwa osati yokhudzana ndi katundu wa Germanic, koma m'njira yomwe imaphatikizapo anthu a ku Ulaya mozama, kapena mtundu wa "Aryan-Roman".40 Evola adalembanso za "kuwonongeka kwa akazi amakono" ndi "chitsiru chachikazi." Kupandukira dziko lamakono kunaphatikizapo kupandukira sayansi. โPalibe sayansi yamakono,โ iye anatero, โimene ili ndi phindu ngakhale pangโono monga chidziลตitso.โ41
Ngakhale kuti Evola analibe kusanthula kwachuma kuti alankhulepo, adaumirira kuti dziko la nthawi yatsopano ya fascist, monga lachikale, liyenera kukhazikitsidwa pazinthu zaumwini ndi zamakampani, ndikuwononga mabungwe aliwonse odziimira okha. Boma, komabe, liyenera kukhalabe lodziyimira pawokha, kuteteza dongosolo lonse kuchokera kumwamba, kudzera mu mphamvu zake zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Ulamuliro, womwe umawonedwa m'mawu a palingenetic, ultra-nationalistic, ndi aulamuliro, umayenera kukhala "wotheratu."42
Evola ndi ena oganiza za neofascist, monga katswiri wanthanthi wa ku France Alain de Benoist, adapanga maziko amalingaliro a gulu la transnational neofascist lomwe lidayamba ku Europe kuyambira mu 1970s ndipo pambuyo pake linafalikira ku United States. Gululi linali lofuna kutsata anthu ambiri chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwachuma m'dziko lotsogola lachikapitalist-ndipo lakula modumphadumpha kuyambira pamavuto akulu azachuma a 2007-09. Komabe, magwero azinthu zambiri mwazinthu izi zidapangidwa ku Europe m'ma 1970. Izi zitha kuwoneka, mwachitsanzo, pakupangidwa kwa zomwe zimatchedwa "Hobbit Camps" za achinyamata a neofascist ku Italy (otchedwa zolengedwa zomwe zili m'mabuku a JRR Tolkien), ndi lingaliro la hobbits kuyimilira otsika-pakati - makamaka. anthu oiwalika, omwe amadzuka kuti asinthe dziko lapansi. Lingaliro lomweli pambuyo pake linali loti ligwirizane ndi alt-right ku United States.43 Munthu wofunikira lero mu zomwe Mammone amachitcha "gulu la transnational neofascist" ndi wafilosofi waku Russia Aleksandr Dugin, yemwe wamanga "nthanthi yake yachinayi yandale" pamalingaliro a Evola (komanso a Schmitt, de Benoist, ndi wafilosofi waku Germany Martin Heidegger. ), kukopa chidwi cha US al-right.44
Trump ndi Neofascist Alliance
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, kuli ku United States, kumene kulibe zipani za neofascist za zisankho zilizonse, kuti "ufulu wopambana" wasangalala ndi chigonjetso chake chachikulu mpaka pano. Kuyambira ma primaries a chipani cha Republican mpaka kugonjetsa Hillary Clinton mu Electoral College, njira ya Trump yopita ku White House idadalira pempho lake kwa otsika apakati komanso mbali zina za ogwira ntchito oyera, komanso ovota achikhristu akumidzi ndi evangelical. Nthawi zonse, kampeni ya a Trump idasemphana ndi msonkhano komanso kuyenerana, m'malo mwake amapezerapo mwayi "amphamvu komanso aluntha" a Evola.
Gwero lalikulu la kupambana kwa Trump linali kulumikizana kwake ndi alt-right, makamaka Breitbart News ndi CEO wake, Steve Bannon, yemwe adakhala woyang'anira kampeni wa Trump. Kuwongolera kunyoza kwaufulu kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndale, njira ya Bannon-Breitbart idalankhula za mantha ndi mkwiyo wa gawo lomaliza la magulu apakati ndi ogwira ntchito. Mothandizidwa ndi Bannon, a Trump adakopanso thandizo lazamphamvu za mamembala amphamvu agulu la capitalist, makamaka tycoon ya Silicon Valley Peter Thiel ndi mabiliyoniire hedge fund mogul Robert Mercer ndi mwana wake wamkazi Rebekah.45 Lingaliro la a Trump la neofascist lothandizira anthu ambiri kudzera mwa kusankhana mitundu komanso kubadwa kwa anthu omwe amalimbikitsa kusatetezeka kwamagulu apakati, pomwe amagwirizana ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za olamulira, adzetsa chisokonezo m'magulu andale osankhika komanso atolankhani. Popanda mbiri kapena kalasi, akatswiri odziwika bwino adawona kampeni yake ngati yosakanizika yakumanja ndi kumanzere. Openda ena anzeru kumanzerewo anamusonyeza kuti ndi โwapakati,โ pamene ena anaumirira kuti analibe mfundo kapena ndondomeko, kuti kampeni yake yachisokonezo inali kulamulidwa ndi zikhumbo zodzikuza za ofuna kusankhidwa.46
Komabe, chomwe chiyenera kumveka bwino pakadali pano ndikuti olamulira a Trump adalowa muudindo ndi zomwe zitha kutchedwa projekiti yandale ya neofascist. Zokambirana zapakhomo za Trump zikuwonetsa mgwirizano wamakalasi ndi malingaliro a "subintellectual" omwe adamubweretsa ku ulamuliro. Kuphatikiza pa "chiletso cha Muslim" chodziwika bwino komanso khoma lomwe likufunidwa m'malire a US-Mexico, olamulira a Trump adakakamiza kuti: "kuwonongeka kwa boma" (monga momwe Bannon ankatchulira); kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi mabungwe asayansi; kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo ambiri a federal pa bizinesi; kuwonjezeka kwa madola mathililiyoni a ndalama zowonongeka; privatization maphunziro; kukwera kwakukulu kwa ndalama zankhondo; kuchotsa bwino kwa Obamacare; kutha kwa kusalowerera ndale; ndi zochepetsera misonkho zamakampani ndi olemera. A Trump adadzaza nduna zake ndi upangiri wake ndi gulu la anthu mabiliyoni ambiri, olowera mkati mwa Wall Street, akazembe olimba mtima, anzeru akumanja, komanso otsutsa kusintha kwanyengo.47
Ngakhale ndizowona kuti miyezi yoyambilira ya utsogoleri idadziwika ndi nkhondo zowopsa mkati mwa West Wing pakati pa okhulupirira owona omwe ali kumanja komanso zokonda "zolimbitsa thupi", mikangano iyi idangowonetsa zotsutsana zomwe zidachitika mumgwirizano wa neofascist womwe wafotokozera Trump White House. . Oimira a al-right ali otanganidwa ndi ndale zamphamvu komanso kubweretsa nthambi za federal ndi maofesi, pamene plutocrats - chigawo chenicheni cha Trump - akuwoneka kuti akuwongolera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.48
Omwe akupikisana nawo pankhondo yamagulu awa ndi Bannon, wowotcha moto yemwe amayimira maziko a Trump-ngakhale iyenso ndi wophunzira wa Goldman Sachs komanso wosankhika wamkati-komanso mpongozi wa Trump ndi mlangizi Jared Kushner, weniweni. Estate scion pofuna kuteteza zofuna za chuma. Bannon, ngakhale akuthandizira capitalism yolimba, ikukhudzidwa makamaka ndi kukonzanso boma ndikutulutsa zotsatira zandale zomwe zimakopa maziko a Trump. Mfungulo yopambana pachisankho, iye akufotokoza motero, ndiyo โkuseลตera ndi anthu opanda maphunziro a koleji. Anthu akusekondale. Umu ndi mmene mumapambana masankho.โ Cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho kuchita โkusintha kwa ndaleโ.49 Kushner, mosiyana, ndi munthu wosagwirizana ndi ndale, yemwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama komanso kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za gulu lolamulira-potero akuyimira zofuna za Trump. Pakalipano, kuyang'ana kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kakuwoneka ngati kumasula zoletsa zonse za mgwirizano wamakampani ndikuyambitsa kusintha kwa misonkho mokomera plutocrats: Kushner's domain. Koma zisankho zapakatikati zikuyandikira, a Trump abwereranso kumanja kumanja, mosasamala: dera la Bannon.
