CJP: Zomwe zidayamba ngati vuto lazachuma mu 2007 lakhala vuto lalikulu la kusowa kwa ntchito m'dziko lotsogola. Kodi mwina izi zikutanthauza kuti vuto la 2007-08 silinayambike chifukwa chandalama koma linali ndi zoyambitsa zake pazachuma chenicheni?
JBF: Palibe amene akukayika kuti kunali kuphulika kwa vuto la zachuma komwe kunabweretsa mavuto azachuma. Choncho mโlingaliro limeneli chomwe chinayambitsa vutoli chinali chandalama. Koma mayankho ozama akupezeka mu zomwe zimatchedwa "chuma chenicheni" kapena malo opanga. Mavuto aakulu azachuma monga Mavuto Aakulu a Zachuma nthawi zonse amakhala opangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri ndipo nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi mizu pakupanga. Kukula kwenikweni kwachuma kwa anthu okhwima, okhazikika a capitalist a Triad - United States/Canada, Europe, ndi Japan - adayamba kuchepa m'ma 1970s ndipo atsika pang'onopang'ono zaka khumi kuchokera pamenepo. Chinthu chachikulu chotsutsana ndi kuchepa kwachuma uku chinali ndalama, zomwe zingatanthauzidwe kuti ndizo: (1) kukula kwa kukula kwa ndalama (mapangidwe a ngongole) zokhudzana ndi kupanga; (2) kuchuluka kwa phindu lazachuma pa phindu lonse lamakampani; ndi (3) kukwera kwa zobweza zandalama monga chinthu chokulirakulirabe ngakhale m'makampani omwe si andalama nawonso.
Njira yopezera ndalama iyi idayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndipo idakula kwambiri pofika m'ma 1980. Poyang'anizana ndi kuchuluka kwa msika komanso kuchepa kwa mwayi wopeza ndalama mabungwe ndi omwe amagulitsa ndalama pawokha adakumana ndi mavuto azachuma. Kuyankha kwawo kunali kutsanulira zochulukira zachuma zomwe ali nazo ku gawo lazachuma kufunafuna mipata yongopeka yokhudzana ndi kuyamikira chuma. Mabungwe azachuma adathandizira kuchuluka kwachuma kumeneku popanga zida zandalama zochulukirachulukira. Ndondomeko yonse yazachuma idakweza chuma molingana ndi zomwe zikadakhala mwanjira ina, ndikuyika pansi pakukula kwachuma.
Koma poganizira kuti njira yopezera ndalama idali yankho lachuma chomwe chikuchulukirachulukira, chomwe sichinathe kuchichiritsa, zomwe zidatuluka munjirayi zidakhala zazikulu komanso zochulukirapo pafupipafupi pazachuma pamwamba pazida zofooka zazachuma. Izi zinapangitsa kuti ngongole iwonongeke, iliyonse yaikulu kuposa yomalizira, ndi Federal Reserve ndi mabanki ena apakati akulowa mobwerezabwereza monga obwereketsa omaliza poyesetsa kuti nyumba yonse ya makadi isagwe. Kugwa kwathunthu kwachuma kunali koletsedwa nthawi zonse, zomwe zidayambitsa mavuto akulu m'tsogolomu. Panthawiyi ndalama zachuma zinali zogwirizana ndi mayiko onse chifukwa mayiko onse adakakamizika kutengera kamangidwe kachuma komweko. Potsirizira pake, zinthu zinayenera kuchitika zomwe zotsatira za kuphulika kwachuma kwachuma zidzagonjetsa mphamvu zamabanki apakati kuti ateteze kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma. Izi zidachitika ndi Great Financial Crisis mu 2007-08. Komabe, kusokonekera kwathunthu kwachuma kudapewedwa kudzera munjira "yachikulu kwambiri kuti isalephereke" yopezera mabungwe akuluakulu azachuma - ndi ndalama zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa anthu.
