Kupitilira pa kuipidwa kodziwika kwa masiku awiri apitawa pazachigawenga zomwe zidanenedwa ndi News International, pakhalanso malingaliro ofala kuti umu si momwe zinthu zimayenera kugwirira ntchito mu demokalase yaufulu. Pansi pa dongosolo lokhazikika, lazambiri, andale akuyenera kuyimira anthu onse popanda mantha kapena kukondera. Apolisi akuyenera kuzindikira anthu omwe akuchita zachiwembu, kusaka olakwa ndi kuwaweruza. Ndipo atolankhani akuyenera kudziwitsa anthu, kuwongolera zokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi ndikusunga malo amphamvu kuti ayankhe m'dzina la chowonadi ndi kuwonekera. M'malo mwake, tikuwona apolisi akulola bungwe lamayiko osiyanasiyana kugwira ntchito mopitilira lamulo, mwachiwonekere posinthana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Tikuwona atolankhani akugwira ntchito mobisa momwe amawonera, atawoloka ndi chitetezo, m'malo mwa bungwe lomwelo. Ndipo tikuwona andale mwina atakopeka ndi kugonjera mwamantha ndi, kapena dala modzifunira m'mbuyomu, bilionea media tycoon. Tikuwonanso dziko lomwe limatengera kuwululidwa kwa zoyipa zomwe sizinachitikepo kale kukakamiza gulu la ndale kuti lithane ndi momwe zinthu ziliri zomwe chikhalidwe chake chidapitilirabe mokulirapo, komanso powonekera, kwa zaka zingapo.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, zochitika za kusagwira bwino ntchito kwadongosolo zadziwika bwino. Aphungu a Nyumba Yamalamulo akuyenera kudzipereka pa nchito za boma, osati kudzilemetsa ndi ndalama za boma. Ndondomeko yazachuma ikuyenera kugawa chuma moyenera mumsika wotseguka, waulere, osati kupanga zongopeka kudzera m'machitidwe osadziwika bwino omwe amasokoneza ndikuwononga chuma chenicheni. Anthuwa akuyenera kugawana nawo phindu la chuma cha dziko, osati kulipira ndi ntchito ndi moyo wawo chifukwa cha zolakwika za anthu apamwamba pazachuma. Asitikali ankhondo aku Western akuyenera kumasula ndi kuteteza, osati kuwukira, kuzunza ndi kuyambitsa kupha anthu. Pamene ziyembekezo zathu zimakhala kawirikawiri komanso zosokonezedwa momveka bwino, kukayikira kuyenera kuwuka kuti ziyembekezozo zinali zolakwika. Kufufuza kuyenera kuyamba kufotokozera bwino za momwe magulu athu amagwirira ntchito, zomwe ziyenera kukhala zowunikira zonse ziwiri. zokhazikika ndi nzeru wamba.
Izi ndi zomwe Dan Hind wapereka ndi buku lake, "The Return of the Public", lofalitsidwa kumapeto kwa chaka chatha. Kuyesedwa ngati kutsutsa kwapawayilesi, kwenikweni ndikoposa izi. Pochotsa chophimba cha zikhulupiriro zambiri, kusanthula kwa Hind kukuwonetsa zowulutsa zomwe zili mkati mwadongosolo laulamuliro momwe mphamvu zimakhala mu mgwirizano wamakampani ndi boma komanso komwe anthu amachotsedwa pazokambirana ndi kupanga zisankho. Andale atha kunyongedwa ndi atolankhani chifukwa cha kusasamala kwawo, koma poyambitsa nkhondo zachifumu pazifukwa zabodza, kapena akamachotsa chitetezo ku zowopsa za capitalism yongopeka, atolankhani aulere amawululidwa kuti sangathe kuwayankha.