M'dera lachifumu, olamulira poyambilira adafuna dรฉtente ndi Russia, ndi cholinga chosinthira mphamvu zonse za ufumu wa US motsutsana ndi dziko lachi Islam (kapena gawo ili ku Middle East ndi Africa osati motetezeka mu ufumu wa US) ndi China. Kusintha kumeneku komwe kunachitika ku White House kumapangitsa kuti White House isemphane ndi chitetezo cha dziko "deep state" komanso zigawo zotsogola za gulu la capitalist, ndipo zidangokulitsa mkangano pakati pa magulu a Kushner ndi Bannon mkati mwa White House. Koma ndi mlangizi wake woyamba wa chitetezo cha dziko, a Michael Flynn, akukakamizika kusiya ntchito yake chifukwa cha ubale wake ndi Russia, ndipo ndi ziwerengero zake zomwe zakhala zikuchepa kwambiri, Trump adasintha mwadzidzidzi njira yake poyambitsa kuwukira ku Syria. Mu sitiroko imodzi, a Trump adavala zovala za mtsogoleri wamkulu, kuti asangalale pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi: m'mawu a katswiri wa CNN Fareed Zakaria, "adakhala purezidenti wa United States" usiku womwewo.
Choncho, pasanathe milungu iwiri kuchokera kumapeto kwa March mpaka pakati pa mwezi wa April, dziko lapansi lidawona kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu ophedwa ndi mabomba a US ku Middle East, pamene Trump adatembenuza zisankho za tsiku ndi tsiku kwa akuluakulu ankhondo pansi; kuponyedwa kwa mizinga makumi asanu ndi anayi pa bwalo la ndege la Syria; kugwetsedwa kwa โmayi wa mabomba onseโ mu Afghanistan; komanso ziwopsezo zowonekeratu zankhondo yaku North Korea.50
Othirira ndemanga ena mwachibwanawe adapereka lingaliro loti kusinthaku komwe kuli m'chipinda chankhondo kwa akuluakulu aboma kumasemphana ndi zomwe akuganiza kuti ndi "zodzipatula" zomwe zimayimira kusuntha kwapakati. Ofalitsa ambiri adafika mpaka kulengeza kuti kusintha kwa Trump (kuphatikiza kuchotsedwa kwa Bannon ku National Security Council) kumatanthauza kuti pamapeto pake adaganiza za "utsogoleri" wochulukirapo. M'malo mwake, awa anali ndendende mtundu wa ziwawa zamtundu wachifumu waku US zomwe ziyenera kuyembekezera kuchokera ku White House ya neofascist. Chiyanjano choyambirira ndi Russia chidathetsedwa, popanda kusiyidwa zolinga zawo zilizonse zapadziko lapansi, zomwe cholinga chake chinali kukulitsa kukakamizidwa ku Islamic State ndi China.51
Chowonadi ndi chakuti pansi pa Trump, United States ili ndi zida mpaka mano, ndipo ikuwonetsa zizindikiro zazikulu za nkhondo. Boma latsopanoli lasainanso njira ya neoconservative yotsutsana ndi Russia ndi China nthawi imodzi. Komanso iyi siyenera kukhala nthawi yodabwitsa. Mochititsa chidwi, sanali wina koma Bannon amene ananena kuti: โAmerika ayenera kukhala amphamvuโamphamvu pazachuma ndi ankhondo. Ndipo dziko la America lolimba potsirizira pake lingakhale wopereka Pax Americanaโโndiko kuti, ufumu watsopano wadziko lonse wa unipolar. Palibe chomwe chimayika Trump kunja kwa mfundo zakunja zaku US. Zowonadi, kufuna kubwezeretsa mphamvu za US kunja kumathandizidwa ndi gulu lonse lolamulira la US, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi mfundo yakuti Hillary Clinton adalonjeza paulendo wa kampeni kuti akhazikitse madera opanda ntchentche ku Syria, zomwe zikanabweretsa dziko ku Syria. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse ya zida zanyukiliya-ndipo thandizo lake laposachedwa kwambiri la zomwe Trump adachita motsutsana ndi Syria. Komabe, olamulira a Trump mu nthawi yake yochepa ali paudindo akwanitsa kuwonetsa kulimba mtima komanso kusaganizira pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kusintha kwa asitikali paulamuliro wa anthu wamba mderali, izi sizowopsa.52
New Barbarism
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, White House yakhala malo opikisana nawo: mayankho ku zofuna za ndalama zodziyimira pawokha mbali imodzi, komanso ku gulu laling'ono la a Trump kumbali inayo. Ngakhale palibe kukayikira kuti oyang'anira adzaika patsogolo zomwe zili patsogolo kuposa zomalizazi, kutsutsana ndi zonena za anthu, kuti akhalebe odalirika ndi maziko ake, White House ikuyenera kuvina mozama - kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za olemera, kwinaku akutalikirana. lokha lochokera kumagulu apamwamba apakati omwe amanyansidwa kwambiri ndi omutsatira a Trump.53 Ndondomeko zake ziyenera kupereka "chidziwitso" ku zofuna za anthu apakati komanso, pamlingo wina, zofuna za ogwira ntchito - ngakhale izi sizingakwaniritsidwe.54 Gulu la ndale komanso laukadaulo loyimiridwa ndi Bannon, Breitbart, ndi Mercers ndilofunika.
Chifukwa chake, njira ya neofascist yomwe ikuwonetsa Trump White House mpaka pano ikuyenera kupitilira, kuphatikiza magulu a al-right ndi plutocratic. Atangolowa ku White House, a Trump nthawi yomweyo adakweza oimira a al-right, omwe anali ofunikira kwambiri pa kampeni yake. Apa udindo wa Bannon, akadali wamkulu waukadaulo wa Trump, komanso ulalo waukulu ku Breitbart, akadali pakati. Mwachidziwitso, kumanja kumadalira malingaliro a anthu oganiza monga Evola, Dugin, ndi Oswald Spengler (wolemba mbiri waku Germany wazaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi mlembi wa Kuchepa Kwa Kumadzulo).55 Bannon wasonyeza kuti akudziwa bwino ntchito ya Evola, ponena kuti amasilira โchikhalidwe cha Evolaโฆmakamaka tanthauzo la komwe chimachirikiza maziko a utunduโ komanso kukulirakulira kwa chikhalidwe cha azungu ndi ku Europe. Kwa Bannon, kumenyera ufulu wapadziko lonse lapansi kukuyenera kuwoneka molingana ndi kukonzanso kwa nkhondo yakale ya "Judeo-Christian West" yolimbana ndi Chisilamu, yomwe tsopano yakulitsidwa kuti iphatikizenso kuchotsedwa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe si azungu olowa ku Europe ndi United States. Mayiko.56
Gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuyimba kwa neofascist komwe Bannon adapereka koyambirira kwa kampeni ya Trump kenako kupita ku White House ndicholinga chokonda dziko. Bannon akunena kuti "ogwirizana ndi dziko lonse lapansi adasokoneza ogwira ntchito aku America ndikupanga gulu lapakati ku Asia." Izi zikulozera ku mtundu wina wa ufumu wosiyana, kumene ogwira ntchito, azungu aku America, omwe kale adapindula ndi chuma cha US chosagwirizana ndi chuma cha dziko lapansi, tsopano akuwona ntchito zawo zikuchotsedwa ndi Asiya, pamene akusefukira ndi "zosaloledwa" Latino. othawa kwawo, komanso othawa kwawo ochokera kumayiko aku Middle East omwe akulamulidwa ndi "zigawenga zachisilamu zazikulu." Crony capitalists, azandalama omwe atenga, ndi liberal globalists onse ali ndi mlandu. Trump, Bannon, Breitbart, ndi al-right amadalira kwambiri zilankhulo zodziwika bwino (kapena mluzu wa agalu) ngati zidziwitso kuti zifikire otsatira awo ankhondo, oyera, omwe amalimbikitsidwa kuwona othawa kwawo, othawa kwawo, komanso anthu omwe si azungu nthawi zambiri. chiwopsezo chophatikizana chachuma ndi chikhalidwe.57