Zokambirana zambiri za Mavuto Aakulu a Zachuma, ngakhale kumanzere, zakhala zikuyang'ana pazowoneka ndi zizindikiro, kunyalanyaza zotsutsana za nthawi yayitali zomwe zili mkati mwa kupanga ndi ndalama. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ndine wonyadira kunena zimenezo Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse, zochokera poyamba pa ntchito ya Harry Magdoff ndi Paul Sweezy, yatsatira kwambiri kuyambika kwa zotsutsanazi mโnkhani zolembedwa kwa zaka makumi anayi kapena kuposerapo.
Vuto lalikulu la chuma cha chikapitalist pakali pano sizovuta kwambiri zachuma monga kuyimilira. Ngakhale akatswiri azachuma omasuka ngati Paul Krugman tsopano akulankhula za "kuyimirira kosatha." Nthawi yamakono imadziwika ndi kukula kwachuma pang'onopang'ono m'machuma okhwima - chodabwitsa chomwe chinachitika pambuyo pa Mavuto Aakulu a Zachuma. Dongosolo limagwidwa ndi zomwe tatchulazi Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse monga "stagnation-ndalama msampha." Popanda ma boom otsogozedwa ndi ndalama palibe chilichonse pakalipano chopangitsa kuti dongosololi lichoke pamalo akufa, titero. Koma njira yopezera ndalama pakali pano yasokonekera chifukwa chosowa ngongole kubanki, zomwe sizingathe kupereka chilimbikitso chokwanira kuti chuma chiyambitse.
Capital imakhudzidwa koposa zonse ndikupeza njira yopezera ndalama kubwereranso. Ntchito yaikulu ndikuwonetsetsa bata ndi kukula kwa chuma chachuma, chomwe chimapanga chuma cha capitalist ndipo lero njira zake zazikulu zopezera chuma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'mawu ogwirira ntchito kukakamiza mikhalidwe ya neoliberal austerity yomwe cholinga chake ndi kupatutsa kayendetsedwe kazachuma kaboma komanso payekha kulowa mu gawo lazachuma. Boma la capitalist likusinthidwa kotero kuti ntchito yake yobwereketsa-yomaliza kukhala gawo lake lalikulu, ndi zolinga zina zonse zandale zomwe zili pansi pa izi. Pansi pazimenezi njira zakale za Keynesian zogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zowonongeka ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ziyenera kuperekedwa nsembe paguwa la anthu apamwamba a zachuma. Pamapeto pake, izi zitha kuchita bwino kupanga chiwongolero china chotsogozedwa ndi ndalama ndi kuwira. Koma zotsatira zake za njira yopotoka, yongopeka yopezera chuma, ngati iloledwa kuyambiranso kwathunthu, zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri mtsogolomu.
Kodi mumamvetsetsa kakhazikitsidwe kazachuma ngati chotulukapo mwadala kapena mosadziwa chomwe amafunidwa ndi opanga mfundo kapena ngati gawo limodzi la njira zolimbikitsira, zomwe zikupitilira pakusonkhanitsa ndalama?
JBF: Pakhala pali zokambirana zambiri, pakati pa omasuka komanso kumanzere, momwe boma ndi opanga mfundo amalimbikitsira ndalama - ngati kuti gawo laboma pa zonsezi ndilofunika kwambiri. Chitsanzo chabwino cha izi ndi Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino pavutoli ndi Greta Krippner, yemwe amayandikira ndalama makamaka ngati ndondomeko ya ndondomeko. Izi zikugwirizana bwino ndi malingaliro otchuka ndi a Keynesian kuti vutoli linali kuthetsa ndalama ndipo yankho liri mu kayendetsedwe ka ndalama. Nโzosakayikitsa kuti maboma a Triad anali otanganidwa kwambiri ndi kulimbikitsa kuchotsedwa kwa ndalama ndipo anapezerapo mwayi pa mwayi wandale ndi wachuma umene unabweretsedwa ndi ndalama.