Wosatha, kapena molondola, wosafuna. Chifukwa chowulutsa nkhani chomwe chili ndi mabiliyoni ndi mabungwe akumayiko osiyanasiyana, omwe amadalira zomwezo pakutsatsa malonda, komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira ndi mamembala apamwamba pazachuma, ndi media yomwe ikuyenera kugawana zomwe zikufanana ndi zomwe zidapangidwa ndi mphamvu zomwe zapatsidwa. kuwunikira. Dongosolo la ma atomu la macheke ndi masikelo, kwenikweni, ndi njira yolumikizana kwambiri yolimbitsa mphamvu, yodzipereka kufunafuna chidwi chamagulu ake komanso kulepheretsa kulowerera kulikonse kwa anthu ndale. Ngati mphamvu izi zikuwona kuti ndizofunika kwambiri kuti zikhazikitse anthu, kuchepetsa ndalama, kuthetseratu ufulu kuntchito kapena kufunafuna mphamvu zankhondo m'kati mwa mphamvu zapadziko lapansi, ndiye kuti munthu angayembekezere makampani ndi magulu olamulidwa. media kuti igwire ntchito yothandiza kwambiri. Ndipo izi ndi zomwe zimachitikadi. Kulephera kwa atolankhani m'zaka khumi zoyambirira zazaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi kuchenjeza anthu zavuto lazachuma lomwe likubwera kapena kutsutsa imperialism ya Blair ndi Bush - ndiye kuti, tanthauzo lake lalikulu mu mfundo ziwiri zazikuluzikulu za anthu. masoka azaka khumi zapitazi - zikuyimira, malingana ndi Hind, osati umboni chabe wa kulephera kwake kuchita ntchito yomwe adapatsidwa ndi chiphunzitso chaufulu, koma ku chikhalidwe chake chenicheni ndi udindo wake mu chikhalidwe chosagwirizana kwambiri. Chofunikira, monga gawo loyamba poyesa kutsutsa ndipo mwina potsirizira pake kuthetsa dongosolo la mphamvuzi, ndiloti anthu azikakamizika kulowa m'dera la atolankhani ndi nkhani zandale.
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Hind akuyamba ndi kufotokoza momwe malingaliro a republicanism ndi anthu onse adasinthira pakapita nthawi, omalizawo amamveka osati kungotanthauza anthu kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu, koma ngati gulu la anthu lomwe limadziwitsidwa, lomwe limapanga dala ndikusankha pamodzi maphunzirowo. kuti anthu ayenera kutenga. Ndani ayenera kuphatikizidwa mu "gulu" limenelo ndi funso lomwe lakhala likutsutsana ndi nkhondo yomwe yakhala ikumenyedwa kwa zaka zambiri. A Parliamentary Republican panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni Yachingerezi adatsutsa zomwe asilikali awo adanena kuti boma la England pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa monarchy liyenera kukakamiza anthu onse. Ndiwo okhawo amene anali ndi gawo lovomerezeka mโdzikolo, limene limatanthauza katundu, ndiwo akanakhala ndi kuyenera kwa kulingalira ndi kugamula nkhani za amitundu. Ngati maufulu oterowo akanaperekedwa kwa unyinji, ndiye kuti kuyenera kwa munthu kusangalala ndi chuma chake posapita nthaลตi kukanadzipeza kukhala pansi pa ufulu wa ochuluka wa kudya, kukhala ndi moyo, ndi zina zotero zosafunikira kwenikweni. Izi zinayenera kupewedwa koposa zonse. Ndipo kotero kuti ulemu umene unatuluka mu Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni, yomwe maziko ake oyambirira anapulumuka Kubwezeretsedwa, ndipo chikhalidwe chake chinakhazikitsidwa molimba ndi Ulemelero Wopambana wa 1688, unakhazikitsa malo a boma la katundu, ndi katundu ndi zofuna za katundu, zomwe zinali zomanga ndi kukonzanso dziko lapansi mu chifaniziro chake, mu njira yomwe poyamba inkatchedwa Western imperialism koma tsopano yaperekedwa kwa ife ngati mphamvu yabwino, yachilengedwe ya "kugwirizanitsa dziko lonse lapansi".
Ndi kutuluka kwa onse akuluakulu a boma ndi mabungwe akuluakulu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX kunabwera mtundu watsopano wa utsogoleri wapamwamba. Waluntha wotchuka wa ku United States Walter Lippman anali mโmodzi mwa anthu ambiri amene ankanena kuti maganizo abwino mu ndale ayenera kusiyidwa kwa anthu ochepa oyenerera, ozindikira, โamuna ameneโ akutero Hind, โmosakayika ankadziona ngati osalowerera ndale komanso oganiza bwino, koma kukwera kwawo kunali kwabwino. [kwenikweni] zinadalira kukhudzika kwawo kwakukulu pa zokonda zenizeniโ, kutanthauza awo okhala ndi ndalama ndi mphamvu. A Edward Bernays anagwirizana ndi maganizo a Lippman, ponena kuti "Yathu iyenera kukhala demokalase ya utsogoleri, yoyendetsedwa ndi anthu ochepa anzeru omwe amadziwa kuwongolera ndi kutsogolera unyinji".