Njira yamtunduwu imatha kuwoneka m'mawu obwerezabwereza a Bannon mophiphiritsira Msasa wa Oyera Mtima. Uwu ndi mutu wa buku la mlembi wachifalansa Jean Raspail; mosakayika imodzi mwa ntchito zatsankho kwambiri za mtundu wake zomwe zasindikizidwa. Mu 1975, bukuli litamasuliridwa m'Chingelezi, nthawi zambiri ma staid Kirkus Reviews analemba kuti โofalitsa akufotokoza Msasa wa Oyera Mtima monga chochitika chachikulu, ndipo mwina chiri, m'lingaliro lomwelo kuti Mein Kampf chinali chochitika chachikulu. " Buku la tsankho loipitsitsa limeneli limasonyeza kuukira kwa โzolengedwa zatsokaโ 800,000, othaลตa kwawo pa Last Chance Armada yofooka, amene akufuna kulanda dziko la France, monga mphepete mwa nyanja ku Ulaya woyera, โmsasa wa oyera mtima.โ Pakadali pano magulu ankhondo aku China akuwopseza Russia, sitima yapamadzi yaku France yagwidwa ku Manila, ndipo zotchinga zamangidwa ndi azungu kuzungulira ma ghetto akuda ku New York. Mutuwo ukuchokera mu Chibvumbulutso cha Woyera cha Yohane ( 20:9 ): โNdipo anakwera kufalikira kwa dziko lapansi, nazinga msasa wa oyera mtima, ndi mzinda wokondedwa; ndipo adawadya.โ Kuchokera pa tsamba 1 mโbukhulo ladzala ndi kuphana, kugwirira chigololo, kuphana, nkhanza, ndi mitundu yoipitsitsa ya tsankho, kuchepetsa anthu kukhala ziwalo zathupi: ndi ziwalo zodulidwa (zotanthauza mtundu) zomwazika paliponse. Chikuto chake chimalengeza kuti ndi โbuku la apocalypse, loyambitsa mikangano, logulitsidwa kwambiri lonena za kutha kwa dziko la azungu.โ Cholinga chake ndi kupanga maziko amalingaliro, anzeru, m'mawu a Evola, chifukwa cha chiwawa chosaneneka - osati kwa Asiya okha komanso mitundu yonse yomwe siazungu, omwe amawonedwa ngati ziwopsezo zamitundu.58
Msasa wa Oyera Mtima yatengedwa ndi alt-right ngati mtundu wamtundu wa tsankho. Kwa Bannon, amatanthauza othawa kwawo omwe akusefukira kuchokera ku Middle East ndi Africa kupita ku Europe. Monga adalengeza mu 2015, "Kwakhala pafupifupi kuwukira kwamtundu wa Oyera ku Central kenako Kumadzulo ndi Kumpoto kwa Europe." Patatha chaka chimodzi, iye anati: โChinthu chonse ku Ulaya nโchokhudza anthu olowa mโdzikolo. Ndi nkhani yapadziko lonse leroโmtundu uwu wa Camp of the Saints wapadziko lonse lapansi.โ59 Pambuyo pofotokoza momveka bwino Msasa wa Oyera Mtima poyankhulana ndi Jeff Sessions-tsopano US Attorney General, yemwe Bannon adamutcha "m'modzi mwa atsogoleri anzeru, amakhalidwe abwino a gulu lachitukuko cha dziko lino m'dziko lino" - Bannon adafunsa kuti: "Kodi mukukhulupirira kuti anthu apamwamba m'dziko lino ali ndi ufulu wosankha zochita mwanzeru. mchirikizo, kodi chikhulupiriro mโmaprinsipulo a maziko a Chiyuda ndi Chikristu Chakumadzulo kuti chipambanedi nkhondo imeneyi [yolimbana ndi olowa mโdziko, othaลตa kwawo ndi Chisilamu]?โ Sessions adayankha, "Ndikuda nkhawa nazo."60 Ena atsatiranso izi. Congressman wa Iowa GOP Steve King, adalankhula pawayilesi mu Marichi 2017 za kuthekera kwa nkhondo zamitundu ku United States lero, akulimbikitsa kwambiri kuti anthu awerenge. Msasa wa Oyera Mtima potengera nkhaniyi.61
Lipenga likufalikira tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kusankhana mitundu, kunyoza akazi, komanso kukonda kwambiri dziko. Bannon ndi Breitbart amatchula monyanyira za kayendedwe ka kumanja ngati komwe kumapangidwa ndi "zokonda zantchito" - mawu otanthauza "oyiwalika" oyera, otsika-pakati/ogwira ntchito. Izi zikukamba za kutsutsa kolakwika kwa Senator wa Arizona Republican John McCain ku Tea Party "hobbits".62 Bannon adazitenga ngati mawu odabwitsa, kuyimira chigawo cholimba cha Trump. Pochita izi, mosakayikira ankadziwa za "Hobbit Camps" zakale za neofascist zomwe zinapangidwa ku Italy, ndi tanthauzo lofanana. Zowonadi, kumanja kwa US, monga kuimiridwa ndi Breitbart, zitha kufotokozedwa masiku ano ngati chisakanizo chapoizoni cha European neofascism, US white supremacism, ndi chikhazikitso chachikhristu.
Chochitika cha a Trump chimatengera zina mwazambiri zakale zaku US, kuphatikiza kupha anthu (a Amwenye Achimereka), ukapolo, Jim Crow, ndi imperialism. Mwa apurezidenti onse aku US, yemwe amawonedwa ndi Bannon (ndi a Trump mwiniwake) ngati wogwirizana kwambiri ndi wokhala watsopano ku 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue ndi Andrew Jackson-mwachiwonekere chifukwa cha kukwera kwademokalase komwe kumakhudzana ndi iye, ndi kuwukira kwake. Bank of the United States; komanso mosakayika chifukwa cha udindo wake wolemera wa akapolo, ntchito yake yowopsya mu Nkhondo za Amwenye, ndi boma lake kuchotsa mokakamiza mafuko a Kummawa mu Trail of Misozi. Trump adalengeza poyankhulana mu Epulo 2017 kuti Jackson akadakhalabe ndi moyo (anamwalira zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi gulu la Confederate lisanatsegule moto ku Fort Sumter) ndipo mwina atakhala purezidenti, akadaletsa Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni - mawu osamveka mosakayika amatanthauza. galu akuyimba mluzu kwa omwe ali kumanja, omwe amamutsatira azungu, omwe amachititsa kuti akapolo a South ndi Confederacy adziwe.63
Malingaliro a Trump komanso zokhumba zake zimayenderana ndi malingaliro abwino monga buku lake la 2011, Nthawi Zovuta: Pangani America Kukhala Yabwinonso, ziwonetsero. Trump adalengeza panjira ya kampeni kuti "chofunikira chokha ndikugwirizanitsa anthu - chifukwa anthu enawo sakutanthauza kalikonse."64 Komabe, eni ake a Trump Tower ku Manhattan akuyimira likulu lazachuma chokhacho, choyamba komanso chofunikira kwambiri. Zowonadi, kuwukira kwa Trump pa "crony capitalism" komanso kuyimba kwake kuti "kukhetsa dambo" kumatsutsidwa ndi mabiliyoni ndi okopa alendo omwe adawabweretsa muulamuliro wake, ndi cronyism yomwe ikuwoneka paliponse, kuyambira ndi banja lake mpaka kumayiko ena. mwayi wapadera kwa purezidenti woperekedwa kwa omwe ali olemera kwambiri omwe ali ku Mar-a-Lago Golf Club.65
Cholinga cha neofascist cha Trump White House chikuwoneka mwa iwo omwe asankhidwa kukhala ndi maudindo akuluakulu. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi Curtis Ellis, membala wa gulu la kusintha la Trump la beachhead, yemwe adasankhidwa kukhala wothandizira wapadera kwa Mlembi wa Labor. Ellis, wolemba Breitbart, adalemba nkhani mu Meyi 2016 ya World News Daily yotchedwa "The Radical Left's Ethnic Cleansing of America." M'nkhaniyi, yomwe imayenera kukondweretsedwa ndi Bannon ndipo ikuwonetsedwa pa Breitbart, Ellis adanena kuti, chifukwa cha globalist adasiya "imfa (kwenikweni) ya anthu oyera ogwira ntchito ndi zotsatira zofunidwa, zomwe siziri cholakwika ... .Imfa ya American azungu ogwira ntchito adakonzedwa ndi akumanzere ndipo adapha anthu ofunitsitsa pazandale, maphunziro ndi bizinesi yaku America. "66 Malingaliro atsankho amtundu woterewa omwe amalunjika kumanzere komanso kwa anthu omwe si azungu adalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi a Trump pa kampeni yake yofuna kukhala purezidenti, komanso zochita zake kuyambira pomwe adalowa muudindo.