Koma kutsata vuto ku boma ndikuyika ngolo patsogolo pa kavalo. Monga Sweezy anatsutsa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, vuto lalikulu la kusanthula zachuma masiku ano ndikumvetsetsa "ndalama za njira yopezera ndalama." Poyang'anizana ndi kuwira pambuyo kuwira kuchokera ku stagnation-ndalama ubale, boma silinachitire mwina, pa gawo lililonse mu ndondomekoyi, koma kutembenukira kwa ndalama deregulation pofuna kupewa kuwira kuphulika - kupatsa boma lazachuma malo owonjezera imagwira ntchito pochotsa zopinga pakukulitsa kwake. Palibe pambuyo pa zonse - osati woyang'anira banki yapakati, osati Mlembi wa Chuma cha Chuma, komanso osati wamkulu wa boma - akufuna kuti phokoso liphulike pa wotchi yake. Kuwonongeka kwachuma, pofuna kupewa kuphulika kophulika ndi kupereka mafuta ochulukirapo ku ndondomeko ya ndalama, kunawonekera makamaka mu kayendetsedwe ka Clinton, kumene Alan Greenspan, Larry Summers, ndi Timothy Geithner ankagwira ntchito mogwirizana. Koma lingaliro lakuti ndondomeko yonseyi inali mwanjira iliyonse akulamulidwa ndi boma mwina pakukwera kapena kutsika ndi chinyengo. Iyi ndi ndondomeko yosalamulirika, ndi mavuto enieni omwe ali mu chitukuko chopanda nzeru cha chuma cha capitalist.
Hyman Minsky anathandizira mwina kuposa katswiri wina aliyense wa zachuma m'nthawi ya nkhondo kuti amvetsetse mavuto azachuma, komanso adapereka ndondomeko zomveka bwino komanso zenizeni zothana ndi vuto la ulova ndi umphawi. Kodi kusiyana kwanu kuli pati ndi Minsky, ndipo chifukwa chiyani anthu otsutsa sayenera kuvomereza mfundo zake zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa masautso ndi kuzunzika kwa mamiliyoni a anthu omwe alibe ntchito ndi osauka?
JBF: Minsky anali munthu wabwino kwambiri pambuyo pa Keynesian ndipo mbiri yake yakula moyenerera kuyambira pavuto laposachedwa. Ntchito yake yonse inali yongoganizira za mavuto azachuma. Maziko a kusanthula kwake anali kutanthauzira kwina kwa Keynes (m'buku lake la 1975 John Maynard Keynes)zomwe zinayesa kusintha malingaliro akuluakulu a Keynes kukhala chiphunzitso cha mavuto azachuma akanthawi kochepa. Pochita izi, Minsky adatsutsa momveka bwino kuti kusanthula kwa Keynes m'derali kunali kogwirizana ndi nkhawa zake chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nthawi yaitali kapena kuchepa kwa ndalama. Minsky adawonetsa kuti capitalism inali ndi "cholakwika" chakupha chomwe chidapangitsa kuti ipangitse nthawi ya Ponzi ya kusakhazikika kwachuma, kuchoka pachuma kupita kukusakhazikika kwachuma chifukwa cha malingaliro ake omwe. Komabe, kufooka kwakukulu kwa kusanthula kwa Minsky kunali kuti kudalira chiphunzitso choyera cha kayendetsedwe kazachuma, chochotsedwa pakumvetsetsa kwa zizolowezi zakupanga. Chotsatira chake palibe chiphunzitso chenicheni cha ndalama, chomwe chimamveka ngati chikhalidwe osati zochitika zozungulira, zomwe zingapezeke mu ntchito yake. Chitsanzo chake chodziwika bwino chavuto lazachuma chidachotsedwa kuzinthu zambiri zamakedzana zomwe zidali zomwe Marx, Keynes, ndi Kalecki adayang'ana. Ngakhale amasilira zambiri za Minsky's model, Magdoff ndi Sweezy komabe adamudzudzula m'ma 1970 chifukwa cholephera kuyang'ana ubale wamphamvu pakati pa kupanga ndi ndalama. Zachidziwikire, kulephera kwa Minsky kutsata zovuta zazachuma kuzomwe zimayambitsa kupanga komanso kuthana ndi chitukuko chanthawi yayitali cha capitalism zidamupangitsa kukhala wovomerezeka kukhazikitsidwa (ngakhale zakumanzere ndi malingaliro ake) pomwe kufotokozera kwachuma cha 2007-08. ngozi inali kufunidwa. Chomwe chidachitika chinali lingaliro lakuti zonsezi ndi "Mphindi ya Minsky," kutanthauza chikhalidwe chake chozungulira komanso chosakhalitsa. Komanso, Minsky - m'malo mongoganizira za kusanthula kwake - adanenanso kuti kayendetsedwe kabwino kazachuma koyendetsedwa ndi boma kumatha kuthana ndi mavutowa.