Kuwonekera kwa American New Deal pambuyo pa ngozi ya Wall Street, ndi British Welfare State m'ma 1940s zidayimira malo otsika kwambiri kwa anthu osankhika pazachuma, popeza nyengo yamavuto ya 1914-45 idadzetsa mkangano pakati pa anthu ozindikira komanso okonzeka. chiwerengero cha anthu chimene gulu lolamulira likanatha kuwakhazika mtima pansi ndi kuvomereza kwatanthauzo. Koma pamene nthawi ikutha, ndipo kusakwanira kwa malo atsopanowo kunayamba kudziwonetsera okha, mphamvu zapamwamba zidadziyendetsa pamalo pomwe zovuta zakumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ufulu wa ndale, pomwe njira yothetsa kale. Kupindula kotchuka ndi kumasula mphamvu za chuma kunayambika ndi Thatcher ndi Reagan, ndipo anapitiriza pansi pa olowa m'malo awo.
Pofika nthawi ya New Labor, mphamvu zamabizinesi zinali zitakhazikika pampando wa oyendetsa, maboma a Blair ndi a Brown adakulitsa kwambiri kutengapo gawo kwa makontrakitala apadera pantchito zaboma. Monga Hind akunena:
Pofika mchaka cha 2007, boma lidapereka ndalama zokwana ยฃ68 biliyoni kumakampani azidazi, pafupifupi 20% ya ndalama zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Mu 2006 idawononga ndalama zokwana ยฃ2 biliyoni pa alangizi oyang'anira okha. Linalimbikitsa amalonda ndi akazi kulowa mโboma ndi mโzantchito za boma. Boma lidatembenukira kwa osunga ndalama kuti azipereka ndalama zomangira zipatala ndi masukulu atsopano, zomwe boma lidachita lendi. Pofika mโchaka cha 2009 boma linali litasaina mapangano oposa 900 okhudza chuma cha ndalama zokwana ยฃ72 biliyoniโ
Malo a anthu onse, mwa kuyankhula kwina, anali atakhala chinsinsi. Pakadali pano, mphamvu zidali mkati mwa anthu osankhika ochepa, okhala m'dziko losiyana, bizinesi yawo idachitika kumtunda, osakhoma msonkho komanso kuwunika, komanso zokambirana zawo zomwe zidachitika m'malo ngati Davos, kutali ndi maso owonera komanso mawu osavomerezeka a anthu onse. Kupyolera mu mphamvu zawo pazachuma ndi ndalama zogulira ndalama, komanso pamtengo wandalama ndi katundu, osankhikawa adakwanitsa kukakamiza zomwe Hind amatcha "kufufuza kosatha" kwa machitidwe a mayiko omwe amati ndi demokalase, kupereka mphotho kwa omwe amapereka ntchito zoyenera ndikulanga iwo. amene amalakwira, kupereka chala chachikulu kapena pansi pamene antchito atsopano asankhidwa pa maudindo akuluakulu m'boma, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chiweruzo pa antchito omwe akugwira ntchito pansi. Ofalitsa nkhani akuphatikizidwa kwambiri mu dongosolo lino, akugwira ntchito yawo yaupolisi ndondomeko ya ndale, ndi njira zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga kusokoneza miseche, kubadwa kwa mantha achinyengo a makhalidwe abwino komanso kuchotsedwa kapena kunyoza maganizo osagwirizana.
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Alienation ndi mutu womwe umabwerezedwanso pakuwunika kwa Hind. Mโlingaliro lalikulu koposa, mkhalidwe wa chuma cha ndale lerolino umasonyeza chenicheni chakuti sichimasonkhezeredwa ndi zoyesayesa za anthu wamba. Ndi chotulukapo cha kudzipatula kwa anthu. Koma palinso mtundu wina wozama kwambiri wa kupatukana womwe ukuchitika pamlingo wa munthu, m'lingaliro lakuti kukana anthu kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali mwatanthauzo pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu ndi anthu. . Monga nyama zamagulu, kufunikira kwa ife kukhala gawo la "gulu" logwira ntchito - gulu la anthu odziwitsidwa lomwe lapatsidwa mphamvu zochitira dala momasuka komanso kuchitapo kanthu pa zomwe takambirana - sizinthu zomwe tiyenera kuzichepetsa. Mwayi wotenga nawo mbali pagulu umayimira njira zofunika kuti zikwaniritsidwe mofanana, zomwe zatsekedwa kwa ife ndi mphamvu zapadera. Mu mutu umodzi waukulu, Hind akukambirana za momwe chikhalidwe cha ogula ogula chithandizo ndi kudzikweza chimayimira cholowa m'malo movutikira paulendo wapagulu womwe tikuletsedwa kutenga nawo mbali mwaufulu, kuyanjana wina ndi mnzake. Nthawi zonse timapeza zinthu zobwerera m'mbuyo m'boma, limodzi ndi mphamvu zamabizinesi ndi zofalitsa nkhani, zikudziyika pakati pathu, kutilekanitsa, ndikutipangitsa kukhala opanda mphamvu ngati anthu.