Trumponomics ndi Crisis of the US Political Economy
"Nthawi yautsogoleri wandale ku United States," adatero Cornel West, "inatha ndi chipwirikiti cha neofascist."67 Neoliberalism idali kuyankha kwamagulu olamulira pakuzama kwachuma kwachuma cha capitalist, pomwe gawo la kotala la chitukuko kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940 mpaka koyambirira kwa ma 1970s zidasweka. Kufuna chilimbikitso, chuma cha US chidayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zankhondo komanso kuchepetsa msonkho mu nthawi ya Reagan, koma posakhalitsa zidapindula kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwa chiwongola dzanja (chomwe chimatchedwa Greenspan put), chomwe chidadzetsa ngongole zambiri. Kukula ndi zomwe Paul Sweezy adazitcha "kukhazikitsa ndalama pakukweza ndalama."68 Chotsatira chake chinali chuma chambiri chomwe chinapitilira mu utsogoleri wa Clinton ndi George W. Bush, kenako chinafika kumapeto kwadzidzidzi ndi kuphulika kwa kuphulika kwa nyumba ndi zovuta zotsatila za 2007-09. Madola mabiliyoni adatsanuliridwa m'nkhokwe zamakampani poyesa "kubweza" mabungwe azachuma omwe amalephera kubweza ngongole, komanso mabungwe omwe alibe ngongole zambiri. Kubwerera kwachuma komwe kwatsatirapo kwakhala kukukulirakulira kwaulesi kapena kuyimitsidwa kwadzikoโnyengo ya โvuto losatha.โ69
Kulikonse uliberalism wayamba kuyimilira mfundo zochepetsetsa, zongoganizira zachuma, kudalirana kwa mayiko, kugawikana kwachuma, ndi mgwirizano wamakampani, ndikupanga zomwe Michael Yates adatcha "Kusalinganika Kwakukulu."70 Michael Jacobs ndi Mariana Mazzucato analemba kuti: "Kudera lonse lazachuma," a Michael Jacobs ndi Mariana Mazzucato adalemba, "gawo la GDP lomwe likupita kuntchito lidatsika ndi 9 peresenti pakati pa 1980 ndi 2007โฆ. Ku United States, pakati pa 1975 ndi 2012, 1 peresenti yapamwamba inapeza pafupifupi 47 peresenti ya chiwonjezeko chonse cha ndalama.โ71 Kusalingana kwachuma kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Mu 1963, avareji ya chuma cha mabanja mโmaperesenti makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anai ku United States chinali kuลตirikiza kasanu ndi kamodzi kuposa cha olemera mโmaperesenti makumi asanu; mu 2013, zinali khumi ndi ziwiri.72
Zonsezi zatsagana ndi kukokoloka kwa ulamuliro wa US mu chuma cha dziko; kukula kwa imperialism yatsopano yozikidwa pa kusagwirizana kwa ntchito yapadziko lonse (kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wa kusiyana kwa malipiro pakati pa Kumpoto ndi Kumwera kwa dziko lonse); kusintha kwa ntchito zopanga ndi ndalama pakusintha kwa digito; ndi kuukira kwa neoliberal pa ntchito. Zinthuzi zachepetsa kwambiri udindo wa anthu ogwira ntchito ku United States, komanso zakulitsa kudyerana masuku pamutu kwa ogwira ntchito ku South Africa. Zomwe zinkawoneka kale - mwachisangalalo - ngati "mgwirizano wamagulu" pakati pa chuma ndi antchito pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa US hegemony ndi chitukuko tsopano zasokonekera kwathunthu. Ndi izi zasowa zomwe kale zinkatchedwa "ufulu wa anthu ogwira ntchito," ochepa omwe ali ndi mwayi, makamaka ogwira ntchito m'mayiko otsogola omwe adapindula mopanda malire kuchokera ku ulamuliro wachifumu wa US ndi kulandidwa kwa phindu kuchokera ku South South.73 Likulu lazachuma la monopoly-finance tsopano limatulutsa mwaulere zopanga kuchokera kumpoto kwapadziko lonse kupita kumwera kwapadziko lonse lapansi, munthawi yomwe yakhala nyengo yatsopano ya imperialism yodziwika ndi mpikisano wotsikira pansi kwa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.74
Kampeni ya demokalase ya Bernie Sanders pachisankho cha 2016 idawonetsa kuthekera kwachitukuko chomwe chasiyidwa pankhaniyi - mantha akulu a gulu lolamulira. Koma kampeni yodabwitsa ya Sanders, yomwe ikuyimira njira yomwe mosakayikira ikadapambana pampikisano ndi a Trump pojambula pagulu la anthu ogwira ntchito, idatsekedwa ndi bungwe la Democratic Party lomwe linali litakhazikitsa kale dongosolo lotsogolera komanso gulu la anthu. kulamulira kudzera mu komiti ya Democratic National Committee, yokonzedwa momveka bwino kuti ipewe kutengera kumanzere kwa chipanichi. Njirayi idasiyidwa yotseguka kwa Trump. M'nkhaniyi palibe kukayikira kwenikweni za gwero la kupambana kwa Trump. Analandira mavoti ochititsa chidwi 77 peresenti mwa anthu amene ananena kuti chuma chawo chinali choipitsitsa mโzaka zinayi zapitazo.75
Ndi ochepa okha omwe adamvetsetsa bwino momwe chuma chikuyendera bwino kuti Bannon, omwe adayambitsa kampeni ya Trump, yemwe adagwirapo ntchito ku Wall Street ngati banki yosungira ndalama - asanasamukire ku Hollywood ndikupanga mafilimu andale akumanja, kuyesa zeitgeist, ndipo potsiriza pa Breitbart. Pokhala ndi zenizeni zomwe sizili bwino m'magulu a neoliberal, iye anati: "Sindikuganiza kuti pali chikayikiro chilichonse kuti dziko lili poyambira pamavuto omwe silingawapewe." Polimbana ndi anthu omasuka, adanena kuti okonda kumanzere akuwononga "gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America .... Nkhani tsopano ili yokhudza anthu aku America omwe akufuna kuti asathe. โ76
Kulengeza kwa Trump za "kupha" mu chuma cha US (mu Mulankhulidwe wake Wotsegulira wolembedwa ndi Bannon ndi mnzake wa Breitbart, Stephen Miller, yemwe tsopano ndi mlangizi wapadera wa Trump), zonena zake kuti United States iyenera kutenga mafuta aku Iraq ngati malipiro ake. Kuchotsa kwake Saddam Hussein, ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "zowona zenizeni" zokhudzana ndi ziwerengero za ogwira ntchito (ananena kuti chiwerengero cha anthu osagwira ntchito mu 2016 chinali "chokwera mpaka 35 [peresenti]" kapena kuposerapo) zonse zinali mbali ya njira yomweyo.77 Izi zinaphatikizansopo kuukira kwake pamalonda osalungama (kuchokera m'buku lamasewera la kumanzere), kutsindika kwake pa kuteteza Social Security, malingaliro ake ochepetsa mitengo yamankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito mpikisano, komanso madola thililiyoni omwe adalonjeza kuti adzagwiritse ntchito ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Zonsezi zidapangidwa kuti zipeze thandizo kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito olipidwa omwe ma Democrat adasiya.
Momwemonso, kuwukira koopsa kwa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena komanso othawa kwawo, kumanga khoma pakati pa US ndi Mexico, komanso malamulo amphamvu a Trump (kuphatikiza malingaliro oti Black Lives Matter iwunikidwe ndi boma) zonse zidali mbali yoyesera kuphatikiza. thandizo lalikulu kwa Trump m'makalasi-zachuma ndi mafuko.78
Pochotsa nthawi ya Obama-Trans-Pacific Partnership, a Trump adakweza chiyembekezo cha nkhondo zamalonda ndi ndalama ndi China kuti apulumutse ntchito zaku America. Adasankhidwa kukhala director of the White House National Trade Council economist Peter Navarro, wolemba The Coming China Wars, yomwe imaimba dziko la China kuti likuyambitsa "imperialism yatsopano" padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kusokoneza ndalama. United States, Navarro akuti, iyenera kuthetsa "kudalirana kwachuma" ndi China ndikuthana ndi chuma (komanso zankhondo). Zina mwazolemba za Navarro ndi Imfa ndi China (2011) ndi Crouching China: Zomwe Asilikali aku China Akutanthauza Padziko Lonse (2015).79
A Trump adalumbira kuti achulukitsa kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwachuma. Komabe mfundo zake zazachuma ndizomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zodziyimira pawokha poletsa kugulitsa zinthu, komanso kuchepetsa misonkho makamaka kwa olemera ndi mabungwe. Ananena mobwerezabwereza kuti akulitsa kwambiri ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zomangamanga, zomwe zingalimbikitse gawo lanyumba ndi zomangamanga. Komabe popeza pulani ya Trump idakhazikitsidwa pakuchepetsa misonkho kumakampani m'malo mokwera kwambiri, ndipo ikuyenera kuchotsedwa kwazaka khumi, sizingathandizire kulimbikitsa chuma chonse. Zowonadi, palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chingachotse chuma pamavuto. Chotsatira chake ndicho kupitirizabe kukula pang'onopang'ono, mwina kusokonezedwa ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe kazachuma.80 Chinthu chimodzi chotsimikizika ndi kuzungulira kwa bizinesi. Chuma chatsala pangโono kufika pachimake ndipo kugwa kwachuma kuli pafupiโkuti tiyembekezere mโzaka zoลตerengeka chabe.