Zinali mochedwa m'moyo wake pambuyo pa Kuwonongeka kwa Msika wa Msika wa 1987 kuti Minsky anayamba kuganiza mozama za ndalama zokha, ndilo vuto lalitali. Izi zinali m'buku la 1989 Chitukuko cha Capitalist ndi Crisis Theory lolembedwa ndi Mark Gottdiener ndi Nicos Kominos (buku limene ndinaperekanso mutu). Chidutswa cha Minsky chidatchedwa "Financial Crises and Evolution of Capitalism" ndipo adadzutsa nkhani ya "capitalism yamalonda." Robert McChesney ndi ine tinapereka gawo la Mutu 2 wa bukhu lathu Mavuto Osatha ku kulingalira kwa chiphunzitso cha Minsky pokhudzana ndi mafunso akuluakulu omwe Marx, Keynes, Kalecki, ndi Sweezy anafunsa.
Sukulu ya monopoly capital school ikuwoneka kuti ikusemphana ndi zowunikira zomwe zimati kusinthana kwa capitalization kwapangitsa kuti pakhale gulu la anthu osankhika padziko lonse lapansi lomwe pakali pano likupanga malamulo padziko lonse lapansi. Munthawi imeneyi, mumayankha bwanji pakutsutsidwa kotsimikizika, ngati sikumveka bwino, kuti capital capital imangoyang'ana pakusintha kwachuma pang'onopang'ono pamapangidwe apamwamba a capitalism koma amatengera malingaliro azachuma pakukula kwachuma?
JBF: Ndizowona kuti kwa ife chiphunzitsocho - chodziwika kumanzere lero - kuti pali kukwera kwa gulu lachikapitalist padziko lonse lapansi likuwoneka losavuta, lolephera kumvetsetsa zotsutsana zonse. Pali chizolowezi chochotsa vuto la kalasi ndikuchepetsa kupikisana kwapakati. Kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa malingaliro otere omwe ndikudziwa kunaperekedwa ndi Samir Amin mu 2011 m'buku lake. "Transnational Capitalism kapena Collective Imperialism?" Amin amalankhula, makamaka, mu ntchito yake yofunika ya 2010, Lamulo la Mtengo Wadziko Lonse, ya "chikapitalisti chapambuyo pake cha oligopolies okhazikika, okhazikika pazachuma, ndi okhazikika padziko lonse lapansi" ndipo amawona gawoli kukhala lolamulidwa ndi Utatu wokhala ndi United States m'malo opambana. Izi zikuwoneka kwa ine kukhala lingaliro lokwanira kwambiri la zenizeni zathu zovuta za mbiri yakale kuposa kudalira lingaliro la gulu la transnational capitalist ngati mtundu wa deus ex machina. Ofufuza m'gulu la transnationalist-capitalist-class akuwona mgwirizano womwe ukukula pakati pa mabungwe omwe ali m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Koma, m'malo mwake, kulumikizana kotereku sikosangalatsa konse mu Triad yonse. Mwachitsanzo, likulu la US, likugwirabe ntchito ndi ufulu wodziimira, monga momwe dziko la U.S. Likulu la Japan ndilosiyana kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti lingaliro lokhudzana ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi lidalimbikitsidwa ndi katswiri wazoyang'anira oyang'anira a Peter Drucker, yemwe adatsutsa kuti makampani oterowo - omwe salinso m'dziko linalake koma amagwira ntchito m'mayiko osiyanasiyana - adathamangitsa bungwe lamayiko osiyanasiyana, lomwe lidafotokozedwa. kuyambira koyamba ngati bungwe lomwe likugwira ntchito m'maiko ambiri koma lokhazikika m'modzi. Mkati Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse timaganizabe kuti ndi mabungwe amitundu yambiri osati mabungwe akunja, m'lingaliro la Drucker, omwe amakhalabe olamulira.
