Utsogoleri waku China wapempha m'zaka zaposachedwa kuti pakhale "chitukuko chachilengedwe" chatsopano. Ena aona zimenezi monga kuchoka ku chiphunzitso cha Marx ndi kulolera ku โkusintha zinthu zachilengedweโ monga za Azungu. Komabe, choloลตetsedwa mu Marxism yakale, monga momwe chinaimiridwa ndi buku la Karl Marx ndi Frederick Engels, chinali kutsutsa kwamphamvu kwa chilengedwe. Marx amafotokoza momveka bwino za sosholizimu m'mawu ogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha chilengedwe kapena chitukuko - kapena, m'mawu ake, malamulo "omveka" a "kagayidwe ka anthu ndi chilengedwe."
Mโzaka makumi aposachedwapa pakhala chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha chidwi mโmalingaliro a Marx a zachilengedwe, choyamba Kumadzulo, ndipo posachedwapa ku China. Izi zatulutsa mwambo wamaganizidwe otchedwa "Ecological Marxism."
Izi zikudzutsa mafunso atatu: (1) Kodi Marx ankatsutsa bwanji chilengedwe? (2) Kodi zimenezi zikugwirizana bwanji ndi mfundo ya chitukuko cha zachilengedwe imene ikulimbikitsa ku China? (3) Kodi dziko la China likuyendadi mโnjira yopita ku chitukuko cha zachilengedwe, ndipo ndi zovuta zotani zimene zaima panjira yake pankhani imeneyi?
Marx's Ecological Critique
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1840, katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo wa ku Germany Matthias Schleiden anawona m'buku lake Chomera: A Biography: โMaiko amene tsopano ali mโzipululu zopanda mitengo ndi zouma, mbali ya Igupto, Suriya, Perisiya, ndi ena otero, kale anali amitengo yowirira, anadutsa mitsinje.โ Iye adati izi zidachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kumapangidwa ndi anthu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo pamene Schleiden anali kufotokoza maganizo amenewa, katswiri wazamalimi wa ku Germany Carl Fraas ankaonanso chimodzimodzi mโmabuku ake. Nyengo ndi Dziko la Zomera, akumatsutsa kuti โchikhalidwe chotukuka cha anthu chimasiya chipululu chenicheni pambuyo pake.โ Marx ndi Engels, omwe adayamba chidwi kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa nyengo m'madera adakhudzidwa ndi malingalirowa. Mu 1858, Marx, kutsatira Fraas, analemba kuti: โKulimaโkukakula mwachibadwa ndipo sikumayendetsedwa mwachidwi . . . amasiya zipululu pambuyo pake.โ
Pofika mโma 1860, pamene anali kulemba Capital, nkhawa za Marx za chilengedwe zinali zitakula. Zambiri mwa izi zinali pansi pa chisonkhezero cha katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Germany, Justus von Liebig. Mu kope lake la 1862 Katswiri wa zaulimi Liebig ananena kuti ulimi wa mafakitale ku England unali a โkubaโ dongosolo. Chakudya chachikulu cha nthaka (nayitrogeni, phosphorous, ndi potaziyamu) chinali kuchotsedwa mโnthaka ndikutumiza makilomita mazana ndi zikwi kumzinda monga chakudya ndi ulusi kumene zinathandizira kuipitsa ndipo zinatayidwa ndi nthaka. Britain ndi mayiko ena adayesa kukonza izi kukumba mabwalo ankhondo a Napoleon ndikubera manda ku Europe kuti apeze mafupa oti adyetse minda ya Chingerezi.. Anachotsa mapiri a guano kuchokera kuzilumba za Peru, kutumiza ku Britain kuti akalemeretse nthaka.