Chiyembekezo chilichonse chopeza phindu lenileni lazachuma pa unyinji wa anthu chidzakumana ndi kusokonekera kutatu kwa kusokonekera kwachuma, mavuto azachuma, ndi kutsika kwamphamvu kwa US komwe kumadziwika ndi nthawi ya capital capital capital. M'malo mosintha izi, mfundo zazachuma za Trump zitha kukulitsa vutoli. Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma la Trump likhoza kukhala ngati njira yake yokhayo yazachuma kuti apititse patsogolo ndalama zankhondo, komanso maulendo a imperialist, kuphatikizapo kuponderezedwa kwakukulu kwachuma kwa ogwira ntchito kunyumba, makamaka pakati pa anthu osauka kwambiri ogwira ntchito - omwe amawoneka ngati njira yotsimikizirika kwambiri yopezera ndalama. "Make America Great Again."
Choopsa chachikulu pazifukwa izi ndikuti kuwonjezeka kwa kuponderezana kwamkati-Bannon akulembedwa kuti akuthandiza Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communist kusaka mfiti mu 1950s-adzakhala ndi mnzake pakuwonjezeka kwa kuponderezana kwakunja ndi nkhondo popanda malire, kuwonedwa ngati njira. za kukweza chuma.81 Zoletsa zina pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu padziko lonse zachotsedwa kale. Kuwonjezeka kwatsopano kwa barbarism m'dziko lonse lapansi komanso padziko lonse lapansi kuli mumphepo: nthawi ino yokhala ndi zida zomwe zimatha kuwononga dziko lapansi ngati malo okhalamo anthu. Zowonadi, kupha anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo muzochitika izi kukuwonekera kale pakukana zoyesayesa zonse zokhala ndi kusintha kwanyengo, komwe Trump amachitcha "chinyengo." Izi, ndiye, zikuwopseza kugwa kwachitukuko (komanso kutha kwa anthu) pansi pa kupitiliza kwa bizinesi ya capitalist monga mwanthawi zonse.
Kukana mu โPost-Truth Societyโ
Mu โKulemba Choonadi: Zovuta Zisanuโ Brecht anati:
Masiku ano, aliyense amene akufuna kulimbana ndi mabodza ndi umbuli komanso kulemba chowonadi ayenera kuthana ndi zovuta zosachepera zisanu. Iye ayenera kukhala nacho kulimba mtima kulemba chowonadi pamene chowonadi chikutsutsidwa kulikonse; ndi chidwi kuchizindikira, ngakhale chiri chobisika kulikonse; ndi luso kuwongolera ngati chida; ndi chiweruzo kusankha omwe m'manja mwawo idzagwira ntchito; ndi wochenjera kufalitsa choonadi pakati pa anthu otere. Ameneลตa ndi mavuto aakulu kwa olemba okhala pansi pa Chifasisti, koma aliponso kwa olemba amene anathaลตa kapena kuthamangitsidwa; zilipo ngakhale kwa olemba m'mayiko omwe ufulu wa anthu umakhalapo.82
Brecht sangadabwe konse kuti kukula kwachangu kwa neofascism ku United States ndi Europe kwagwirizana ndi zomwe Oxford Dictionaries idalengeza kuti "mawu achaka" a 2016 - pozindikira kukwera kwa ndale kwa Trump - chinali chiganizo " pambuyo pa choonadi.โ Mochititsa chidwi, liwu lina pamndandanda wachidule wa mawu apachaka anali "alt-right." The Oxford Dictionaries imatanthauzira "chowonadi pambuyo pake" ngati "chokhudzana kapena kutanthauza mikhalidwe yomwe mfundo zenizeni sizimakhudza kwambiri malingaliro a anthu kuposa kukopa malingaliro ndi chikhulupiriro chamunthu."83
Kuphwanya chowonadi mowonekera, ndi zomwe Georg Lukรกcs adazitcha "kuwonongeka kwa malingaliro," nthawi zonse zakhala zikugwirizana ndi fascism, ndipo zathandizira kukonza maziko ake.84 N'zosatheka kumvetsetsa zenizeni zathu zamakono zomwe zasudzulidwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamagulu; ndiponso nโzosatheka kukana mfundo imeneyi bwinobwino popanda gulu. Chodziwika bwino chamalingaliro amasiku ano a ufulu wademokalase, omwe adakhazikitsa zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano pambuyo pa chowonadi, ndi "kuchoka m'gulu," makamaka pamalingaliro a ogwira ntchito - kubwezeredwa m'malo odziwika bwino pokhudzana ndi Trump. .85 Izi zimapangitsa kuti mawu osamveka bwino akuti populism atseke chiwopsezo cha neofascist chanthawi yathu ino.
Kukaniza zizolowezi izi ndizotheka kokha, monga momwe Brecht amatikumbutsa, poyamba kukhala ndi kulimba mtima, chidwi, luso, chiweruzo, ndi kuchenjera kuti athetse choonadi ponena za zochitika zandale zachiwandazi. Ndikofunikira kuzindikira chowonadi pamalumikizidwe ake a mbiri yakale, kapangidwe kake, komanso kalankhulidwe, kulimbikira kunena kuti neofascism yamasiku ano ndiyomwe idachitika chifukwa chavuto la capital capital capital. Chifukwa chake, njira yokhayo yodzitetezera ndiyo kukana dongosolo lokha. Polimbana ndi โmphepo ya neofascistโ yamasiku ano, kuthamangira ku sosholizimu ndiko chotchinga chomaliza, chitetezo chenicheni cha anthu ndi chilengedwe.
zolemba
- ๏จHitler anagwira mawu Herman Rauschning,Liwu la Chiwonongeko (New York: Putnam, 1940), 277.
- ๏จOnani, mwachitsanzo, Peter Baker, "Pamene Trump Akuchoka ku Populism, Omutsatira Amakhala Atcheru,"New York Times, April 18, 2017; Thomas B. Edsall, "The Peculiar Populism of Donald Trump,"New York Times, February 2, 2017; Federico Finchelstein ndi Pablo Piccato, "Donald Trump Angakhale Akutiwonetsa Tsogolo la Ndale Za Mapiko Amanja,"Washington Post, February 27, 2016; "Chifukwa chiyani Kudandaula kwa Trump Populist Ndikokhudza Chikhalidwe Osati Chuma," Vox, March 27, 2017, http://vox.com; Perry Anderson, "Kudutsa Baton,"Kukambitsirana Kwatsopano Kumanzere 103 (2017), 54-55; Leo Panitch, "Njira ya Trump,"Jacobin 24 (Zima 2017): 17.
- ๏จMawu akuti populism amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za anthu osiyanasiyana monga Adolf Hitler, Charles De Gaulle, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Mao Zedong, Vladimir Putin, Hugo Chรกvez, Marine Le Pen, Bernie Sanders, ndi Donald Trump. Onani Margaret Canovan,Populism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), 292; Jan-Werner Mรผller,Kodi Populism N'chiyani?(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016), 1, 9, 13, 34-37, 48, 93; Cas Muddle ndi Cristรณbal Kaltwasser,Populism: Mawu Oyamba Aafupi Kwambiri (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 9, 12-13, 24, 53, 109; Ruth Wodak,Ndale za Mantha (London: Sage, 2015), 10; โDonald Trump, Xi Jinping ndi Mao Factor,โ CNN, April 3, 2017; David Greenberg, ".Populism ya Roosevelt Era"Time, June 24, 2009.
- ๏จLawrence Goodwyn,The Populist Moment: Mbiri Yachidule ya Agrarian Revolt ku America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978). Ku Russia chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX panali kusintha kosiyana kwambiri ndi populism, komwe kumalumikizidwanso ndi mizu yaulimi. Onani Franco Venturi,Mizu ya Revolution (New York: Grosset ndi Dunlap, 1966).
- ๏จWalter Laquer,Fascism: Zakale, Zamakono ndi Zamtsogolo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 4-8.
- ๏จOnani Simon Hedlin, "Pa Trump's Populism, Phunzirani ku Zolakwa za Sweden,"Forbes, December 22, 2016; Ruth Wodak, Majid Khosravinik, and Brigitte Mral, eds.,Right-Wing Populism ku Europe (London: Bloomsbury, 2013). Ponena za kupambana kwanuko kwa Frances National Front, onani Valรฉrie Igounet ndi Vincent Jarousseau, โScenes from the Front,โKusiya, Spring 2017: 88-95.