Ngati zomwe zikusowa pamwamba pa zonse ndi gulu logwira ntchito mokwanira, ndiye kuti chofunika kwambiri, Hind akutsutsa, ndikuti tinayambitsa kupanga anthu ngati gawo loyamba pofuna kuthetsa mphamvu zomwe zimatigawanitsa ndi kutipondereza. Monga njira yochepetsera, yothandiza mbali imeneyi, Hind akuwonetsa njira zenizeni zomwe zingatengedwe kuti apange zoulutsira nkhani zotseguka, zogawana nawo, zademokalase. Zochulukira zomwe zilipo kale munkhani zapawayilesi zolipiridwa ndi chindapusa - zinali kampeni yopambana yomwe iyenera kukhazikitsidwa - kuperekedwa m'malo mwautolankhani wopangidwa ndi anthu. Ndalama zokwana ยฃ80 miliyoni zomwe zilipo zitha kulipira atolankhani ndi ofufuza 3,000 malipiro apachaka a ยฃ24 kuti azitsatira nkhani zomwe anthu amasankha. Kupyolera mu mtsutso wapoyera, kukambirana ndi kuvota, anthu akhoza kusankha nkhani zomwe zimayenera kufufuza (zikhale zapafupi, zadziko kapena zamayiko ena), ndi zomwe atolankhani anali ndi malingaliro abwino kwambiri ndi luso lotsatira nkhanizo.
Hind amalongosola malingaliro ake mwatsatanetsatane, kuyembekezera zotsutsa ndikuzikambirana mwachilungamo komanso moganizira. Bukhuli lonse, ziyenera kunenedwa, kuti linalembedwa mokongola, mwachidwi, choyenda bwino komanso mwachirengedwe chomwe ife omwe timathera nthawi yathu yambiri mu gawo losapeka tidzatsitsimutsidwa makamaka. Kuchokera kumalingaliro a owerenga, Hind ndi kampani yabwino: yolimbikitsa mwaluntha, yozindikira kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri imaseketsa. Chikoka cha oganiza bwino monga C.Wright Mills ndi Noam Chomsky, omwe ndi omveka bwino komanso ovomerezeka, atha kupangitsa buku lochokera komanso losasangalatsa m'manja mwa wolemba wocheperako. M'malo mwake, kusintha kwa Hind ndi kakulidwe ka malingalirowa ndi kwatsopano komanso, koposa zonse, koyenera, makamaka momwe zilili pano.
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M'masiku aposachedwa, olemba ndemanga angapo awonetsa nkhawa kuti kubweza kwa News International pakubera mafoni kungayambe kusokoneza ufulu wa atolankhani. Izi ndizosamvetseka, chifukwa palibe amene akuwonetsa njira zilizonse zomwe zikanalepheretsa Nick Davies ndi gulu lake ku Guardian kuti achite zomwe mwachidziwikire zakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri la utolankhani wofufuza pokumbukira moyo. Chofunika kwambiri, ndizovuta kuwona momwe mapepala abodza amayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe omwe ali ndi mabiliyoni osasankhidwa mwanjira iliyonse amapanga zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa kuti ndi "nkhani yaulere". Ziyenera kukhala zomveka bwino pakali pano, ngakhale kwa odzipereka kwambiri a ukapolo zokhazikika, kuti makonzedwe oterowo amathandiza kuti anthu azikhala otsekedwa kumene mphamvu zimakhala zokhazikika komanso demokalase ikuphwanyidwa. Aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi chowona kuwonekera kwa makina osindikizira aulere - omwe amagwira ntchito mopanda kulamulidwa ndi mphamvu za boma ndi zachinsinsi - ayenera kuganizira za njira zatsopano zofananira ndi zomwe Hind adanena.
Kupanga njira zoulutsira nkhani zoyendetsedwa ndi anthu, zotsogozedwa ndi anthu zomwe zitha kupatsa mphamvu anthu kuti azitenga nawo mbali pazandale, ingakhale gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuthetsa magulu osiyanasiyana amphamvu - chikhalidwe, zachuma ndi ndale - zomwe zotsatira zake zowononga dziko lathu zikuwonekera kwambiri. ndi zodabwitsa masana. Mlandu wobera umatsindika kwa ife kufunika kwa ntchitoyi. Buku labwino kwambiri la Hind limapereka njira yochitira izi.
ยท "Kubwerera kwa Anthu", ndi Dan Hind. Kenako, 2010
David Wearing ndi wofufuza yemwe adamaliza maphunziro awo mu Political Science ku School of Public Policy, University College London, komanso mkonzi wa New Left Project.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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