"M'malo mozindikira komanso mwanzeru dzikolo ngati katundu wamba wanthawi zonse, monga chikhalidwe chosasinthika cha kukhalapo ndi kuberekana kwa mibadwo ya anthu," Marx chinalengezedwa, ukapitalizimu unatsogolera โkudyera masuku pamutu ndi kuwononga maulamuliro a dziko lapansi.โ Chotsatira chake chinali "mkangano wosasinthika mu ndondomeko yodalirana ya kagayidwe ka anthu" pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe, zomwe zimafuna "kubwezeretsedwa" kwa kagayidwe kameneka kofunikira. M'gulu lapamwamba la Socialism, adatsutsa, "ogwirizana nawo opanga" โzikalamulira mwanzeru kagayidwe ka anthu mโchilengedwe . . . kuchita zimenezi ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri ndiponso mโmikhalidwe yoyenera ndi yoyenera umunthu wawo.โ
Pamaziko awa, Marx anayamba mu Capital lomwe mwina liri lingaliro lolimba kwambiri la kusungika kwachilengedwe koma limanenedwa: โTikalingalira za kukhazikitsidwa kwapamwamba pazachuma, chuma chaumwini cha anthu enaake padziko lapansi chidzawoneka chopanda pake monga momwe chuma chamunthu m'modzi mwa anthu ena. Ngakhale chitaganya chonse, fuko, kapena magulu onse amene alipo panthaลตi imodzimodziyo atengedwa pamodzi, si eni ake a dziko lapansi. Iwo amangokhala eni ake, opindula nawo, ndipo akuyenera kulipereka mumkhalidwe wotukuka ku mibadwo yotsatira, monga boni patres familys [atsogoleri abwino a banja].โ
Marx ndi Engels anafotokoza mโzolemba zawo zambiri za mavuto azachilengedwe a mโnthaลตi zamakono: kusintha kwa nyengo (komwe kumawonedwa monga chochitika chachigawo); kuwonongeka kwa nthaka; kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya ndi madzi; kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zachilengedwe; kuchuluka kwa anthu; kudula mitengo; chipululu; ziphe za mafakitale kapena poizoni; ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mitundu. Mu Dialectics of Natural Malembo anati: โKoma tisamadzitamandire mopambanitsa chifukwa cha kupambana kwathu kwaumunthu pa chilengedwe. Kwa chigonjetso chilichonse chotere chikhalidwe chimabwezera pa ife. . . . Kotero pa sitepe iliyonse timakumbutsidwa kuti ife sitingathe kulamulira chilengedwe monga wogonjetsa anthu akunja, monga munthu amene waima kunja kwa chilengedwe - koma kuti ife, ndi thupi, magazi ndi ubongo, ndife a chilengedwe, ndipo tiri pakati pawo; ndi kuti kukhoza kwathu konse kuli ndi mfundo yakuti tili ndi mwayi woposa zolengedwa zina zonse za kuphunzira malamulo ake ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito molondola.โ
China Ecological Civilization ndi Marxism
Chomwe chili chodziwikiratu ponena za kutsindika kwachi China pa chitukuko cha chilengedwe ndi chakuti zatuluka m'maganizo ambiri a sosholisti, motengera kusanthula kwa Marxian komanso mbiri yakale ya China, chikhalidwe, ndi zilankhulo zawo. Ku China, mosiyana ndi Kumadzulo, malowa amakhalabe amtundu wa anthu kapena gulu ndipo sangathe kugulitsidwa. Ndikukhulupirira kuti nโkulakwa kuona zimene dziko la China likuchita pomanga chitukuko cha zachilengedwe kukhala chotulukapo chachindunji cha chikhalidwe cha Azungu, monga momwe ena amaganizira. Pamsonkhano wa 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), mu 2007 adafunsidwa kuti dziko la China likhazikitse "chitukuko chachilengedwe," ndikupanga ubale wokhazikika pakati pa kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, kugawa, ndi kukula kwachuma. Pamsonkhano wa 18 wa National Congress wa CPC mu 2012, "zomangamanga za chitukuko cha chilengedwe" zidalembedwa mu Constitution ya CPC. Mfundozi zidamangidwa mundondomeko yaposachedwa yazaka zisanu (2011-2015). Ngakhale kuti ambiri amakayikira kuzama kwa kudzipereka kwa CPC pa ntchito yomanga chitukuko cha chilengedwe, zikuwonekeratu kuti izi: (1) zinachokera ku zosowa zenizeni ku China, kumene kwakhala kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe; (2) chinali kuyankha pakukula kwa ziwonetsero zazikulu za chilengedwe ku China; ndipo (3) yatsatiridwa ndi khama lalikulu la boma pankhani yokonzekera, kupanga, ndi chitukuko chaumisiri.
Kumbuyo kwa zonsezi ndi mfundo yakuti mavuto a zachilengedwe ku China ndi aakulu komanso akukula. Izi ndi zotsatira zosapeลตeka za kukula kwachuma kofulumira kwambiri komwe sikunateteze mokwanira chilengedwe, pamodzi ndi zinthu zina monga kusintha kwa nyengo. Zodetsa nkhawa za chilengedwe ku China zikuphatikizapo: kuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'mizinda ikuluikulu pakati pa zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi; kudula mitengo; chipululu, mvula yamkuntho yomwe imathandiza kwambiri kuipitsa mpweya; kutayika kwa nthaka yolimidwa; kulanda minda kuti ipititse patsogolo mizinda; kusowa kwa madzi, kuipitsa madzi; madzi akumwa osatetezeka; kutaya zinyalala zapoizoni; kusokonekera kwa mizinda ndi kuchulukana; kuchuluka kwa anthu; kudalira kwambiri zomera zowotchedwa ndi malasha, kukwera kwa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide, kusowa kwa mphamvu; ndi nkhani zachitetezo cha chakudya.
Kodi China Ikuyenda Motsatira Chitukuko Chachilengedwe?