- ๏จBertolt Brecht,Galileo (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1966), 137-38.
- ๏จCharles Bremer, "Pa Zipata Zamphamvu"Watsopano wa Mayiko, December 4, 2014.
- ๏จFinchelstein ndi Piccato, "Donald Trump Mwina Akutisonyeza Tsogolo la Ndale za Mapiko Olondola"; Dylan Matthews, "Ndinafunsa Akatswiri 5 a Fascism Kaya a Donald Trump Ndi Fascist,โ Vox, December 10, 2015; Edsall, "The Peculiar Populism of Donald Trump"; โChifukwa chiyani a Trump's Populist Apilo Ikukhudza Chikhalidwe, Osati Chumaโ; Sheri Berman, ".Populism Si Fascism: Koma Itha Kukhala Yovuta"Zachilendo, November-December 2016.
- ๏จPaul A. Baran ndi Paul M. Sweezy, Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966), 155.
- ๏จSlavoj ลฝiลพek,Kodi Winawake Anati Totalitarianism? (London: Verso, 2001), 2-3. Onaninso Hannah Arendt,Chiyambi cha Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1951), 301-18.
- ๏จPanjira yomwe izi zimalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro a Arendt onani "Populism Kudzera mu Maso a Hannah Arendt: Tsopano ndi Kenako,โ Eyes on Europe, April 2017. Mtsutso wofananawo wonena za ufulu wa demokalase wa anthu oponderezedwa ndi oponderezedwa ndi omwe ndapereka pano, ngakhale osakambirana za Arendt ndikutsata kusintha kwa momwe lingaliro la populism limagwiritsidwira ntchito. ku Cold War "malo ofunikira" malingaliro a oganiza monga Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. ndi Richard Hofstadter, angapezeke mu Marco D'Eramo, "Populism and the New Oligarchy,"Kukambitsirana Kwatsopano Kumanzere 82 (2013): 5-28.
- ๏จMรผller,Kodi Populism N'chiyani?, 2โ3, 13, 93, 99โ103; Muddle ndi Kaltwasser,Populism, 1โ7, 92โ96, 108โ09, 116โ18.
- ๏จPa demokalase yokhazikika, onani Istvรกn Mรฉszรกros, "Kudzudzula Boma: Kawonedwe ka M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi"Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse 67, ayi. 4 (September 2015): 32-37. Pakutsutsa demokalase yaufulu ngati mawonekedwe a boma otsutsana pansi pa capitalism onani CB Macpherson,Moyo ndi Nthawi za Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977).
- ๏จAndrea Mamone,Transnational Fascism ku France ndi Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 7, 16; Laquer,Fascism, 4-8.
- ๏จLaquer,Fascism, 4-9.
- ๏จMawu akuti "mphepo ya neofascist" amachokera ku Mammmone,Transnational Neofascism. Onaninso Judith Butler, โTrump, Fascism, ndi Kumanga kwa 'Anthu,'โ Verso blog, December 29, 2016, http://versobooks.com; Noam Chomsky,"Trump Atha Kukhala Tsoka, Koma Gulu Lake Lakonzeka Kulanda America,โ Alternet, April 15, 2017, http://alternet.org;Chiyembekezo Choposa Kutaya Mtima (Chicago: Haymarket, 2017), 113-15; Juan Cole,"Kukonzekera Kukhazikika kwa Neofascist White House,โ Blog ya Ndemanga Yodziwitsa, Januware 2, 2017, http://juancole.com; Henry A. Giroux, "Kulimbana ndi Neo-Fascism ya Trump ndi Mzimu wa 1984,โ Truthout, February 7, 2017, http://truth-out.org; Paul Street, ".Kunyoza Populism,โ Counterpunch, April 28, 2017, http://counterpunch.org; Cornel West, "Goodbye, American Neoliberalism,"GuardianNovembala 7, 2016.
- ๏จDennis Gilbert,Kapangidwe ka Gulu Laku America M'nthawi Yakukula Kusafanana(Los Angeles: Sage, 2011), 14, 243-47. Magawano pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi otsika-pakati sangadziwike molondola. Monga momwe Karl Marx ananenera, โmiyezo yapakati ndi yapakati nthaลตi zonse imabisa malire.โ Karl Marx,Kapital, vol. 3 (London: Penguin, 1981), 1025. Ndizowonanso kuti zonse zachuma ndi chikhalidwe (ndi chidziwitso) ndi mbali ya kutsimikiza kwa maubwenzi a m'kalasi m'mawu enieni a mbiri yakale.
- ๏จJohn Bellamy Foster, ".Neofascism ku White House"Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse 68, ayi. 11 (April 2017): 1-2.
- ๏จC. Wright Mills,Yamuofesi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951), 353-54. Lingaliro la "crony capitalists" limawonedwa ndi Bannon ngati gawo lofunikira pamalingaliro otsika apakati. Onani mawu a Bannon mu Lester Feeder, "Umu ndi Momwe Steve Bannon Amawonera Dziko Lonse Lapansi,โ Buzzfeed, November 15, 2016.
- ๏จRoger Griffin, "General Introduction," mu Griffin, ed.,Fascism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 3-4.
- ๏จCanovan,Populism, 292; Wodak,Ndale za Mantha, 10; โPapa Francis Achenjeza Potsutsa Kukwera kwa Atsogoleri Okonda Anthu 'Monga Hitler' Pamene Donald Trump Analumbirira Kukhala Purezidenti"Independent, Januari 22, 2017.
- ๏จArthur Schweitzer,Bizinesi Yaikulu mu Third Reich (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1964): 239-96; Franz Neumann,Behemoti (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942). Momwe malingaliro a bungwe, makampani, ndi capitalism ya boma, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ku Germany ya Nazi (isanafike 1939) ndizotseguka kutsutsa. Monga Franz Neumann adatsutsaBehemoti, Ulamuliro Wachitatu udawonjezera mphamvu zamagulu amagulu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kayendetsedwe kazachuma komwe kumawoneka kuti kudakwaniritsidwa kunali kochepa kudzera m'boma kusiyana ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa likulu lazachuma.
- ๏จKarl Bracher,Ulamuliro wankhanza waku Germany (New York: Praeger, 1970), 192-93.
- ๏จBracher,Ulamuliro wankhanza waku Germany, 193โ98. Pamoto wa Reichstag, onani John Mage ndi Michael E. Tigar, "The Reichstag Fire Trial, 1933-2008"Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse 60, ayi. 10 (March 2009): 24-49.
- ๏จNikolaus Wachsmann,Ndende za Hitler (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 69, 71.
- ๏จSchmitt anagwira mawu mu Karl Dietrich Bracher, โStages of Totalitarian Integration (Gleichschaltung),โ mu Hajo Holborn, ed.,Republic ku Reich (New York: Mpesa, 1972), 126.
- ๏จJulius Evola,Fascism Kuyang'ana Kuchokera Kumanja (London: Arktos, 2013), 51; HT Hansen, "Introduction" mu Julius Evola,Amuna Pakati pa Mabwinja (Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions, 2002), 47-48.
- ๏จMaxine Y. Sweezy (onaninso pansi pa Maxine Y. Woolston),Kapangidwe ka Economy ya Nazi (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941), 27-35; Gustav Stolper,Germany Economy, 1870-1940 (New York: Reynal ndi Hitchcock, 1940), 207; Germร Bel, "Kugwirizana kwa 'Privatization ndi Germany's National Socialist Party,"Zolemba Pazachuma 20, ayi. 3 (2006): 187-94; Daniel Guerin,Fascism ndi Bizinesi Yaikulu (New York: Pathfinder, 1973).
- ๏จSchweitzer,Bizinesi Yaikulu mu Third Reich, 269-78, 327-28.
- ๏จHitler anagwira mawu mu Rauschning,Mawu a Chiwonongeko, 91.
- ๏จSheri Berman, ".Sichinali Chidani Chabe. Fascism Inapereka Ufulu Wabwino Wachikhalidwe,โ Aeon, March 27, 2017, http://aeon.co; A. James Gregor,Chifasisti cha ku Italy ndi Ulamuliro Wachitukuko (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 256-64; Robert O. Paxton,Anatomy ya Fascism (New York: Mpesa, 2005), 147.