Thesis ya transnationalization yakhala yotchuka kwambiri ku Europe chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa European Community. Koma vuto lomwe liripoli latsegula zotsutsana mkati mwa Europe momwemo. Pavuto lomwe lilipo wina angatsutse kuti ubale wachifumu womwe ukuwonekera pakati, titi, Germany ndi Greece wasokoneza malingaliro onse osavuta okhudzana ndi kuphatikizana kwamagulu a capitalist, mabungwe, ndi mayiko.
Gawo lachiwiri la funso lanu likuwoneka kwa ine kutali kwambiri ndi loyamba. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa microeconomics ndi macroeconomics kudayambika panthawi yamavuto azachuma osagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa Keynesian. Keynes adayambitsa zomwe timatcha malingaliro achuma koma adalephera kuthana ndi kusamvana pakati pa izi ndi neoclassical microeconomics. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, iye analephera kukulitsa chiphunzitso chake cha "general theory of employment" kukhala chiphunzitso chonse cha chuma chonse. Anasiya maziko a neoclassical perspective pa microeconomic level makamaka osayankhidwa. Izi ndiye zidakhazikitsa maziko a chitsitsimutso chokhazikika mwachiphunzitso chamakono cha New Classical ndi New Keynesian.
Kaleki, akutuluka mu chikhalidwe cha Marxian (kumene adakhudzidwa ndi ntchito ya Rosa Luxemburg makamaka), komabe akuyembekezera zinthu zonse zazikulu za chiphunzitso cha Keynes cha ntchito, adapanga kusanthula kwake pazifukwa zokwanira zomwe panalibe magawano pakati pawo. microeconomics ndi macroeconomics. Izi zinatenga mawonekedwe a chiphunzitso chake cha likulu la monopoly, kumanga pa mwambo wakale wa Marxian pankhaniyi. Njira yathu mu Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse ndi Marxian (kapena Marxian-Kaleckian) imodzi, kuyang'ana pa kudzikundikira, ndikuwona chuma ngati organic chonse. Ngakhale kuti munthu angathe kutchula za macroeconomic, mosiyana ndi microeconomic, kusanthula, mu malingaliro a Marxian palibe kulekana kwenikweni.
Tikuwoneka kuti tikuwona kusintha kwa mbiri yakale kwa magawo akukula kwa capitalism kuchokera kumayiko otsogola kupita kumadera osatukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kodi chimayambitsa kusinthaku ndi chiyani ndipo zotsatira za chitukukochi ndi zotani zomwe zimatsutsana pakati pa Kumpoto ndi Kumwera?
JBF: Pali ma hyperbole ambiri m'derali. Gawo la ntchito zamafakitale ku Global South linakwera kuchoka pa 51 peresenti mu 1980 kufika pa 73 peresenti mu 2008 panthawi ya Mavuto Aakulu a Zachuma. Koma zambiri mwazopangazi ndikuthamangitsidwa kwamakampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe ali pakati. Kukula kwachuma m'mayiko ochepa omwe akutukuka kumene kwakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa momwe chuma cha Triad chikukula. Komabe kunena za kukwera kwa dziko lonse la South South ndi kulakwitsa kwakukulu. Monga Fred Magdoff ndi ine tidafotokozera mu 2011 mu Zomwe Wokonda Zachilengedwe Aliyense Ayenera Kudziwa Zokhudza Capitalism, kuyambira 1970 mpaka 1989 GDP yapachaka ya maiko otukuka kumene (kupatula China) inali pafupifupi 6.1 peresenti yokha ya mayiko a G7 (United States, Japan, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, ndi Canada). Kuchokera mu 1990 mpaka 2006 (patangotsala pang'ono kuti Great Financial Crisis) izi zatsika kufika pa 5.6 peresenti. Pakali pano, avareji ya pachaka ya GDP pa munthu aliyense wa Maiko 48 Osatukuka Kwambiri (dzina la UN) inatsika kuchoka pa 1.4 peresenti ya mayiko a G7 mu 1970-1989 kufika pa .96 peresenti yokha mu 1990-2006. Kusalingana kukuchulukirachulukira m'maiko padziko lonse lapansi komanso pakati pa dongosololi. Mitundu yonse ya kusamutsidwa kwachuma ndi maulamuliro akuthandizira kulimbikitsa mphamvu zachifumu pakati pa dongosololi. Kuphatikiza apo, pansi pa likulu ladziko lonse lazachuma masiku ano zinthu monga chuma, luso lazopangapanga, chidziwitso, ndi mphamvu zankhondo zimayendetsedwa ndi kulamulidwa kwambiri pakati pa dongosololi. Ndondomeko yazachuma (kuchitira umboni kufalikira kwa neoliberal austerity) imayendetsedwanso kuchokera pakati. Onse a United States ndi "NATO padziko lonse lapansi" akupitilira kulowererapo zankhondo m'madera ozungulira. Imperialism ikukula, ngakhale ikudziwonetsera yokha m'njira zatsopano.