Palibe kukayika kuti utsogoleri waku China wachitapo kanthu kuti pakhale chitukuko chokhazikika. Chifukwa cha ntchito yaikulu yokonzekera China yatha kusintha mofulumira m'madera angapo, kupita nthawi zina motsutsana ndi malingaliro a kukula kwachuma. Zitsanzo za zoyesayesa zotere ndi izi: (1) kuchepetsa kukula kwachuma komwe kuli koyenera malinga ndi kukula koyenera kwa chilengedwe; (2) kukwezedwa kwakukulu kwaukadaulo wa dzuwa ndi mphepo; (3) gawo lomwe likukula lakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopanda mafuta; (4) kupanga mzere wofiira kuti uteteze mahekitala osachepera 120 miliyoni a minda; (5) kuchepetsa zowononga mpweya waukulu ndi 8-10 peresenti mu 12th Year Plan (2011-2015); (6) kuchotsedwa kwa magalimoto oipitsidwa kwambiri ndi 2014 miliyoni m'misewu mu 7; (700) kuwonjezeka kwa 2014 peresenti pakupanga magalimoto oyendetsa magetsi (osakhala mapulagi) mu 8; (9) kuyambitsa ndawala ya boma yolimbana ndi moyo wotayirira komanso motsutsana ndi kuchulukitsitsa (kudyera kowonekera) kochitidwa ndi akuluakulu; (10) kudzudzula kwakukulu kwa boma pakulambira kwa GDP; ndi (40) lonjezo lochepetsa mphamvu ya mpweya wa GDP ndi 45-2020 peresenti pofika chaka cha 2005 kuchokera ku msinkhu wa 2030, pamodzi ndi lonjezo lofikira mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide pofika chaka cha 11, ngati posachedwa; ndi (XNUMX) kukhazikitsidwa kwa msonkho watsopano wazinthu pa malasha.
Kuchokera kumalingaliro ovuta a Marxism yachilengedwe, komabe, zochitika zotere zidakali zovuta kwambiri ndi 7 peresenti ya kukula kwachuma ku China, momwe GDP idzawirikiza kawiri muzaka khumi, zomwe zikuwonjezeka kwambiri zofuna zachilengedwe. Kugwirizana ndi ziลตerengero za kukula kumeneku ndi dongosolo lowonjezera chiลตerengero cha anthu okhala mโmatauni okhazikika mโzaka zisanu zikubwerazi kufika pa 60 peresenti kuchokera pa 54 peresenti ya panopo. Izi ziyenera kutsagana ndi minda ya mabanja yokulirapo, yopangidwa ndi makina ambiri mโmadera akumidzi, ndi kutha kwa 60 peresenti ya midzi ya mโdzikolo, kuphatikizidwa kukhala matauni angโonoangโono ndi mizinda ikuluikulu. Malamulo aku China azachilengedwe mpaka pano akhala akutsatiridwa mofooka, kutanthauza kuti phindu limakhala lalikulu kuposa kuteteza chilengedwe. Njira yachitukuko yotereyi, ngati ikuyenera kupitilirabe pamaziko omwewo, mwachiwonekere sichiri chokhazikika, ndikuwopseza kubwereza mbali zina zoyipa za capitalism yaku Western. M'zaka za kusintha kwa nyengo ya mapulaneti mitundu ina iyenera kupezeka. Izi sizitheka kokha ndi luso lamakono koma zimafuna njira zatsopano zamoyo. Ngati dziko la China liyeneradi kuchita bwino pakupanga chitukuko chatsopano chazachilengedwe, liyenera kupita kunjira yowonjezereka, kuchotsedwa muulamuliro wamalikulu womwe wadziwika ku West komanso womwe umayambitsa ngozi yamasiku ano padziko lapansi.
John Bellamy Foster ndi mkonzi wa Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse ndi pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku yunivesite ya Oregon. Iye ndi mlembi wa Ecology ya Marx: Kukonda Zinthu Zakuthupi ndi Chilengedwe (2000), Mavuto Aakulu Azachuma: Zoyambitsa ndi Zotsatira (ndi Fred Magdoff, 2009), The Ecological Rift: Nkhondo ya Capitalism Padziko Lapansi (ndi Brett Clark ndi Richard York, 2010), Vuto Losatha: Momwe Monopoly-Finance Capital Imapangira Kuyimirira ndi Chisokonezo kuchokera ku USA kupita ku China (ndi Robert W. McChesney), ndi Theory of Monopoly Capitalism: An Elaboration of Marxian Political Economy (New Edition, 2014), pakati pa ena ambiri. Mtundu wa nkhaniyi udasindikizidwa koyamba mu Anthu Tsiku ndi Tsiku Paintaneti, (yomwe idayitcha "Njira Yapadera yaku China Yomanga Chitukuko Chachilengedwe"), pa 11 June 2015.
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