- ๏จKarl Marx ndi Frederick Engels adalemba motchukaManifesto Achikomyunizimu: โMkulu wa Boma lamakono ndi komiti yokhayo yoyangโanira zinthu wamba za mabwanamkubwa onse.โ Mu nthanthi ya Marxian fascism m'maiko otsogola a capitalist ndikupatuka kwa izi, kulimbikitsa zokonda za capital capital (monopoly-finance capital) makamaka, m'malo mwa "bourgeoisie onse." Choncho ili ndi maziko ocheperapo ndipo imagwirizana ndi kuponderezedwa kwakukulu. Onani Karl Marx ndi Frederick Engels,Manifesto Achikomyunizimu (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1964), 5.
- ๏จ"Enzo Traverso"Post-Fascism: Kusintha Kukuchitikabe,โ Verso blog, March 13, 2017; Pauline Bock, "Zaka Chikwi za ku France Zikuyenda Kumbuyo kwa Marine Le Pen"Watsopano wa Mayiko, February 21, 2017; Bremer, โPa Zipata Zamphamvuโ; Kim Wilsher, ".Kuopa Neofascism Kumasunga Emmanuel Macron Patsogolo pa Marine Le Pen"Guardian, April 29, 2017.
- ๏จOnani Jayati Ghosh, "Globalization ndi Mapeto a Labor Aristocracy"Madola ndi Sense, March-April 2017.
- ๏จEvola wotchulidwa mu Paul Furlong,Malingaliro a Zachikhalidwe ndi Ndale a Julius Evola (London: Routledge, 2011), 88; Laquer,Fascism, 96; Evola,Fascism Kuyang'ana Kuchokera Kumanja, 55; Hansen, "Introduction," in Evola,Amuna Pakati pa Mabwinja, 48.
- ๏จHansen, "Introduction," in Evola,Amuna Pakati pa Mabwinja, 91โ95, Laquer,Fascism, 97; Julius Evola,Njira ya Cinnabar (London: Integral Tradition, 2009), 88โ95; Kunali kuyambiranso kwa Evola ngati woganiza wamkulu wa neofascist, kuphatikiza ndi udindo wake wakale kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920 mu "Ur-Gulu" la aluntha la ku Italy, odzipereka kuti apereke maziko achikunja a malingaliro a mapiko amanja (Ur ndi chiyambi choyimira choyambirira) , zomwe mosakayikira zinauzira nkhani yotchuka ya Umberto Eco mu 1995 yonena za โUr-Fascism,โ mโmene Evola anasankhidwa kukhala munthu wamkulu wanthanthi. โChinthu choyamba cha Ur-Fascism,โ analemba motero Eco, โndi mpatuko wamwambo.โ Umberto Eco, ".Ur-Fascism"Kufufuza kwa Mabuku a New York, June 22, 1995.
- ๏จEvola,Amuna Pakati pa Mabwinja, 195; HT Hansen, "Introduction," mu Julius Evola,Kuukira Dziko Lamakono (Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions, 1995), x; Mamoni,Transnational Neofascism, 67-68.
- ๏จJulius Evola,Kwerani Kambuku (Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions, 2003), 173.
- ๏จEvola,Fascism Kuyang'ana Kuchokera Kumanja, 101,Amuna Pakati pa Mabwinja, 75,Kuukira Dziko Lamakono, 167-71, Mamoni,Transnational Neofascism, 70. Mโmutu wonena za โNkhani ya Raceโ mโmbiri yake, The Path of Cinnabar, Evola anayesa kusonyeza malingaliro ake a fuko monga auzimu mโmalo mwa zinthu zakuthupi ndi kunena kuti iwo anachotsedwa ku tsankho; makamaka, kudzisiyanitsa ndi katswiri wa zachipani cha Nazi Alfred Rosenberg, yemwe nthawi zambiri ankamuyerekezera. Komabe, iye amadzitsutsa mwa kusonyeza malingaliro atsankho pamasamba aliwonse ngakhale pano, osati kokha mโmachitidwe ake a mtundu wa โAryan Wachiroma,โ komanso ponena kuti โkulungamitsidwa kaamba ka kuvomereza tsankho lafuko kunali chitsimikiziro chotsimikizirika chotsutsa Chifascist. maganizo a Ayuda apadziko lonse.โ Evola,Njira ya Cinnabar, 164-67, 173 .
- ๏จEvola,Kuukira Dziko Lamakono, 169, 355;Kwerani Kambuku, 131.
- ๏จEvola,Amuna Pakati pa Mabwinja, 123; Furlong,Malingaliro a Zachikhalidwe ndi Ndale a Julius Evola, 143-45.
- ๏จMamoni,Transnational Neofascism, 173-74.
- ๏จAleksandr Dugin,Chiphunzitso Chachinayi cha Ndale (London: Arktos, 2012), 13, 28โ34, 39โ46, 88โ89, 95โ96, 193; Laquer,Fascism, 195โ96, Aleksandr Dugin, โHeidegger ndi Evola,โ Middle East Media Research Institute, February 16, 2017. Zochititsa chidwi, Dugin amadalira makamaka gawo la Nazi la ntchito ya Heidegger.
- ๏จJane Mayer,"Reclusive Hedge-Fund Tycoon Kumbuyo kwa Purezidenti Trump"latsopano Yorker, March 27, 2017.
- ๏จDan Schnur, "Trump, Purezidenti Wapakati,"New York Times, March 31, 2017; "Slavoj ลฝiลพek:"Trump ndidi Centrist Liberal, 'โGuardian, April 28, 2016; Neal Gabler, "Iwalani Fascism. Zosokoneza Zake Zomwe Tiyenera Kudandaula nazo,โ Moyers and Company, March 29, 2017, http://billmoyers.com.
- ๏จOnani โMabiliyoni Onse a Purezidenti,โForbes, December 9, 2016; Foster, "Neofascism ku White House." Lingaliro la Bannon la "kuwonongeka kwa boma," ngakhale limakhudza nthawi yomweyo, likuwoneka kuti lili ndi mgwirizano wofanana ndi "kuwonongeka kwa chitukuko" cha Dugin. Onani Dugin,Chiphunzitso Chachinayi cha Ndale, 106-08.
- ๏จ"Ralph Nader Akudzudzula Bajeti ya Trump ngati Corporatist, Militarist, and Racist,โ Demokalase Tsopano!, March 17, 2017; Ashley Parker ndi Philip Rucker, ".Trump Agunda Kushner Kuti Atsogolere Gulu la SWAT Kuti Akonze Boma Ndi Malingaliro Amalonda"Washington Post, March 26, 2017.
- ๏จMichael Wolff, "Ringside ndi Steve Bannon ku Trump Tower monga Purezidenti-Elect's Strategist Plots 'Nkhondo Yatsopano Yonse Yandale, 'โHollywood ReporterNovembala 18, 2016.
- ๏จ"Wothandizira CNN: 'Donald Trump Anakhala Purezidenti,' Usiku Watha,โ The Hill, April 17, 2017, http://thehill.com; Alex Shephard"Kodi Changochitika Ndi Chiyani? Ndemanga ya Sabata lakhumi ndi chiwiri la Purezidenti Trump"Republic New, April 14, 2017; Zeeshan Aleem,"Ma Airstrikes aku US Akupha Anthu Ambiri Ambiri. Ndipo Palibe Amene Akutsimikiza Chifukwa Chake,โ Vox, March 28, 2017; Jason Le Miere, ".Pansi pa Trump Asitikali aku US Ati Anapha Anthu Opitilira 1,000 ku Iraq, Syria mu Marichi."Newsweek, March 31, 2017.
- ๏จSamuel P. Huntington,Mkangano wa Zitukuko (New York: Simon ndi Schuster, 2011). Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa National Security Advisor, woteteza a Kissinger, KT McFarland, adalumikizidwa ndikusinthana ndi Russia komanso mzere wovuta kwambiri ku China, womwe umadziwika kuti ndi njira yomwe Kissinger mwiniwake adachita. Kuchotsa kwa Trump ku McFarland mu Epulo 2017 kuposa china chilichonse chomwe chidawonetsa kutha kwa njira iyi yazandale mkati mwa utsogoleri. M'malo mwake panali chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe chotsatira Cold ar yatsopano ndi Russia nthawi imodzi ndikuyesera kukulitsa mphamvu za US padziko lonse lapansi.
- ๏จJeremy W. Peters, ".Malingaliro a Bannon Atha Kutsata Bukhu Lomwe Limachenjeza, 'Zima Ikubwera,'"New York Times, April 8, 2017; Kristin Iversen"Chifukwa Chake Ndikofunikira Kuti Hillary Clinton Athandizire Chisankho cha Syria"nayiloni, April 7, 2017; William Strauss ndi Neil Howe,Kutembenuka Kwachinai (New York: Broadway, 1997), 138.