Mfundo yakuti kusamvana kwakukulu kwakhala kukukulirakulira ku China, ndipo kwaphulika kwenikweni ku Brazil ndi Turkey m'masabata aposachedwa, zikusonyeza kuti kutsutsana kwa dongosololi kukukulirakulira m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene m'njira zomwe sizinatengedwe ndi lingaliro losavuta la kusintha kwa mbiri yakale. zabwino zake padziko lonse lapansi South. Ndizowona kuti izi zikupereka zovuta zatsopano ku mphamvu pakati; kuchitira umboni kuukira kwa Latin America motsutsana ndi neoliberalism, komanso kulimbana kwa sosholizimu m'zaka za zana la 21 m'maiko monga Venezuela ndi Bolivia. Komanso, mphamvu za geopolitical za United States zikuchepa. Koma zomwe tikuziwona sizili gulu lina lokhalokha monga kulimbana kokulirapo pa tsogolo la imperialism ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa mayiko.
In Mavuto Osatha McChesney ndi ine tinafufuza njira ya "Global Labor arbitrage," momwe ndalama zimasamutsidwira kumayiko otukuka kuti apeze mwayi wamalipiro otsika, kapena kutsika mtengo kwambiri kwa ogwira ntchito. Motero dongosolo lonse la dziko lonse lapansi likulondolera kwambiri zimene chiphunzitso cha Marxist chimatchedwa kusinthanitsa kosafanana. Kumbuyo kwa kukula kwachuma m'mayiko osauka ndi omwe akutukuka kumene ndikukula kwa ubale wa chikapitalist ndi mitundu yambiri ya nkhanza. M'buku lathu tinayang'ananso za gulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse lapansi, kutengera deta ya IMF. Tidapeza kuti omwe angatchedwe "maximum size of the global reserve army" mu 2011 anali anthu 2.4 biliyoni, poyerekeza ndi 1.4 biliyoni omwe ali mu gulu lankhondo logwira ntchito. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zotsutsana zomwe zikubwera mkati mwa dongosololi ndizokulirapo ndipo Kumwera kwapadziko lonse kukukumana ndi mavuto omwe akukula, zachuma, ndi zachilengedwe - kuchepetsa dongosolo lonse.
Kodi neoliberalism ikubwerera kapena kodi mphamvu zake zimakhalabe?
JBF: inu Mavuto Osatha McChesney ndi ine timatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wa neoliberal ndi "mnzake wa ndale-ndondomeko ya capital capitalism" - gawo lapano la capitalism. Tinalemba kuti: โKutali ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe wachuma,โ tinalemba motero, โneoliberalism ndi . . . Zimawonetsa kulamulira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zachuma komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama monga njira yaikulu yothanirana ndi mavuto azachuma. Ndi mtundu wovuta kwambiri wa capitalism womwe umapangidwira kukulitsa kusalingana ndi kudziletsa. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito boma kuti lisinthe kayendetsedwe ka chuma cha anthu, kuphatikizapo ndalama za boma, m'nkhokwe za ndalama, komanso muzachuma makamaka. Kuchulukirachulukira kwachuma mwanjira yanthawi zonse yopangira ndalama zopangira ndalama zatsopano mkati mwa zopanga, ngakhale kuli kofunikira, kukukulirakulira. Mabungwe amakampani ataya mphamvu pokhudzana ndi misika yazachuma, pomwe boma likukula kwambiri, likugwira ntchito zachuma komanso ndalama zonse.