- ๏จMagulu apamwamba apakati adakhala gawo lalikulu pazandale za Bill ndi Hillary Clinton. Onani Thomas Frank,Mvetserani, Liberal (New York: Henry Holt, 2016).
- ๏จLingaliro lakuti fascism limapereka "chidziwitso" ku anthu apakati komanso zofuna za ogwira ntchito koma sichipititsa patsogolo zosowa zawo, popeza cholinga chachikulu cholimbikitsa capitalism, chinayambitsidwa ku Walter Benjamin.Ntchito ya Art mu M'badwo Wopanga Makina (Lexington, KY: Prism, 2010), 47.
- ๏จ"An Establishment Conservative's Guide to the Alt-Right,โ Breitbart, March 29, 2016; Robert Beiner, "Lingaliro Landale la Stephen K. Bannon,โ Crooked Timber, January 11, 2017, http://crookedtimber.org.
- ๏จSteve Bannon, ndemanga kudzera pa Skype pa Human Dignity Conference, Vatican, chirimwe cha 2014, cholembedwa mu J. Feeder, โUmu Ndi Momwe Steve Bannon Amawonera Dziko Lapansi,โ Buzzfeed, November 15, 2016; Nina Burleigh"Bannon Canon: Mabuku Okondedwa ndi Mlangizi wa Trump"Newsweek, March 23, 2017.
- ๏จWolff, "Ringside ndi Steve Bannon ku Trump Tower."
- ๏จJean Raspail,Msasa wa Oyera Mtima (New York: Scribner, 1973); Jonathan Ofir, "Steve Bannon's Judeo-Christian 'Camp of the Saints,'โ Mondoweiss, March 11, 2017, http://mondoweiss.org; โBuku la Racist,Msasa wa Oyera Mtima, Kupeza Kutchuka,โ Southern Poverty Law Center, March 21, 2001.
- ๏จOfir, "Camp of the Saints" ya Steve Bannon ya Judeo-Christian.
- ๏จPaul Blumenthal, "Ziribe kanthu Zomwe Zingachitike kwa Bannon, Jeff Sessions Adzasindikiza Agenda Yake Yotsutsana ndi Osamukira,โ Huffington Post, Epulo 13, 2017.
- ๏จOsita Nwanevu,โGOP Congressman Steve King Tsopano Akuvomereza Mabuku Atsankho Momveka, Chifukwa Ndi Steve King, "Slate, March 14, 2017. Pakukwezera kwambiri kwa Bannon, kupititsa patsogolo malingaliro a barbaric-neofascist kudzera mufilimu onani Adam Wren, "Zomwe Ndidaphunzira Kuwona Zolemba za Steve Bannon,โ Politico, December 2, 2016.
- ๏จ"Steve Bannon Amalankhula ndi Breitbart: Amuna ndi Akazi Oyiwalika Amene Ali Msana wa Dzikoli Awuka,โ Breitbart, November 9, 2016; โSteve Bannon: 'Hobbits and Deplorables Zinawonongeka Kwakukulu mu 2016,' Koma Ndi 'Pamwamba Pamwamba pa Inning Yoyamba,'โ Breitbart, December 30, 2016; โMcCain Amatanthauza 'Tea Party Hobbits, Blasts Bachmann-Backed Idea,โ CNN, July 27, 2011.
- ๏จBaker, "Pamene Trump Akuchoka ku Populism, Omutsatira Amakhala Atcheru"; Jamelle Bouie, "Trump amadziwona yekha mu Andrew Jackson,โ Slate, March 15, 2017; Jonathan Capehart, "Zikhulupiriro Zosazindikira Za Trump Zokhudza Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ndi Andrew Jackson"Washington PostBlog ya PostPartisan, May 1, 2017.
- ๏จDinani kuchokera Zolankhula za a Donald Trump pa CBS Weekend News, Meyi 7,2016. A Frank amatcha gulu la a Trump "odziwika bwino kwambiri omwe akukwera mdziko muno omwe sanawonepo." Frank,Mvetserani, Liberal, 261.
- ๏จDonald J. Trump,Nthawi Yokhala Olimba: Pangani America Kukhala Yabwinonso (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2011), 188; Sarah Jaffe, "Zambiri pa 'Kukhetsa Chidambo': Mphamvu ya Wall Street Ikukwera Pansi pa Trump, "Choonadi, April 21, 2017. Pa umunthu wa Trump, malingaliro, ndi zokhumba zake onani Jane Mayer, "Wolemba Mzimu wa Donald Trump Amauza Zonse"latsopano Yorker, July 25, 2016.
- ๏จCurtis Ellis, ".The Radical Left's Ethnic Cleansing of America,โ WorldNetDaily, May 20, 2016, http://wnd.com; โCurtis Ellis Akukambirana za 'Kuyeretsa Kwamtundu Wakumanzere kwa America,'โ Breitbart, May 24, 2016.
- ๏จCornel West,"Chabwino, American Neoliberalism"GuardianNovembala 7, 2016.
- ๏จPaul M. Sweezy, "More (kapena Less) pa Globalization,"Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse 49, ayi. 4 (September 1997): 3.
- ๏จJohn Bellamy Foster ndi Robert W. McChesney,Mavuto Osatha (New York: Nyuzipepala ya Monthly Review, 2012).
- ๏จMichael D. Yates,Kusalinganika Kwakukulu (London: Routledge, 2016).
- ๏จMichael Jacobs ndi Mariana Mazzucato, โKuthetsa Chipembedzo Chachikatolika,โKusiya, Spring 2017: 36-37.
- ๏จ"Ma chart asanu ndi anayi Okhudza Kusafanana kwa Chuma ku America,โ Urban Institute, http://apps.urban.org.
- ๏จLingaliro lakuti gawo laling'ono la zotsalira zomwe zinatengedwa kuchokera ku mphamvu za hegemonic zinatha kupita kwa "ochepa, mwayi, 'otetezedwa' ochepa" a ogwira ntchito, kulimbitsa dongosololi, adayambitsidwa ndi Engels m'mawu oyamba a 1892 English edition of buku lake, ndipo kenako linatengedwa ndi Lenin. Onani Frederick Engels,Mkhalidwe wa Gulu Logwira Ntchito ku England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 323-24; VI Lenin,utsamunda (New York: International Publishers, 1969).
- ๏จGhosh, "Globalization and the End of the Labor Aristocracy."
- ๏จ"Tulukani Zisankho, Chisankho cha 2016,โ CNN, November 23, 2016.
- ๏จPeters, โMaonero a Bannon Angatsatidwe Mโbuku Limene Limachenjeza, โZinja Ikubweraโโ; Wolff, "Ringside ndi Steve Bannon ku Trump Tower."
- ๏จPurezidenti Donald Trump, "Adilesi Yotsegulira," Januware 21, 2017, http://whitehouse.gov; Lipenga,Nthawi Yolimba, 9-27; โPatsogolo pa Lipoti Loyamba la Ntchito ya Trump, Yang'anani pa Ndemanga Zake pa Nambala,โ NPR, Januware 29, 2017. Mawu akuti "hyperbole owona" adayambitsidwa ndi ghostwriter wa Trump m'buku lake.Luso la Kuchita. Onani Mayer, "Donald Trump's Ghost Writer Anena Zonse."
- ๏จ"Donald Trump: Nkhani ya Black Lives Ikufuna Kupha Apolisi,โ CBS News, July 19, 2016.
- ๏จlipenga,Nthawi Yolimba, 29-48; Peter Navarro,The Coming China Wars (New York: Free Press, 2008), 203-05; Jacob Heilbrun, "Munthu Wowopsa Kwambiri Padziko La Trump?โ Politico, February 12, 2017.
- ๏จOnani James K. Galbraith, "Kodi Trump Angabweretse Kukula?"Kusiya, Spring 2017: 43-50; Foster, "Neofascism in the White House," 19-25.
- ๏จ"Steve Bannon mu 2013: Joseph McCarthy Anali Wolondola pa Nkhondo Yotsutsana ndi Kulowa kwa Chikomyunizimu,โ CNN, Marichi 6, 2017.
- ๏จBrecht,Galileo, 133.
- ๏จ"Mawu a Chaka cha 2016 Ndiโฆ,โ Oxford Dictionaries, November 8, 2016, http://en.oxforddictionaries.com.
- ๏จGeorg Lukacs,Kuwonongeka kwa Chifukwa (London: Merlin, 1980).
- ๏จEllen Meiksins Wood,The Retreat from Class (London: Verso, 1999).
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