Neoliberalism imathanso kuwonedwa ngati kulephera komaliza kwa demokalase yaufulu. Classical liberalism, kapena "Possessive individualism," monga momwe C.B. Macpherson anachitcha icho, chinali chotsutsa kwambiri demokalase (monga momwe tingawonere mโzolemba za anthu owerengeka monga Hobbes ndi Locke). Demokalase yaufulu idayambitsidwa pambuyo pake (mouziridwa ndi ziwerengero monga J.S. Chigayo) monga njira yosakanizidwa momwe malingaliro aumwini a ufulu wachikale anali oyenerera, kulola njira zina zademokalase, makamaka muchigawo cha zisankho. Masiku ano chizoloลตezi chachikulu ndikumanga boma la neoliberal, plutocratic, lokonzekera mwadongosolo kuposa kale lonse ku zosowa za chuma, mwachitsanzo, kubwerera ku ufulu wachikale komanso kukhala ndi munthu payekha, kudandaula "demokalase yochuluka." Izi zikugwirizana bwino ndi lingaliro la Hayekian la msika wodzilamulira ngati maziko a anthu komanso boma. Ulamuliro wa demokalase, ngakhale mumpangidwe wochepa umene unalipo, umawoneka ngati wochulukirachulukira. Chomwe chikuzimiririka ndi kudziyimira pawokha kulikonse kwa boma pazachuma; Ulamuliro sulinso wa anthu koma wa malikulu. Boma likukonzedwanso osati komiti yayikulu ya gulu la capitalist, koma ngati manejala wake wachuma.
Kuyang'ana motere, zomwe tiyenera kunena siziri zambiri zaufulu wa neoliberalism monga hegemony ya monopoly-finance capital ndi neoliberal strategic orientation. Ku Greece ulova uli ngati 27 peresenti. Ndipo mu nkhani iyi zomangira austerity nthawi zonse kumangika. Chifukwa chiyani? Yankho ndiloti dziko la Greece likuyendetsedwa ndi mtundu wa chithandizo chodzidzimutsa cha neoliberal pofuna kulimbikitsa zofuna zenizeni za likulu la zachuma, mwachitsanzo, dongosolo lachuma, lachiwongoladzanja, la imperialist, momwe, mkati mwa Eurozone, muli mgwirizano. mzere pakati pa likulu lachifumu ndi (mkati) periphery.
Palibe ndondomeko yotheka kutengera neoliberalism mu capitalism yamasiku ano, ndendende chifukwa neoliberalism ndi chiwonetsero cha kufunikira kwamkati kwa capitalism ya monopoly-finance yokha. Neoliberal austerity ndiye chotulukapo cha kutsutsana kwa gawo lonse lakali pano la capitalism. Yankho lokhalo la mphamvu zotsutsa ndikukankhira kupyola malingaliro a dongosolo kuti apange "Social metabolic system" yatsopano, chimodzi, monga Istvรกn Mรฉszรกros amachitcha icho, cha "substantive equality," ie, socialism.
Ngakhale Marxism ikadali chida champhamvu kwambiri pakumvetsetsa ndikuwunika zomwe zikuchitika pazachuma, pazandale zinthu zakhala zikuyenda bwino kuyambira ma 1970s: ntchito m'maiko otsogola a capitalist ndi yosalongosoka, zipani za sosholisti kapena zipani zachikomyunizimu ndizosakhazikika. angโonoangโono ndi oponderezedwa, ndipo chofunika kwambiri nโchakuti ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri asiya mwambo wa ndale zachisinthiko. Kodi mukuona Marxism ikuyambiranso kukhala gulu lamphamvu landale posachedwapa?
JBF: Dongosolo lonse la chuma cha dziko lonse la monopoly-finance lili muvuto lalikulu, lomwe likupanga njira zatsopano zamakedzana ndi mitundu yomenyera nkhondo. Mโnkhani ino, sosholizimu mosapeลตeka ikutulukiranso monga njira yokhayo yothekera mโmalo mwa dongosolo lowononga la ukapitalist. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti tikuwona m'badwo watsopano wa kupanduka, ku Latin America, Middle East, kumpoto kwa Africa, kum'mwera kwa Ulaya, madera ena a South Asia - ngakhale m'madera ena ku China (khadi lalikulu kwambiri la onse). Ku Latin America maiko otsogola munyengo yatsopano yachisinthiko iyi akweza mbendera ya "Socialism m'zaka za zana la 21." Ndipo pali mbiri yomveka bwino pa izi. Palibe kuthekera konse kuti zipanduko zofala zomwe tikuziwona masiku ano zitha kukhala zopambana poyang'anizana ndi zovuta zomwe zachitika pano za capitalist popanda kupita motsimikiza za socialist. Ngakhale ku United States gulu la Occupy lidadzutsa funso la 1%, kutenga malingaliro omveka bwino akulunjika gulu la capitalist. Pankhani ya zovuta zomwe zikuchitika pano pali umboni wamphamvu wa kutsitsimuka kwa kusanthula kwa Marxist.
Ndili ndi zidziwitso ziwiri pano. Choyamba, ngati Marxism ipanga kusintha kofunikira masiku ano, zomwe tiwona zikhala zatsopano komanso zamphamvu kwambiri za kukonda chuma zambiri, kuwonetsa kusintha komwe kukubwera kumwera - koma mochulukirachulukira muvuto lakumpotoli. Marxism motero itenga mitundu yambiri kugwirizanitsa ndi zilankhulo zachisinthiko ndi mbiri yakale ya madera omwe kulimbana kwamagulu / chikhalidwe kumakhala kokulirapo. Sizinali zochepa chabe zanzeru zomwe zinapangitsa Chรกvez kugwirizanitsa chiphunzitso cha Marxian ndi Chi Bolivia gulu lachisinthiko ndi zilankhulo zake zodziwika bwino, zomwe zimapereka moyo watsopano kwa onse awiri. Tili ku Bolivia tikuwona kaphatikizidwe ka maganizo a sosholisti ndi achibadwidwe.
Chachiwiri, sosholizimu ndi Marxism masiku ano zidzasinthidwa chifukwa cha ngozi yapadziko lapansi - vuto lalikulu lomwe chitukuko chidakumana nacho. Monga ndimatsutsa m'buku langa la 2000 Marx's Ecology, Marx's classical socialist critique imapereka njira yolumikizirana kwambiri pakusintha kwachilengedwe ndi kulimbana. Izi zimamangidwa pamaziko omwewo a kutsutsa kwake kwa capitalism. Tiyenera kujambula pa izo. Kuphatikiza apo, masiku ano sitikukumana ndi "socialism kapena barbarism" yaku Luxembourg ngati chisankho chovuta kwambiri. "socialism kapena exterminism" - kusintha mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi E.P. Thompson. Pakali pano tikuyenda mumsewu monga mwanthawi zonse za kutha kwa zamoyo zambiri padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo mwina zathu. Tiyenera kukhotera mwamphamvu kumanzere. Ndikukhulupirira kuti Socialism ndiyo chipulumutso chokhacho cha anthu, popeza kuti m'dziko lofanana ndi lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika pazachilengedwe m'pamene pali chiyembekezo chenicheni chamtsogolo.
John Bellamy Foster ndi editor wa Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse ndi pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku yunivesite ya Oregon. Buku lake laposachedwa, lolembedwa ndi Robert W. McChesney, ndi Vuto Losatha: Momwe Monopoly-Finance Capital Imapangira Kuyimirira ndi Chisokonezo kuchokera ku USA kupita ku China (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2012). C. J. Polychroniou ndi Research Associate and Policy Fellow ku Levy Economics Institute of Bard College komanso wofunsa mafunso komanso wolemba nkhani wa nyuzipepala yachi Greek yofalitsidwa mdziko lonse la Sunday. Eleftherotypia. Ili ndiye gawo lathunthu la magawo oyankhulana omwe ayenera kusindikizidwa mu pepala lachi Greek.
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